313:
different sensory modalities that are typically engaged during interactions with an object. In this scenario, a retrieval cue triggers reactivation of all episodic memory traces, in proportion to the similarity between the cue its 'echo,' the components shared by most activated traces. In a process called 're-injection,' the first echo acts as a further retrieval cue, evoking the 'second echo,' the less frequently associated components of the cue. Thus, the 're-injection' process provides a more complete meaning for the object. According to this model, different types of stimuli will evoke differential 'echos' based on typical interactions with them. For example, a distinction is made between functional and visual components of various stimuli, such that impairment to these aspects of the memory trace will inhibit the re-injection process needed to complete the object representation. This theory has been used to explain category-specific agnosias that impair recognition of various object types, such as animals and words, to different degrees.
300:
of any particular perspective. Impairment at this stage would be consistent with apperceptive agnosia. This fully formed percept then triggers activation of stored structural object knowledge for familiar things. This stage is referred to as "object recognition units" and distinctions between apperceptive and associative forms can be made based on presentation of a defect before or after this stage, respectively. This is the level at which one is proposed to perceive familiarity toward an object, which activates the semantic memory system, containing meaning information for objects, as well as descriptive information about individual items and object classes. The semantic system can then trigger name retrieval for the objects. A patient who is not impaired up until the level of naming, retaining access to meaning information, are distinguished from agnostics and labeled as anomic.
126:, which is an inability to produce a complete percept, and is associated with a failure in higher order perceptual processing where feature integration is impaired, though individual features can be distinguished. In reality, patients often fall between both distinctions, with some degree of perceptual disturbances exhibited in most cases, and in some cases, patients may be labeled as integrative agnostics when they fit the criteria for both forms. Associative visual agnosias are often category-specific, where recognition of particular categories of items are differentially impaired, which can affect selective classes of stimuli, larger generalized groups or multiple intersecting categories. For example, deficits in recognizing stimuli can be as specific as familiar human faces or as diffuse as living things or non-living things.
243:(memory traces) that describe categories of objects made up of a multitude of similar elements. Essentially, damage to a modality-specific meaning process (semantic system), is proposed, either in terms of defective access to or a degradation of semantic memory store for visual semantic representations themselves. The fact that agnosias are often restricted to impairments of particular types of stimuli, within distinct sensory modalities, suggests that there are separate modality specific pathways for the meaningful representation of objects and pictures, written material, familiar faces, and colors.
589:
530:
457:
perception is intact, since images of objects can be copied or drawn. Individuals may retain semantic knowledge of the items, as exemplified during tasks where objects are presented through alternate modalities, through touch or verbal naming or description. Some associative visual object agnostics retain the ability to categorize items by context or general category, though unable to name or describe them. Diffuse hypoxic damage is the most common cause of visual object agnosias.
252:
192:
29:
726:, a lack of awareness of the deficit, is common and can cause therapeutic resistance. In some agnosias, such as prosopagnosia, awareness of the deficit is often present; however shame and embarrassment regarding the symptoms can be a barrier in admission of a deficiency. Because agnosias result from brain lesions, no direct treatment for them currently exists, and intervention is aimed at utilization of
521:("alexia without dysgraphia" or "pure word blindness") is a category-specific agnosia, characterized by a distinct impairment in reading words, despite intact comprehension for verbally presented words, demonstrating retained semantic knowledge of words. Perceptual abilities are also intact, as assessed by word-copying tasks.
481:(or "face blindness") is a category-specific visual object agnosia, specifically, impairment in visual recognition of familiar faces, such as close friends, family, husbands, wives, and sometimes even their own faces. Individuals are often able to identify others through alternate characteristics, such as, voice,
312:
and semantic memory arise from the same memory traces, and no semantic representations are stored permanently in memory. By this view, the meaning of any stimulus emerges momentarily from reactivation of one's previous experiences with that entity. Each episode is made of several components of many
270:
In the object recognition unit model by Marr (1980), the process begins with sensory perception (vision) of the object, which results in an initial representation via feature extraction of basic forms and shapes. This is followed by an integration stage, where elements of the visual field combine to
456:
Visual object agnosia (or semantic agnosia) is the most commonly encountered form of agnosia. The clinical "definition" of the disorder is when an affected person is able to copy/draw things that they cannot recognize. Individuals often cannot identify, describe or mimic functions of items, though
299:
D) stage with a 'viewer-centered' object representation, where the features and qualities of the object are presented from the viewer's perspective. The next stage is formation of a 3 dimensional (3D) 'object-centered' object representation, where the object's features and qualities are independent
751:
lesions, where more focal damage occurs, than in cases where the deficit arises out of anoxic brain damage, which typically results in more diffuse damage and multiple cognitive impairments. However, even with forms of compensation, some affected individuals may no longer be able to fulfill the
509:
is characterized by an impairment in recognition of a familiar face as familiar; however, individuals retain the ability to distinguish between faces based on general features, such as, age, gender and emotional expression. This subtype is distinguished through facial matching tasks or feature
713:
The distinction between visual agnosias can be assessed based on the individual's ability to copy simple line drawings, figure contour tracking, and figure matching. Apperceptive visual agnostics fail at these tasks, while associative visual agnostics are able to perform normally, though their
238:
Teuber described the associative agnostic as having a "percept stripped of its meaning," because the affected individual cannot generate unique semantic information to identify the percept, since though it is fully formed, it fails to activate the semantic memory associated with the stimulus.
557:, where semantic information about color is retained, but the name of a color cannot be retrieved, though co-occurrence is common. Both disorders linked to damage in the occipito-temporal cortex, especially in the left hemisphere, which is believed to play a significant role in color memory.
465:
Category-specific agnosias are differential impairments in subject knowledge or recognition abilities pertaining to specific classes of stimuli, such as living things vs. non-living things, animate vs. inanimate things, food, metals, musical instruments, etc. Some of the most common
266:
process. Currently visual agnosias are commonly explained in terms of cognitive models of object recognition or identification. The cognitive system for visual object identification is a hierarchal process, broken up into multiple steps of processing.
544:
perception tasks; however knowledge of typical color-object relationships is defective. Color agnostics are assessed on performance coloring in black and white images of common items or identifying abnormally colored objects within a set of images.
540:, also known as Color agnosia, is a category-specific semantic impairment pertaining to semantic color associations, such that individuals retain perceptual abilities for distinguishing color, demonstrated through color categorization or
752:
requirements of their occupation or perform common tasks, such as, eating or navigating. Agnostics are likely to become more dependent on others and to experience significant changes to their lifestyle, which can lead to
81:. Affected individuals can accurately distinguish the object, as demonstrated by the ability to draw a picture of it or categorize accurately, yet they are unable to identify the object, its features or its functions.
485:, context or unique facial features. This deficit is typically assessed through picture identification tasks of famous persons. This condition is associated with damage to the medial occipito-temporal
722:
The affected individual may not realize that they have a visual problem and may complain of becoming "clumsy" or "muddled" when performing familiar tasks such as setting the table or simple DIY.
1632:
Carbonnel, S.; A. Charnallet; D. David; J. Pellat (1997). "One or several semantic system(s): maybe none. Evidence from a case study of modality and category-specific "semantic" im- pairment".
211:
and stage of recovery are the primary determinants of the pattern of deficit. More generalized recognition impairments, such as, animate object deficits, are associated with diffuse
705:, which is a more generalized deficit in semantic knowledge for objects that spans multiple sensory modalities, indicating an impairment in the semantic representations themselves.
222:
of the brain has been explicitly implicated in the associative form of visual agnosia. Goldberg suggested that the associative visual form of agnosia results from damage to the
77:. The disorder appears to be very uncommon in a "pure" or uncomplicated form and is usually accompanied by other complex neuropsychological problems due to the nature of the
263:
199:
Most cases have injury to the occipital and temporal lobes and the critical site of injury appears to be in the left occipito-temporal region, often with involvement of the
1546:
Mack, James L.; Francois Boller (1977). "Associative visual agnosia and its related deficits: The role of the minor hemisphere in assigning meaning to visual perceptions".
1228:
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or recording techniques. The separate stages of information processing in the object recognition model are often used to localize the processing level of the deficit.
226:
of the brain, the occipito-temporal stream, which plays a key role in object recognition as the so-called "what" region of the brain, as opposed to the "where,"
470:. This type of deficit is typically associated with head injury or stroke, though other medical conditions have been implicated, such as, herpes encephalitis.
1314:
1732:
1498:
255:
Depiction of the object recognition model, adapted from Bauer's
Clinical Application of a Cognitive Neuropsychological Model of Object Recognition
120:
information stored in memory, such as, its name, use, and description. This is distinguished from the visual apperceptive form of visual agnosia,
816:
889:
Reed CL, Caselli RJ, Farah MJ (June 1996). "Tactile agnosia. Underlying impairment and implications for normal tactile object recognition".
948:
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ability, memory, attention or sensory perception. Therefore, individuals must be assessed for language ability, auditory comprehension,
36:
Inferior view of the brain, depicting the cerebral lobes. Lesions on the occipito-temporal lobes are correlated with associative agnosia.
641:, can test for perceptual abilities. Detailed testing is conducted, using specially formulated assessment materials, and referrals to
195:
The separate streams of the visual processing system. The ventral "what" stream is in purple and the dorsal "where" stream is in green.
1695:
1683:
701:
Sensory modality testing allows practitioners to assess for generalized versus specific deficits, distinguishing visual agnosias from
113:
1259:
602:
Ruling out alternative conditions leading to the recognition impairment, such as, primary sensory disruption, dementia, aphasia,
573:, or other generalized defect that affects any stage of the object recognition process, such as, deficiencies in intelligence,
466:
category-specific agnosias involve recognition impairments for living things, but not non-living things, or human faces, as in
349:
Often specific to a particular category or categories of stimuli, i.e. living/animate things, tools, musical instruments, etc.
215:
damage, like carbon monoxide poisoning; more selective deficits are correlated with more isolated damage due to focal stroke.
430:
730:
by patients and those around them. Sensory compensation can also develop after one modality is impaired in agnostics
588:
405:
Left occipital lobe and related fibers connecting right and left hemispheres in subjacent white matter or splenium
753:
181:
240:
949:"Associative visual agnosia resulting from a disconnection between intact visual memory and semantic systems"
1589:
Marr D (July 1980). "Visual information processing: the structure and creation of visual representations".
1529:
537:
410:
177:
54:
984:
1598:
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Usually bilateral, sometimes right unilateral, inferior occipital and posterolateral temporal cortex
259:
122:
105:
757:
727:
377:
In associative form, can match and discriminate between unrecognized faces based on facial features
219:
185:
1657:
1571:
1456:
1091:
1027:
976:
947:
Carlesimo, Giovanni A.; Paola
Casadio; Maurizio Sabbadini; Carlo Caltagirone (September 1998).
1691:
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1251:
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968:
906:
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812:
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856:
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copying of images or words is often slavish, lacking originality or personal interpretation.
505:
Two subtypes are distinguished behaviorally as being associative or apperceptive in nature.
1727:
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898:
582:
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137:
131:
93:
1701:
811:. P.D. Nussbaum, & D.L. Robins. American Psychological Association. pp. 508–533.
309:
251:
204:
161:
117:
101:
50:
116:(mental representation of something being perceived through the senses) with its related
1602:
1297:. Baltimore & Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. pp. Table 15–1.
609:
Determination of the scope and specific nature of the recognition impairment. Including:
1393:
1368:
1204:
1177:
1144:
1119:
603:
554:
490:
223:
207:. The etiology of the cognitive impairment, as well the areas of the brain affected by
191:
165:
109:
46:
1645:
964:
1721:
1690:. Todd E Feinberg. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. pp. 79–84, 143–154.
1559:
634:
506:
494:
478:
467:
367:
227:
154:
97:
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Can describe layouts of buildings or spaces, therefore topographical memory retained
1661:
1460:
1095:
980:
646:
420:
Can discriminate between and match shades of color, therefore hue perception intact
62:
652:
Testing usually consists of object identification and perception tasks including:
28:
565:
A recognition disorder is not considered to be agnosia unless there is a lack of
723:
518:
387:
1444:
1333:
1247:
1071:
902:
574:
239:
Warrington (1975) offered that the problem lies in impaired access to generic
157:
112:, which was labeled by Lissauer (1890), as an inability to connect the visual
58:
1135:
1079:
826:
743:
development of compensatory strategies utilizing retained cognitive functions
1384:
642:
638:
74:
1610:
1525:
1213:
1153:
1087:
924:
135:, is broken into subdivisions based on level of processing impaired, and a
1653:
1618:
1452:
1402:
1341:
1255:
1194:
972:
910:
180:. Environmental toxins and pathogens have also been implicated, such as,
1567:
1517:
1431:
Warrington, E. K. (1975). "The selective impairment of semantic memory".
1416:
Weiskrantz, L, ed. (1968). "Alteration of perception and memory in man".
1369:"Visual associative agnosia: a clinico-anatomical study of a single case"
748:
570:
200:
173:
150:
78:
70:
1023:
1008:"Ein Fall von Seelenblinheit nebst einem Beitrag zur Theorie derselben"
702:
578:
566:
533:
Color agnostics fail to identify abnormally colored objects or pictures
497:
gryi, as the suggested location of the brain's face recognition units.
89:
208:
169:
66:
1176:
Charnallet, A.; S. Carbonnelb; D. Davida; O. Moreauda (March 2008).
1007:
357:
Objects usually identifiable by sensory modalities other than vision
809:
587:
528:
486:
250:
190:
807:
Bauer, Russell M. (2006). "The
Agnosias". In Snyder, P.J. (ed.).
1367:
McCarthy, Rosaleen A.; Elizabeth K. Warrington (November 1987).
926:
The
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Ed
482:
308:
In an alternate model of object recognition by
Carbonnel et al.
188:
and infrequent developmental occurrences have been documented.
1315:"Associative Agnosias and the Function of the Left Hemisphere"
592:
A Flowchart for
Clinical Assessment of Forms of Visual Agnosia
541:
271:
form a visual percept image, the 'primary sketch'. This is a
1120:"Apraxia, agnosias, and higher visual function abnormalities"
354:
Images can be copied, demonstrating intact object perception
747:
Partial remediation is more likely in cases with traumatic/
397:
Comprehension of verbal speech, shows intact word knowledge
662:
drawing or copying real objects or images or illustrations
262:
often conceptualizes this deficit as an impairment in the
606:, or unfamiliarity with the object category or elements.
149:
Associative visual agnosias are generally attributed to
622:
Specific conditions under which recognition is possible
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
645:
specialists is recommended to support a diagnosis via
425:
Bilateral or left unilateral occipito-temporal cortex
671:
partially degraded or fragmented image identification
400:
Words can be copied, shows intact perception of words
108:. Associative visual agnosia refers to a subtype of
1322:
Journal of
Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
1058:
Biran, I.; Coslett, H. B. (2003). "Visual agnosia".
141:form is investigated within the auditory agnosias.
21:
1688:Patient-Based Approaches to Cognitive Neuroscience
1373:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
1124:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
1362:
1360:
1358:
1308:
1306:
1304:
160:(at the left inferior temporal gyrus), caused by
61:and not associated with a generalized deficit in
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1227:Warrington, Elizabeth K.; T. Shallice (1984).
8:
1433:Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
1171:
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1492:
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938:
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1488:
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1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1178:"Associative visual agnosia: A case study"
1060:Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports
553:This deficit should be distinguished from
317:Common forms of visual associative agnosia
27:
18:
1392:
1295:Barr's The Human Nervous System (8th Ed.)
1203:
1193:
1143:
929:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 2009.
855:Ghadiali, Eric (November–December 2004).
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
1677:
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1673:
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1591:Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci
1229:"Category Specific Semantic Impairments"
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
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802:
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659:object categorization or figure matching
320:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
768:
740:repetitive training of impaired ability
689:tactile ability tests (naming by touch)
597:Goals of clinical assessment of agnosia
510:identification tasks of unknown faces.
7:
692:auditory presentation identification
1313:Goldberg, Elkhonon (January 1990).
362:Bilateral occipito-temporal cortex
501:Associative and apperceptive forms
14:
1733:Visual disturbances and blindness
1499:"Disorders of Visual Recognition"
733:General principles of treatment:
445:Right posterior cingulate cortex
129:An agnosia that affects hearing,
96:specific, usually classified as
1682:Farah, Martha J., ed. (2000).
1:
1646:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70227-2
1418:Analysis of Behavioral Change
965:10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70514-8
1560:10.1016/0028-3932(77)90044-6
709:Apperceptive vs. associative
619:Specific category of stimuli
431:Topographical disorientation
1420:. New York: Harper and Row.
585:, and reading and writing.
123:apperceptive visual agnosia
1749:
697:Overlap with optic aphasia
53:or assigning meaning to a
43:Associative visual agnosia
22:Associative visual agnosia
1445:10.1080/14640747508400525
1334:10.1080/01688639008400994
1072:10.1007/s11910-003-0055-4
683:visual object description
668:overlapping line drawings
616:Specific sensory modality
549:Overlap with color anomia
507:Associative prosopagnosia
461:Category-specific agnosia
368:Associative prosopagnosia
182:carbon monoxide poisoning
49:. It is an impairment in
35:
26:
1497:De Renzi, Ennio (2000).
1136:10.1136/jnnp.2005.081885
1118:Greene, J. D. W (2005).
674:face or feature analysis
247:Object recognition model
234:Theoretical explanations
1684:"Chapter 12: Disorders"
1385:10.1136/jnnp.49.11.1233
1248:10.1093/brain/107.3.829
903:10.1093/brain/119.3.875
680:figure contour tracking
1611:10.1098/rstb.1980.0091
1293:Kiernan, J.A. (2005).
686:object-function miming
593:
538:Cerebral achromatopsia
534:
525:Cerebral achromatopsia
411:Cerebral achromatopsia
330:Recognition impairment
256:
196:
132:auditory sound agnosia
1506:Seminars in Neurology
1182:Behavioural Neurology
591:
532:
452:Visual object agnosia
346:Visual object agnosia
254:
194:
1518:10.1055/s-2000-13181
1006:Lissauer, H (1890).
758:adjustment disorders
260:Cognitive psychology
138:semantic-associative
1603:1980RSPTB.290..199M
1195:10.1155/2008/241753
665:unusual views tests
656:object-naming tasks
304:Non-abstracted view
218:Damage to the left
186:herpes encephalitis
57:that is accurately
1024:10.1007/bf02226765
677:fine line judgment
633:Specialists, like
594:
535:
415:Color associations
340:Location of lesion
335:Retained abilities
264:object recognition
257:
197:
1597:(1038): 199–218.
1379:(11): 1233–1240.
818:978-1-59147-283-4
728:coping strategies
449:
448:
40:
39:
16:Medical condition
1740:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1700:. Archived from
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1629:
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1622:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1548:Neuropsychologia
1543:
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1528:. Archived from
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1258:. Archived from
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1265:on 27 July 2010
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224:ventral stream
166:cardiac arrest
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110:visual agnosia
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85:Classification
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47:visual agnosia
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724:Anosognosia
519:Pure alexia
514:Pure alexia
388:Pure alexia
51:recognition
1722:Categories
1708:2012-04-10
764:References
754:depression
575:linguistic
220:hemisphere
174:hemorrhage
158:infarction
1130:: 25–34.
1080:1528-4042
857:"Agnosia"
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561:Diagnosis
75:attention
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749:vascular
571:dementia
491:fusiform
325:Disorder
310:episodic
201:splenium
172:, brain
168:, brain
151:anterior
118:semantic
102:auditory
90:Agnosias
79:etiology
71:language
55:stimulus
1728:Agnosia
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1654:9339326
1619:6106238
1599:Bibcode
1461:2178636
1453:1197619
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1269:4 April
1256:6206910
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629:Testing
579:fluency
567:aphasia
495:lingual
294:⁄
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241:engrams
213:hypoxic
209:lesions
203:of the
114:percept
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67:memory
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176:, or
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