502:, remains the standard for treating astroblastoma, despite high recurrence rate for high-grade tumors. Since there are so few cases reported around the world each year, the standard for surgery varies from physician to physician and is often difficult to rightfully diagnose. Low-grade astroblastomas exhibit low recurrence rates following resection, but varying reports prove that some patients, despite the severity of the lesion, will unpredictably witness recurrence. In a recent study of a 17-year-old male, a low-grade astroblastoma was resected and recurred within 5 months of the therapy, forcing the oncologist to administer further chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and a second resection to completely put the tumor in remission.
461:, signifying that the glial tumor is dangerous for patients, causing fatal problems even after surgery. However, recent data compilation from 2011, one that compiled nearly 30 years of clinical information, confirms opposite results from patients: a 95% survival rate exists after astroblastoma is completely removed (gross total resection). The most important factor for any patient when cancer is concerned – the likelihood of surviving – is still controversial for astroblastoma, but recent advances in the last decade have improved prognosis.
653:, suggesting that two distinct diagnosis peaks occur from ages 5–10 and ages 21–30. A likely explanation for this discrepancy is that parents of children are more likely to report symptoms of nausea and constant headaches than young adults, who may, at first, disregard these symptoms for a lesser condition. Nevertheless, a combination of age, anatomic location, and image assessment can efficiently evaluate astroblastoma. Furthermore, the age of a patient can aid an oncologist in recommending appropriate treatment plans, along with other factors.
64:
29:
618:
large determinant for profiling recurrence, it is almost never the case that a low-grade astroblastoma continues to appear in size and strength after the second resection. Usually, patients are not recommended for resection at all and are simply directed towards other therapeutic techniques. Most children can continue to lead productive, healthy lives after a low-grade astroblastoma is treated.
609:
invest in more invasive surgeries. In contrast, a favorable prognosis exists for patients with well-differentiated, low-grade astroblastoma, since patients usually never require such a treatment. The strict black-and-white diagnosis of an astroblastoma based on grade does not determine all tumor behaviors, but it can be used as a benchmark for patients with varying degrees of severity.
514:
point to treat all types. All in all, the radiosensitivity of astroblastoma to therapy remains unclear, since some research advocate its effectiveness while others diminish the effects. Future studies must be done on patients with both total excision and sub-excision of the tumor to accurately assess whether radiation benefits patients under different circumstances.
270:, easily detected against normal grey matter surrounding it. Calcification deriving from nervous system tumors is a rare quality in astroblastoma patients, but it is nonetheless easy to identify. Lumbar pain and lower body weakness is also a rarity in astroblastoma patients, even though it is entirely possible for lesions to proliferate toward the spinal cord.
363:
significant discomfort from headaches, although literature supports that higher-grade astroblastoma affect a patient with day-to-day activities, forcing individuals to stay at home away from their jobs and family. Malignant astroblastoma distorts the function of surrounding brain regions, and pressure is the primary result.
135:
exhibits heavy pressure and decreased blood flow, resulting in throbbing headache or nausea for the patient. Despite widespread localization in the brain, astroblastoma is rarely reported in oncological studies, accounting for only 0.45–2.8% of all brain gliomas since its discovery in 1926. Without a
469:
Like most tumors in the brain, astroblastoma can be treated through surgery and various forms of therapy. Many publications within the last decade have suggested a noticeable improvement in success rate of patients. With the advancement of cutting-edge technology and novel approaches in stem cells,
439:
Irritability, aggression, memory loss, neurological deficits, and inattentiveness on everyday tasks are the most common forms of deregulation in the mental capabilities of a patient. Verbal communication is affected, but usually not to the point where close friends can detect that the individual is
525:
is the preferred secondary treatment after resection. The treatment kills astroblastoma cells left behind after surgery and induces a non-dividing, benign state for remaining tumor cells. Normally, chemotherapy is not recommended until the second required resection, implying that the astroblastoma
513:
selectively kills astroblastoma cells while leaving surrounding normal brain tissue unharmed. The use of radiation therapy after an astroblastoma excision has variable results. Conventional external beam radiation has both positive and negative effects on patients, but it is not recommended at this
353:
The majority of patients with astroblastoma display a limited set of physical and physiological symptoms. Rare cases in literature reveal atypical conditions, but these are often exclusive to the individual and do not suggest a widespread trend. As research continues, a larger set of symptoms can
617:
The likelihood of low-grade astroblastoma returning after surgery is highly improbable, but some patients have exhibited recurrence. Patients with low-grade lesions can remain asymptomatic after surgery and show recurrence 1–2 years in follow-up sessions. However, since residual tissue size is a
608:
More than other brain tumors, astroblastoma is frequently a recurring tumor; its rate remains high, even after resection as treatment. Currently, an unfavorable prognosis exists for patients with high-grade, anaplastic astroblastoma: they tend to recur almost indefinitely, forcing the patient to
362:
Most patients experience a series of intermittent headaches over a few weeks or sustained, powerful pressure in a matter of days. The time-frame for this pressure varies from patient to patient and fluctuate based on the stage of the tumor. Both low-grade and high-grade astroblastoma can exhibit
661:
In reported cases of the tumor over the last 25 years, the number of affected females with astroblastoma is significantly higher than the number of affected males. Sughrue et al. confirmed this trend, stating that 70% of the cases with clearly stated gender were female (100 cases total). While
318:
are well-established, pediatric brain cancer tumors that are often confused with astroblastoma patients. However, further histology has confirmed that special structures and characteristics are unique to astroblastoma. Advances in the 21st century of histology have justified proper diagnosis,
627:
metastasize to other areas of the body. Therefore, complications frequently occur after surgery is performed since an oncologist cannot efficiently control the tumor in a suitable time-frame. Cases in literature confirm that high-grade patients face up to five or six resection surgeries and
554:
will "shock" the patient's system to the point where recurrence halts. Unfortunately, chemotherapy may not always be successful with patients requiring further resection of the tumor, since the tumor cell begins to show superior vasculature and a strong likelihood of compromising a patient's
371:
Along with cranial pressure, patients exhibit noticeable lethargy, increasing in severity as the tumor progresses. In the first few months, morning activities are usually unaffected; over time, these effects become more pronounced, especially late at night. Lethargy can disrupt vital signs,
457:, a specialized agency that classifies abnormal tumors affecting the central nervous system and assesses potential risk to life, has difficulty in assigning a proper grade for astroblastoma. The organization’s most recent grade in 2007 assigned astroblastoma as a high-grade III and grade IV
631:
experience symptoms post-operatively. The dual-action of chemotherapy and radiotherapy can slow down recurrence when gross total resection is performed multiple times, but there is no guarantee that the tumor will ever be in remission. There are considerations for specialized astroblastoma
626:
Surviving the symptoms of high-grade astroblastoma is not life-threatening, but a significant portion of patients die due to repeated recurrence of tumors as they continue to grow and spread. Unlike conventional low-grade tumors, high-grade tumors associate a plethora of factors when they
388:
Vision deficit usually occurs when lesions grow in the occipital lobe of the brain, causing a blurred daze for patients, especially in sensitivity to light. Focusing upon finer objects becomes a challenge, along with edge and border detection. Driving behind the wheel is dangerous when
326:, a molecular technique analyzing chromosomal changes in DNA content of brain cancer cells, suggested that chromosome 19 and chromosome 20q were amplified in astroblastoma cells throughout the brain. These genomic features are responsible for widespread proliferation,
401:
Frequent reports show that adolescents and adults with grade III and IV astroblastoma fall frequently before they even reach a doctor's office. Alertness is diminished when walking normally, forcing patients to exhibit awkward gait patterns to avoid imbalance.
674:
in general is caused by a variety of external factors, including carcinogens, dangerous chemicals, and viral infections, astroblastoma research has not even attempted to classify incidence in this regard. The next few decades will aid in this understanding.
599:
negative. This specific genetic makeup lends to self-renewal, differentiation, and propagation of neural stem cells in the brain. However, the work remains a preliminary insight into the role of neuronal stemlike cells on astroblastoma development.
157:
Since the early 1890s, astroblastoma has established a stable set of pathological qualities that truly distinguishes itself as a separate and significant entity. Compilations from various case reports reveal the following common characteristics:
1115:
1100:
144:
Astroblastoma can be divided into low-grade, well-differentiated tumors and high-grade, anaplastic subtypes. The majority of tumors exhibit a spherical perimeter with either a solid or cystic interior, comprising peripheral vasculature and
430:
Grade III and IV astroblastoma have been shown gradually change the mental stability of a patient. Hallucinations impair cognition to the point where patients experience a loss of identity, although this is not commonly seen in clinic.
867:
Hirano, Hirofumi, Shunji Yunoue, Masatomo Kaji, Masahiro
Tsuchiya, and Kazunori Arita. "Consecutive Histological Changes in an Astroblastoma That Disseminated to the Spinal Cord after Repeated Intracranial Recurrences: a Case Report."
936:
Kubota, Toshihiko, Kazufumi Sato, Hidetaka
Arishima, Hiroaki Takeuchi, Ryuhei Kitai, and Takao Nakagawa. "Astroblastoma: Immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural Study of Distinctive Epithelial and Probable Tanycytic Differentiation."
104:, areas where movement, language creation, memory perception, and environmental surroundings are expressed. These tumors can be present in major brain areas not associated with the main cerebral hemispheres, including the
410:
Since the motor system can be impaired with severe cases, the malignant spread of astroblastoma throughout the body may press against or paralyze the spinal cord, diminishing sensation in upper and lower extremities.
640:
Astroblastoma predominantly affects children, but young adults are also susceptible to the tumor . Although the tumor is widely considered a pediatric disease, elderly patients are documented throughout literature.
578:
One of the more exciting and promising routes for treatment involves stem cell use to combat astroblastoma. A study in 2005 profiled cell surface markers of astroblastoma cells removed from an 11-year-old patient.
283:, another frequent tumor occurring in the fourth ventricle. In general, when brain lesions are smaller than Grade I, demarcating between these features is near impossible, often mistaking astroblastoma with glial
826:
Brat, Daniel J., Yuichi Hirose, Kenneth J. Cohen, Burt G. Feuerstein, and Peter C. Burger. "Astroblastoma: Clinicopathologic
Features and Chromosomal Abnormalities Defined by Comparative Genomic Hybridization."
278:
An enormous difficulty lies in classifying an astroblastoma tumor due to its overlapping features with other brain tumors. Certain neuroradiologic features finally distinguish astroblastoma from the common
330:, and deregulation of pathways associated with normal housekeeping. Furthermore, the absence of chromosome function in 9q, 10, and X were not observed in other types of neoplasms, such as an ependymoma.
1049:
Huhn, Stephen L., Yun Yung, Samuel
Cheshier, Griffith Harsh, Laurie Ailles, Irving Weissman, Hannes Vogel, and Victor Tse. "Identification of Phenotypic Neural Stem Cells in a Pediatric Astroblastoma."
1683:
1583:
1301:
1242:
1178:
1130:
380:
The desire to eat normally becomes worse over time, leading to weight loss from vomiting. Nausea is seen in almost all cases of astroblastoma, especially in low-grade tumors.
542:. The patient undergoes a strict drug regimen until another surgery is required. By the third surgery, should recurrence in the astroblastoma occur, a six-round program of
322:
Research going back to early 2000 marks the first complications for satisfying requirements in radiographic and histopathologic studies. Seven astroblastoma cases of
1214:
890:
Ganapathy, Srinivas, Laurence I. Kleiner, David L. Mirkin, and Emmett
Broxson. "Unusual Manifestations of Astroblastoma: a Radiologic–pathologic Analysis."
1546:
808:
Bell, John W., Anne G. Osborn, Karen L. Salzman, Susan I. Blaser, Blaise V. Jones, and Steven S. Chin. "Neuroradiologic
Characteristics of Astroblastoma."
238:
Beyond normal pathologies, scientists have discovered some abnormal characteristics of astroblastoma in a variety of patients. The presence of a bulky
1667:
1591:
1515:
775:
Sughrue, Michael E., Jay Choi, Martin
Rutkowski, and Derick Aranda. "Clinical Features and Post-surgical Outcome of Patients with Astroblastoma."
307:
957:
Kemerdere, Rahsan, Reza Dashti, and
Mustafa Ulu. "Supratentorial High Grade Astroblastoma: Report of Two Cases and Review of the Literature."
345:
positive have been expressed in astroblastoma cell populations, showing significant promise in neuronal stem cell treatment for the tumor.
247:
981:
Navarro, Ramon, Aaron
Reitman, Guillermo De Leon, and Stewart Goldman. "Astroblastoma in Childhood: Pathological and Clinical Analysis."
1353:
1207:
136:
doubt, astroblastoma remains one of the most challenging and problematic tumors to diagnose and treat among all nervous system cancers.
1718:
323:
1541:
575:
radiosurgery. Their success-rate on cranial lesion is fairly effective, but recurrence is still a problem for severe patients.
178:
127:
The most defining physical symptom of astroblastoma, regardless of location, is elevated intracranial pressure, occurring when
1200:
916:
Bonnin JM, Rubinstein LJ. "Astroblastoma: a pathological study of 23 tumors, with a postoperative follow-up in 13 patients."
670:
At this point, no literature has indicated whether environmental factors increase the likelihood of astroblastoma. Although
1348:
303:
1520:
999:
Lau, Patrick, Teresa Thomas, Philip Lui, and Aye Khin. "‘Low‐grade’ Astroblastoma with Rapid
Recurrence: a Case Report."
1393:
1184:
526:
is a high-grade tumor continuing to recur every few months. A standard chemotherapy protocol starts with two rounds of
263:
1068:
W. Mierau, R. Weslie Tyson, Loris M, Gary. "Astroblastoma: Ultrastructural Observations on a Case of High-Grade Type."
1019:
Weintraub, David, Stephen Monteith, and Chun Po Yen. "Recurrent Astroblastoma Treated with Gamma Knife Radiosurgery."
199:
1037:
Masamoto, Kaji, and Takeshima Hideo. "Low-Grade Astroblastoma Recurring With Extensive Invasion-Case Report." (2006).
1605:
454:
172:
1444:
1439:
1231:
1138:
1223:
662:
several publications support a genetic predisposition to females, the underlying reasons are still unknown.
580:
334:
243:
1695:
Note: Not all brain tumors are of nervous tissue, and not all nervous tissue tumors are in the brain (see
1363:
1358:
1292:
1660:
1619:
1343:
311:
88:. Astroblastoma cells are most likely found in the supratentorial region of the brain that houses the
1624:
1434:
788:
Denaro, Luca, Marina Gardiman, and Milena Caliderone. "Intraventricular Astroblastoma. Case Report."
689:
389:
astroblastoma grows in residual tissue size, since peripheral vision can be insufficient. Horizontal
206:
92:, an area responsible for all voluntary movements in the body. It also occurs significantly in the
63:
1467:
1119:
568:
128:
1631:
1573:
539:
132:
242:
with punctate (pointed) and globular features was noted in a 2009 study of a 12-year-old girl.
1644:
1388:
1253:
1149:
510:
299:
52:
1696:
1462:
342:
315:
267:
251:
189:
28:
1536:
1380:
1173:
81:
1505:
1496:
1426:
40:
1124:
1712:
1614:
1500:
1416:
1168:
338:
327:
239:
224:
101:
97:
1651:
1639:
1368:
1311:
704:
556:
522:
117:
113:
93:
146:
44:
1143:
1510:
1472:
1338:
1306:
1258:
1192:
699:
572:
535:
419:
109:
1655:
1568:
1411:
1154:
1109:
694:
543:
499:
288:
280:
121:
105:
85:
36:
1330:
1278:
551:
547:
531:
527:
390:
292:
284:
259:
295:. However, the “bubbly” appearance in astroblastoma is entirely exclusive.
302:, which are invasive nodular cysts that may resemble a "bubbly" interior.
1560:
1403:
684:
473:
The following factors influence an oncologist's specific treatment plan:
458:
217:
182:
89:
57:
1092:
650:
319:
eliminating inconsistency that plagued this tumor for several decades.
255:
1488:
1321:
1188:
1104:
671:
470:
patients are hopeful that they be happy and healthy through old age.
483:
Age and tolerance to certain medications, procedures, and treatment
80:
derived from the astroblast, a type of cell that closely resembles
584:
77:
596:
592:
588:
1196:
372:
depleting energy and desire to perform simple cognitive tasks.
229:
Low likelihood to metastasize toward other regions of the brain
1684:
WHO classification of the tumors of the central nervous system
333:
Specific neuronal markers further distinguish astroblastoma.
632:
therapies, but they are not mentioned in current literature.
498:
Complete surgical removal, known as gross-total resection or
298:
Researchers have also confirmed astroblastoma distinct from
733:
Unal, Ekrem, and Yavuz Koksal. "Astroblastoma in a Child."
214:
Strong, associative vasculature in other parts of the body
559:
for at-home bedside use may be preferred by the patient.
583:
activation suggested that about 1/4 of these cells were
341:
negative, neurofilament negative, TUJ1 positive, and
1082:
1676:
1604:
1582:
1559:
1529:
1485:
1455:
1425:
1402:
1379:
1329:
1320:
1300:
1291:
1267:
1239:
1230:
1086:
422:are observed in older patients with astroblastoma.
51:
21:
649:The age distribution of astroblastoma is largely
266:to roof areas against the ventricles through the
393:and other involuntary eye disorders can occur.
39:of an astroblastoma showing the characteristic
1208:
8:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
953:
951:
949:
947:
480:Localization and grade severity of the tumor
1547:Embryonal tumour with multilayered rosettes
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
1326:
1317:
1297:
1236:
1215:
1201:
1193:
1083:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
62:
27:
18:
1064:
1062:
1060:
863:
861:
859:
857:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
1177:) is being considered for deletion. See
932:
930:
928:
926:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
246:confirmed these calcified masses in the
1668:Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor
1592:Primary central nervous system lymphoma
1516:Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour
1045:
1043:
1033:
1031:
1029:
715:
308:dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors
995:
993:
991:
822:
820:
818:
804:
802:
800:
798:
729:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
489:Final anticipated outcome of treatment
7:
354:be properly assessed in the clinic.
1354:Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma
1052:Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics
567:A popular form of surgery involves
397:Motor system imbalance and weakness
790:Journal of Neurosurgery Pediatrics
14:
1181:to help reach a consensus. ›
477:Patient's overall medical history
324:comparative genomic hybridization
1542:Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor
777:Journal of Clinical Neuroscience
165:Polarized, unipolar in structure
1636:Cranial and paraspinal nerves
555:well-being. Oral ingestion of
486:Predicted progress of recovery
337:(NSE) positive, NSE negative,
274:Associations with Other Tumors
1:
1349:Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma
1224:Tumours of the nervous system
304:Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma
195:Lacks structural cohesiveness
43:pervivascular pseudorosette.
1394:Anaplastic oligodendroglioma
264:inferior cerebellar peduncle
223:High likelihood of vascular
211:Nodular, non-invasive growth
185:(supports astrocytic origin)
1735:
162:Appears "bubbly" in nature
1692:
1070:Ultrastructural Pathology
1021:Journal of Neuro-Oncology
810:Diagnostic Neuroradiology
455:World Health Organization
258:. The mass began at the
35:
26:
1719:Nervous system neoplasia
1521:Lhermitte–Duclos disease
1445:Choroid plexus carcinoma
1440:Choroid plexus papilloma
1179:templates for discussion
171:Radial arrangement as a
983:Children Nervous System
735:Children Nervous System
666:Environmental incidence
435:Cognitive dysregulation
335:Neuron-specific enolase
244:Computerized tomography
205:Localization mostly in
1364:Anaplastic astrocytoma
1359:Fibrillary astrocytoma
528:nimustine hydrochoride
440:cognitively impaired.
248:posteroinferior region
168:Peripheral vasculature
1620:Esthesioneuroblastoma
1344:Pilocytic astrocytoma
1054:103.5 (2005): 446–50.
1023:103.3 (2011): 751–54.
870:Brain Tumor Pathology
494:Gross-total resection
358:Intracranial pressure
312:pilocytic astrocytoma
262:, extended along the
1625:Ganglioneuroblastoma
1530:CNS embryonal tumors
1435:Choroid plexus tumor
1072:23.5 (1999): 325–32.
961:19.2 (2009): 149–52.
959:Turkish Neurosurgery
894:39.2 (2009): 168–71.
831:10.3 (2000): 342–52.
779:18.6 (2011): 750–54.
737:24.2 (2008): 165–68.
690:Neuroepithelial cell
207:cerebral hemispheres
1468:Gliomatosis cerebri
1003:38.1 (2006): 78–80.
941:26.1 (2006): 72–81.
892:Pediatric Radiology
872:25.1 (2008): 25–31.
406:Decreased sensation
367:Enhanced drowsiness
177:Immunoreactive for
129:cerebrospinal fluid
1632:Nerve sheath tumor
1574:Hemangiopericytoma
920:25.1 (1989): 6–13.
812:49 (2007): 203–09.
426:Psychotic episodes
349:Symptoms and signs
234:Abnormal Pathology
133:subarachnoid space
1706:
1705:
1645:Neurofibromatosis
1600:
1599:
1555:
1554:
1481:
1480:
1389:Oligodendroglioma
1287:
1286:
1254:Craniopharyngioma
1164:
1163:
792:1 (2008): 152–55.
571:radiotherapy and
511:Radiation therapy
300:oligodendroglioma
153:General Pathology
71:
70:
16:Medical condition
1726:
1697:brain metastasis
1661:Acoustic neuroma
1463:Oligoastrocytoma
1456:Multiple/unknown
1327:
1318:
1298:
1272:
1247:
1237:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1194:
1084:
1073:
1066:
1055:
1047:
1038:
1035:
1024:
1017:
1004:
997:
986:
979:
962:
955:
942:
934:
921:
914:
895:
888:
873:
865:
832:
824:
813:
806:
793:
786:
780:
773:
738:
731:
657:Gender incidence
316:hemangioblastoma
291:, and embryonal
268:nodule of vermis
252:fourth ventricle
76:is a rare glial
67:
66:
31:
19:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1688:
1672:
1596:
1578:
1551:
1537:Medulloblastoma
1525:
1487:
1477:
1451:
1421:
1398:
1381:Oligodendrocyte
1375:
1310:
1304:
1302:Neuroepithelial
1283:
1268:
1263:
1240:
1226:
1221:
1182:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1095:
1081:
1076:
1067:
1058:
1048:
1041:
1036:
1027:
1018:
1007:
998:
989:
985:(2005): 211–20.
980:
965:
956:
945:
935:
924:
915:
898:
889:
876:
866:
835:
829:Brain Pathology
825:
816:
807:
796:
787:
783:
774:
741:
732:
717:
713:
681:
668:
659:
647:
638:
624:
615:
606:
565:
563:Future advances
540:interferon-beta
520:
508:
496:
467:
451:
446:
437:
428:
417:
408:
399:
386:
384:Impaired vision
378:
376:Frequent nausea
369:
360:
351:
276:
254:just above the
236:
218:Tissue fibrosis
155:
142:
82:spongioblastoma
61:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1732:
1730:
1722:
1721:
1711:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1634:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1611:
1609:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1506:Retinoblastoma
1503:
1497:Ganglioneuroma
1493:
1491:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1431:
1429:
1427:Choroid plexus
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1408:
1406:
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74:Astroblastoma
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45:H&E stain
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22:Astroblastoma
20:
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1652:Neurilemmoma
1640:Neurofibroma
1369:Glioblastoma
1307:brain tumors
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581:Fluorescence
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118:hypothalamus
114:cauda equina
94:frontal lobe
73:
72:
1511:Neurocytoma
1473:Gliosarcoma
1339:Astrocytoma
1259:Pituicytoma
1167:‹ The
700:Glial cells
573:Gamma Knife
536:vincristine
420:Convulsions
310:, juvenile
149:neoplasms.
147:epithelioid
110:optic nerve
1656:Schwannoma
1569:Meningioma
1412:Ependymoma
1150:DiseasesDB
711:References
695:Astrocytes
622:High-grade
569:CyberKnife
544:ifosfamide
500:craniotomy
289:astrocytes
281:ependymoma
220:prominence
198:Prominent
122:brain stem
106:cerebellum
86:astrocytes
37:Micrograph
1331:Astrocyte
1279:Pinealoma
1232:Endocrine
1001:Pathology
613:Low-grade
604:Prognosis
587:positive
552:etoposide
548:cisplatin
532:etoposide
465:Treatment
444:Diagnosis
391:nystagmus
293:neoplasms
285:neoplasms
260:brainstem
202:formation
53:Specialty
1713:Category
1561:Meninges
1404:Ependyma
1169:template
1134:: 9430/3
685:Neoplasm
679:See also
530:(ACNU),
459:neoplasm
415:Seizures
183:vimentin
140:Subtypes
90:cerebrum
58:Oncology
1171:below (
1144:D018302
651:bimodal
256:midline
250:to the
190:rosette
131:in the
41:nuclear
1489:neuron
1486:Mature
1322:Glioma
1270:Other:
1243:Sellar
1189:Curlie
1174:Curlie
672:cancer
595:, and
550:, and
538:, and
343:nestin
314:, and
120:, and
100:, and
60:
1677:Other
1131:ICD-O
1125:191.9
1110:C71.9
629:still
585:CD133
78:tumor
1155:None
1139:MeSH
1120:9-CM
597:CD45
593:CD34
589:CD24
453:The
181:and
179:GFAP
84:and
1606:PNS
1293:CNS
1187:at
1116:ICD
1101:ICD
1715::
1699:).
1499::
1153::
1142::
1123::
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1059:^
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1608::
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1305:(
1245::
1216:e
1209:t
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1118:-
1103:-
1093:D
47:.
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