302:, is the primary target of infection and sporocyst proliferation. As infection intensifies, the sporocyst develops branches through connective tissue passages, emerges from the gonads, and can spread into other body regions. Such secondary sites of infection have been previously reported to occur in the digestive glands, the gills, the bundles of adductor muscle, and the mantle epithelium lining the interior of the shells. The study found that the digestive glands of infected bivalves appeared to be relatively normal when compared to full bodied, uninfected specimens. Within the sporocyst, the cercariae existed within a wide range of developmental stages, indicating that its development is asynchronous. It was also observed that heavy infection of the parasite led to host
306:, which left the entire gonadal space often occupied by the sporocysts. By limiting the infection almost exclusively to the gonads, the parasites have developed an interesting strategy to only use the reproductive energy of their hosts, thereby minimizing the risk of host mortality. Extending the life of a bucephalus infected host is important because this allows the parasite to proliferate continuously from year to year, since infected gonads produce cercariae instead of gametes. The location of the sporocyst (primarily in gonads), its overall shape, irregular branches, and the morphology of its cercariae with a bifurcated tail, distinguish
278:. Unlike most digenetic trematodes, Bucephalus Polymorphus lacks a redial stage and thus emerges as a cecaria directly from the sporocyst stage. Rapid proliferation of sporocysts results in a knotted white mass of tubules, which is found primarily in the gonads of the mussel. Released from the infected mussels, cercariae attach to fish (second intermediate host), encyst, and transforms into metacercariae. The third (definitive) hosts are predatory fish that consume the infected foraging fish. It has been shown experimentally that cercarial emergence exhibits a
58:
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worms are common in the digestive tract, but are also found in other organs of vertebrates. The adult parasite attaches via a characteristic anterior adhesive organ with tentacles. This organ is recognized as a holdfast, which helps
Bucephalus to stay attached to the host's organs. Bucephalus are
200:
The adults occur in the gut of marine and fresh-water fish. The metacercariae encyst in smaller fish, sometimes in the nervous system. These parasitic flatworms are dorso-ventrally flattened animals characterized by a bilaterally symmetrical body enclosed within a syncytial tegument. They have a
326:, which surveyed the zebra mussel population in the Drava River in Croatia, found a prevalence of 21.3%. In the most extensive study conducted to date, a prevalence of 73% was recorded in zebra mussel in South-Eastern France. Low rates of prevalence were also recorded: 1% (Kuperman
196:
within the phylum
Platyhelminthes (i.e. flatworm). It is characterized by having a mouth near the middle of its body, along with a sac-like gut. The mouth opening is located in the centre of the ventral surface. This is a specific body type of cecaria known as a gastrostome.
541:
Wallet M., Lambert A. "Enquete sur la repartition et l'evolution du parasitisme a
Bucephalus polymorphus Baer, 1827 chez le mollusque Dreissena polymorpha dans le sud-est de la France." Bulletin Francais de la Peche et de la Pisciculture, 300, 19–24,
417:
Malloy et al.: "Survey of the
Parasites of Zebra Mussels (Bivalvia: Dreissenidae) in Northwestern Russia, with Comments on Records of Parasitism in Europe and North America." J. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. 63(2), 1996, pp.
509:
Baturo B.: "Bucephalus polymorphus Baer, 1827 and
Rhipidocotyle illense (Ziegler, 1883)(Trematoda, Bucephalidae): morphology and biology of developmental stages." Acta Parasitologica Polonica, 24, 203–220,
497:
de
Kinkelin et al.: "Etude epizootiologique de la bucephalose larvaire a Bucephalus polymorphus (Baer 1827) dans le peuplement piscicole du bassin de la Seine." Recherches Veterinaires, 1, 77–98, 1968
519:
Taskinen et al.: "Studies on bucephalid digeneans parasitising molluscs and fishes in
Finland. I. Ecological data and experimental studies." Systematic Parasitology, 19:81-94, 1991.
238:
was based on this species, which was the earliest known, initially described by Baer (1827) from its cercaria. Von
Siebold (1848) believed that the adult bucephalid he named
560:
Smirnova and
Ibrasheva: "Larval trematodes from freshwater molluscs in the western Kazakhstan." Trudy Instituta Zoologii Akademii Nauk Kazakhskoy SSR, 27, 53–87, 1967.
679:
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distal, anucleate later (distal cytoplasm). The distal cytoplasm contains vesicular inclusions that are Golgi derived. The adults of these
469:
627:
322:
is geographically widely distributed. However, prevalence of infection in zebra mussel population is not common. A study by
Lajtner
479:
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on the reproductive cycle of the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha in the Drana River." Acta Parasitologica, 53(1), 85–92, 2008.
551:
Kuperman et al. "Parasites of Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas) molluscs of the Volga basin." Parazitologiya, 28, 396–402, 1994.
697:
705:
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is a parasite residing exclusively in host connective tissues. The gonads of its first intermediate host,
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Malloy et al.: “Natural Enemies of Zebra Mussels: Predators, Parasites, and Ecological Competitors”.
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produces many daughter (secondary) sporocysts which are called cecariacysts, that eventually release
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represented an adult form of the same bucephalid, but this identity has never been proven.
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258:, a small freshwater mussel, is the first intermediate host parasitized by the hatching
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Dignetic flatworm species require more than one host to complete a full life cycle.
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of shedding with a peak in the dark period of a light:dark 12:12 h photoperiod.
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1994), 1–4% (Baturo 1977), 2–5% (Smirnova and Ibrasheva 1967), 9% (Malloy
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from other trematode parasites of zebra mussels in histological sections.
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589:
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458:: Zebra Mussel Information Clearinghouse. 7(6), Winter-Spring 1997.
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native to North American fresh waters that parasitize freshwater
749:
570:
360:"Platyhelminthes -- Encylopedic Reference of Parasitology"
266:, the miracidium transforms into a mother (primary)
579:
401:Synopsis of digenetic trematodes of vertebrates
528:Lajtner et al.: "The effects of the trematode
387:(Seventh Ed.) McGraw-Hill. New York, NY, 2005.
8:
413:
411:
409:
342:can vary widely depending on the ecosystem.
468:Smyth, J. D.; Wakelin, Derek (1994-11-24).
567:
31:
20:
46:Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition
505:
503:
403:Keigaku Publishing Company. Tokyo, 1971.
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338:1968). Therefore, the prevalence of
7:
815:6A061E44-17E3-40BD-92A7-473A513AF411
776:9DAEE56F-0957-FBDA-605B-B8AC0B70970C
659:902328fd-7b4e-493b-906a-b9d472ba4780
471:Introduction to Animal Parasitology
14:
192:, which in turn is a subclass of
283:
56:
334:1996), and 13–28% (de Kinkelin
262:. Within the visceral mass of
222:Bucephalid cercaria larva from
1:
184:. This species is within the
385:Foundations of Parasitology
383:G. Schmidt and L. Roberts:
854:
428:Gibson, David Ian (2002).
158:
151:
53:Scientific classification
51:
39:
30:
23:
434:. CABI. pp. 74–75.
240:Gasterostomum fimbriatum
254:requires three hosts.
581:Bucephalus polymorphus
530:Bucephalus polymorphus
340:Bucephalus polymorphus
296:Bucephalus polymorphus
252:Bucephalus polymorphus
231:
177:Bucephalus polymorphus
162:Bucephalus polymorphus
25:Bucephalus polymorphus
431:Keys to the Trematoda
228:Kunstformen der Natur
221:
654:Fauna Europaea (new)
272:Asexual reproduction
256:Dreissena polymorpha
144:B. polymorphus
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40:Cercaria larva of
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758:Open Tree of Life
573:Taxon identifiers
291:Influence on Host
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362:. Archived from
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90:Platyhelminthes
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42:B. polymorphus
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838:Plagiorchiida
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366:on 2009-03-12
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318:Infection of
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224:Ernst Haeckel
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180:is a type of
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153:Binomial name
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110:Plagiorchiida
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397:Yamaguti, S.
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368:. Retrieved
364:the original
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186:Bucephalidae
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120:Bucephalidae
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24:
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784:SeaLifeBase
370:2009-05-08
346:References
314:Prevalence
304:castration
260:miracidium
246:Life cycle
236:Bucephalus
234:The genus
203:acoelomate
194:Trematodes
188:family of
168:Baer, 1827
131:Bucephalus
456:Dreissena
300:Dreissena
276:cercariae
268:sporocyst
264:Dreissena
138:Species:
100:Trematoda
76:Kingdom:
70:Eukaryota
832:Category
685:10594049
604:BioLib:
596:Q2927485
590:Wikidata
214:Taxonomy
208:bivalves
182:flatworm
116:Family:
86:Phylum:
80:Animalia
66:Domain:
810:ZooBank
672:5233411
418:251–256
230:(1904).
190:Digenea
126:Genus:
106:Order:
96:Class:
802:109155
763:790566
750:109155
737:834968
724:242089
646:389499
478:
438:
336:et al.
332:et al.
328:et al.
324:et al.
797:WoRMS
789:37166
771:Plazi
698:55489
680:IRMNG
633:29155
628:EUNIS
607:81897
542:1986.
510:1977.
44:from
745:OBIS
719:NCBI
693:ITIS
667:GBIF
620:NM92
476:ISBN
436:ISBN
706:NBN
615:CoL
270:.
226:'s
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
