1375:
1498:, which infests humans, can form proglottid chains over 20 metres (66 ft) long, although 4 metres (13 ft) is more typical. Each proglottid has both male and female reproductive organs. If the host's gut contains two or more adults of the same cestode species they generally fertilize each other, however, proglottids of the same worm can fertilize each other and even themselves. When the eggs are fully developed, the proglottids separate and are excreted by the host. The eucestode life cycle is less complex than that of
1274:. Adults usually have two holdfasts: a ring around the mouth and a larger sucker midway along what would be the underside in a free-living flatworm. Although the name "Digeneans" means "two generations", most have very complex life cycles with up to seven stages, depending on what combinations of environments the early stages encounter – the most important factor being whether the eggs are deposited on land or in water. The intermediate stages transfer the parasites from one host to another. The
1654:
1434:
1597:
1746:
2509:- both of which are generally agreed to be monophyletic (each contains all and only the descendants of an ancestor that is a member of the same group). Early molecular phylogenetics analyses of the Catenulida and Rhabditophora left uncertainties about whether these could be combined in a single monophyletic group; a study in 2008 concluded that they could, therefore Platyhelminthes could be redefined as Catenulida plus Rhabditophora, excluding the Acoelomorpha.
1064:
1685:
1624:
182:
1164:, a subgroup of seriates, are famous for their ability to regenerate if divided by cuts across their bodies. Experiments show that (in fragments that do not already have a head) a new head grows most quickly on those fragments which were originally located closest to the original head. This suggests the growth of a head is controlled by a chemical whose concentration diminishes throughout the organism, from head to tail. Many turbellarians
129:
1051:
1808:
1726:
893:. Hence, many are microscopic, and the large species have flat ribbon-like or leaf-like shapes. Because there is no circulatory system which can transport nutrients around, the guts of large species have many branches, allowing the nutrients to diffuse to all parts of the body. Respiration through the whole surface of the body makes them vulnerable to fluid loss, and restricts them to environments where
1787:
645:
1240:
1158:. However, turbellarian statocysts have no sensory cilia, so the way they sense the movements and positions of solid particles is unknown. On the other hand, most have ciliated touch-sensor cells scattered over their bodies, especially on tentacles and around the edges. Specialized cells in pits or grooves on the head are most likely smell sensors.
1143:("little eyes"); one pair in most species, but two or even three pairs in others. A few large species have many eyes in clusters over the brain, mounted on tentacles, or spaced uniformly around the edge of the body. The ocelli can only distinguish the direction from which light is coming to enable the animals to avoid it. A few groups have
1285:, which hatches in the intestine of a snail, then moves to a fish where it penetrates the body and encysts in the flesh, then migrating to the small intestine of a land animal that eats the fish raw, finally generating eggs that are excreted and ingested by snails, thereby completing the cycle. A similar life cycle occurs with
961:, whose members include tiny flatworms living in symbiosis with bacteria, is even missing a mouth and a gut. However, some long species have an anus and some with complex, branched guts have more than one anus, since excretion only through the mouth would be difficult for them. The gut is lined with a single layer of
1542:
tissue, where it metamorphoses into an oval worm about 10 millimetres (0.39 in) long, with a scolex that is kept internally. When the definitive host eats infested raw or undercooked meat from an intermediate host, the worm's scolex pops out and attaches itself to the gut, when the adult tapeworm develops.
1302:
Adults range between 0.2 mm (0.0079 in) and 6 mm (0.24 in) in length. Individual adult digeneans are of a single sex, and in some species slender females live in enclosed grooves that run along the bodies of the males, partially emerging to lay eggs. In all species the adults have
1079:
These have about 4,500 species, are mostly free-living, and range from 1 mm (0.04 in) to 600 mm (24 in) in length. Most are predators or scavengers, and terrestrial species are mostly nocturnal and live in shaded, humid locations, such as leaf litter or rotting wood. However, some
1125:
and generally feed by using cilia to sweep food particles and small prey into their mouths, which are usually in the middle of their undersides. Most other turbellarians have a pharynx that is eversible (can be extended by being turned inside-out), and the mouths of different species can be anywhere
980:
of dissolved substances in their body fluids at a fairly constant level. Internal parasites and free-living marine animals live in environments with high concentrations of dissolved material, and generally let their tissues have the same level of concentration as the environment, while freshwater
2874:
projects have provided additional channels for their spread. People in these countries usually cannot afford the cost of fuel required to cook food thoroughly enough to kill parasites. Controlling parasites that infect humans and livestock has become more difficult, as many species have become
1541:
infest the guts of humans, cats and dogs. The juveniles use herbivores – such as pigs, cattle and rabbits – as intermediate hosts. Excreted proglottids release eggs that stick to grass leaves and hatch after being swallowed by a herbivore. The larva then makes its way to the herbivore's muscle
1278:
in which adults develop is a land vertebrate; the earliest host of juvenile stages is usually a snail that may live on land or in water, whilst in many cases, a fish or arthropod is the second host. For example, the adjoining illustration shows the life cycle of the intestinal fluke
2416:- distinguishing features that all Platyhelminthes (but no other animals) exhibit. This makes it difficult to work out their relationships with other groups of animals, as well as the relationships between different groups that are described as members of the Platyhelminthes.
1418:
secretes enzymes to digest the host's skin, allowing the parasite to feed on blood and cellular debris. Others graze externally on mucus and flakes of the hosts' skins. The name "Monogenea" is based on the fact that these parasites have only one nonlarval generation.
4476:
De Baets, K., P. Dentzien-Dias, I. Upeniece, O. Verneau and P. C. J. Donoghue (2015-12-15). "Chapter Three – Constraining the Deep Origin of
Parasitic Flatworms and Host-Interactions with Fossil Evidence". In Kenneth De Baets and D. Timothy J Littlewood (ed.).
4646:
Bourlat SJ, Juliusdottir T, Lowe CJ, Freeman R, Aronowicz J, Kirschner M, Lander ES, Thorndyke M, Nakano H, Kohn AB, Heyland A, Moroz LL, Copley RR, Telford MJ (2006). "Deuterostome phylogeny reveals monophyletic chordates and the new phylum
Xenoturbellida".
3005:
of both mosquito species, yet maintain a steady predation rate over time. The ability of these flatworms to live in artificial containers demonstrated the potential of placing these species in popular mosquito breeding sites, which might reduce the amount of
2879:
to drugs that used to be effective, mainly for killing juveniles in meat. While poorer countries still struggle with unintentional infection, cases have been reported of intentional infection in the US by dieters who are desperate for rapid weight-loss.
4936:
Kenneth De Baets; Paula
Dentzien-Dias; Ieva Upeniece; Olivier Verneau; Philip C.J. Donoghue (2015). "Constraining the deep origin of parasitic flatworms and host-interactions with fossil evidence". In Kenneth De Baets; D. Timothy J Littlewood (eds.).
697:(comb jellies) have only two cell layers. Beyond that, they are "defined more by what they do not have than by any particular series of specializations." Unlike most other bilaterians, Platyhelminthes have no internal body cavity, so are described as
1398:, most are external parasites that require particular host species - mainly fish, but in some cases amphibians or aquatic reptiles. However, a few are internal parasites. Adult monogeneans have large attachment organs at the rear, known as
3605:
Zverkov, Oleg A.; Mikhailov, Kirill V.; Isaev, Sergey V.; Rusin, Leonid Y.; Popova, Olga V.; Logacheva, Maria D.; Penin, Alexey A.; Moroz, Leonid L.; Panchin, Yuri V.; Lyubetsky, Vassily A.; Aleoshin, Vladimir V. (2019).
2482:(another small group previously classified as "turbellarians") are the sister group to all other bilaterians. However, a 2007 study concluded that Acoela and Nemertodermatida were two distinct groups of bilaterians.
5525:
Saló, E.; Pineda, D.; Marsal, M.; Gonzalez, J.; Gremigni, V.; Batistoni, R. (2002). "Genetic network of the eye in
Platyhelminthes: Expression and functional analysis of some players during planarian regeneration".
5407:
Tranchida, María C.; MacIá, Arnaldo; Brusa, Francisco; Micieli, María V.; García, Juan J. (2009). "Predation potential of three flatworm species (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria) on mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)".
3837:
1191:– a duel in which each tries to impregnate the other, and the loser adopts the female role of developing the eggs. In most species, "miniature adults" emerge when the eggs hatch, but a few large species produce
4426:
Egger, B.; Lapraz, F.; Tomiczek, B.; Müller, S.; Dessimoz, C.; Girstmair, J.; Škunca, N.; Rawlinson, K. A.; Cameron, C. B.; Beli, E.; Todaro, M. A.; Gammoudi, M.; Noreña, C.; Telford, M. I. (18 May 2015).
2960:
programs, which generally aim for a low, stable population of the pest species. The ability of planarians to take different kinds of prey and to resist starvation may account for their ability to decimate
3453:
Todaro, M. Antonio; Sibaja-Cordero, Jeffrey
Alejandro; Segura-Bermúdez, Oscar A.; Coto-Delgado, Génesis; Goebel-Otárola, Nathalie; Barquero, Juan D.; Cullell-Delgado, Mariana; Dal Zotto, Matteo (2019).
1303:
complex reproductive systems, capable of producing between 10,000 and 100,000 times as many eggs as a free-living flatworm. In addition, the intermediate stages that live in snails reproduce asexually.
4890:
Perkins, EM; Donnellan, SC; Bertozzi, T; Whittington, ID (2010). "Closing the mitochondrial circle on paraphyly of the
Monogenea (Platyhelminthes) infers evolution in the diet of parasitic flatworms".
1024:
Early classification divided the flatworms in four groups: Turbellaria, Trematoda, Monogenea and
Cestoda. This classification had long been recognized to be artificial, and in 1985, Ehlers proposed a
936:. The mesenchyme contains all the internal organs and allows the passage of oxygen, nutrients and waste products. It consists of two main types of cell: fixed cells, some of which have fluid-filled
1001:, while their microvilli reabsorb reusable materials and as much water as is needed to keep the body fluids at the right concentration. These combinations of flame cells and tube cells are called
993:
looks like a flickering candle flame, extract from the mesenchyme water that contains wastes and some reusable material, and drive it into networks of tube cells which are lined with flagella and
1322:, body fluids or blood. In both the adult and snail-inhabiting stages, the external syncytium absorbs dissolved nutrients from the host. Adult digeneans can live without oxygen for long periods.
1147:- fluid-filled chambers containing a small, solid particle or, in a few groups, two. These statocysts are thought to function as balance and acceleration sensors, as they perform the same way in
571:, with Cestoda, Trematoda and Monogenea forming a monophyletic subgroup within one branch of the Rhabditophora. Hence, the traditional platyhelminth subgroup "Turbellaria" is now regarded as
563:, one of the three main groups of more complex bilaterians. These analyses had concluded the redefined Platyhelminthes, excluding Acoelomorpha, consists of two monophyletic subgroups,
4064:
Wallberg, A.; Curini-Galletti, M.; Ahmadzadeh, A. & Jondelius, U. (September 2007). "Dismissal of
Acoelomorpha: Acoela and Nemertodermatida are separate early bilaterian clades".
1449:, a disk with hooks on the end. Inset 6 shows the tapeworm's whole body, in which the scolex is the tiny, round tip in the top left corner, and a mature proglottid has just detached.
2567:, within the Neodermata. It is generally agreed that the Neodermata are a sub-group a few levels down in the "family tree" of the Rhabditophora. Hence the traditional sub-phylum "
5225:
3833:
4824:"Utility of complete large and small subunit rRNA genes in resolving the phylogeny of the Neodermata (Platyhelminthes): implications and a review of the cercomer theory"
7171:
4545:
670:: their left and right sides are mirror images of each other; this also implies they have distinct top and bottom surfaces and distinct head and tail ends. Like other
2810:(flukes) that naturally parasitize fish and crustaceans, but can pass to humans who eat raw or lightly cooked seafood. Infection of humans by the broad fish tapeworm
2532:
worms. The majority view is that
Platyzoa are part of Lophotrochozoa, but a significant minority of researchers regard Platyzoa as a sister group of Lophotrochozoa.
8917:
4372:
618:, which was displacing native snails. However, these planarians are themselves a serious threat to native snails and should not be used for biological control. In
2587:
on fish hosts are basal in the
Neodermata and were the first shift to parasitism from free living ancestors. The next evolutionary step was a dietary change from
508:, and intermediate stages that infest secondary hosts. The eggs of trematodes are excreted from their main hosts, whereas adult cestodes generate vast numbers of
2659:) by Knaust & Desrochers (2019), tentatively interpreted as turbellarians (though the authors cautioned that they might ultimately turn out to be fossils of
8943:
1485:
generally use simple but inefficient chemical processes, compensating for this inefficiency by consuming large amounts of food relative to their physical size.
3383:
1366:
These parasites attach themselves to their hosts by means of disks that bear crescent-shaped hooks. They are divided into the Monogenea and Cestoda groupings.
5115:
1520:, swimming larvae. If a larva is swallowed by a copepod, it sheds the cilia and the skin becomes a syncitium; the larva then makes its way into the copepod's
1036:. However, the classification presented here is the early, traditional, classification, as it still is the one used everywhere except in scientific articles.
9040:
4757:
2790:. Infection of the digestive system by adult tapeworms causes abdominal symptoms that, whilst unpleasant, are seldom disabling or life-threatening. However,
2459:, has radically changed scientists' view of evolutionary relationships between animals. Flatworms are now recognized as secondarily simplified bilaterians.
3933:
Jondelius, U.; Ruiz-Trillo, I.; Baguñà, J.; Riutort, M. (April 2002). "The Nemertodermatida are basal bilaterians and not members of the Platyhelminthes".
4989:
4521:
9035:
4559:
Poinar, G. (2003). "A Rhabdocoel Turbellarian (Platyhelminthes, Typhloplanoida) in Baltic Amber with a Review of Fossil and Sub-Fossil Platyhelminths".
981:
animals need to prevent their body fluids from becoming too dilute. Despite this difference in environments, most platyhelminths use the same system to
3157:
Dirk Knaust; André Desrochers (2019). "Exceptionally preserved soft-bodied assemblage in Ordovician carbonates of Anticosti Island, eastern Canada".
2466:
analyses of anatomical features in the mid-1980s, as well as molecular phylogenetics analyses since 2000 using different sections of DNA, agree that
8891:
1488:
In the majority of species, known as eucestodes ("true tapeworms"), the neck produces a chain of segments called proglottids via a process known as
454:. The digestive cavity has only one opening for both ingestion (intake of nutrients) and egestion (removal of undigested wastes); as a result, the
8930:
7667:
6877:
5246:
516:
that detach when mature, are excreted, and then release eggs. Unlike the other parasitic groups, the monogeneans are external parasites infesting
4758:"Filling a gap in the phylogeny of flatworms: relationships within the Rhabdocoela (Platyhelminthes), inferred from 18S ribosomal DNA sequences"
2390:
might also represent parasitic flatworms with simple life cycles. The oldest known free-living platyhelminth specimen is a fossil preserved in
500:. Cestodes (tapeworms) and trematodes (flukes) have complex life-cycles, with mature stages that live as parasites in the digestive systems of
2870:(night soil) as fertilizer or to enrich fish farm ponds continues to spread parasitic platyhelminths, whilst poorly designed water-supply and
2749:
estimated 200 million people in 74 countries are infected with the disease, and half the victims live in Africa. The condition has a low
5325:
4499:
4366:
3881:
3817:
3723:
3377:
3347:
3319:
5172:
Commission on Tropical Diseases of the International League Against Epilepsy (1994). "Relationship Between Epilepsy and Tropical Diseases".
4241:
2697:
1550:
have no scolex, do not produce proglottids, and have body shapes similar to those of diageneans. Cestodarians parasitize fish and turtles.
4001:
3548:"Muscular anatomy of an entoproct creeping-type larva reveals extraordinary high complexity and potential shared characters with mollusks"
5331:
4270:
3236:
5591:
3761:
1336:
Members of this small group have either a single divided sucker or a row of suckers that cover the underside. They infest the guts of
5515:
5474:
5455:
4959:
3222:
9002:
5628:
5277:
Boag, B.; Yeates, G.W. (2001). "The Potential Impact of the New Zealand Flatworm, a Predator of Earthworms, in Western Europe".
5623:
5215:
1559:
1465:, which means "tape". The adults of all 3,400 cestode species are internal parasites. Cestodes have no mouths or guts, and the
1407:
1374:
1132:
can open its mouth almost as wide as its body is long, to swallow prey about as large as itself. Predatory species in suborder
8935:
2888:
There is concern in northwest Europe (including the British Isles) regarding the possible proliferation of the New Zealand
181:
5707:
5697:
5680:
4354:
2741:, also known as bilharzia or snail fever, is the second-most devastating parasitic disease in tropical countries, behind
539:
and hence with distinct front and rear ends). However, analyses since the mid-1980s have separated out one subgroup, the
8126:
4635:
A global metabarcoding analysis expands molecular diversity of Platyhelminthes and reveals novel early-branching clades
8826:
8813:
8463:
8112:
8019:
7660:
6870:
4395:"Platyhelminthes ou apenas semelhantes a Platyhelminthes? Relações filogenéticas dos principais grupos de turbelários"
4237:
3895:
3367:
1516:
crustaceans as intermediate hosts. Excreted proglottids release their eggs into the water where the eggs hatch into
8870:
5148:
3916:
2965:. However, these planarians are a serious threat to native snails and should never be used for biological control.
2893:
628:
4798:
8948:
8883:
8717:
8640:
8611:
7014:
4393:
Boll, P. K.; Rossi, I.; Amaral, S. V.; Oliveira, S. M.; Müller, E. S.; Lemos, V. S.; Leal-Zanchet, A. M. (2013).
2940:, another planarian, has been used for the same purpose in Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea and Guam. Although
2858:
vegetables from high-risk areas; and, as an underlying cause, reduced awareness of parasites compared with other
977:
575:, since it excludes the wholly parasitic groups, although these are descended from one group of "turbellarians".
5290:
2498:, but more detailed molecular phylogenetics have led to its classification as sister-group to the Acoelomorpha.
9030:
8723:
7804:
7748:
4938:
4478:
2921:
1032:"Turbellaria" was split into a dozen orders, and Trematoda, Monogenea and Cestoda were joined in the new order
2575:, since it does not include the Neodermata although these are descendants of a sub-group of "turbellarians".
1217:(Greek τρῆμα, hole), which resemble suckers and anchor them within their hosts. The skin of all species is a
8660:
8441:
8430:
8014:
7954:
7940:
7763:
7742:
7099:
5712:
5220:
2957:
2899:
2850:
which feed on manure and sludge; the increasing popularity of raw or lightly cooked foods; imports of meat,
2440:
1481:. Shortage of carbohydrates in the host's diet stunts the growth of parasites and may even kill them. Their
1092:. Free-living turbellarians are mostly black, brown or gray, but some larger ones are brightly colored. The
599:
8753:
8558:
8339:
8192:
7882:
7877:
7868:
7844:
7653:
6863:
5584:
4034:
Larsson, K.; Jondelius, U. (20 December 2008). "Phylogeny of Catenulida and support for Platyhelminthes".
3051:
Dentzien-Dias, PC; Poinar, G Jr; de Figueiredo, AE; Pacheco, AC; Horn, BL; Schultz, CL (30 January 2013).
3007:
2812:
2799:
1287:
1180:
1128:
1056:
420:
3834:"This Seabed Flatworm Got Rid Of Its Mouth And Anus, Replacing Its Entire Digestive System With Bacteria"
8979:
8425:
7968:
7849:
7730:
7327:
6977:
5675:
3456:"An Introduction to the Study of Gastrotricha, with a Taxonomic Key to Families and Genera of the Group"
3024:
2977:
2758:
1100:
were traditionally regarded as turbellarians, but are now regarded as members of a separate phylum, the
944:, which can transform into any other type of cell, and are used in regenerating tissues after injury or
650:
544:
5253:
2771:, which can bore through human skin; those most at risk use infected bodies of water for recreation or
2512:
Other molecular phylogenetics analyses agree the redefined Platyhelminthes are most closely related to
2494:, was originally classified as a "primitive turbellarian". Later studies suggested it may instead be a
1653:
8958:
8839:
8800:
8791:
8691:
8518:
8344:
8318:
8300:
8070:
6992:
5417:
4711:
4698:
Cannon, J.T.; Vellutini, B.C.; Smith, J.; Ronquist, F.; Jondelius, U.; Hejnol, A. (4 February 2016).
4656:
4304:
4141:
3559:
3166:
3126:
3064:
2936:
2824:
2564:
2463:
1360:
1184:
945:
881:
The lack of circulatory and respiratory organs limits platyhelminths to sizes and shapes that enable
8831:
7960:
2830:
The threat to humans in developed countries is rising as a result of social trends: the increase in
1266:). There are about 11,000 species, more than all other platyhelminthes combined, and second only to
8730:
8705:
8632:
8285:
8234:
7809:
7790:
7736:
7725:
1745:
1225:. Trematodes are divided into two groups, Digenea and Aspidogastrea (also known as Aspodibothrea).
1222:
619:
9007:
3406:"Gnathostomulid phylogeny inferred from a combined approach of four molecular loci and morphology"
8591:
8577:
8497:
8469:
8449:
8419:
8279:
8254:
8154:
8104:
7995:
7926:
7829:
7322:
7004:
6140:
5692:
5670:
5658:
5633:
5197:
4981:
4872:
4790:
4735:
4680:
4576:
4539:
4513:
4233:
4165:
4081:
3950:
3910:
3771:
3435:
3251:
3228:
3182:
2791:
2701:
1679:
1528:) where it attaches itself using three small hooks. If the copepod is eaten by a fish, the larva
1525:
1453:
These are often called tapeworms because of their flat, slender but very long bodies – the name "
1379:
1292:
1214:
859:
855:
734:
730:
687:
664:
603:
536:
492:, this classification is now deprecated. Free-living flatworms are mostly predators, and live in
440:
436:
359:
176:
137:
8984:
4634:
4266:
1684:
1063:
3978:
2595:. The last common ancestor of Digenea + Cestoda was monogenean and most likely sanguinivorous.
1878:
The internal relationships of Platyhelminthes are shown below. The tree is not fully resolved.
1623:
1596:
8966:
7824:
7769:
7676:
7114:
6562:
6482:
5832:
5702:
5665:
5653:
5643:
5577:
5543:
5511:
5470:
5451:
5389:
5321:
5313:
5294:
5189:
5140:
5096:
5043:
4973:
4965:
4955:
4925:
A new case of kleptoplasty in animals: Marine flatworms steal functional plastids from diatoms
4907:
4727:
4672:
4617:
4505:
4495:
4458:
4362:
4332:
4214:
4157:
3887:
3877:
3813:
3757:
3719:
3639:
3587:
3528:
3427:
3373:
3343:
3315:
3218:
3092:
2652:
2584:
2239:
2107:
1569:
1537:
1439:
917:
3997:
8994:
8971:
8624:
8617:
8483:
8097:
8065:
7645:
7390:
7269:
7161:
7104:
7044:
7039:
6967:
6952:
5617:
5535:
5425:
5379:
5369:
5286:
5181:
5130:
5086:
5078:
5033:
4947:
4899:
4864:
4835:
4780:
4772:
4719:
4664:
4607:
4568:
4487:
4448:
4440:
4406:
4322:
4312:
4204:
4196:
4149:
4073:
4043:
3993:
3942:
3749:
3629:
3619:
3577:
3567:
3518:
3510:
3477:
3467:
3417:
3210:
3204:
3174:
3134:
3082:
3072:
2908:
2479:
2273:
1508:
1306:
Adults of different species infest different parts of the definitive host - for example the
1097:
965:
cells that absorb and digest food. Some species break up and soften food first by secreting
830:
816:
412:
4185:"Evolution and Functional Morphology of the Proboscis in Kalyptorhynchia (Platyhelminthes)"
2583:
An outline of the origins of the parasitic lifestyle has been proposed; epithelial feeding
128:
8922:
8491:
8437:
8351:
8089:
8039:
8034:
7932:
7917:
7856:
7755:
7563:
7468:
7430:
7385:
7317:
7074:
7034:
7019:
6912:
6843:
6749:
6600:
6503:
6360:
5893:
4612:
4595:
3809:
3802:
3783:
3715:
3708:
3263:
2930:
2876:
2831:
2780:
2754:
2738:
2400:
2171:
2092:
1951:
1494:
1433:
1411:
1275:
1133:
862:
738:
714:
614:
556:
443:
5352:
Justine, Jean-Lou; Winsor, Leigh; Gey, Delphine; Gros, Pierre; Thévenot, Jessica (2014).
2632:. Putative older fossils include a ribbon-shaped, bilaterally symmetrical organism named
8805:
6855:
5421:
4715:
4699:
4660:
4308:
4145:
3857:
Ehlers U. (1985). "Phylogenetic relationships within the Plathelminthes", pp 143–158 in
3563:
3503:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
3170:
3130:
3068:
8878:
8865:
8818:
8583:
8546:
8477:
8292:
8271:
8240:
8198:
8077:
8026:
8005:
7974:
7946:
7889:
7816:
7623:
7568:
7558:
7400:
7214:
7166:
7079:
7054:
7049:
7029:
7024:
6927:
6917:
6508:
6304:
6216:
6194:
6157:
5648:
5504:
5384:
5353:
5185:
5135:
5091:
5062:
4572:
4453:
4429:"A Transcriptomic-Phylogenomic Analysis of the Evolutionary Relationships of Flatworms"
4428:
4327:
4292:
4209:
4184:
3634:
3607:
3582:
3547:
3523:
3498:
3087:
3052:
2762:
2750:
2521:
2443:, which aims to work out evolutionary "family trees" by comparing different organisms'
2253:
2057:
1997:
1938:
1768:
1698:
1050:
1009:
1002:
982:
921:
886:
706:
675:
560:
517:
509:
396:
5562:
5539:
5082:
2535:
It has been agreed since 1985 that each of the wholly parasitic platyhelminth groups (
1532:
into a small, unsegmented tapeworm, drills through to the gut and grows into an adult.
1239:
9024:
8570:
8551:
8311:
8306:
8057:
8045:
7796:
7680:
7347:
7332:
7294:
7219:
7155:
7141:
7089:
7084:
6998:
6987:
6982:
6962:
6957:
6932:
6653:
6557:
6056:
5429:
5201:
4924:
4840:
4823:
4776:
4739:
4077:
3946:
3422:
3405:
3310:
Walker, J.C.; Anderson, D.T. (2001). "The Platyhelminthes". In Anderson, D.T. (ed.).
3186:
2993:
2987:
2859:
2839:
2786:
2746:
2710:
2634:
2506:
2010:
1987:
1928:
1619:
1529:
1478:
1445:
1331:
1188:
1176:
1072:
998:
568:
350:
162:
83:
4794:
4085:
3954:
3439:
3232:
2547:) is monophyletic, and that together these form a larger monophyletic grouping, the
1725:
8710:
8666:
8562:
8455:
8330:
7901:
7543:
7538:
7513:
7488:
7478:
7405:
7274:
7148:
7109:
7094:
7069:
7064:
7009:
6942:
6759:
6754:
6642:
6498:
6384:
6270:
6173:
6152:
6022:
5973:
5929:
5910:
4985:
4876:
4684:
4517:
4169:
2660:
2629:
2611:
2603:
2572:
2513:
2495:
2486:
2467:
2444:
2420:
2413:
2395:
2383:
1966:
1721:
1592:
1492:. As a result, the most mature proglottids are furthest from the scolex. Adults of
1489:
1470:
1341:
1106:
1101:
1029:
1025:
957:
794:
572:
559:
that is itself a member of the group. The redefined Platyhelminthes is part of the
552:
540:
489:
424:
5484:
2778:
In 2000, an estimated 45 million people were infected with the beef tapeworm
2696:
2617:
The earliest known fossils confidently classified as tapeworms have been dated to
1786:
1136:
often have a muscular pharynx equipped with hooks or teeth used for seizing prey.
4903:
4317:
3861:. S Conway Morris, JD George, R Gibson, HM Platt (eds.). Clarendon Press, Oxford.
3077:
1477:– from the host, and also disguises it chemically to avoid attacks by the host's
8904:
8785:
8697:
8682:
8538:
8405:
8386:
8377:
8365:
8219:
8183:
8165:
8132:
8118:
7910:
7836:
7781:
7716:
7598:
7573:
7518:
7493:
7415:
7410:
7375:
7365:
7059:
6972:
6720:
6691:
6677:
6667:
6252:
6068:
5981:
5763:
4951:
4491:
4128:
Bourlat SJ, Nielsen C, Lockyer AE, Littlewood DT, Telford MJ (21 August 2003). "
3029:
2817:
2767:
2599:
2568:
2475:
2405:
2158:
2079:
2069:
2025:
1807:
1636:
1395:
1291:, which is found in South East Asia and can infect the liver of humans, causing
1281:
1245:
1068:
1045:
898:
894:
784:
737:
organs, both of these facts are defining features when classifying a flatworm's
710:
623:
579:
528:
497:
462:
318:
226:
168:
153:
58:
4855:
Ehlers, U. (1986). "Comments on a phylogenetic system of the Platyhelminthes".
4348:
4346:
1295:(bile duct cancer). Schistosomes, which cause the devastating tropical disease
1168:
themselves by transverse or longitudinal division, whilst others, reproduce by
644:
17:
8602:
8524:
8509:
8265:
8224:
7631:
7593:
7523:
7503:
7498:
7483:
7453:
7425:
7380:
7370:
7342:
7337:
7279:
7254:
6947:
6922:
6817:
6802:
6797:
6778:
6773:
6701:
6648:
6618:
6610:
6552:
6426:
6418:
6401:
6181:
6093:
6046:
5986:
5948:
5922:
5768:
5753:
4444:
4047:
3572:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3019:
2871:
2843:
2672:
2668:
2644:
2607:
2588:
2548:
2502:
2387:
2269:
2208:
2193:
2138:
1907:
1547:
1482:
1474:
1314:, large blood vessels, and liver. The adults use a relatively large, muscular
1155:
1033:
994:
986:
913:
909:
754:
722:
698:
694:
591:
564:
513:
505:
428:
416:
345:
262:
157:
141:
103:
68:
8776:
5298:
5038:
5021:
4969:
3891:
3624:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3178:
8852:
8210:
8053:
7706:
7701:
7548:
7528:
7420:
7299:
7234:
7224:
7209:
7204:
7185:
6937:
6783:
6730:
6725:
6696:
6685:
6634:
6629:
6581:
6493:
6486:
6280:
6275:
6237:
6086:
6078:
6007:
5959:
5880:
5867:
5848:
5843:
5802:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4021:
3753:
3338:
Hinde, R.T. (2001). "The Cnidaria and Ctenophora". In Anderson, D.T. (ed.).
2889:
2863:
2807:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2625:
2560:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2491:
2424:
2419:
The "traditional" view before the 1990s was that Platyhelminthes formed the
2376:
2277:
1708:
1649:
1579:
1565:
1466:
1389:
1382:
1349:
1307:
1296:
1267:
1218:
1208:
1161:
1144:
1085:
1081:
941:
890:
763:
750:
690:
671:
633:
583:
548:
532:
485:
481:
473:
466:
451:
328:
323:
285:
252:
239:
213:
193:
149:
108:
52:
5547:
5393:
5100:
5047:
4977:
4911:
4731:
4676:
4509:
4462:
4411:
4394:
4336:
4218:
4161:
3643:
3591:
3532:
3514:
3431:
3096:
5193:
5144:
4621:
4183:
Smith JP III; Litvaitis, M. K.; Gobert, S.; Uyeno, T.; Artois, T. (2015).
4059:
4057:
3871:
3361:
3359:
3333:
3331:
2866:. In less-developed countries, inadequate sanitation and the use of human
1075:. Each has two penises, the white spikes on the undersides of their heads.
8770:
8651:
8532:
8410:
8359:
8174:
7603:
7583:
7578:
7553:
7508:
7473:
7463:
7458:
7289:
7264:
7244:
6904:
6807:
6791:
6706:
6661:
6624:
6605:
6594:
6576:
6570:
6431:
6372:
6348:
6126:
6015:
5899:
5790:
5781:
5687:
4200:
3482:
2970:
2803:
2676:
2664:
2517:
2436:
2380:
1803:
1781:
1666:
1521:
1271:
1257:
1253:
1192:
1179:(they have both female and male reproductive cells) which fertilize eggs
1148:
1114:
of very simple animals, has also been reclassified as a separate phylum.
1089:
1013:
990:
962:
929:
925:
902:
788:
683:
679:
272:
145:
98:
93:
78:
73:
63:
44:
5450:(Fourth ed.). New York: Benjamin/Cummings Publishing. p. 599.
4723:
4668:
4153:
897:
is unlikely: sea and freshwater, moist terrestrial environments such as
8248:
7990:
7608:
7588:
7284:
7259:
7249:
7239:
7195:
7132:
6767:
6743:
6735:
6672:
6586:
6406:
6393:
6326:
6317:
6262:
6187:
4868:
4580:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3876:. Stephen Miller, John Harley. Macmillan/McGraw-Hill School Div. 2015.
3739:
3737:
3735:
3499:"Xenacoelomorpha: a case of independent nervous system centralization?"
3214:
3139:
3114:
3002:
2851:
2847:
2772:
2742:
2722:
2718:
2705:
2556:
2536:
2529:
2456:
2432:
2428:
2372:
2368:
1513:
1499:
1454:
1428:
1415:
1345:
1337:
1315:
1234:
1169:
1165:
1151:
1118:
970:
937:
726:
718:
477:
333:
113:
88:
40:
5569:
5374:
4353:
Timothy, D.; Littlewood, J.; Telford, M. J. & Bray, R. A. (2004).
3472:
3455:
2907:
is thought to have reached Europe in containers of plants imported by
2520:. Platyzoa are generally agreed to be at least closely related to the
551:
than to any other modern groups. The remaining Platyhelminthes form a
8909:
7448:
7440:
7309:
6812:
6546:
5836:
5746:
5733:
5604:
5601:
4785:
3608:"Dicyemida and Orthonectida: Two Stories of Body Plan Simplification"
2835:
2680:
2656:
2648:
2619:
2525:
2501:
The Platyhelminthes excluding Acoelomorpha contain two main groups -
2471:
2391:
1399:
1140:
1122:
1093:
966:
933:
882:
702:
667:
607:
587:
524:
metamorphose into the adult form after attaching to a suitable host.
469:
447:
432:
203:
8747:
4751:
4749:
4123:
4121:
3928:
3926:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3673:
2952:
is given credit for severely reducing, and in places exterminating,
2806:
worldwide. In 2000, about 39 million people were infected with
1414:, and hooks. They often have flattened bodies. In some species, the
1012:
is concentrated at the head end. Other platyhelminths have rings of
488:; however, since the turbellarians have since been proven not to be
8896:
8857:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3115:"Enigmatic ribbon-like fossil from Early Cambrian of Yunnan, China"
7357:
7229:
5061:
García, H.H.; Gonzalez, A.E.; Evans, C.A.W.; Gilman, R.H. (2003).
5015:
5013:
5011:
5009:
2926:
2867:
2855:
2695:
2640:
2592:
2409:
1517:
1458:
1373:
1353:
1319:
1196:
1111:
1062:
1049:
802:
643:
610:
521:
493:
3404:
Sorensen, Martin V.; Sterrer, Wolfgang; Giribet, Gonzalo (2006).
2367:
The oldest confidently identified parasitic flatworm fossils are
955:
and regurgitate undigested material through the mouth. The genus
461:
In traditional medicinal texts, Platyhelminthes are divided into
7395:
6887:
4756:
Willems, W.R.; Wallberg, A.; Jondelius, U.; et al. (2005).
2968:
A study in Argentina shows the potential for planarians such as
2944:
has declined sharply in Hawaii, there are doubts about how much
2765:
in adults. The disease is caused by several flukes of the genus
2683:, at least some of which might represent parasitic monogeneans.
1311:
1261:
997:. The tube cells' flagella drive the water towards exits called
952:
595:
501:
455:
408:
8751:
7649:
6859:
5865:
5573:
5358:
in France, the first record for Europe: time for action is now"
5116:"Public health significance of intestinal parasitic infections"
4291:
Justine JL, Rahmouni C, Gey D, Schoelinck C, Hoberg EP (2013).
2643:, brownish bodies on the bedding planes reported from the Late
2757:
that can damage internal organs. It can impair the growth and
2452:
2448:
1016:
in the head and main nerve trunks running along their bodies.
8844:
3795:
3793:
2610:
has evolved. Some species in the same order has also evolved
1344:
fish, turtles, or the body cavities of marine and freshwater
4822:
Lockyer, A.E.; Olson, P.D. & Littlewood, D.T.J. (2003).
531:, Platyhelminthes were regarded as a primitive stage in the
446:, they are restricted to having flattened shapes that allow
5291:
10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[1276:TPIOTN]2.0.CO;2
4946:. Advances in Parasitology. Vol. 90. pp. 93–135.
4097:
4095:
2846:, spreads parasites both directly and via the droppings of
2563:
can be combined as an intermediate monophyletic group, the
2423:
to all the other bilaterians, which include, for instance,
5216:"Iowa woman tries 'tapeworm diet', prompts doctor warning"
4594:
Carranza, S.; Baguñà, J. & Riutort, M. (May 1, 1997).
3546:
Merkel, Julia; Lieb, Bernhard; Wanninger, Andreas (2015).
1356:
swimming larvae, and the life cycle has one or two hosts.
1221:, which is a layer of cells that shares a single external
4596:"Are the Platyhelminthes a monophyletic primitive group?"
3113:
Tang, F.; Song, S.; Zhang, G.; Chen, A.; Liu, J. (2021).
3053:"Tapeworm eggs in a 270 million-year-old shark coprolite"
578:
Two planarian species have been used successfully in the
5469:(Fourth ed.). Colorado: Morton Publishing Company.
4106:
n.g., n.sp., a peculiar, primitive turbellarian type".
555:
group, one that contains all and only descendants of a
5465:
Crawley, John L.; van de Graff, Kent M., eds. (2002).
1213:
These parasites' name refers to the cavities in their
496:
or in shaded, humid terrestrial environments, such as
5247:"Flatworm information sheet – Isle of Man Government"
3497:
Gavilán, B.; Perea-Atienza, E.; Martínez, P. (2016).
1524:(an internal cavity which is the central part of the
3986:
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
3859:
The Origins and Relationships of Lower Invertebrates
3800:
Ruppert, E.E.; Fox, R.S. & Barnes, R.D. (2004).
3706:
Ruppert, E.E.; Fox, R.S. & Barnes, R.D. (2004).
3152:
3150:
2925:
has been used to control the imported giant African
1502:, but varies depending on the species. For example:
8760:
8681:
8650:
8601:
8508:
8404:
8376:
8329:
8218:
8209:
8182:
8173:
8164:
8151:
8088:
8004:
7989:
7900:
7867:
7780:
7715:
7700:
7687:
7621:
7439:
7356:
7308:
7193:
7184:
7131:
6903:
6536:
6417:
6392:
6383:
6359:
6337:
6302:
6261:
6236:
6229:
6214:
6166:
6139:
6124:
6077:
6055:
6035:
6006:
5999:
5972:
5957:
5946:
5909:
5878:
5801:
5762:
5731:
3744:Klaus Rohde (2001). "Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)".
3046:
3044:
5503:
4700:"Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to Nephrozoa"
3801:
3707:
2555:skins. However, there is debate about whether the
2490:, a bilaterian whose only well-defined organ is a
908:The space between the skin and gut is filled with
120:Possible Cambrian, Ordovician and Devonian records
1252:These are often called flukes, as most have flat
1028:more correct classification, where the massively
7172:Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms
4361:. Oxford University Press US. pp. 209–223.
4357:. In Cracraft, J. & Donoghue, M. J. (eds.).
5489:(6th ed.). Columbia University Press. 2004
5467:A Photographic Atlas for the Zoology Laboratory
3108:
3106:
136:In a clockwise spiral, starting from top left:
2985:to reduce populations of the mosquito species
2667:) and circlets of fossil hooks preserved with
1564:The relationships of Platyhelminthes to other
450:and nutrients to pass through their bodies by
7661:
6871:
5585:
1554:Classification and evolutionary relationships
1187:. Some of the larger aquatic species mate by
889:to leave all parts of their bodies by simple
622:, there are concerns about the spread of the
403:, meaning "flat" and ἕλμινς (root: ἑλμινθ-),
8:
4544:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3198:
3196:
2725:(flukes) cause diseases in humans and their
2404:, whilst the oldest subfossil specimens are
1126:along the underside. The freshwater species
3342:. Oxford University Press. pp. 28–57.
3314:. Oxford University Press. pp. 58–80.
3203:Ehlers, U.; Sopott-Ehlers, B. (June 1995).
2956:– achieving much greater success than most
2700:Magnetic resonance image of a patient with
2516:, and both are part of a grouping known as
1443:: Inset 5 shows the scolex, which has four
648:Various parasitic flatworms from Haeckel's
8748:
8215:
8179:
8170:
8161:
8001:
7712:
7697:
7668:
7654:
7646:
7190:
7128:
6900:
6896:
6878:
6864:
6856:
6533:
6389:
6365:
6341:
6310:
6233:
6226:
6222:
6145:
6136:
6132:
6061:
6039:
6032:
6003:
5969:
5965:
5954:
5943:
5915:
5886:
5875:
5862:
5774:
5739:
5728:
5592:
5578:
5570:
4234:"Fighting to mate: flatworm penis fencing"
3372:. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 194–195.
2784:and 3 million with the pork tapeworm
2551:, in which the adults of all members have
127:
31:
5502:Evers, Christine A.; Starr, Lisa (2006).
5383:
5373:
5134:
5123:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
5090:
5037:
4839:
4828:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
4784:
4611:
4452:
4410:
4326:
4316:
4208:
3633:
3623:
3581:
3571:
3522:
3481:
3471:
3421:
3138:
3086:
3076:
989:, so called because the beating of their
741:. Their bodies are soft and unsegmented.
5930:Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)
5510:(6th ed.). United States: Thomson.
5020:Northrop-Clewes, C.A.; Shaw, C. (2000).
3998:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.112202.130124
2474:(traditionally regarded as very simple "
1432:
1238:
743:
5318:Natural Enemies of Terrestrial Molluscs
4132:is a deuterostome that eats molluscs".
3040:
2379:, but helminth hooks still attached to
1175:The vast majority of turbellarians are
843:Body cavity containing internal organs
527:Because they do not have internal body
476:, and three entirely parasitic groups:
5924:Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)
5894:Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)
4537:
4293:"The Monogenean which lost its clamps"
4260:
4258:
3908:
3808:(7 ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp.
3779:
3769:
3714:(7 ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp.
3259:
3249:
2948:contributed to this decline. However,
2934:, which was displacing native snails;
2733:can cause serious losses of stocks in
1546:Members of the smaller group known as
787:, with jelly-like layer between them (
5320:. CABI Publishing. pp. 261–263.
4613:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025785
547:bilaterians – closer to the original
7:
8959:ca0ee240-dbd6-49d9-8bf3-5c8203eb98f7
8884:7e991bd1-d5d4-4d96-bbe6-005981da9dd6
6195:Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)
5486:The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia
4399:Neotropical Biology and Conservation
2903:, both of which prey on earthworms.
2761:of children, increasing the risk of
2412:. The Platyhelminthes have very few
2408:eggs discovered in ancient Egyptian
2398:and placed in the monotypic species
1139:Most turbellarians have pigment-cup
9041:Extant Ordovician first appearances
4189:Integrative and Comparative Biology
4036:Organisms Diversity & Evolution
2245:
2186:
2164:
2154:
2131:
2085:
2075:
2049:
2003:
1993:
1944:
1934:
1899:
1891:
1881:
1774:
1714:
1704:
1672:
1642:
1612:
1585:
1575:
1512:infest fish, and the juveniles use
458:can not be processed continuously.
27:Phylum of soft-bodied invertebrates
5792:Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
5506:Biology: Concepts and Applications
5354:"The invasive New Guinea flatworm
5186:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1994.tb02916.x
4573:10.1111/j.1744-7410.2003.tb00095.x
3979:"The New View of Animal Phylogeny"
3206:Plathelminthes or Platyhelminthes?
932:, providing attachment points for
901:or between grains of soil, and as
705:also occurs in other bilaterians:
25:
9036:Late Ordovician first appearances
4486:. Vol. 90. pp. 93–135.
4355:"Protostomes and Platyhelminthes"
4267:"Schistosomiasis Control Program"
3369:The Diversity of Living Organisms
2823:deficiency and, in severe cases,
1378:Silhouettes of bodies of various
1318:to ingest cells, cell fragments,
1117:Some turbellarians have a simple
6836:Phyla with ≥1000 extant species
5430:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2008.12.010
4841:10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00141.x
4777:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2005.00216.x
4078:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2007.00295.x
3947:10.1046/j.1463-6409.2002.00090.x
3423:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2006.00085.x
2598:In several members of the order
1806:
1785:
1744:
1724:
1683:
1652:
1622:
1595:
1469:skin absorbs nutrients – mainly
877:Features common to all subgroups
180:
5563:"Marine flatworms of the world"
5334:from the original on 2023-03-23
5228:from the original on 2017-11-07
4995:from the original on 2022-07-30
4600:Molecular Biology and Evolution
4527:from the original on 2022-07-30
4375:from the original on 2023-03-23
4273:from the original on 2008-07-20
4244:from the original on 2013-11-14
4007:from the original on 2017-06-11
3898:from the original on 2023-03-23
3840:from the original on 2022-12-11
3386:from the original on 2023-03-23
3239:from the original on 2023-03-23
3209:. Vol. 305. pp. 1–2.
2802:is the major cause of acquired
1560:List of bilateral animal orders
6023:Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
2794:resulting from penetration of
1:
5540:10.1016/S0378-1119(01)00863-0
5114:WHO Expert Committee (1987).
5083:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14117-7
2997:. The experiment showed that
1406:, means "catch"), which have
1299:, also belong to this group.
976:All animals need to keep the
928:fibers that act as a type of
729:. They also lack specialized
535:of bilaterians (animals with
435:), and having no specialised
8127:Diphyllobothrium mansonoides
6635:Echinozoans inc. sea urchins
4904:10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.02.017
4318:10.1371/journal.pone.0079155
3746:Platyhelminthes (flat worms)
3078:10.1371/journal.pone.0055007
2897:and the Australian flatworm
2753:, but usually presents as a
2628:(fossilised faeces) from an
1437:Life cycle of the eucestode
1104:, or as two separate phyla.
951:Most platyhelminths have no
852:
841:
827:
813:
799:
779:
768:
701:. Although the absence of a
8464:Angiostrongylus cantonensis
8113:Spirometra erinaceieuropaei
6692:Chelicerates inc. arachnids
6432:Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
6247:Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
6158:Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
6047:Loricifera (corset animals)
4952:10.1016/bs.apar.2015.06.002
4492:10.1016/bs.apar.2015.06.002
4359:Assembling the Tree of Life
2639:from the Early Cambrian of
2528:that includes molluscs and
1243:Life cycle of the digenean
1008:In all platyhelminths, the
781:Number of main cell layers
759:Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
9057:
6582:Medusozoans inc. jellyfish
6328:Annelida (segmented worms)
6153:Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
6069:Onychophora (velvet worms)
5446:Campbell, Neil A. (1996).
2894:Arthurdendyus triangulatus
1557:
1426:
1394:Of about 1,100 species of
1387:
1329:
1232:
1206:
1084:of other animals, such as
1043:
629:Arthurdendyus triangulatus
8718:Capillaria philippinensis
8641:Halicephalobus gingivalis
8612:Strongyloides stercoralis
7127:
6899:
6895:
6890:phyla/divisions by domain
6832:
6630:Asterozoans inc. starfish
6532:
6525:
6476:
6427:Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
6408:Ectoprocta (moss animals)
6368:
6344:
6313:
6253:Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
6225:
6148:
6135:
6064:
6042:
6031:
5982:Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
5968:
5942:
5918:
5889:
5874:
5861:
5826:
5777:
5754:Ctenophora (comb jellies)
5742:
5727:
5611:
4445:10.1016/j.cub.2015.03.034
4048:10.1016/j.ode.2008.09.002
3573:10.1186/s12862-015-0394-1
2922:Endeavouria septemlineata
2919:In Hawaii, the planarian
2267:
2251:
2243:
2206:
2191:
2184:
2169:
2162:
2152:
2136:
2129:
2105:
2090:
2083:
2073:
2055:
2047:
2023:
2008:
2001:
1991:
1964:
1949:
1942:
1932:
1905:
1897:
1889:
1801:
1779:
1772:
1739:
1719:
1712:
1702:
1677:
1670:
1647:
1640:
1617:
1610:
1590:
1583:
983:control the concentration
866:
845:
837:
823:
809:
793:
775:
365:
358:
310:
305:
177:Scientific classification
175:
135:
126:
34:
8724:Intestinal capillariasis
7805:Dicrocoelium dendriticum
6188:Rotifera (wheel animals)
5987:Priapulida (penis worms)
5314:"Terrestrial planarians"
5039:10.1258/0007142001902897
5026:British Medical Bulletin
4480:Advances in Parasitology
3977:Halanych, K. M. (2004).
3625:10.3389/fgene.2019.00443
3552:BMC Evolutionary Biology
3179:10.1016/j.gr.2019.01.016
2983:Bothromesostoma evelinae
2401:Micropalaeosoma balticus
8711:Trichuriasis / Whipworm
8661:Enterobius vermicularis
8442:Cutaneous larva migrans
8015:Echinococcus granulosus
7955:Heterophyes heterophyes
7941:Gastrodiscoides hominis
7764:Trichobilharzia regenti
7100:Thermodesulfobacteriota
6402:Entoprocta or Kamptozoa
6374:Nemertea (ribbon worms)
6095:Tardigrada (waterbears)
6088:Arthropoda (arthropods)
5279:Ecological Applications
5221:Today (U.S. TV program)
3754:10.1038/npg.els.0001585
3366:Barnes, R.S.K. (1998).
2958:biological pest control
2900:Australoplana sanguinea
2842:rather than artificial
2704:demonstrating multiple
2687:Interaction with humans
2624:, after being found in
2622: million years ago
2441:molecular phylogenetics
1262:
674:, they have three main
665:bilaterally symmetrical
659:Distinguishing features
465:, which are mostly non-
8559:Visceral larva migrans
8340:Gnathostoma spinigerum
8193:Dracunculus medinensis
8099:Diphyllobothrium latum
7878:Paragonimus westermani
7845:Opisthorchis viverrini
6577:Anthozoans inc. corals
6276:Dicyemida or Rhombozoa
4412:10.4013/nbc.2013.81.06
4102:Westblad, E. (1949). "
3915:: CS1 maint: others (
3515:10.1098/rstb.2015.0039
3008:mosquito-borne disease
2813:Diphyllobothrium latum
2800:central nervous system
2715:
1457:" is derived from the
1450:
1385:
1288:Opisthorchis viverrini
1256:shapes like that of a
1249:
1076:
1060:
1057:Pseudoceros dimidiatus
985:of their body fluids.
905:within other animals.
655:
8980:Paleobiology Database
8426:Ancylostoma duodenale
7969:Metagonimus yokogawai
7328:Neocallimastigomycota
6707:Hexapods inc. insects
6017:Nematoda (roundworms)
5312:Barker, G.M. (2004).
3612:Frontiers in Genetics
3025:Regenerative medicine
2978:Mesostoma ehrenbergii
2946:E. septemlineata
2759:cognitive development
2708:of the pork tapeworm
2699:
1436:
1377:
1352:. Their eggs produce
1242:
1066:
1053:
651:Kunstformen der Natur
647:
415:of relatively simple
8879:Fauna Europaea (new)
8692:Trichinella spiralis
8519:Ascaris lumbricoides
8319:Lymphatic filariasis
8301:Wuchereria bancrofti
6993:Coprothermobacterota
5900:Chordata (chordates)
5356:Platydemus manokwari
4561:Invertebrate Biology
3804:Invertebrate Zoology
3710:Invertebrate Zoology
3340:Invertebrate Zoology
3312:Invertebrate Zoology
2937:Platydemus manokwari
2825:megaloblastic anemia
2816:occasionally causes
1129:Microstomum caudatum
946:asexual reproduction
688:radially symmetrical
663:Platyhelminthes are
8706:Trichuris trichiura
8633:Trichostrongyliasis
8235:Onchocerca volvulus
7791:Clonorchis sinensis
7726:Schistosoma mansoni
7707:Trematode infection
6350:Mollusca (molluscs)
5835:of the animal root
5422:2009BiolC..49..270T
4724:10.1038/nature16520
4716:2016Natur.530...89C
4669:10.1038/nature05241
4661:2006Natur.444...85B
4309:2013PLoSO...879155J
4265:The Carter Center.
4154:10.1038/nature01851
4146:2003Natur.424..925B
3564:2015BMCEE..15..130M
3171:2019GondR..71..117K
3131:2021CGeo....4..205T
3069:2013PLoSO...855007D
2585:monopisthocotyleans
1535:Various species of
1380:polyopisthocotylean
1270:among parasites on
770:Bilateral symmetry
602:populations of the
8592:Parascaris equorum
8578:Dioctophyme renale
8498:Oesophagostomiasis
8470:Angiostrongyliasis
8450:Necator americanus
8420:Hookworm infection
8280:Dirofilaria repens
8105:Diphyllobothriasis
7996:Tapeworm infection
7927:Fasciolopsis buski
7323:Blastocladiomycota
6563:Calcareous sponges
5748:Porifera (sponges)
5410:Biological Control
4869:10.1007/BF00046222
4201:10.1093/icb/icv056
4104:Xenoturbella bocki
3215:10.1007/BF00036354
3140:10.31035/cg2020056
2792:neurocysticercosis
2716:
2702:neurocysticercosis
2606:relationship with
1526:circulatory system
1451:
1386:
1293:Cholangiocarcinoma
1250:
1077:
1061:
924:and reinforced by
678:layers (endoderm,
656:
537:bilateral symmetry
9018:
9017:
8967:Open Tree of Life
8754:Taxon identifiers
8745:
8744:
8741:
8740:
8677:
8676:
8400:
8399:
8396:
8395:
8147:
8146:
8143:
8142:
8021:E. multilocularis
7985:
7984:
7825:Fasciola hepatica
7677:Parasitic disease
7643:
7642:
7639:
7638:
7617:
7616:
7180:
7179:
7123:
7122:
7115:Verrucomicrobiota
6853:
6852:
6828:
6827:
6521:
6520:
6517:
6516:
6472:
6471:
6468:
6467:
6464:
6463:
6460:
6459:
6456:
6455:
6452:
6451:
6448:
6447:
6444:
6443:
6440:
6439:
6298:
6297:
6294:
6293:
6210:
6209:
6206:
6205:
6120:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6112:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6104:
6103:
5995:
5994:
5938:
5937:
5857:
5856:
5822:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5375:10.7717/peerj.297
5327:978-0-85199-319-5
5077:(9383): 547–556.
4765:Zoologica Scripta
4501:978-0-12-804001-0
4439:(10): 1347–1353.
4368:978-0-19-517234-8
4140:(6951): 925–928.
4108:Arkiv för Zoologi
4066:Zoologica Scripta
3935:Zoologica Scripta
3883:978-0-07-667895-2
3819:978-0-03-025982-1
3725:978-0-03-025982-1
3473:10.3390/d11070117
3379:978-0-632-04917-2
3349:978-0-19-551368-4
3321:978-0-19-551368-4
3159:Gondwana Research
2950:P. manokwari
2909:botanical gardens
2675:fossils from the
2653:Vauréal Formation
2364:
2363:
2355:
2354:
2346:
2345:
2337:
2336:
2328:
2327:
2319:
2318:
2310:
2309:
2301:
2300:
2292:
2291:
2240:Bothrioneodermata
2229:
2228:
2220:
2219:
2118:
2117:
2108:Dalytyphloplanida
2036:
2035:
1977:
1976:
1918:
1917:
1875:
1874:
1866:
1865:
1857:
1856:
1848:
1847:
1839:
1838:
1829:
1828:
1819:
1818:
1758:
1757:
1570:phylogenetic tree
1568:are shown in the
1054:The turbellarian
918:connective tissue
874:
873:
725:and the parastic
632:, which preys on
377:
376:
371:
301:
121:
16:(Redirected from
9048:
9011:
9010:
8998:
8997:
8988:
8987:
8975:
8974:
8962:
8961:
8952:
8951:
8939:
8938:
8926:
8925:
8913:
8912:
8900:
8899:
8887:
8886:
8874:
8873:
8861:
8860:
8848:
8847:
8835:
8834:
8822:
8821:
8809:
8808:
8796:
8795:
8794:
8781:
8780:
8779:
8749:
8626:Trichostrongylus
8618:Strongyloidiasis
8484:Metastrongylosis
8216:
8180:
8171:
8162:
8066:Hymenolepis nana
8002:
7902:Intestinal fluke
7713:
7698:
7670:
7663:
7656:
7647:
7391:Anthocerotophyta
7270:Hemimastigophora
7191:
7162:Nitrososphaerota
7129:
7105:Thermomicrobiota
7045:Kiritimatiellota
7040:Ignavibacteriota
7005:Deferribacterota
6968:Campylobacterota
6953:Bdellovibrionota
6901:
6897:
6880:
6873:
6866:
6857:
6534:
6490:
6390:
6366:
6342:
6311:
6307:
6234:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6146:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6062:
6040:
6033:
6004:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5955:
5951:
5944:
5916:
5887:
5883:
5876:
5863:
5840:
5775:
5740:
5736:
5729:
5640:
5620:
5594:
5587:
5580:
5571:
5566:
5551:
5521:
5509:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5480:
5461:
5434:
5433:
5404:
5398:
5397:
5387:
5377:
5349:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5339:
5309:
5303:
5302:
5285:(5): 1276–1286.
5274:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5258:
5252:. Archived from
5251:
5243:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5212:
5206:
5205:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5153:
5147:. Archived from
5138:
5120:
5111:
5105:
5104:
5094:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5041:
5017:
5004:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4994:
4945:
4940:Fossil parasites
4933:
4927:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4887:
4881:
4880:
4852:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4819:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4809:
4803:
4797:. Archived from
4788:
4762:
4753:
4744:
4743:
4695:
4689:
4688:
4643:
4637:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4615:
4591:
4585:
4584:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4543:
4535:
4533:
4532:
4526:
4485:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4456:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4350:
4341:
4340:
4330:
4320:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4262:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4232:Newman, Leslie.
4229:
4223:
4222:
4212:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4125:
4116:
4115:
4099:
4090:
4089:
4061:
4052:
4051:
4031:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4006:
3983:
3974:
3959:
3958:
3930:
3921:
3920:
3914:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3868:
3862:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3836:. 8 April 2019.
3830:
3824:
3823:
3807:
3797:
3788:
3787:
3781:
3777:
3775:
3767:
3741:
3730:
3729:
3713:
3703:
3648:
3647:
3637:
3627:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3585:
3575:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3526:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3475:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3425:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3363:
3354:
3353:
3335:
3326:
3325:
3307:
3268:
3267:
3261:
3257:
3255:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3200:
3191:
3190:
3154:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3110:
3101:
3100:
3090:
3080:
3048:
3001:can prey on all
2798:larvae into the
2721:(tapeworms) and
2714:within the brain
2623:
2480:Nemertodermatida
2470:, consisting of
2371:eggs found in a
2246:
2187:
2165:
2155:
2132:
2086:
2076:
2050:
2004:
1994:
1945:
1935:
1900:
1892:
1882:
1810:
1790:
1789:
1775:
1748:
1728:
1715:
1705:
1688:
1687:
1673:
1656:
1643:
1626:
1613:
1599:
1586:
1576:
1509:Diphyllobothrium
1265:
1098:Nemertodermatida
1026:phylogenetically
912:, also known as
831:excretory system
817:digestive system
762:More "advanced"
744:
620:northwest Europe
369:
299:
185:
184:
131:
119:
118:
55:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
9056:
9055:
9051:
9050:
9049:
9047:
9046:
9045:
9031:Platyhelminthes
9021:
9020:
9019:
9014:
9006:
9001:
8993:
8991:
8983:
8978:
8970:
8965:
8957:
8955:
8947:
8942:
8934:
8929:
8921:
8916:
8908:
8903:
8895:
8890:
8882:
8877:
8869:
8864:
8856:
8851:
8843:
8838:
8830:
8825:
8819:Platyhelminthes
8817:
8812:
8806:Platyhelminthes
8804:
8799:
8792:Platyhelminthes
8790:
8789:
8784:
8775:
8774:
8769:
8762:Platyhelminthes
8756:
8746:
8737:
8673:
8646:
8597:
8504:
8492:Oesophagostomum
8438:Ancylostomiasis
8408:
8392:
8372:
8352:Gnathostomiasis
8325:
8222:
8205:
8156:
8153:
8139:
8090:Pseudophyllidea
8084:
8035:Taenia saginata
7993:
7981:
7933:Fasciolopsiasis
7918:Echinostomiasis
7896:
7863:
7857:Opisthorchiasis
7776:
7756:Schistosomiasis
7750:S. intercalatum
7704:
7702:Fluke/trematode
7693:
7690:
7683:
7674:
7644:
7635:
7613:
7564:Gnathostomulida
7469:Xenacoelomorpha
7435:
7431:Flowering plant
7386:Marchantiophyta
7352:
7318:Chytridiomycota
7304:
7176:
7119:
7075:Planctomycetota
7035:Gemmatimonadota
7020:Elusimicrobiota
6913:Acidobacteriota
6891:
6884:
6854:
6849:
6824:
6750:Phylactolaemata
6538:
6528:
6527:
6513:
6504:Xenambulacraria
6480:
6436:
6413:
6379:
6361:Kryptotrochozoa
6355:
6333:
6303:
6290:
6281:Monoblastozoa (
6257:
6215:
6202:
6174:Micrognathozoa
6162:
6125:
6100:
6073:
6051:
6027:
5991:
5958:
5947:
5934:
5905:
5879:
5870:
5853:
5830:
5814:
5797:
5766:
5758:
5732:
5723:
5722:
5638:
5616:
5607:
5598:
5561:
5558:
5524:
5518:
5501:
5492:
5490:
5483:
5477:
5464:
5458:
5445:
5442:
5440:Further reading
5437:
5406:
5405:
5401:
5351:
5350:
5346:
5337:
5335:
5328:
5311:
5310:
5306:
5276:
5275:
5271:
5262:
5260:
5256:
5249:
5245:
5244:
5240:
5231:
5229:
5214:
5213:
5209:
5171:
5170:
5166:
5157:
5155:
5151:
5118:
5113:
5112:
5108:
5060:
5059:
5055:
5019:
5018:
5007:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4962:
4943:
4935:
4934:
4930:
4923:
4919:
4898:(11): 1237–45.
4892:Int J Parasitol
4889:
4888:
4884:
4854:
4853:
4849:
4821:
4820:
4816:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4760:
4755:
4754:
4747:
4710:(7588): 89–93.
4697:
4696:
4692:
4655:(7115): 85–88.
4645:
4644:
4640:
4633:
4629:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4536:
4530:
4528:
4524:
4502:
4483:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4433:Current Biology
4425:
4424:
4420:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4378:
4376:
4369:
4352:
4351:
4344:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4276:
4274:
4264:
4263:
4256:
4247:
4245:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4127:
4126:
4119:
4101:
4100:
4093:
4063:
4062:
4055:
4033:
4032:
4019:
4010:
4008:
4004:
3981:
3976:
3975:
3962:
3932:
3931:
3924:
3907:
3901:
3899:
3884:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3856:
3852:
3843:
3841:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3820:
3799:
3798:
3791:
3778:
3768:
3764:
3743:
3742:
3733:
3726:
3705:
3704:
3651:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3389:
3387:
3380:
3365:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3337:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3309:
3308:
3271:
3258:
3248:
3242:
3240:
3225:
3202:
3201:
3194:
3156:
3155:
3148:
3112:
3111:
3104:
3050:
3049:
3042:
3038:
3016:
2931:Achatina fulica
2917:
2905:A. triangulatus
2886:
2862:issues such as
2832:organic farming
2821:
2781:Taenia saginata
2755:chronic illness
2739:Schistosomiasis
2694:
2689:
2618:
2581:
2565:Cercomeromorpha
2365:
2356:
2347:
2338:
2329:
2320:
2311:
2302:
2293:
2249:Bothrioplanata
2230:
2221:
2172:Prolecithophora
2119:
2093:Kalyptorhynchia
2037:
1978:
1952:Haplopharyngida
1919:
1886:Platyhelminthes
1876:
1867:
1858:
1849:
1840:
1830:
1820:
1784:
1759:
1742:Platyhelminthes
1682:
1562:
1556:
1495:Taenia saginata
1431:
1425:
1402:(Greek ἅπτειν,
1392:
1372:
1364:
1361:Cercomeromorpha
1334:
1328:
1276:definitive host
1237:
1231:
1211:
1205:
1134:Kalyptorhynchia
1088:, and some are
1048:
1042:
1022:
1020:Major subgroups
879:
715:xenacoelomorphs
707:gnathostomulids
661:
642:
615:Achatina fulica
557:common ancestor
518:aquatic animals
512:, segment-like
389:Platyhelminthes
370:Schneider, 1873
368:Plathelminthes
298:
296:Platyhelminthes
179:
122:
117:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
50:
49:
48:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
18:Platyhelminthes
15:
12:
11:
5:
9054:
9052:
9044:
9043:
9038:
9033:
9023:
9022:
9016:
9015:
9013:
9012:
8999:
8989:
8976:
8963:
8953:
8940:
8927:
8914:
8901:
8888:
8875:
8866:Fauna Europaea
8862:
8849:
8836:
8823:
8810:
8797:
8782:
8766:
8764:
8758:
8757:
8752:
8743:
8742:
8739:
8738:
8736:
8735:
8728:
8727:
8726:
8714:
8702:
8701:
8700:
8687:
8685:
8679:
8678:
8675:
8674:
8672:
8671:
8670:
8669:
8656:
8654:
8648:
8647:
8645:
8644:
8637:
8636:
8635:
8622:
8621:
8620:
8607:
8605:
8599:
8598:
8596:
8595:
8588:
8587:
8586:
8584:Dioctophymosis
8574:
8567:
8566:
8565:
8547:Toxocara canis
8543:
8542:
8541:
8529:
8528:
8527:
8514:
8512:
8506:
8505:
8503:
8502:
8501:
8500:
8488:
8487:
8486:
8478:Metastrongylus
8474:
8473:
8472:
8460:
8459:
8458:
8446:
8445:
8444:
8432:A. braziliense
8422:
8416:
8414:
8402:
8401:
8398:
8397:
8394:
8393:
8391:
8390:
8382:
8380:
8374:
8373:
8371:
8370:
8369:
8368:
8356:
8355:
8354:
8335:
8333:
8327:
8326:
8324:
8323:
8322:
8321:
8297:
8296:
8295:
8293:Dirofilariasis
8283:
8276:
8275:
8274:
8272:Mansonelliasis
8262:
8261:
8260:
8245:
8244:
8243:
8241:Onchocerciasis
8230:
8228:
8213:
8207:
8206:
8204:
8203:
8202:
8201:
8199:Dracunculiasis
8188:
8186:
8177:
8168:
8159:
8149:
8148:
8145:
8144:
8141:
8140:
8138:
8137:
8136:
8135:
8123:
8122:
8121:
8109:
8108:
8107:
8094:
8092:
8086:
8085:
8083:
8082:
8081:
8080:
8078:Hymenolepiasis
8062:
8061:
8060:
8031:
8030:
8029:
8027:Echinococcosis
8010:
8008:
8006:Cyclophyllidea
7999:
7987:
7986:
7983:
7982:
7980:
7979:
7978:
7977:
7975:Metagonimiasis
7965:
7964:
7963:
7961:Heterophyiasis
7951:
7950:
7949:
7947:Amphistomiasis
7937:
7936:
7935:
7923:
7922:
7921:
7906:
7904:
7898:
7897:
7895:
7894:
7893:
7892:
7890:Paragonimiasis
7873:
7871:
7865:
7864:
7862:
7861:
7860:
7859:
7841:
7840:
7839:
7821:
7820:
7819:
7817:Dicrocoeliasis
7801:
7800:
7799:
7786:
7784:
7778:
7777:
7775:
7774:
7773:
7772:
7770:Swimmer's itch
7760:
7759:
7758:
7744:S. haematobium
7721:
7719:
7710:
7695:
7685:
7684:
7675:
7673:
7672:
7665:
7658:
7650:
7641:
7640:
7637:
7636:
7629:
7627:
7624:Incertae sedis
7619:
7618:
7615:
7614:
7612:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7569:Micrognathozoa
7566:
7561:
7559:Acanthocephala
7556:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7445:
7443:
7437:
7436:
7434:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7401:Lycopodiophyta
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7362:
7360:
7354:
7353:
7351:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7314:
7312:
7306:
7305:
7303:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7215:Ancyromonadida
7212:
7207:
7201:
7199:
7188:
7182:
7181:
7178:
7177:
7175:
7174:
7169:
7167:Thermoproteota
7164:
7159:
7152:
7145:
7137:
7135:
7125:
7124:
7121:
7120:
7118:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7080:Pseudomonadota
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7055:Mycoplasmatota
7052:
7050:Lentisphaerota
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7030:Fusobacteriota
7027:
7025:Fibrobacterota
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6928:Armatimonadota
6925:
6920:
6918:Actinomycetota
6915:
6909:
6907:
6893:
6892:
6885:
6883:
6882:
6875:
6868:
6860:
6851:
6850:
6848:
6847:
6840:
6833:
6830:
6829:
6826:
6825:
6823:
6822:
6821:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6788:
6787:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6764:
6763:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6740:
6739:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6715:Platyhelminths
6711:
6710:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6682:
6681:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6658:
6657:
6656:
6651:
6639:
6638:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6615:
6614:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6591:
6590:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6567:
6566:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6542:
6540:
6530:
6529:
6526:
6523:
6522:
6519:
6518:
6515:
6514:
6512:
6511:
6509:Centroneuralia
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6477:
6474:
6473:
6470:
6469:
6466:
6465:
6462:
6461:
6458:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6450:
6449:
6446:
6445:
6442:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6435:
6434:
6429:
6423:
6421:
6415:
6414:
6412:
6411:
6404:
6398:
6396:
6387:
6381:
6380:
6378:
6377:
6369:
6363:
6357:
6356:
6354:
6353:
6345:
6339:
6335:
6334:
6332:
6331:
6324:
6314:
6308:
6305:Lophotrochozoa
6300:
6299:
6296:
6295:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6288:
6278:
6273:
6267:
6265:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6255:
6250:
6242:
6240:
6231:
6220:
6217:Platytrochozoa
6212:
6211:
6208:
6207:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6200:
6199:
6198:
6191:
6179:
6176:(Limnognathia)
6170:
6168:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6160:
6155:
6149:
6143:
6130:
6122:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6114:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6106:
6105:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6098:
6091:
6083:
6081:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6071:
6065:
6059:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6049:
6043:
6037:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6025:
6020:
6012:
6010:
6001:
5997:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5989:
5984:
5978:
5976:
5963:
5952:
5940:
5939:
5936:
5935:
5933:
5932:
5927:
5919:
5913:
5907:
5906:
5904:
5903:
5896:
5890:
5884:
5872:
5871:
5866:
5859:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5812:
5808:
5806:
5805:(Triploblasts)
5799:
5798:
5796:
5795:
5788:
5786:and relatives)
5778:
5772:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5756:
5751:
5743:
5737:
5725:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5717:
5716:
5713:Mesomycetozoea
5710:
5705:
5695:
5685:
5684:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5662:
5661:
5649:Diaphoretickes
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5613:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5589:
5582:
5574:
5568:
5567:
5557:
5556:External links
5554:
5553:
5552:
5534:(1–2): 67–74.
5522:
5516:
5499:
5481:
5475:
5462:
5456:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5416:(3): 270–276.
5399:
5344:
5326:
5304:
5269:
5238:
5224:. 2013-08-16.
5207:
5164:
5129:(5): 575–588.
5106:
5067:cysticercosis"
5053:
5032:(1): 193–208.
5005:
4960:
4928:
4917:
4882:
4847:
4834:(2): 155–171.
4814:
4745:
4690:
4638:
4627:
4606:(5): 485–497.
4586:
4567:(4): 308–312.
4551:
4500:
4468:
4418:
4385:
4367:
4342:
4303:(11): e79155.
4283:
4254:
4224:
4195:(2): 205–216.
4175:
4117:
4091:
4072:(5): 509–523.
4053:
4042:(5): 378–387.
4017:
3960:
3941:(2): 201–215.
3922:
3882:
3863:
3850:
3825:
3818:
3789:
3780:|journal=
3763:978-0470016176
3762:
3731:
3724:
3649:
3597:
3538:
3489:
3445:
3396:
3378:
3355:
3348:
3327:
3320:
3269:
3260:|journal=
3223:
3192:
3146:
3125:(2): 205–214.
3102:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3015:
3012:
2999:G. anceps
2963:A. fulica
2954:A. fulica
2916:
2913:
2885:
2882:
2819:
2763:bladder cancer
2751:mortality rate
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2580:
2577:
2522:Lophotrochozoa
2439:. Since then,
2414:synapomorphies
2362:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2254:Bothrioplanida
2250:
2244:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2190:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2168:
2163:
2161:
2153:
2151:
2150:Acentrosomata
2147:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2089:
2084:
2082:
2074:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2054:
2053:Gnosonesimora
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1998:Amplimatricata
1992:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1939:Macrostomorpha
1933:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1898:
1896:
1890:
1888:
1880:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1769:Lophotrochozoa
1765:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1703:
1701:
1699:Platytrochozoa
1695:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1676:
1671:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1574:
1555:
1552:
1544:
1543:
1533:
1427:Main article:
1424:
1421:
1388:Main article:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1330:Main article:
1327:
1324:
1233:Main article:
1230:
1227:
1207:Main article:
1204:
1201:
1177:hermaphrodites
1071:are mating by
1044:Main article:
1041:
1038:
1021:
1018:
1010:nervous system
1003:protonephridia
999:nephridiopores
969:in the gut or
887:carbon dioxide
878:
875:
872:
871:
868:
865:
851:
850:
847:
844:
840:
839:
836:
833:
826:
825:
822:
819:
812:
811:
808:
805:
798:
797:
792:
782:
778:
777:
774:
771:
767:
766:
760:
757:
748:
660:
657:
641:
638:
561:Lophotrochozoa
510:hermaphroditic
423:, soft-bodied
393:platyhelminths
375:
374:
373:
372:
363:
362:
356:
355:
354:
353:
348:
337:
336:
331:
326:
321:
308:
307:
303:
302:
293:
289:
288:
283:
276:
275:
270:
266:
265:
260:
256:
255:
250:
243:
242:
237:
230:
229:
224:
217:
216:
211:
207:
206:
201:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
173:
172:
133:
132:
124:
123:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
56:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9053:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9028:
9026:
9009:
9004:
9000:
8996:
8990:
8986:
8981:
8977:
8973:
8968:
8964:
8960:
8954:
8950:
8945:
8941:
8937:
8932:
8928:
8924:
8919:
8915:
8911:
8906:
8902:
8898:
8893:
8889:
8885:
8880:
8876:
8872:
8867:
8863:
8859:
8854:
8850:
8846:
8841:
8837:
8833:
8828:
8824:
8820:
8815:
8811:
8807:
8802:
8798:
8793:
8787:
8783:
8778:
8772:
8768:
8767:
8765:
8763:
8759:
8755:
8750:
8734:
8733:
8729:
8725:
8722:
8721:
8720:
8719:
8715:
8712:
8708:
8707:
8703:
8699:
8696:
8695:
8694:
8693:
8689:
8688:
8686:
8684:
8680:
8668:
8665:
8664:
8663:
8662:
8658:
8657:
8655:
8653:
8649:
8643:
8642:
8638:
8634:
8631:
8630:
8629:
8627:
8623:
8619:
8616:
8615:
8614:
8613:
8609:
8608:
8606:
8604:
8600:
8594:
8593:
8589:
8585:
8582:
8581:
8580:
8579:
8575:
8573:
8572:
8571:Baylisascaris
8568:
8564:
8560:
8557:
8556:
8555:
8554:
8549:
8548:
8544:
8540:
8537:
8536:
8535:
8534:
8530:
8526:
8523:
8522:
8521:
8520:
8516:
8515:
8513:
8511:
8507:
8499:
8496:
8495:
8494:
8493:
8489:
8485:
8482:
8481:
8480:
8479:
8475:
8471:
8468:
8467:
8466:
8465:
8461:
8457:
8454:
8453:
8452:
8451:
8447:
8443:
8439:
8436:
8435:
8434:
8433:
8428:
8427:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8407:
8403:
8389:
8388:
8384:
8383:
8381:
8379:
8375:
8367:
8364:
8363:
8362:
8361:
8357:
8353:
8350:
8349:
8348:
8347:
8342:
8341:
8337:
8336:
8334:
8332:
8328:
8320:
8317:
8316:
8315:
8314:
8309:
8308:
8307:Brugia malayi
8303:
8302:
8298:
8294:
8291:
8290:
8289:
8288:
8284:
8282:
8281:
8277:
8273:
8270:
8269:
8268:
8267:
8263:
8259:
8257:
8253:
8252:
8251:
8250:
8246:
8242:
8239:
8238:
8237:
8236:
8232:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8221:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8208:
8200:
8197:
8196:
8195:
8194:
8190:
8189:
8187:
8185:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8163:
8160:
8158:
8150:
8134:
8131:
8130:
8129:
8128:
8124:
8120:
8117:
8116:
8115:
8114:
8110:
8106:
8103:
8102:
8101:
8100:
8096:
8095:
8093:
8091:
8087:
8079:
8076:
8075:
8074:
8073:
8068:
8067:
8063:
8059:
8058:Cysticercosis
8055:
8052:
8051:
8050:
8048:
8043:
8042:
8037:
8036:
8032:
8028:
8025:
8024:
8023:
8022:
8017:
8016:
8012:
8011:
8009:
8007:
8003:
8000:
7997:
7992:
7988:
7976:
7973:
7972:
7971:
7970:
7966:
7962:
7959:
7958:
7957:
7956:
7952:
7948:
7945:
7944:
7943:
7942:
7938:
7934:
7931:
7930:
7929:
7928:
7924:
7920:
7919:
7915:
7914:
7913:
7912:
7908:
7907:
7905:
7903:
7899:
7891:
7888:
7887:
7886:
7885:
7884:P. kellicotti
7880:
7879:
7875:
7874:
7872:
7870:
7866:
7858:
7855:
7854:
7853:
7852:
7847:
7846:
7842:
7838:
7835:
7834:
7833:
7832:
7827:
7826:
7822:
7818:
7815:
7814:
7813:
7812:
7807:
7806:
7802:
7798:
7797:Clonorchiasis
7795:
7794:
7793:
7792:
7788:
7787:
7785:
7783:
7779:
7771:
7768:
7767:
7766:
7765:
7761:
7757:
7754:
7753:
7752:
7751:
7746:
7745:
7740:
7739:
7734:
7733:
7728:
7727:
7723:
7722:
7720:
7718:
7714:
7711:
7708:
7703:
7699:
7696:
7692:
7691:platyhelminth
7686:
7682:
7681:helminthiases
7678:
7671:
7666:
7664:
7659:
7657:
7652:
7651:
7648:
7634:
7633:
7628:
7626:
7625:
7620:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7446:
7444:
7442:
7438:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7363:
7361:
7359:
7355:
7349:
7348:Basidiomycota
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7333:Glomeromycota
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7315:
7313:
7311:
7307:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7295:Stramenopiles
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7220:Apusomonadida
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7183:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7157:
7156:Nanoarchaeota
7153:
7150:
7146:
7143:
7142:Euryarchaeota
7139:
7138:
7136:
7134:
7130:
7126:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7090:Spirochaetota
7088:
7086:
7085:Rhodothermota
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7015:Dictyoglomota
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7000:
6999:Cyanobacteria
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6988:Chrysiogenota
6986:
6984:
6983:Chloroflexota
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6963:Calditrichota
6961:
6959:
6958:Caldisericota
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6933:Atribacterota
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6910:
6908:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6889:
6881:
6876:
6874:
6869:
6867:
6862:
6861:
6858:
6845:
6844:dubious phyla
6841:
6839:
6835:
6834:
6831:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6795:
6794:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6771:
6770:
6769:
6765:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6747:
6746:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6718:
6717:
6716:
6712:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6689:
6688:
6687:
6683:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6665:
6664:
6663:
6659:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6645:
6644:
6643:Hemichordates
6640:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6622:
6621:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6598:
6597:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6573:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6558:Glass sponges
6556:
6554:
6551:
6550:
6549:
6548:
6544:
6543:
6541:
6535:
6531:
6524:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6499:Deuterostomia
6497:
6495:
6492:
6488:
6485:of Bilateria
6484:
6479:
6478:
6475:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6424:
6422:
6420:
6416:
6410:
6409:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6395:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6382:
6376:
6375:
6371:
6370:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6358:
6352:
6351:
6347:
6346:
6343:
6340:
6336:
6330:
6329:
6325:
6323:
6321:
6318:Cycliophora (
6316:
6315:
6312:
6309:
6306:
6301:
6286:
6284:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6264:
6260:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6248:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6239:
6235:
6232:
6228:
6224:
6221:
6218:
6213:
6197:
6196:
6192:
6190:
6189:
6185:
6184:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6177:
6172:
6171:
6169:
6165:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6150:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6131:
6128:
6123:
6097:
6096:
6092:
6090:
6089:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6080:
6076:
6070:
6067:
6066:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6057:Panarthropoda
6054:
6048:
6045:
6044:
6041:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6018:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6009:
6005:
6002:
5998:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5964:
5961:
5956:
5953:
5950:
5945:
5941:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5925:
5921:
5920:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5908:
5902:
5901:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5891:
5888:
5885:
5882:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5864:
5860:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5829:
5828:
5825:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5800:
5794:
5793:
5789:
5787:
5785:
5780:
5779:
5776:
5773:
5770:
5765:
5761:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5745:
5744:
5741:
5738:
5735:
5730:
5726:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5689:
5686:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5676:Stramenopiles
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5652:
5651:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5639:(major groups
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5619:
5615:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5603:
5595:
5590:
5588:
5583:
5581:
5576:
5575:
5572:
5564:
5560:
5559:
5555:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5523:
5519:
5517:0-534-46224-3
5513:
5508:
5507:
5500:
5488:
5487:
5482:
5478:
5476:0-89582-613-5
5472:
5468:
5463:
5459:
5457:0-8053-1957-3
5453:
5449:
5444:
5443:
5439:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5403:
5400:
5395:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5357:
5348:
5345:
5333:
5329:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5308:
5305:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5273:
5270:
5259:on 2013-05-01
5255:
5248:
5242:
5239:
5227:
5223:
5222:
5217:
5211:
5208:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5168:
5165:
5154:on 2009-08-16
5150:
5146:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5117:
5110:
5107:
5102:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5066:
5065:Taenia solium
5057:
5054:
5049:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5016:
5014:
5012:
5010:
5006:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4961:9780128040010
4957:
4953:
4949:
4942:
4941:
4932:
4929:
4926:
4921:
4918:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4886:
4883:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4857:Hydrobiologia
4851:
4848:
4842:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4818:
4815:
4804:on 2011-10-06
4800:
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3609:
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3569:
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3561:
3557:
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3534:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3493:
3490:
3484:
3483:11380/1179356
3479:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3449:
3446:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3400:
3397:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3351:
3345:
3341:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3317:
3313:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3253:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3224:9789401100458
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3119:China Geology
3116:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3063:(1): e55007.
3062:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2994:Culex pipiens
2990:
2989:
2988:Aedes aegypti
2984:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2972:
2966:
2964:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2860:public health
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2840:sewage sludge
2837:
2834:, which uses
2833:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2787:Taenia solium
2783:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2747:Carter Center
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2712:
2711:Taenia solium
2707:
2703:
2698:
2691:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2636:
2635:Rugosusivitta
2631:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2604:endosymbiotic
2601:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2508:
2507:Rhabditophora
2504:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2476:turbellarians
2473:
2469:
2465:
2464:morphological
2460:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2359:
2351:
2350:
2342:
2341:
2333:
2332:
2324:
2323:
2315:
2314:
2306:
2305:
2297:
2296:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2256:(freshwater)
2255:
2248:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2225:
2224:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2211:(planarians)
2210:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2058:Gnosonesimida
2052:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1989:
1988:Trepaxonemata
1986:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1930:
1929:Rhabditophora
1927:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1901:
1894:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1871:
1870:
1862:
1861:
1853:
1852:
1844:
1843:
1835:580 mya
1834:
1833:
1825:550 mya
1824:
1823:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1754:270 mya
1753:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1620:Deuterostomia
1615:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1531:
1530:metamorphoses
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1479:immune system
1476:
1472:
1471:carbohydrates
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1447:
1446:Taenia solium
1442:
1441:
1435:
1430:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1384:
1381:
1376:
1369:
1367:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1342:cartilaginous
1339:
1333:
1332:Aspidogastrea
1326:Aspidogastrea
1325:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1260:(Old English
1259:
1255:
1248:
1247:
1241:
1236:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:penis fencing
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1074:
1073:penis fencing
1070:
1069:turbellarians
1065:
1059:
1058:
1052:
1047:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
979:
978:concentration
974:
972:
968:
964:
960:
959:
954:
949:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
885:to reach and
884:
876:
869:
864:
861:
857:
853:
848:
842:
834:
832:
828:
820:
818:
814:
806:
804:
800:
796:
790:
786:
783:
780:
772:
769:
765:
761:
758:
756:
752:
749:
746:
745:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
719:cycliophorans
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
689:
686:), while the
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
666:
658:
653:
652:
646:
639:
637:
635:
631:
630:
625:
621:
617:
616:
612:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
576:
574:
570:
569:Rhabditophora
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
468:
464:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
425:invertebrates
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
367:
366:
364:
361:
357:
352:
351:Rhabditophora
349:
347:
344:
343:
342:
341:
340:Phylogenetic:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
315:
314:
309:
304:
297:
294:
291:
290:
287:
284:
281:
278:
277:
274:
271:
268:
267:
264:
261:
258:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
218:
215:
212:
209:
208:
205:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
183:
178:
174:
170:
166:
164:
163:Pseudobiceros
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
134:
130:
125:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
54:
46:
42:
33:
30:
19:
8761:
8731:
8716:
8704:
8690:
8667:Enterobiasis
8659:
8639:
8625:
8610:
8590:
8576:
8569:
8563:Toxocariasis
8552:
8545:
8531:
8517:
8490:
8476:
8462:
8456:Necatoriasis
8448:
8431:
8424:
8385:
8358:
8345:
8338:
8331:Thelazioidea
8312:
8305:
8299:
8286:
8278:
8264:
8255:
8247:
8233:
8191:
8125:
8111:
8098:
8071:
8064:
8046:
8040:
8033:
8020:
8013:
7967:
7953:
7939:
7925:
7916:
7909:
7883:
7876:
7850:
7843:
7831:F. gigantica
7830:
7823:
7810:
7803:
7789:
7762:
7749:
7743:
7737:
7732:S. japonicum
7731:
7724:
7688:
7630:
7622:
7544:Orthonectida
7539:Gastrotricha
7533:
7514:Nematomorpha
7489:Chaetognatha
7479:Hemichordate
7406:Pteridophyta
7275:Malawimonada
7149:Korarchaeota
7110:Thermotogota
7095:Synergistota
7070:Nitrospirota
7065:Nitrospinota
7010:Deinococcota
6943:Bacteroidota
6842:Potentially
6837:
6790:
6766:
6760:Gymnolaemata
6755:Stenolaemata
6744:Ectoproctans
6742:
6714:
6713:
6684:
6660:
6654:Pterobranchs
6641:
6617:
6593:
6569:
6545:
6539:within phyla
6537:Major groups
6407:
6394:Bryozoa s.l.
6385:Lophophorata
6373:
6349:
6327:
6319:
6282:
6271:Orthonectida
6246:
6245:
6193:
6186:
6175:
6094:
6087:
6016:
5974:Scalidophora
5923:
5911:Ambulacraria
5898:
5811:(see below↓)
5791:
5783:
5747:
5698:Opisthokonta
5531:
5527:
5505:
5491:. Retrieved
5485:
5466:
5447:
5413:
5409:
5402:
5365:
5361:
5355:
5347:
5336:. Retrieved
5317:
5307:
5282:
5278:
5272:
5261:. Retrieved
5254:the original
5241:
5230:. Retrieved
5219:
5210:
5180:(1): 89–93.
5177:
5173:
5167:
5156:. Retrieved
5149:the original
5126:
5122:
5109:
5074:
5070:
5064:
5056:
5029:
5025:
4997:. Retrieved
4939:
4931:
4920:
4895:
4891:
4885:
4860:
4856:
4850:
4831:
4827:
4817:
4806:. Retrieved
4799:the original
4768:
4764:
4707:
4703:
4693:
4652:
4648:
4641:
4630:
4603:
4599:
4589:
4564:
4560:
4554:
4529:. Retrieved
4479:
4471:
4436:
4432:
4421:
4405:(1): 41–52.
4402:
4398:
4388:
4377:. Retrieved
4358:
4300:
4296:
4286:
4275:. Retrieved
4246:. Retrieved
4227:
4192:
4188:
4178:
4137:
4133:
4130:Xenoturbella
4129:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4069:
4065:
4039:
4035:
4009:. Retrieved
3989:
3985:
3938:
3934:
3900:. Retrieved
3873:Zoology 2016
3872:
3866:
3858:
3853:
3842:. Retrieved
3828:
3803:
3745:
3709:
3615:
3611:
3600:
3555:
3551:
3541:
3506:
3502:
3492:
3463:
3459:
3448:
3416:(1): 32–58.
3413:
3409:
3399:
3388:. Retrieved
3368:
3339:
3311:
3241:. Retrieved
3205:
3162:
3158:
3122:
3118:
3060:
3056:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2969:
2967:
2962:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2929:
2920:
2918:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2887:
2829:
2811:
2795:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2766:
2717:
2709:
2661:acoelomorphs
2633:
2630:elasmobranch
2616:
2612:kleptoplasty
2597:
2582:
2573:paraphyletic
2534:
2514:Gastrotricha
2511:
2500:
2496:deuterostome
2487:Xenoturbella
2485:
2484:
2468:Acoelomorpha
2461:
2445:biochemicals
2421:sister group
2418:
2399:
2396:Baltic amber
2384:acanthodians
2366:
2286:
2268:
2252:
2207:
2192:
2170:
2137:
2106:
2091:
2056:
2024:
2011:Prorhynchida
2009:
1967:Macrostomida
1965:
1950:
1906:
1903:Catenulidea
1885:
1877:
1802:
1780:
1741:
1740:
1722:Gastrotricha
1720:
1678:
1648:
1618:
1593:Acoelomorpha
1591:
1563:
1545:
1536:
1507:
1493:
1490:strobilation
1487:
1462:
1452:
1444:
1438:
1403:
1393:
1365:
1335:
1305:
1301:
1286:
1280:
1251:
1244:
1212:
1174:
1160:
1138:
1127:
1116:
1107:Xenoturbella
1105:
1102:Acoelomorpha
1078:
1055:
1030:polyphyletic
1023:
1007:
975:
958:Paracatenula
956:
950:
907:
880:
854:Specialized
829:Specialized
815:Specialized
723:entoproctans
711:gastrotrichs
662:
649:
627:
613:
577:
573:paraphyletic
553:monophyletic
541:Acoelomorpha
526:
520:, and their
490:monophyletic
460:
404:
400:
392:
388:
384:
380:
378:
339:
338:
313:Traditional:
312:
311:
295:
279:
269:(unranked):
259:(unranked):
246:
233:
220:
210:Subkingdom:
161:
140:nipponicum (
29:
8905:iNaturalist
8786:Wikispecies
8732:C. hepatica
8698:Trichinosis
8683:Adenophorea
8539:Anisakiasis
8406:Strongylida
8387:Gongylonema
8378:Spiruroidea
8366:Thelaziasis
8346:G. hispidum
8220:Filarioidea
8184:Camallanida
8166:Secernentea
8133:Sparganosis
8119:Sparganosis
8072:H. diminuta
8041:T. asiatica
7911:Echinostoma
7851:O. felineus
7837:Fasciolosis
7782:Liver fluke
7717:Blood fluke
7599:Brachiopoda
7574:Cycliophora
7519:Onychophora
7494:Kinorhyncha
7416:Ginkgophyta
7411:Cycadophyta
7376:Chlorophyta
7366:Glaucophyta
7060:Myxococcota
6978:Chlorobiota
6973:Chlamydiota
6818:Tusk shells
6803:Cephalopods
6774:Polychaetes
6721:Turbellaria
6702:Crustaceans
6678:Secernentea
6668:Chromadorea
6649:Acorn worms
6619:Echinoderms
6611:Vertebrates
6553:Demosponges
6487:is disputed
5949:Protostomia
5837:is disputed
5764:ParaHoxozoa
5022:"Parasites"
4863:(1): 1–12.
4771:(1): 1–17.
3992:: 229–256.
3165:: 117–128.
3030:Schistosoma
2844:fertilizers
2768:Schistosoma
2731:monogeneans
2673:acanthodian
2600:Rhabdocoela
2569:Turbellaria
2406:schistosome
2159:Adiaphanida
2080:Rhabdocoela
2070:Euneoophora
2026:Polycladida
1895:Mucorhabda
1637:Protostomia
1483:metabolisms
1475:amino acids
1396:monogeneans
1383:Monogeneans
1282:metagonimus
1246:Metagonimus
1156:ctenophores
1121:lined with
1086:crustaceans
1046:Turbellaria
1040:Turbellaria
987:Flame cells
899:leaf litter
895:dehydration
860:respiratory
856:circulatory
764:bilaterians
755:Ctenophores
735:respiratory
731:circulatory
699:acoelomates
695:ctenophores
672:bilaterians
640:Description
624:New Zealand
580:Philippines
549:bilaterians
514:proglottids
506:vertebrates
498:leaf litter
463:Turbellaria
441:respiratory
437:circulatory
433:body cavity
431:(having no
429:acoelomates
421:unsegmented
407:, meaning "
319:Turbellaria
300:Claus, 1887
263:Protostomia
227:ParaHoxozoa
169:Turbellaria
165:hancockanus
154:liver fluke
142:monogeneans
138:Eudiplozoon
51:270–0
9025:Categories
8603:Rhabditida
8525:Ascariasis
8510:Ascaridida
8287:D. immitis
8266:Mansonella
8258:filariasis
8225:Filariasis
8152:Roundworm/
7869:Lung fluke
7738:S. mekongi
7679:caused by
7632:Parakaryon
7594:Entoprocta
7529:Arthropoda
7524:Tardigrada
7504:Priapulida
7499:Loricifera
7484:Echinoderm
7454:Ctenophora
7426:Gnetophyta
7381:Charophyta
7371:Rhodophyta
7343:Ascomycota
7338:Zygomycota
7280:Metamonada
7255:Euglenozoa
7240:Ciliophora
6948:Balneolota
6923:Aquificota
6798:Gastropods
6779:Clitellata
6686:Arthropods
6625:Sea lilies
6571:Cnidarians
6489:; see also
6419:Brachiozoa
6182:Syndermata
6141:Gnathifera
5839:; see also
5784:Trichoplax
5782:Placozoa (
5769:Planulozoa
5493:8 February
5338:2020-11-11
5263:2014-05-26
5232:2013-09-22
5158:2008-12-24
5071:The Lancet
4999:2022-07-15
4808:2008-12-23
4531:2022-07-15
4379:2020-11-11
4277:2008-07-17
4248:2008-12-21
4011:2010-10-28
3902:2021-03-27
3844:2022-12-11
3558:(1): 130.
3466:(7): 117.
3410:Cladistics
3390:2008-12-21
3243:2020-11-11
3036:References
3020:Miracidium
2872:irrigation
2808:trematodes
2735:fish farms
2706:cysticerci
2692:Parasitism
2665:nemerteans
2645:Ordovician
2637:orthogonia
2626:coprolites
2608:microalgae
2589:epithelium
2549:Neodermata
2503:Catenulida
2425:arthropods
2388:placoderms
2270:Neodermata
2209:Tricladida
2194:Fecampiida
2139:Proseriata
1908:Catenulida
1680:Gnathifera
1558:See also:
1548:Cestodaria
1506:Adults of
1350:gastropods
1268:roundworms
1185:copulation
1181:internally
1162:Planarians
1145:statocysts
1034:Neodermata
995:microvilli
973:(throat).
963:endodermal
942:stem cells
914:parenchyma
910:mesenchyme
751:Cnidarians
691:cnidarians
634:earthworms
626:planarian
592:New Guinea
565:Catenulida
474:planarians
417:bilaterian
395:(from the
385:flat worms
346:Catenulida
158:trematodes
8313:B. timori
8211:Spirurida
8157:infection
8054:Taeniasis
8047:T. solium
7811:D. hospes
7694:infection
7689:Flatworm/
7549:Dicyemida
7421:Pinophyta
7300:Telonemia
7235:Cryptista
7225:Breviatea
7210:Amoebozoa
7205:Alveolata
7186:Eukaryote
6938:Bacillota
6784:Sipuncula
6731:Monogenea
6726:Trematoda
6697:Myriapods
6662:Nematodes
6606:Tunicates
6601:Lancelets
6595:Chordates
6587:Myxozoans
6494:Nephrozoa
6483:phylogeny
6283:Salinella
6238:Rouphozoa
6079:Tactopoda
6008:Nematoida
5960:Ecdysozoa
5881:Bilateria
5868:Bilateria
5849:Benthozoa
5844:Eumetazoa
5833:phylogeny
5803:Bilateria
5693:Amoebozoa
5671:Alveolata
5659:Cryptista
5634:Eukaryota
5299:1051-0761
5202:221733822
5174:Epilepsia
4970:0065-308X
4786:1942/1609
4740:205247296
4540:cite book
3911:cite book
3892:988304549
3782:ignored (
3772:cite book
3460:Diversity
3262:ignored (
3252:cite book
3187:134814852
2942:A. fulica
2890:planarian
2877:resistant
2864:pollution
2818:vitamin B
2796:T. solium
2729:, whilst
2727:livestock
2723:digeneans
2669:placoderm
2579:Evolution
2561:Monogenea
2553:syncytial
2545:Trematoda
2541:Monogenea
2524:, a super
2492:statocyst
2462:Detailed
2437:chordates
2377:coprolite
2287:parasitic
2278:tapeworms
1709:Rouphozoa
1650:Ecdysozoa
1580:Bilateria
1566:Bilateria
1500:digeneans
1467:syncitial
1390:Monogenea
1370:Monogenea
1308:intestine
1297:bilharzia
1272:metazoans
1219:syncitium
1215:holdfasts
1209:Trematoda
1203:Trematoda
1149:cnidarian
1090:parasites
1082:symbiotes
903:parasites
891:diffusion
801:Distinct
747:Attribute
727:mesozoans
584:Indonesia
533:evolution
486:Monogenea
482:Trematoda
467:parasitic
452:diffusion
411:") are a
405:helminth-
381:flatworms
329:Monogenea
324:Trematoda
286:Rouphozoa
253:Nephrozoa
240:Bilateria
214:Eumetazoa
200:Kingdom:
194:Eukaryota
150:tapeworms
8771:Wikidata
8652:Oxyurida
8533:Anisakis
8411:hookworm
8360:Thelazia
8175:Spiruria
8155:Nematode
7609:Annelida
7604:Mollusca
7584:Phoronid
7579:Nemertea
7554:Rotifera
7534:Flatworm
7509:Nematoda
7474:Chordate
7464:Cnidaria
7459:Placozoa
7290:Rhizaria
7265:Haptista
7245:Cercozoa
6905:Bacteria
6808:Bivalves
6792:Molluscs
6768:Annelids
6127:Spiralia
5734:Animalia
5688:Amorphea
5666:Rhizaria
5654:Hacrobia
5644:Excavata
5629:Bacteria
5548:11992724
5394:24688873
5368:: e297.
5332:Archived
5226:Archived
5101:12932389
5048:10885116
4990:Archived
4978:26597066
4912:20493870
4795:85917387
4732:26842059
4677:17051155
4522:Archived
4510:26597066
4463:25866392
4373:Archived
4337:24278118
4297:PLOS ONE
4271:Archived
4242:Archived
4219:26002347
4162:12931184
4086:85599100
4002:Archived
3955:84015834
3896:Archived
3838:Archived
3644:31178892
3592:26138503
3533:26598722
3509:(1685).
3440:85570246
3432:34892893
3384:Archived
3237:Archived
3233:45170603
3097:23383033
3057:PLOS ONE
3014:See also
2971:Girardia
2915:Benefits
2848:seagulls
2804:epilepsy
2719:Cestodes
2677:Devonian
2518:Platyzoa
2457:proteins
2447:such as
2433:annelids
2429:molluscs
2381:Devonian
1804:Annelida
1782:Mollusca
1667:Spiralia
1522:hemocoel
1518:ciliated
1354:ciliated
1346:bivalves
1258:flounder
1254:rhomboid
1223:membrane
1193:plankton
991:flagella
938:vacuoles
930:skeleton
926:collagen
920:made of
789:mesoglea
684:ectoderm
680:mesoderm
604:imported
529:cavities
504:or land
472:such as
427:. Being
360:Synonyms
306:Classes
292:Phylum:
273:Spiralia
204:Animalia
190:Domain:
146:tapeworm
35:Flatworm
8777:Q124900
8553:T. cati
8256:Loa loa
8249:Loa loa
7991:Cestoda
7589:Bryozoa
7285:Provora
7260:Jakobea
7250:Discoba
7196:Protist
7133:Archaea
6886:Extant
6813:Chitons
6736:Cestoda
6673:Enoplea
6547:Sponges
6320:Symbion
6263:Mesozoa
5703:Animals
5624:Archaea
5600:Extant
5448:Biology
5418:Bibcode
5385:3961122
5194:8112262
5145:3501340
5136:2491073
5092:3103219
4986:7278956
4877:6018712
4712:Bibcode
4685:4366885
4657:Bibcode
4622:9159926
4581:3227067
4518:7278956
4454:4446793
4328:3838368
4305:Bibcode
4210:4612338
4170:4413357
4142:Bibcode
4114:: 3–29.
3810:196–224
3716:226–269
3635:6543705
3618:: 443.
3583:4490756
3560:Bibcode
3524:4685578
3167:Bibcode
3127:Bibcode
3088:3559381
3065:Bibcode
3003:instars
2852:seafood
2773:laundry
2743:malaria
2557:Cestoda
2537:Cestoda
2530:annelid
2478:") and
2410:mummies
2373:Permian
2369:cestode
1514:copepod
1455:cestode
1429:Cestoda
1423:Cestoda
1416:pharynx
1408:suckers
1404:haptein
1400:haptors
1316:pharynx
1235:Digenea
1229:Digenea
1170:budding
1154:and in
1152:medusae
1119:pharynx
1014:ganglia
971:pharynx
967:enzymes
934:muscles
739:anatomy
668:animals
608:African
600:control
478:Cestoda
470:animals
399:πλατύ,
334:Cestoda
45:Present
43:–
41:Permian
8995:230476
8992:uBio:
8985:169062
8972:555379
8956:NZOR:
8858:1PLATP
8049:(pork)
7449:Sponge
7441:Animal
6838:bolded
5681:Plants
5618:Domain
5602:animal
5546:
5514:
5473:
5454:
5392:
5382:
5324:
5297:
5200:
5192:
5143:
5133:
5099:
5089:
5046:
4984:
4976:
4968:
4958:
4910:
4875:
4793:
4738:
4730:
4704:Nature
4683:
4675:
4649:Nature
4620:
4579:
4516:
4508:
4498:
4461:
4451:
4365:
4335:
4325:
4217:
4207:
4168:
4160:
4134:Nature
4084:
3953:
3890:
3880:
3816:
3760:
3722:
3642:
3632:
3590:
3580:
3531:
3521:
3438:
3430:
3376:
3346:
3318:
3231:
3221:
3185:
3095:
3085:
2981:, and
2973:anceps
2836:manure
2745:. The
2681:Latvia
2657:Canada
2649:Katian
2526:phylum
2472:Acoela
2392:Eocene
2375:shark
2274:flukes
1538:Taenia
1463:cestus
1440:Taenia
1412:clamps
1197:larvae
1195:-like
1141:ocelli
1094:Acoela
940:; and
883:oxygen
863:organs
703:coelom
682:, and
654:(1904)
606:giant
594:, and
588:Hawaii
522:larvae
448:oxygen
444:organs
413:phylum
9003:WoRMS
8936:53963
8918:IRMNG
8910:52319
8871:14225
7358:Plant
7310:Fungi
7230:CRuMs
6000:N+L+P
5708:Fungi
5605:phyla
5362:PeerJ
5257:(PDF)
5250:(PDF)
5198:S2CID
5152:(PDF)
5119:(PDF)
4993:(PDF)
4982:S2CID
4944:(PDF)
4873:S2CID
4802:(PDF)
4791:S2CID
4761:(PDF)
4736:S2CID
4681:S2CID
4577:JSTOR
4525:(PDF)
4514:S2CID
4484:(PDF)
4166:S2CID
4082:S2CID
4005:(PDF)
3982:(PDF)
3951:S2CID
3436:S2CID
3229:S2CID
3183:S2CID
2927:snail
2884:Pests
2868:feces
2856:salad
2641:China
2593:blood
2571:" is
1461:word
1459:Latin
1320:mucus
1312:lungs
1166:clone
1123:cilia
1112:genus
922:cells
803:brain
795:Three
611:snail
545:basal
543:, as
494:water
401:platy
397:Greek
391:, or
280:Clade
247:Clade
234:Clade
221:Clade
8949:6157
8944:NCBI
8931:ITIS
8892:GBIF
8853:EPPO
8845:2884
8827:BOLD
8628:spp.
7396:Moss
6888:life
6481:The
5831:The
5544:PMID
5528:Gene
5512:ISBN
5495:2005
5471:ISBN
5452:ISBN
5390:PMID
5322:ISBN
5295:ISSN
5190:PMID
5141:PMID
5097:PMID
5044:PMID
4974:PMID
4966:ISSN
4956:ISBN
4908:PMID
4728:PMID
4673:PMID
4618:PMID
4546:link
4506:PMID
4496:ISBN
4459:PMID
4363:ISBN
4333:PMID
4215:PMID
4158:PMID
3917:link
3888:OCLC
3878:ISBN
3814:ISBN
3784:help
3758:ISBN
3720:ISBN
3640:PMID
3588:PMID
3529:PMID
3428:PMID
3374:ISBN
3344:ISBN
3316:ISBN
3264:help
3219:ISBN
3093:PMID
2991:and
2854:and
2838:and
2671:and
2559:and
2543:and
2505:and
2455:and
2435:and
2394:age
2386:and
1473:and
1348:and
1338:bony
1263:flóc
1110:, a
1096:and
1080:are
1067:Two
953:anus
916:, a
870:Yes
858:and
849:Yes
838:Yes
824:Yes
810:Yes
776:Yes
753:and
733:and
693:and
676:cell
596:Guam
567:and
502:fish
484:and
456:food
439:and
409:worm
379:The
59:PreꞒ
9008:793
8923:116
8897:108
8840:EoL
8814:AFD
8801:ADW
6338:M+K
6230:R+M
6167:M+S
6036:L+P
5536:doi
5532:287
5426:doi
5380:PMC
5370:doi
5287:doi
5182:doi
5131:PMC
5087:PMC
5079:doi
5075:362
5034:doi
4948:doi
4900:doi
4865:doi
4861:132
4836:doi
4781:hdl
4773:doi
4720:doi
4708:530
4665:doi
4653:444
4608:doi
4569:doi
4565:122
4488:doi
4449:PMC
4441:doi
4407:doi
4323:PMC
4313:doi
4238:PBS
4205:PMC
4197:doi
4150:doi
4138:424
4074:doi
4044:doi
3994:doi
3943:doi
3750:doi
3630:PMC
3620:doi
3578:PMC
3568:doi
3519:PMC
3511:doi
3507:371
3478:hdl
3468:doi
3418:doi
3211:doi
3175:doi
3135:doi
3083:PMC
3073:doi
2679:of
2663:or
2620:270
2602:an
2591:to
2453:RNA
2449:DNA
1340:or
1183:by
785:Two
598:to
160:),
152:),
144:),
9027::
9005::
8982::
8969::
8946::
8933::
8920::
8907::
8894::
8881::
8868::
8855::
8842::
8829::
8816::
8803::
8788::
8773::
8561:/
8550:/
8440:/
8429:/
8343:/
8310:/
8304:/
8069:/
8056:/
8044:/
8038:/
8018:/
7881:/
7848:/
7828:/
7808:/
7747:/
7741:/
7735:/
7729:/
5542:.
5530:.
5424:.
5414:49
5412:.
5388:.
5378:.
5364:.
5360:.
5330:.
5316:.
5293:.
5283:11
5281:.
5218:.
5196:.
5188:.
5178:35
5176:.
5139:.
5127:65
5125:.
5121:.
5095:.
5085:.
5073:.
5069:.
5042:.
5030:56
5028:.
5024:.
5008:^
4988:.
4980:.
4972:.
4964:.
4954:.
4906:.
4896:40
4894:.
4871:.
4859:.
4832:78
4830:.
4826:.
4789:.
4779:.
4769:35
4767:.
4763:.
4748:^
4734:.
4726:.
4718:.
4706:.
4702:.
4679:.
4671:.
4663:.
4651:.
4616:.
4604:14
4602:.
4598:.
4575:.
4563:.
4542:}}
4538:{{
4520:.
4512:.
4504:.
4494:.
4457:.
4447:.
4437:25
4435:.
4431:.
4401:.
4397:.
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4345:^
4331:.
4321:.
4311:.
4299:.
4295:.
4269:.
4257:^
4240:.
4236:.
4213:.
4203:.
4193:55
4191:.
4187:.
4164:.
4156:.
4148:.
4136:.
4120:^
4110:.
4094:^
4080:.
4070:36
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