1669:
22:
87:
1444:
The very first registered sudden captive-bred color mutations were
Suffused Green (a.k.a. Dilute Yellow), Greywinged Green and either one of the two types of Lutino (NSLino &/or SLino) mutations. All three occurred in aviaries in Britain or continental Europe. Of these three mutations, only the
1543:
Three Fallow mutations occurred in
England which became known as the Englishfallow. In Australia these have been genetically classified and identified as the Dunfallow or Greybrownfallow (a.k.a. Australianfallow). The Beigefallow or Palebrownfallow has been classified in South-Africa, but no
234:
1570:
Three
Opaline mutations occurred. An Opaline Green hen was captured in the wild and sold to S. Terril in Adelaide. It was later reproduced and is most probably the ancestor of all Opaline specimens in Australia. Two sudden captive-bred Opaline mutations occurred in England and the
1431:
In the first few decades of the 1900s, especially in-between World War I and II, the keeping and breeding of the budgerigar had become very popular all around the world. Consequently, various mutations occurred and were soon established during this period.
1445:
Suffused Green (a.k.a. Dilute Yellow) has survived. The latter was easily reproduced in great numbers and is nowadays very well established. The first Lutino mutation quickly vanished but it was re-established in Europe some time between 1931 and 1933.
146:(psittacin for short). Some other parrot species produces a third pigment named advanced-psittacin which enables color & tones ranging from oranges, peaches, pinks to reds. When these feathers are exposed to a white light source, such as
224:
As is true with all animal species, color mutations occur in captivity as do in the wild. This has been demonstrated when captive-bred budgerigars have developed mutations that had only been previously recorded amongst wild populations.
1654:
It is possible that all
Suffused mutation specimens and their varieties are descendants from the first captive mutant specimens. This would mean that Suffused is the oldest sudden captive-bred color mutation of the Budgerigar species.
1529:
A plum-eyed mutation, similar looking to Fallow mutations, occurred in
England. This vanished or at least became very rare. This mutation was most probably the Brownwings, one of the rarest color mutations of the
221:. There are actually at least thirty-two known primary mutations established among budgerigars. These can combine to form hundreds of secondary mutations and color varieties which may or may not be stable.
1608:
The first Dark-Eyed-Clear (DEC) variety was produced in
Belgium by combining the ADM Pied (a.k.a. Danish/Recessive pied) with either one of the two Dutchpied varieties (Continental or Clearflighted).
717:
SF Violet (SF Violet Green), SF Violet Blue (Violet
Skyblue), DF Violet Green (pure Violet Green) & DF Violet Blue (pure VIOLET), SF Violet D_Blue (show Violet), DF Violet D_Blue (VIOLET Mauve)
249:
mutation which removes the yellow pigmentation, produces a nearly pure white colouration along with clear (orange) beak, pink feet/skin, white-tipped clear (pink) toe nails and red eyes.
1698:
51:
1843:
1465:
Single-Factored Dark-Green (a.k.a. Dark-Green) in France (where they were then commonly called 'Laurel' which is the French word for Bay (leaf &/or tree))
1912:
1267:
1892:
1349:
2051:
963:
920:
1806:
2056:
1943:
1643:
It is possible that the
Greywings mutation survived as the ancestor of all actual Greywings. However, it could be that the mutation lay
1153:
890:
885:
2061:
1933:
1836:
1130:
967:
856:
1995:
1964:
1938:
1764:
1745:
1720:
1028:
1023:
584:
502:
258:
Each of the thirty-two primary mutations belong to one of the four basic groups of mutations classified in parrot species genetics:
186:
182:
73:
1990:
1969:
610:
472:
438:
1811:
1959:
636:
1801:
1651:
mutant specimens until it was re-established between 1918 and 1925. Blue
Greywing specimens were produced later on in 1928.
1877:
1829:
1526:
The
Germanfallow in Germany, recently been genetically classified and identified as the Bronzefallow (a.k.a. Brownfallow).
826:
764:
158:
granules. This reflected blue light passes through the yellow pigment layer, resulting in the green colouration known as
2139:
1974:
1897:
1872:
1233:
1181:
822:
793:
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178:
1791:
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34:
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1375:
202:
1691:
1685:
1677:
44:
38:
30:
2030:
1796:
2015:
1917:
1887:
738:
712:
210:
206:
1507:
Single-Factored Violet-Green (a.k.a. Violet Factor) in Australia (and were then 1st commonly called 'Satin Green')
2082:
2077:
2035:
2020:
1907:
686:
1702:
122:
The wildtype (natural-coloured or wild occurring) budgerigar's color is called Lightgreen. The feathers of most
55:
1882:
1867:
1452:
468:
408:
382:
246:
198:
194:
174:
977:
SF Spangled (showtype / typical mutation) & DF Spangled (clear white &/or clear yellow pure mutation)
1902:
1237:
1207:
110:
309:
2087:
86:
114:. Birds of this species are commonly known by the terms 'budgerigar', or informally just 'budgie'.
2134:
2113:
233:
108:
of mutations which cause color variation in the feathers of the species known scientifically as
1760:
1741:
1548:
1477:
Respectively, Greywinged Green and Greywinged Blue appeared in England and continental Europe.
914:
363:
1605:
The first Cinnamon-Ino (a.k.a. Lacewings) cross-over mutation was produced in Australia.
143:
2128:
272:
1564:
Green Clearwinged (a.k.a. Yellow Wing) and Dominant Grey-Factor appear in Australia.
1781:
1648:
1510:
The first Clearwinged Green (Yellowinged) appeared, developed by H. Pier in Sydney.
1792:
Clive Hesford's The Genetics of Colour in the Budgerigar and other Parrots website
1634:
White Cap bred in Australia. These birds have a yellow face, but with a white cap.
1616:
Single-Factored and Double-Factored Spangled specimens were produced in Australia.
851:(Hetero-allelic mutation produced by crossing Clearwing & Greywing varieties)
1567:
Both the NSL & the SL Lutino gene occurred in England and continental Europe.
1585:
The various Yellowfaced_Blue and Goldenfaced_Blue occurred in several locations.
1533:
The first Albino specimens were produced in both England and continental Europe.
1852:
387:
D Green (Dark Green), D_Blue (Cobalt), DD Green (Olive) & DD_Blue (Mauve)
1459:, Belgium. Surprisingly, this variety was not imported in England until 1910.
1074:-Locus alleles, else exclusively/inclusively A-R (extremely rare or extinct)
497:(Hetero-allelic mutation produced by crossing Blue 1 & Blue 2 varieties)
269:
is either partially or completely reduced in all body tissues and structures.
962:
A-Co-D Clear Yellow & White morphs produced by combining SF &/or DF
316:
296:
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276:
266:
242:
214:
155:
134:
2108:
1644:
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147:
105:
100:
1821:
882:
282:
139:
128:
170:
123:
1786:
1628:
Blackface specimens make their first appearance in the Netherlands.
1456:
232:
218:
85:
1523:
An unknown type of Fallow in California, U.S. This soon vanished.
1262:
S-L-R cross-over (3% frequency) between Cinnamon & Ino Loci
743:
Suffused Green (Dilute Yellow) and Suffused Blue (Dilute White)
1825:
1662:
1602:
Dominant Clearbodied (a.k.a. Easley's Clearbodied) in the U.S.
15:
770:
Clearwing Green (Yellowing) & Clearwing Blue (Whitewing)
126:
species, including budgerigars, contain both a black type of
1544:
reference seems to be available on this particular mutation.
308:
These mutations are inherited through one of the following
1816:
1488:
Suffused Blue (a.k.a. Dilute White) in England and France.
1455:
suddenly occurred in continental Europe, most probably in
831:
Fullbodied-Greywing Green & Fullbodied-Greywing Blue
289:
is completely reduced from total or localized feathering.
1340:
A-Co-D (only noticeably expressive in combination with
1551:
Pied (a.k.a. Danish Pied a.k.a. Harlequin) in Denmark.
166:
in any other naturally green coloured parrot species.
1491:
Single-Factored Dark_Blue (a.k.a. Cobalt) in France.
1471:
Double-Factored Dark-Green (a.k.a. Olive) in France.
563:
Circular Crested, Semicircular Crested & Tufted
2096:
2070:
2044:
2008:
1983:
1952:
1926:
1860:
1738:
A Guide To Colour Mutations and Genetics in Parrots
1599:
Texas Clearbodied (a.k.a. SL-Clearbody) in the U.S.
1499:
Double-Factored Dark_Blue (a.k.a. Mauve) in France.
1344:-Locus alleles and with Greywinged & Suffused)
169:The many color variations of budgerigars, such as
1554:The Australian (a.k.a. Banded) Pied in Australia.
1802:World Budgerigar Organization's Colour Standards
1690:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
1622:Saddleback specimens were produced in Australia.
43:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
1106:Australianfallow. Beigefallow, Palebrownfallow
1787:Inte Onsman's MUTAVI Research and Advice Group
1837:
1520:Cinnamon in England, Australia & Germany.
8:
1782:Martin Rasek's Budgerigar Genetic calculator
861:Anti Dimorphic Pied, Danishpied, Harlequin,
342:
1923:
1844:
1830:
1822:
946:Black-Eyed-Clear (a.k.a. Dark-Eyed-Clear)
665:Australian recessive greygreen & grey
1721:Learn how and when to remove this message
74:Learn how and when to remove this message
1001:Non-Sex-Linked Ino a.k.a. Recessive Ino
279:is partially reduced in only feathering.
325:autosomal-Incomplete-Dominant (A-I-D),
1812:Budgerigar Galore's Genetics Articles
7:
799:Greywing Green & Greywing Blue,
527:-locus alleles except gf , else A-R
322:autosomal-Complete-Dominant (A-C-D),
181:, Clearwinged, the various Fallows,
1591:Clearflighted_Dutchpied in Belgium.
217:that have occurred within specific
589:(Australian) Grey & Greygreen
463:-locus alleles except b, else A-R
433:-locus alleles except b, else A-R
245:pigment. This, together with the
14:
1807:Down Under Aviary's Genetics page
1797:Budgie Colors and Mutations Guide
1759:. The Aviculturist Publications.
1579:Recessive grey factor in England.
241:this budgerigar has virtually no
1667:
1420:A-R (extremely rare or extinct)
1018:A-R (extremely rare or extinct)
681:A-R (extremely rare or extinct)
20:
662:Recessive Grey & Greygreen
299:is increased in the feathering.
93:at Chai-Negev, Revivim, Israel.
817:A-D over dil allele, else A-R
788:A-D over dil allele, else A-R
162:in only the budgerigar and/or
1:
1757:The Manual of Colour Breeding
1275:Partial-Albinistic (Par-ino)
615:English Grey & Greygreen
968:ADMpied a.k.a. Recessivepied
919:Continental_Dutchpied &
857:ADMpied a.k.a. Recessivepied
352:Common names & varieties
334:Sex-Linked-recessive (S-L-R)
331:autosomal-Poly-Genic (A-P-G)
150:, only the blue part of the
229:Classification of mutations
2156:
2104:Budgerigar colour genetics
1485:Crest-Factor in Australia.
1292:locus alleles, else S-L-R
1070:Presumed A-Co-D with only
339:Table of primary mutations
328:autosomal-recessive (A-R),
138:along with a basic yellow
1157:(a.k.a. Plumeyed Fallow)
555:-locus alleles, else A-R
1676:This article includes a
1163:NSL Incomplete Albinism
1135:NSL Incomplete Albinism
1109:NSL Incomplete Albinism
1085:NSL Incomplete Albinism
1057:NSL Incomplete Albinism
1033:NSL Incomplete Albinism
631:A-I-D (rare or extinct)
29:This article includes a
1817:Budgie Genetic Explorer
1705:more precise citations.
1383:Pigment redistributing
1357:Pigment redistributing
1245:SL Incomplete Albinism
1189:SL Incomplete Albinism
964:Clearflighted_Dutchpied
921:Clearflighted_Dutchpied
815:A-Co-D with dil allele,
786:A-Co-D with dil allele,
310:dominance relationships
111:Melopsittacus undulatus
91:Melopsittacus undulatus
58:more precise citations.
1736:Martin, Terry (2002).
1004:NSL Complete Albinism
376:Dominance relationship
319:-Co-Dominant (A-Co-D),
304:Dominance relationship
250:
94:
1755:Hayward, Jim (1992).
1215:SL Complete Albinism
1098:A-R (extremely rare)
1051:Brown &/or Sepia
459:recessive with other
429:recessive with other
236:
89:
1984:Yellowface mutations
1913:Sex-linked Clearbody
1740:. ABK Publications.
1268:Sex-linked Clearbody
974:Spangle-Factor (Sp)
691:Slate (bluish-gray)
551:Dominant with other
523:Dominant with other
154:is reflected by the
2140:Vertebrate genetics
1288:SL-Co-D with other
560:Crest-Factor (C-F)
2114:Selective breeding
1893:Dominant Clearbody
1678:list of references
1401:Saddlebacked (SB)
1350:Dominant Clearbody
362:Wild-type symbol (
251:
213:are the result of
95:
31:list of references
2122:
2121:
2071:Feather mutations
2009:Pattern mutations
2004:
2003:
1731:
1730:
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1424:
1423:
1354:Easley Clearbody
99:budgerigar color
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2052:Clearflight Pied
1927:Fallow mutations
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1861:Colour mutations
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1701:this article by
1692:inline citations
1671:
1670:
1663:
1453:Skyblue mutation
1321:Darkwinged (DW)
1297:Blackfaced (BF)
1272:Texas Clearbody
1160:Scottish Fallow
966:with Homozygous
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68:
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54:this article by
45:inline citations
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1944:Scottish Fallow
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1682:related reading
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1212:Albino, Lutino
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1154:Scottish Fallow
891:Australian Pied
886:Australian Pied
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1029:German Fallow
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657:A-I-D (rare)
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585:Dominant Grey
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477:Yellowface I
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371:Allele symbol
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2103:
1991:Yellowface I
1970:English Grey
1756:
1737:
1717:
1708:
1697:Please help
1689:
1653:
1649:asymptomatic
1642:
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1571:Netherlands.
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1054:Brownwinged
1041:
1036:
1024:Bronzefallow
1012:
1007:
988:
983:
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723:
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621:
611:English Grey
600:
595:
574:
569:
552:
546:
541:
524:
518:
513:
492:
488:
483:
460:
454:
449:
443:Blue-series
430:
424:
419:
413:Blue-series
398:
393:
375:
370:
361:
356:
351:
346:
307:
257:
254:Basic groups
223:
205:, Spangled,
168:
163:
159:
133:
127:
121:
109:
98:
96:
90:
70:
61:
50:Please help
42:
1703:introducing
1103:Palefallow
953:Pi ; s
943:Clear-Pied
720:Structural
694:Structural
668:Structural
644:Structural
641:Anthracite
618:Structural
592:Structural
566:Structural
535:Goldenface
532:Goldenface
390:Structural
347:Mutation(s)
237:Because of
56:introducing
2135:Aviculture
2129:Categories
2088:Half-sider
2031:Saddleback
1960:Anthracite
1853:Budgerigar
1659:References
1127:Dunfallow
637:Anthracite
503:Yellowface
193:, Lutino,
160:lightgreen
118:Background
2016:Blackface
1878:Clearwing
1855:mutations
1327:Modifier
1303:Melanism
1258:cin / ino
1242:Lacewing
1186:Cinnamon
834:Dilution
827:Clearwing
802:Dilution
773:Dilution
765:Clearwing
746:Dilution
317:autosomal
297:eumelanin
287:eumelanin
277:eumelanin
267:eumelanin
243:eumelanin
215:mutations
187:Greygreen
156:eumelanin
135:eumelanin
64:July 2023
2109:Mutation
1898:Greywing
1873:Cinnamon
1530:species.
1436:Timeline
1380:Opaline
1251: ;
1234:Cinnamon
1182:Cinnamon
915:Piednape
823:Greywing
794:Greywing
295:: where
293:Melanism
285:: where
275:: where
273:Dilution
265:: where
263:Albinism
239:albinism
207:Suffused
191:Greywing
179:cinnamon
152:spectrum
148:sunlight
106:heredity
101:genetics
2078:Crested
2036:Spangle
2026:Opaline
2021:Mottled
1699:improve
1645:dormant
1614:1970–74
1589:1939–46
1475:1918–28
1449:1878–85
1442:1870–75
1427:History
1404:
1376:Opaline
1324:
1300:
1082:
998:NSLino
883:Piebald
283:Leucism
203:Opaline
140:pigment
129:melanin
52:improve
1918:Violet
1888:Dilute
1763:
1744:
1396:S-L-R
1370:A-C-D
1228:S-L-R
1202:S-L-R
1079:Faded
993:A-I-D
958:Pi / s
938:A-C-D
909:A-C-D
739:Dilute
733:A-I-D
713:Violet
707:S-L-R
605:A-C-D
579:A-P-G
538:color
510:color
480:color
473:Blue 2
469:Blue 1
446:color
439:Blue 2
416:color
409:Blue 1
403:A-I-D
211:Violet
171:albino
142:named
132:named
124:parrot
1908:Slate
1883:Dark
1684:, or
1639:Notes
1457:Uccle
796:(GW)
767:(CW)
687:Slate
364:locus
219:genes
199:Olive
195:Mauve
164:green
37:, or
1868:Blue
1761:ISBN
1742:ISBN
1632:2010
1626:1992
1620:1975
1595:1948
1583:1935
1577:1934
1560:1933
1539:1932
1516:1931
1503:1930
1497:1921
1481:1920
1469:1916
1463:1915
1451:The
1316:A-R
1176:A-R
1148:A-R
1122:A-R
1046:A-R
877:A-R
759:A-R
383:Dark
357:Type
247:Blue
209:and
183:Grey
175:blue
1903:Ino
1647:in
1342:dil
1290:ino
1284:ino
1279:ino
1253:ino
1249:cin
1238:Ino
1224:ino
1219:ino
1208:Ino
1198:cin
1193:cin
1015:*a
847:dil
843:dil
838:dil
811:dil
806:dil
782:dil
777:dil
755:dil
750:dil
2131::
1688:,
1680:,
1416:sb
1411:sb
1392:op
1387:op
1366:Cl
1361:Cl
1336:dw
1331:dw
1312:bf
1307:bf
1172:pl
1167:pl
1144:df
1139:df
1118:pf
1113:pf
1094:fd
1089:fd
989:Sp
984:Sp
934:Pi
929:Pi
905:Pb
900:Pb
845:/
703:sl
698:sl
677:rg
672:rg
653:An
648:An
575:Cr
570:Cr
491:/
312:.
201:,
197:,
189:,
185:,
177:,
173:,
41:,
33:,
1845:e
1838:t
1831:v
1769:.
1750:.
1724:)
1718:(
1713:)
1709:(
1695:.
1236:-
1072:a
1066:b
1061:b
1042:a
1037:a
1013:a
1008:a
873:s
868:s
825:-
729:V
724:V
627:g
622:g
601:G
596:G
553:b
547:b
542:b
525:b
519:b
514:b
493:b
489:b
484:b
471:-
461:b
455:b
450:b
431:b
425:b
420:b
399:D
394:D
366:)
77:)
71:(
66:)
62:(
48:.
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