91:
721:, and then had become independent on his death until Sikander reasserted control. With the arrival of Ali Shah on the throne, the territories had once again begun to assert their independence and Zayn al-Abidin recognised that they had an economic and strategic significance which entailed that they could not be allowed to secede. Similarly, he regained control of
852:
749:
and elsewhere. Many of the gifts demonstrated the cultured nature of Zayn al-Abidin; they included works about music, manuscripts and people who were scholars, the latter being sent to him when he commented that an original gift of precious stones was of less interest to him than a gift of a learned
831:
Besides
Naushahr, Zayn al-Abidin founded at least three other towns: Zaynapur, Zaynagir, and Zaynakot. Zaynagir boasted an impressive palace of its own, which was surrounded by a picturesque garden. This palace was probably destroyed during the later Shah Mir period. Zaynakot still exists as a
762:
Zayn al-Abidin enforced the system of responsibility of the village communities for local crimes. He regulated the price of the commodities. He stabilized the currency which had been debased during the reign of his predecessors. He was responsible for a large number of public works. He founded
867:
as he abstained from the food given to him by his ministers, fearing a chance of being poisoned. The Sultan died on his bed on 5 May 1470 and was buried in the Mazar-e-Salatin in
Srinagar on 12 May. Kashmir fell into several days of mourning after the demise of the Budshah.
657:(ornament of worshippers). Although a religious man, Ali Shah was weak-willed and his desire to attain Mecca buckled under descriptions of the arduous journey ahead. He abandoned his pilgrimage when he arrived at the court of his father-in-law, the Raja of
804:
were translated into
Persian by his order. He was known for his religious tolerance. He called back the Hindus who left Kashmir during his father's reign. He allowed the Hindus to build their temples and follow the personal law according to the
728:
He was on friendly terms with regard to the rulers of territories over which he inherited no historic control. The ancient records indicate that he gave and received presents to, and also exchanged embassies with, those who governed over Egypt,
566:
Under half a century of Zayn al-Abidin's rule, Kashmir enjoyed a stable economy, which led to a commercial expansion. Diplomatic missions were sent to various countries, expanding trade and commerce. This increased the central markets in
1004:
Walter Slaje, Three Bhaṭṭas, Two Sulṭāns, and the
Kashmirian Atharvaveda. In: The Atharvaveda and its Paippalādaśākhā. Historical and Philological Papers on a Vedic Tradition. Ed. by ARLO GRIFFITHS and ANNETTE SCHMIEDCHEN. Aachen 2007:
753:
During the last days of his reign, his three sons, Adam Khan, Haji Khan and Bahram Khan rebelled against him but he took energetic measures to crush them. He was succeeded by his son Haji Khan, who took the title of Haidar Khan.
817:
Zayn al-Abidin undertook numerous construction projects during his reign, although only two or three of his buildings still exist. He founded the new town of
Naushahr, which is now part of Srinagar, to serve as his capital. The
665:
in order to regain his throne. The ancient texts vary regarding why it was that Zayn al-Abidin relinquished his recently acquired status without a fight but there is no disagreement that this is in fact what happened.
606:, Firuz, in the early part of his reign, Sikandar married his daughter Mira Khatun as a form of sovereignty. Ghiyath al-Din Shah Rukh Shahi Khan was born to them on 25 November 1395 (the eleventh day of
693:, where he was welcomed by his subjects. This however did not end the civil war as Ali Shah with the support from the Raja of Jammu, entered the Valley. Zayn al-Abidin marched against him through the
689:, Ali Shah was killed by Jasrat. However, later Persian chronicles state that he was able to escape from the battlefield. Zayn al-Abidin was then able to return to the capital city of
763:
several new cities, built many bridges and dug many irrigation canals. He also prevented the local governors from exacting illegal taxes and gave the peasants much needed tax relief.
840:. The island had existed before, but by his time, it had become submerged. In 1443-4, he had a palace, mosque, and garden built on the reclaimed island, which was dubbed Zaynalank.
90:
809:. He stopped the killing of cows by means of poison and passed some regulations about eating beef. He re-introduced the grant of stipends to the learned Brahmans.
880:
calls him the greatest of all the sultans of
Kashmir, who provided half a century of "peace, prosperity and benevolent rule" to the people of Kashmir.
709:
Although fundamentally a peaceful man, Zayn al-Abidin was protective of his territory. He raised and led an army to stabilise the fractious areas of
1250:
1208:
1143:
1026:
989:
959:
685:
and Jasrat routed his forces, who had ignored the advice of his father-in-law to hold back until the Jammu army could join him. According to
1299:
677:. Ali Shah became angered when this support was forthcoming and he rashly set out with his army to challenge Khokhar which resulted into a
701:
but Ali Shah was defeated again. The fate of Ali Shah is uncertain: he may have died in captivity or have been put to death by
Khokhar.
300:
273:
642:
1104:
843:
The only buildings commissioned by Zayn al-Abidin that still exist are the tomb of his mother, and the mosque and tomb of Madani.
33:
725:, the chief of which had been overcome by Sikander but had then announced independence during the period of rule by Ali Shah.
777:
on the Hindus of
Kashmir. Although he was a Muslim ruler, he banned the slaughter of cows. He extended liberal patronage to
771:
Zayn al-Abidin earned a name for himself for his policy of religious toleration and public welfare activities. He abolished
579:, along with literary traditions like poetry, were extended in his reign. Kashmiri architecture found its way through the
1294:
1279:
1259:
Majumdar, A. K. (1967), "Chapter XIII, Part C: Kāshmir", in
Majumdar, R. C.; Pusalker, A. D.; Majumdar, A. K. (eds.),
1304:
580:
820:
919:
647:
Shahi Khan was given the charge of the sultanate, when his elder brother, Ali Shah, left on a pilgrimage to
512:
237:
698:
718:
1289:
1284:
825:
864:
66:
884:
Of all the Sulṭāns who sat on the throne of Kashmīr, Zainu'l-Ābidīn was undoubtedly the greatest.
828:
described this palace as having 12 storeys, a dome made out of gold, and halls lined with glass.
678:
599:
576:
465:
863:. He neglected his official duties and let the ministers do the paperwork. He also developed a
1246:
1204:
1139:
1100:
1022:
985:
955:
527:
488:
340:
324:
295:
268:
110:
1133:
979:
907:
833:
587:
501:
442:
347:
182:
454:
417:
351:
877:
1273:
832:
village 4 km west of
Srinagar. Another project Zayn al-Abidin undertook was the
806:
800:
626:
554:
543:
214:
172:
146:
136:
530:, ruling first from 1418 to 1419 and then from 1420 to 1470. He was famously called
1260:
1168:
1166:
603:
876:
Zayn al-Abidin is acknowledged by scholars as a great ruler of Kashmir. Historian
1240:
791:
618:
483:
390:
95:
837:
682:
611:
586:
Zayn al-Abidin was succeeded as sultan by his son, Haji Khan, later known as
714:
694:
1198:
1016:
949:
851:
786:
778:
690:
633:. Ali Shah, who was glad at his fall, appointed Shahi Khan as his Wazir.
572:
568:
549:
538:
320:
291:
264:
860:
824:
of the new capital was a spectacular 50-room palace built out of wood.
796:
746:
730:
686:
670:
662:
449:
437:
17:
773:
738:
710:
674:
630:
622:
193:
75:
661:
Bhim Dev, and raised an army consisting of soldiers from Jammu and
559:. The Sultan also composed poetry in Persian under the pen name of
850:
782:
742:
734:
722:
658:
648:
607:
425:
304:
277:
651:. It was at this time that Ali Shah gave Shahi Khan the title of
1223:
1184:
1172:
1157:
1068:
1056:
1044:
1091:
1089:
1115:
1113:
548:, while the subsequent years are described by his pupil,
717:
which had originally been conquered by his grandfather,
1245:(Reprinted ed.), Delhi: Aakar Books, p. 78,
522:; 25 November 1395 – 5 April 1470), commonly known as
924:
517:
652:
73:
64:
859:At the end of his career, the Sultan suffered from
479:
471:
461:
448:
436:
416:
389:
369:
339:
331:
312:
285:
256:
230:
220:
210:
192:
178:
168:
160:
152:
142:
132:
124:
116:
109:
41:
673:, Zayn al-Abidin sought the support of its ruler,
537:The first 35 years of his reign are described by
1135:Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India
981:Historiography: A History of Historical Writing
882:
1138:, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd, pp. 86–,
403:
44:
8:
400:Qutb al-Din Abu al-Mujahid al-Adil us-Sultan
206:30 December 1416 – 20 February 1418
1040:
1038:
912:
889:Mohibbul Hassan, Kashmir Under the Sultans
621:), Shahi Khan assassinated the rebellious
506:
405:
383:
377:
89:
46:
38:
1265:(second ed.), Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan
836:of an island in the northeastern part of
32:For other people with similar names, see
1119:
1080:
1224:Hasan, Kashmir Under the Sultans (2005)
1185:Hasan, Kashmir Under the Sultans (2005)
1173:Hasan, Kashmir Under the Sultans (2005)
1158:Hasan, Kashmir Under the Sultans (2005)
1069:Hasan, Kashmir Under the Sultans (2005)
1057:Hasan, Kashmir Under the Sultans (2005)
1045:Hasan, Kashmir Under the Sultans (2005)
940:
900:
366:
1203:. London: Routledge. pp. 79–80.
1197:Hasan, Mohibbul (26 September 2023).
1015:Hasan, Mohibbul (26 September 2023).
948:Hasan, Mohibbul (26 September 2023).
7:
1095:Mahajan, V.D. (1991, reprint 2007).
973:
971:
406:قطب الدین ابو المجاهد العادل السلطان
911:
617:On 30 December 1416 (on the day of
614:) at the royal palace in Srinagar.
519:Ghiyāth al-Dīn Shāh Rukh Shāhī Khān
505:
498:Ghiyath al-Din Shah Rukh Shahi Khan
404:
375:Ghiyath al-Din Shah Rukh Shahi Khan
954:. London: Routledge. p. 294.
25:
1021:. London: Routledge. p. 91.
781:language and literature. He knew
120:20 February 1418 – December 1419
1099:, Part I, New Delhi: S. Chand,
98:coin issued by Zayn al-Abidin,
34:Zayn al-Abidin (disambiguation)
27:Sultan of the Kashmir Sultanate
984:. Concept Publishing Company.
534:(Great King) by his subjects.
526:, was the ninth sultan of the
319:Mazar-e-Salatin, Zaina Kadal,
1:
855:Tomb of the mother of Budshah
697:pass. Both the forces met at
643:Kashmir Civil War (1419–1420)
99:
1300:15th-century Indian Muslims
925:
653:
518:
74:
65:
1321:
640:
507:غیاث الدین شاه رخ شاهی خان
378:غیاث الدین شاہ رخ شاهی خان
156:7 July 1420 – 5 April 1470
31:
1242:Kashmir Under the Sultans
1239:Hasan, Mohibbul (2005) ,
1200:Kashmir Under the Sultans
1097:History of Medieval India
1018:Kashmir Under the Sultans
951:Kashmir Under the Sultans
581:Indo-Islamic architecture
423:
396:
374:
365:
252:
248:
244:
199:
188:
88:
56:
45:
978:Sharma, Tej Ram (2005).
750:nature would have been.
598:After Sultan of Kashmir
524:Zayn al-Abidin the Great
758:Administrative policies
926:Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn-e-Āzam
892:
856:
629:, Hamsabhatta, in the
602:defeated the chief of
67:Na'ib Amir al-Mu'minin
854:
813:Construction projects
865:persecution delusion
826:Mirza Haidar Dughlat
681:. The forces met at
1295:15th-century deaths
1262:The Delhi Sultanate
821:pièce de résistance
789:, and Tibetan. The
1280:Sultans of Kashmir
1187:, p. 98, 105.
913:زین العابدینِ اعظم
857:
767:Religious policies
719:Shihabu'd-Din Shah
466:Sikandar Shah Miri
1252:978-81-87879-49-7
1210:978-1-032-66670-9
1145:978-81-207-1015-3
1028:978-1-032-66670-9
991:978-81-8069-155-3
961:978-1-032-66670-9
923:
528:Kashmir Sultanate
516:
495:
494:
432:
431:
424:Akbar-e-Kashmir (
325:Kashmir Sultanate
301:Jammu and Kashmir
296:Kashmir Sultanate
274:Jammu and Kashmir
269:Kashmir Sultanate
111:Sultan of Kashmir
16:(Redirected from
1312:
1305:Shah Mir dynasty
1266:
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1215:
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1002:
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975:
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929:
928:
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916:
914:
905:
890:
656:
575:. Education and
521:
511:
509:
508:
409:
408:
407:
385:
379:
367:
308:
281:
262:25 November 1395
238:office suspended
233:
223:
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194:Wazir of Kashmir
128:20 February 1418
104:
101:
93:
79:
70:
52:
51:
50:
49:
39:
21:
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1183:
1179:
1175:, p. 97-8.
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1131:
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902:
897:
891:
888:
874:
849:
815:
769:
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707:
645:
639:
596:
486:
418:Posthumous name
412:
382:
380:
376:
358:
356:
354:
350:
346:
327:
317:
298:
290:
271:
263:
261:
231:
221:
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105:
102:
82:
76:Sultan al-Az'am
47:
43:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1318:
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1308:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1272:
1271:
1268:
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1234:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1216:
1209:
1189:
1177:
1162:
1150:
1144:
1124:
1122:, p. 382.
1109:
1085:
1083:, p. 383.
1073:
1061:
1049:
1034:
1027:
1007:
997:
990:
967:
960:
939:
937:
934:
931:
930:
899:
898:
896:
893:
886:
878:Mohibbul Hasan
873:
870:
848:
845:
814:
811:
807:Dharmashastras
768:
765:
759:
756:
706:
703:
654:Zayn al-Abidin
641:Main article:
638:
635:
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463:
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397:
394:
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387:
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381:Zayn al-Abidin
372:
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363:
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329:
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114:
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107:
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71:
59:
54:
53:
42:Zayn al-Abidin
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1317:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
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1277:
1275:
1264:
1263:
1257:
1254:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1226:, p. 71.
1225:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1160:, p. 87.
1159:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1120:Majumdar 1967
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1105:81-219-0364-5
1102:
1098:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1081:Majumdar 1967
1077:
1074:
1071:, p. 80.
1070:
1065:
1062:
1059:, p. 78.
1058:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1030:
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801:Rajatarangini
798:
794:
793:
788:
784:
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688:
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664:
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644:
637:Rise to power
636:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
600:Sikandar Shah
593:
591:
589:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
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562:
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555:Rajatarangini
551:
547:
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544:Rajatarangini
540:
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474:
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427:
422:
419:
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402:
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360:two daughters
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
316:12 April 1470
315:
311:
306:
302:
299:(present-day
297:
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1233:Bibliography
1219:
1199:
1192:
1180:
1153:
1134:
1127:
1096:
1076:
1064:
1052:
1047:, p. 70
1017:
1010:
1000:
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950:
943:
903:
883:
875:
858:
842:
830:
819:
816:
799:
790:
772:
770:
761:
752:
727:
708:
669:Retiring to
668:
646:
616:
597:
585:
565:
560:
553:
542:
536:
531:
523:
497:
496:
384:زین العابدین
359:
289:5 April 1470
236:
232:Succeeded by
201:
83:
60:
57:
48:زين العابدين
29:
1290:1470 deaths
1285:1395 births
1132:Mehta, Jl,
792:Mahabharata
619:Eid al-Adha
594:Early years
588:Haider Shah
484:Sunni Islam
475:Mira Khatun
428:of Kashmir)
391:Regnal name
357:Jasrat Khan
355:Bahram Khan
222:Preceded by
183:Haider Shah
169:Predecessor
164:7 July 1420
133:Predecessor
103: 1464
1274:Categories
936:References
838:Wular Lake
834:reclaiming
625:of Sultan
457:(disputed)
352:Hasan Khan
345:Adham Khan
335:Taj Khatun
226:Hamsa Bhat
161:Coronation
125:Coronation
920:romanized
797:Kalhana's
715:Baltistan
695:Baramulla
679:civil war
552:, in the
513:romanized
348:Haji Khan
260:Shah Rukh
202:In office
179:Successor
143:Successor
1005:329–353.
887:—
787:Sanskrit
779:Sanskrit
691:Srinagar
627:Ali Shah
573:Anantnag
569:Srinagar
539:Jonaraja
480:Religion
443:Shah Mir
321:Srinagar
292:Srinagar
265:Srinagar
215:Ali Shah
173:Ali Shah
147:Ali Shah
137:Ali Shah
1107:, p.277
922::
908:Persian
861:amnesia
783:Persian
747:Gujarat
731:Gwalior
687:Srivara
671:Sialkot
663:Rajauri
577:culture
557:Tritiya
550:Srivara
546:Dvitiya
541:in the
532:Budshah
515::
502:Persian
450:Dynasty
332:Consort
211:Monarch
18:Budshah
1249:
1207:
1142:
1103:
1025:
988:
958:
872:Legacy
774:Jaziya
739:Bengal
711:Ladakh
683:Thanna
675:Jasrat
631:Eidgah
610:, 798
472:Mother
462:Father
455:Gibari
313:Burial
895:Notes
847:Death
743:Sindh
735:Mecca
723:Ohind
705:Reign
659:Jammu
649:Mecca
623:Wazir
608:Safar
604:Ohind
489:Shafi
438:House
426:Akbar
370:Names
341:Issue
305:India
278:India
153:Reign
117:Reign
96:Sasnu
1247:ISBN
1205:ISBN
1140:ISBN
1101:ISBN
1023:ISBN
986:ISBN
956:ISBN
795:and
713:and
571:and
561:Qutb
286:Died
257:Born
699:Uri
1276::
1165:^
1112:^
1088:^
1037:^
970:^
917:,
910::
785:,
745:,
741:,
737:,
733:,
612:AH
590:.
583:.
563:.
510:,
504::
323:,
303:,
294:,
276:,
267:,
100:c.
1213:.
1031:.
994:.
964:.
915:,
500:(
491:)
487:(
307:)
280:)
36:.
20:)
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