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141:. The behaviour of bunting within cattle is first observable in calves. As a form of play-fighting, a young calf will bunt the flank of its mother. A newborn calf will bunt the mother's udder and this stimulates milk flow. It has been found that when calves are taken from their mothers and raised artificially, the calf will attempt to bunt the artificial teat when milk is not being produced quickly enough.
77:. An elaborate ritual which can take several minutes, two cats will rub along the side and tail of the other cat. This behaviour in domestic cats involves a system of hierarchy and may have evolved as a way to channel aggression where the costs of a conflict is too high. Cats also use bunting as a way to familiarize themselves with their environment, and
137:. When two cattle are rivaling each other, they will often use bunting as a form of defense. Cattle will attempt to bunt the rival animal with the goal of bunting its head under the hind legs of the other animal. This occurs when one animal shows submission during the final moments of a feud; this specific behavior is calling
116:. Bunting in ungulates has no olfactory function but may have a role in the weaning of young. When a juvenile is nursing from its mother, it will bunt the udder with its head. This is to stimulate milk production or "let down" and causes some pain to the mother when the bunting movement is frequently performed.
170:
Similarly to domesticated cats, lions also use bunting as a form of greeting and territorial marking. Lions will often greet each other with this head bunting behavior when returning to a pride after a hunt. In the early stages of life, cubs procure stimulation from their mother as she cleans them by
149:
As seen in cattle, horse foals will bunt the mother's udder in order to stimulate milk production. Another example of bunting is when a dam experiences pain while a foal is suckling. The dam will proceed to bunt the foal with her head, non-aggressively, to prevent further discomfort. Many foals will
120:
Bunting in domesticated and wild cat species has olfactory roots and has a range of uses which include, but are not limited to, mother-young association bonds, greeting/welcoming of kin, diffusing potential aggression in social environments, and distributing scent on areas to cultivate familiarity.
119:
Over time, there is an increase in the number of times the udder is bunted by the young. This causes the mother to react in an attempt to prevent further pain. This reaction of the mother can be any form of defensive behaviour from a nipping bite, moving away from the young, or a jab of her horns.
153:
Horses will also rub the bottom or sides of their jaw onto others. This self-grooming social interaction can have a calming effect for the horses involved, and dominant horses are more likely to initiate the behavior.
54:. This is when an animal, typically a carnivore, will rub its back on a scent, such as that of prey, or on the urine of an animal of the same species. Evolutionarily speaking, scent rubbing is the oldest form of
58:
and bunting is a derivative of this behaviour. Rolling in the scent of another animal was an adaptation to camouflage the scent of a predator or outside male, in order to get closer to mates.
171:
rubbing and licking them. This behaviour carries throughout their lives and bunting remains a primal source of interaction between adults as it stimulates a familiar interaction between kin.
532:"The Behaviour of Ungulates and Its Relation to Management: The Papers of an International Symposium Held at the University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 2-5 November 1971"
150:
play fight with one another; displaying the bunting behaviour. The foal will push its head against another foal's body in an attempt to knock the other off-balance.
406:
Bos, Ruud van den (1 March 1998). "The function of allogrooming in domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus); a study in a group of cats living in confinement".
289:
112:. This behaviour develops throughout the animal's life and is not only found in cats. It has also been found in other carnivorous mammals and some
108:
The practice of bunting stems from the behaviour that arises when kittens are very young and seek stimulation from their mother by rubbing and
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50:, in which the animal butts or rubs its head against other things, including people. Bunting as a behaviour can be viewed as a variation of
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on its cheeks and forehead on the object being marked. After a display of aggression, a cat will begin bunting nearby objects as a form of
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display toward a rival cat. Bunting and allorubbing (using touch to communicate closeness) are also part of feral cat behavior within
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831:"Head Rubbing and Licking Reinforce Social Bonds in a Group of Captive African Lions, Panthera leo"
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555:"Cow-calf relationship during milking and its effect on milk yield and calf live weight gain"
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released through this work to ease the cat's anxieties about an unfamiliar area.
554:
66:
829:
Matoba, Tomoyuki; Kutsukake, Nobuyuki; Hasegawa, Toshikazu (4 September 2013).
359:
342:
Crowell-Davis, Sharon L.; Curtis, Terry M.; Knowles, Rebecca J. (March 2004).
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Lions display bunting as a form of greeting when met with other pride members.
864:
678:
670:
427:
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The
Domestic Horse: The Origins, Development and Management of Its Behaviour
74:
882:
377:
686:
264:
Scents that matter - from olfactory stimuli to genes, behaviors and beyond
113:
655:"Agonistic Behavior in Food Animals: Review of Research and Techniques"
419:
32:
84:
Bunting is a normal animal behavior, and should be distinguished from
536:
International Union for
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
602:
The
Ethology of Domestic Animals: An Introductory Text, 3rd Edition
449:
Weiss, Emily; Mohan-Gibbons, Heather; Zawistowski, Stephen (2015).
161:
95:
47:
26:
18:
703:
Domestic Animal
Behavior for Veterinarians and Animal Scientists
737:
The Equid
Ethogram: A Practical Field Guide to Horse Behavior
61:
Bunting is generally considered to be a form of territorial
261:
Fendt, Markus; Kiyokawa, Yasushi; Endres, Thomas (2016).
344:"Social organization in the cat: a modern understanding"
798:
The
Serengeti Lion: A Study of Predator-Prey Relations
88:, which is abnormal and typically a sign of illness.
452:
Animal
Behavior for Shelter Veterinarians and Staff
576:Keyserlingk, Marina; Weary, Daniel (1 July 2007).
207:Performing the Small Animal Physical Examination
23:A cat demonstrating bunting behaviour on a dog.
318:Feline Behavioral Health and Welfare - E-Book
8:
479:Physiology and Behaviour of Animal Suffering
767:. Cambridge University Press. p. 89.
872:
854:
367:
559:Livestock Research for Rural Development
348:Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery
321:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 31.
761:Mills, D. S.; McDonnell, S. M. (2005).
290:"It's All Mine! Cat Marking, Explained"
196:
482:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 107.
7:
315:Rodan, Ilona; Heath, Sarah (2015).
267:. Frontiers Media SA. p. 34.
133:Bunting behaviour is a display of
65:behaviour, where the cat rubs the
14:
653:McGlone, John J. (1 April 1986).
506:Advances in the Study of Behavior
801:. University of Chicago Press.
629:Social Behavior in Farm Animals
509:. Academic Press. p. 184.
740:. Eclipse Press. p. 295.
1:
578:"Maternal behavior in cattle"
233:"Scent Rubbing in Carnivores"
856:10.1371/journal.pone.0073044
795:Schaller, George B. (2009).
700:Houpt, Katherine A. (2018).
476:Gregory, Neville G. (2008).
918:
734:McDonnell, Sue M. (2003).
360:10.1016/j.jfms.2003.09.013
104:rubbing his head on a tree
706:. John Wiley & Sons.
659:Journal of Animal Science
553:Combellas, Jorge (2003).
455:. John Wiley & Sons.
210:. John Wiley & Sons.
204:Englar, Ryane E. (2017).
671:10.2527/jas1986.6241130x
530:Geist, Valerius (1974).
503:Rosenblatt, Jay (1980).
124:Bunting in other species
626:Keeling, J. L. (2001).
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105:
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582:Hormones and Behavior
288:Elizabeth Wasserman.
231:Reiger, Ingo (1979).
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599:Jensen, Per (2017).
296:on 23 September 2015
135:aggression in cattle
847:2013PLoSO...873044M
408:Journal of Ethology
56:scent communication
420:10.1007/BF02896348
168:
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808:978-0-226-73660-0
774:978-0-521-89113-4
747:978-1-58150-090-5
713:978-1-119-23280-3
639:978-0-85199-717-9
612:978-1-78639-165-0
516:978-0-08-058271-9
489:978-1-4051-7302-5
462:978-1-118-92283-5
328:978-1-4557-7402-9
274:978-2-88919-813-9
217:978-1-119-29531-0
181:Cat communication
46:, often found in
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354:(1): 19–28.
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298:. Retrieved
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67:scent glands
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814:11 February
780:11 February
719:10 February
414:(1): 1–13.
92:Development
71:territorial
192:References
865:1932-6203
679:0021-8812
428:0289-0771
237:Carnivore
139:clinching
114:ungulates
896:Category
883:24023806
835:PLOS ONE
632:. CABI.
605:. CABI.
436:45045046
386:25719922
378:15123163
369:10822437
246:11 March
175:See also
110:kneading
75:colonies
874:3762833
843:Bibcode
687:3519555
391:2 April
40:Bunting
33:leopard
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129:Cattle
48:felids
432:S2CID
382:S2CID
158:Lions
879:PMID
861:ISSN
816:2018
803:ISBN
782:2018
769:ISBN
742:ISBN
721:2018
708:ISBN
683:PMID
675:ISSN
634:ISBN
607:ISBN
565:(3).
511:ISBN
484:ISBN
457:ISBN
424:ISSN
393:2017
374:PMID
323:ISBN
302:2015
269:ISBN
248:2018
212:ISBN
869:PMC
851:doi
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