20:
1035:
another. Once they are close enough to attack, they pause slightly, and then one cat leaps and tries to bite the nape of the other cat. The other cat has no choice but to retaliate and both cats roll aggressively on the ground. During such confrontations both cats produce loud intense screams. After some time, the cats separate and stand face to face to begin the attack all over again. This can go on for some time until one remains seated, showing defeat. The defeated cat does not move until the victor completes sniffing the area and moves outside the fighting area. Once this happens, the defeated cat leaves the area, ending the fight.
1014:
side (defensive posture), and retreating when the dominant cat approaches. Dominant cats present a specific body posture as well. The cat displays ears straight up, the base of its tail will be arched, and it looks directly at subordinate cats. These dominant cats are usually not aggressive, but if a subordinate cat blocks the food source they may become aggressive. When this aggressive behavior occurs, it could also lead to the dominant cat preventing subordinate cats from eating and using the litter box. This can cause the subordinate cat to defecate somewhere else and create problems with human interaction.
941:
for many hours a week. The process is made easier if there is another socialized cat present but not necessarily in the same space as the one being socialized. If the handler can get a cat to urinate in the litter tray, then the others in a litter will usually follow. Initial contact with thick gloves is highly recommended until trust is established, usually within the first week. On the other hand, it is a challenge to socialize an adult cat. This is because socialized adult feral cats tend to trust only those who they trusted in their socialization period, and therefore can be very fearful around strangers.
609:
half-raised tail can indicate less pleasure, and discontent is indicated with a tail held low. A cat's tail may swing from side to side, and if this motion is slow and "lazy", it generally indicates that the cat is in a relaxed state. Cats will twitch the tip of their tails when hunting, alert, or playful. A stalking domestic cat will typically hold its tail low to the ground while in a crouch, and twitch it quickly from side to side. This tail behavior is also observed when a cat becomes "irritated" and is about to lash out and attack typically done by biting or scratching with the claws extended.
797:
895:
933:. After this period, socialization can be less effective. Studies have shown that the earlier the kitten is handled by people, the less fearful the kitten will be toward people. Other factors that can enhance socialization are having many people handle the kitten frequently, the presence of the mother, and feeding. The presence of the mother is important because cats are observational learners. For example, a mother that is comfortable around humans can reduce anxiety in the kitten and promote the kitten-human relationship.
431:
953:. This type of learning emerges early in a cat's life, and has been shown in many laboratory studies. Young kittens learn to hunt from their mothers by observing their techniques when catching prey. The mother ensures their kittens learn hunting techniques by first bringing dead prey to the litter, followed by live prey. With the live prey, she demonstrates the techniques required for successful capture. Prey-catching behavior of kittens improves at higher levels over time when their mothers are present.
529:– The cat is lying on its belly or crouching directly on top of its paws. Its entire body may be shaking and very near the ground when standing up; Breathing is also fast, with its legs bent near the surface, and its tail curled and very close to its body when standing on all fours. As such, a fearful and a defensive cat makes itself smaller, lowers itself toward the ground, arches its back and leans its body away from the threat rather than forward. Fighting usually occurs only when escape is impossible.
887:
88:
541:– The hind legs stiffen, the rump elevated, but the back stays flat; while tail hairs are erected. The nose is pushed forward and the ears are pulled back slightly. And because cats have both claws and teeth, they can easily cause injury if they become involved in a fight, so this posture is an attempt to elicit deference from a competitor without fighting. The aggressor may attempt to make the challengers retreat and will pursue them if they do not flee.
565:– The cat is lying on its belly, while the back of the body is more visibly lower than the front part when the cat is standing or moving. Its breathing may be fast, and its legs are tucked under its body. The tail is close to the body and maybe curled forward (or close to the body when standing), with the tip of the tail moving up and down (or side to side). The tail is also moved to the side when ready to be mounted by the male cat.
459:
477:
974:
495:
535:– The cat is crouched directly on top of its paws, with visible shaking seen in some parts of the body. Its tail is close to the body, and might be propped up, together with its hair on the back. The legs are very stiff or bent to increase their size. Typically, cats avoid contact when they feel threatened, although they can resort to varying degrees of aggression when they feel cornered, or when escape is impossible.
4194:
767:". This communication might have an olfactory component as there are scent glands in this area of the body, and is possibly for seeking attention when the cat turns its head down or to the side. Some cats also rub their faces on humans as a friendly greeting or indicating affection. This tactile action is combined with olfactory communication as the contact leaves scent around the mouth and cheeks.
626:
282:
445:
189:
571:– This posture also indicates that the cat is relaxed. When cats lie on their back with their bellies exposed, they are in a position of vulnerability. Therefore, this position may communicate a feeling of trust or comfort. They may also roll onto their backs to defend themselves with their claws or to bask in areas of bright sunlight.
613:
When greeting their owners, cats often hold their tails straight up with a quivering motion that indicates extreme happiness. A scared or surprised cat may erect the hairs on its tail and back. It may stand more upright and turn its body sideways to increase its apparent size as a threat. Tailless cats, such as the
347:
405:
dogs. If the hiss and growl warning does not remove the threat, an attack may follow. It's also used to scare off intruders into their territory. Kittens as young as two to three weeks may hiss and spit when first picked up by a human. Spitting is a shorter but louder and more emphatic version of hissing.
559:– The cat is lying on its belly, with the back of its body lower than its upper body (slinking) when standing or moving back; Its hind legs are bent and front legs are extended when standing, and the tail is close to the body, tensed or curled downward; there can be twitching when the cat is standing up.
508:(as perceived by humans) such as slowly blinking to signal relaxation and comfort in their environment. Domestic cats frequently use visual communication with their eyes, ears, mouths, tails, coats and body postures. The change in a cat's facial features can be a strong indicator of their communication.
1013:
Dominance can be seen among domestic cats in multi-cat households. "Subordinate" cats submit to the "dominant" cat. Dominance includes such behaviors as the submissive cats walking around the dominant cat, waiting for the dominant cat to walk past them, avoiding eye contact, crouching, lying on their
730:
Cats carry these infantile behaviors beyond nursing and into adulthood. Some cats "nurse", that is, suck on clothing or bedding during kneading. The cat exerts firm downward pressure with its paw, spreading its toes to expose its claws, then curls its toes as it lifts its paw. The process takes place
1017:
Usually, when strange cats meet, one of them makes a sudden move that puts the other cat into a defensive mode. The cat will then draw in on itself and prepare to attack if needed. The submissive cat will usually run away before a physical altercation ensues. This is not always the case, and what is
964:
Observational learning is not limited to kitten-hood – it can also be observed during adulthood. Studies have shown that adult cats that see others performing a task, such as pressing a lever after a visual cue, learn to perform the same task faster than those who did not witness another cat at that
960:
Kittens also show observational learning when they are socializing with humans. They are more likely to initiate socialization with humans when their mothers are exhibiting non-aggressive and non-defensive behaviors. Even though mothers spend more time with their kittens, male cats play an important
956:
Observational learning for cats can be described in terms of the drive to complete the behavior, the cue that initiates the behavior, the response to the cue, and the reward for completing the behavior. This is shown when cats learn predatory behavior from their mothers. The drive is hunger, the cue
842:
rubbing the scent glands, by urine and fecal deposits, spraying seems to be the "loudest" feline olfactory communication. It is most frequently observed in intact male cats in competition with other males. Males neutered in adulthood may still spray after neutering. Female cats also sometimes spray.
822:
Cats have nine different scent glands in their body. These are the pinna (outer ear flaps), temporal (on their temples), cheek (on the sides of their face), perioral (on the mouth corners), submandibular (under the jaw), interdigital (between toes), anal (on the sides of the anus), caudal (all along
722:
from the mother during nursing. Kittens "knead" the breast while suckling, using the forelimbs one at a time in an alternating pattern to push against the mammary glands to stimulate lactation. Cats have scent glands on the underside of their paws and when they knead or scratch objects or people, it
608:
Cats often use their tails to communicate. For example, a cat holding its tail vertically generally indicates positive emotions such as happiness or confidence; the vertical tail is often used as a friendly gesture toward people or other cats. Additionally, a cat may twitch its tail when playing. A
507:
Cats use body language and movement to communicate a wide range of feelings and information. There are various responses such as when cats arch their backs, erect their hairs and adopt a sideward posture to communicate fear or aggression. Other visual communication can be a single behavioral change
404:
The growl, spit, and hiss are sounds associated with either offensive or defensive aggression. They are usually accompanied by a postural display intended to have a visual effect on the perceived threat. Cats growl, hiss, and spit as a display of defense against both cats and other species, such as
337:
The chirr or chirrup sounds like a meow rolled on the tongue. It is commonly used by mother cats to call their kittens inside the nest. As such, kittens recognize their own mother's chirp, but they do not respond to the chirps of other mothers. It is also used in a friendly manner by cats when they
158:
Brown et al. categorized the vocal responses of cats based on the behavioral context. These contexts include situations such as the separation of kittens from mother cats, instances of food deprivation, pain responses, occurrences before or during threatening or aggressive behaviors (e.g., disputes
34:
communicate for a variety of reasons, including to show happiness, express anger, solicit attention, and observe potential prey. Additionally, they collaborate, play, and share resources. When cats communicate with humans, they do so to get what they need or want, such as food, water, attention, or
1034:
The first sign of an imminent tomcat duel is when both cats draw themselves up high on their legs, all hair along the middle of their backs is raised straight up, and they mew and howl loudly as they approach one another. The steps the cats make become slower and shorter, as they get closer to one
1030:
Social conflict among cats depends solely on the behavior of the cats. Some research has shown that cats rarely pick fights, but when they do, it is usually for protecting food and/or litters, and defending their territory. Fights can happen between two females or between a male and a female. Cats
940:
Feral kittens around two to seven weeks old can be socialized usually within a month of capture. Some species of cats cannot be socialized because of factors such as genetic influence and in some cases specific learning experiences. The best way to get a kitten to socialize is to handle the kitten
699:
Grooming is extremely important not only to clean themselves but also to control ectoparasites. Fleas tend to be the most common ectoparasite in cats and some studies show indirect evidence that grooming in cats is effective in dislodging fleas from the head and neck. Cats may also use grooming to
170:
Owens et al. categorized cat vocalizations based on their acoustic structures. There are three categories: tonal sounds, pulse sounds, and broadband sounds. Tonal sounds are further categorized into groups of harmonically structured sounds or regular tonal sounds. Pulse vocalizations are separated
936:
There are a number of problematic behaviors that affect the human-cat relationship. One behavior is when cats attack people by scratching and biting. This often occurs spontaneously or could be triggered by sudden movements. Another problematic behavior is the "petting and biting syndrome", which
781:
Gentle biting (often accompanied by purring and kneading) can communicate affection or playfulness, directed at the human owner or another cat. Stronger bites that are often accompanied by hissing or growling usually communicate aggression. When cats mate, the tom bites the scruff of the female's
754:
while kneading, usually taken to indicate contentment and affection. They also purr mostly when newborn, when feeding, or when trying to feed on their mother's teat. The common association between the two behaviors may confirm the evidence in favor of the origin of kneading as a remnant instinct.
612:
When playing, a cat, usually a kitten, may raise the base of its tail high and stiffen all but the tip into a shape like an upside-down "U". This signals great excitement, to the point of hyperactivity. It may also be seen when younger cats chase each other, or when they run around by themselves.
818:
from glands located around the mouth, chin, forehead, cheeks, lower back, tail and paws. Their rubbing and head-bumping behaviors are methods of depositing these scents on substrates, including humans. The cat rubs its cheeks on prominent objects in the preferred territory, depositing a chemical
637:
is a rare occurrence in cats, except in warm weather environments, or after delivery. Some cats may pant in response to anxiety, fear or excitement. It can also be caused by play, exercise, or stress from stimuli, such as car rides. Panting in cat-moms after delivery is normal and not related to
523:– The cat is seen lying on the side or sitting. Its breathing is slow to normal, with legs bent, or hind legs laid out or extended. The tail is loosely wrapped, extended, or held up. It also hangs down loosely when it is standing. When they are calm, they tend to stand relaxed with a still tail.
841:
points backward. Although cats may mark with both sprayed and non-sprayed urine, the spray is usually more thick and oily than normally deposited urine, and may contain additional secretions from anal sacs that help the cat make a stronger communication. While cats mark their territory both by
586:
Cats can change the position of their ears very quickly, and continuously. They are erect when the cat is alert and focused, slightly relaxed when the cat is calm, and flattened against the head when extremely defensive or aggressive. In cats, flattened ears generally indicate that it feels
675:
209:. However, the reason why cats purr is still uncertain. Cats may purr for a variety of reasons, including when they are hungry, happy, or anxious. In some cases, purring is thought to be a sign of contentment and encouragement for further interaction. Purring is believed to indicate a
154:
Moelk used a phonetic alphabet to transcribe or write down the different sounds. She claimed that cats had six different forms of meows to represent friendliness, confidence, dissatisfaction, anger, fear, and pain. Moelk classified eight other sounds involved in mating and fighting.
171:
into pulse bursts and hybrid pulse bursts with tonal endings. Broadband sounds are separated into four groups: non-tonal broadband sounds, broadband sounds with tonal beginnings, broadband sounds with short tonal elements, and broadband sounds with long tonal endings.
937:
involves the cat being petted and then suddenly attacking and running away. Other problems are house soiling, scratching furniture, and bringing dead prey into the house. It is these kinds of behaviors that put a strain on the relationship between cats and people.
553:– The cat is lying on its belly, or it may be sitting; Its back is almost horizontal when standing and moving; Its breathing normal, with its legs bent or extended (when standing); Its tail is curved back or straight upward and may twitch when positioned downward.
695:
or to bond (this grooming is usually done between familiar cats). They also sometimes lick humans, which may indicate affection. Oral grooming for domestic and feral cats is a common behavior. Domestic cats spend about 8% of waking time grooming themselves.
997:
982:
192:
315:
A mew is a high-pitched meow that is often produced by domestic kittens. It is apparently used to solicit attention from their mother, but they are also used by adult cats. By around three to four weeks of age, kittens do not mew when at least one
196:
195:
191:
190:
916:
Cats, domestic or wild, participate in social behaviors, even though it is thought that most cat species (besides lions) are solitary, antisocial animals. These include socialization between humans and other cats, social learning, and conflicts.
197:
113:
251:
Purring is sometimes accompanied by other sounds, though this varies between individual cats. Some may only purr, while others emit low-level outbursts, sometimes called "lurps" or "yowps". It was once believed that only the cats of the
920:
There are 52 measured cat personality traits in cats, with one study showing that five reliable personality factors were found using principal-axis factor-analysis: neuroticism, extroversion, dominance, impulsiveness and agreeableness.
352:
351:
348:
353:
194:
111:
135:
Cat vocalizations have been categorized according to a range of characteristics. In 1944, Mildred Moelk published the first phonetic study of cat sounds and classified the 16 different vocal patterns into three main classes:
108:
320:
is present, and at four to five months of age, kittens stop mewing altogether. Adult cats rarely meow to each other, and so adult meowing to human beings is likely to be a post-domestication extension of mewing by kittens.
114:
107:
112:
109:
110:
115:
678:
683:
681:
677:
676:
213:, but cats sometimes purr when they are ill, tense, or experiencing traumatic or painful moments such as giving birth. It has also been suggested that purring can act as a soothing mechanism and can promote healing.
682:
350:
595:
A direct stare by a cat usually communicates a challenge or threat and is more likely to be seen in high-ranking cats; lower-ranking cats usually withdraw in response. The direct stare is often used during
547:– The cat may walk around in a more comfortable manner with its tail up to the sky. Cats often walk through houses with their tails standing up high above them, making them look grander and more elegant.
324:
Although videos which seemingly show cats speaking in human language are frequently shared on the internet, differences in cats' vocal tract prevent them from vocalising human language exactly. Instead,
312:). The meow can be assertive, plaintive, friendly, bold, welcoming, attention-soliciting, demanding, or complaining. It can even be silent, where the cat opens its mouth but does not produce any sound.
361:
Cats sometimes make excited chirping or chattering noises when observing or stalking prey. These sounds range from quiet clicking sounds to a loud but sustained chirping mixed with an occasional meow.
388:
The call is a loud, rhythmic sound, that is made with the mouth closed. It is primarily associated with female cats soliciting males, and sometimes occurs in males when fighting with each other. A
680:
864:(MMB), the sulfur-containing compound that gives cat urine its characteristically strong odor. Felinine is produced in the urine from 3-methylbutanol-cysteinylglycine (3-MBCG) that is excreted
845:
A cat that urinates outside the litter box may indicate dissatisfaction with the box, due to a variety of factors such as substrate texture, cleanliness, and privacy. It can also be a sign of
1000:
1004:
1003:
999:
998:
2100:
1005:
987:
986:
984:
988:
2542:
329:
explain they are modifying the "meow" vocalisation to mimic certain human words. For example, a cat which frequently hears its owner say "no" may learn to use "mow" in a low tone.
224:
made a purring sound when air was passed through them, meaning that muscle contraction is not required. Instead, the sounds were made possible by connective tissue embedded in the
228:
that lowered the frequency of the sounds they produced. When an animal purrs, its vocal cords vibrate at a low frequency, which creates a distinctive rumbling sound produced with
193:
1002:
985:
1729:
Szenczi, P.; Bánszegi, O.; Urrutia, A.; Faragó, T.; Hudson, R. (2016). "Mother–offspring recognition in the domestic cat: Kittens recognize their own mother's call".
2917:
Casey, Rachel; Bradshaw, John (November 2008). "The effects of additional socialisation for kittens in a rescue centre on their behaviour and suitability as a pet".
349:
174:
Miller classified vocalizations into categories according to the sound produced: the purr, meow, chirrup, chirp, call, and growl/snarl/hiss, and the howl/moan/wail.
819:
pheromone produced in glands in the cheeks. This is known as a contentment pheromone. Synthetic versions of the feline facial pheromone are available commercially.
2490:
1479:
Herbst, Christian T.; Prigge, Tamara; Garcia, Maxime; Hampala, Vit; Hofer, Riccardo; Weissengruber, Gerald E.; Svec, Jan G.; Fitch, W. Tecumseh (November 2023).
417:
are more tonal, while moans are long and slowly modulated. On the other hand, anger wails are combined with growls, while yowls are similar to howls but longer.
167:
greeting calls or murmurs, extended vocal dialogues between cats in separate cages, "frustration" calls during training, or extinction of conditioned responses.
1901:
894:
731:
with alternate paws at intervals of one to two seconds. They may knead while sitting on their owner's lap, which may be painful if the cat has sharp claws.
1353:
600:
or for territorial reasons. In contrast to a direct stare, cats will lower their eyelids or slowly blink them to show trust and affection to their owners.
4005:
1941:
3540:
679:
3520:
3159:
577:– Sometimes combined with a stretch this is another posture of a relaxed cat. Having the mouth open and no teeth exposed indicates playfulness.
1001:
2638:
1463:
1085:
983:
641:
However, if panting is excessive or the cat appears in distress, it may be a symptom of a more serious condition, such as a nasal blockage,
2550:
1639:
Brown, Kenneth A.; Buchwald, Jennifer S.; Johnson, Judith R.; Mikolich, Dennis J. (November 1978). "Vocalization in the cat and kitten".
4148:
2139:
770:
Head-bumping and cheek rubbing may be displays of social dominance as they are often exhibited by a dominant cat toward a subordinate.
4055:
3545:
846:
738:
or juvenile traits that persist in the adults, kneading may be a relic juvenile behavior retained in adult domestic cats. It may also
886:
516:
A cat's posture can be friendly or aggressive, depending on the situation. Some of the most basic and familiar cat postures include:
3560:
3515:
3125:
3087:
2970:
2894:
2835:
2805:
2704:
2604:
2206:
2076:
2048:
1994:
1623:
849:
Male cats on poor diets are susceptible to crystal formation in the urine which can block the urethra and lead to health problems.
2196:
66:, to express emotions like relaxation, fear, and aggression. Cats use several types of tactile behaviors to communicate, such as
150:
sounds produced with the mouth held tensely open in the same position (growls, snarls, hisses, spits, chattering, and chirping).
3589:
2720:
Litchfield, Carla A.; Quinton, Gillian; Tindle, Hayley; Chiera, Belinda; Kikillus, K. Heidy; Roetman, Philip (23 August 2017).
2165:
47:. They rarely meow to communicate with fellow cats or other animals. Cats can socialize with each other and are known to form "
2869:
106:
2628:
2498:
4218:
4045:
4040:
861:
105:
1807:
4110:
3535:
3274:
500:
Two cats lay with each other to conserve body heat, notice how they lay on their stomach and side indicating relaxation
4174:
4060:
4035:
3555:
3423:
3373:
1427:
930:
19:
2092:
796:
3530:
3152:
1905:
1276:
Owens, Jessica L.; Olsen, Mariana; Fontaine, Amy; Kloth, Christopher; Kershenbaum, Arik; Waller, Sara (June 2017).
326:
2656:"A major urinary protein of the domestic cat regulates the production of felinine, a putative pheromone precursor"
4153:
4010:
3428:
764:
3304:
1357:
763:
Cats sometimes "head-bump" humans or other cats with the front part of the head; this action is referred to as "
4120:
4030:
3525:
2520:
338:
are greeted by another cat or a human. Therefore, people can mimic the sound to reassure and greet pet cats.
4169:
4133:
3980:
1955:
1381:"About the voice production mechanism of cat purring – a critical appraisal of Remmers & Gautier, 1972"
4138:
1951:
1019:
950:
430:
164:
59:
773:
Touching noses, sometimes referred to as "sniffing noses", as a sign of affection and to mark territory.
4223:
4179:
4085:
4050:
3550:
3433:
3418:
3145:
3014:
2961:
Crowell-Davis, Sharon L. (2007). "Cat
Behaviour: Social Organization, Communication & Development".
2466:
2230:
1396:
718:. This is instinctive to kittens and adults and is presumably derived from the action used to stimulate
55:
163:
injections), and instances of kitten deprivation. Less common calls from mature cats included purring,
3777:
3672:
3570:
3393:
3032:
Caro, T. M. (1980). "Effects of the Mother, Object Play, and Adult
Experience on Predation in Cats".
2737:
2654:
Miyazaki, M.; Yamashita, T.; Suzuki, Y.; Saito, Y.; Soeta, S.; Taira, H.; Suzuki, A. (October 2006).
1783:
1492:
1044:
267:(tigers, lions, jaguars and leopards) also produce sounds similar to purring but only on the exhale.
217:
1101:
1018:
known as a "tomcat duel" may follow. Dominance is also seen as an underlying factor that depict how
147:
sounds produced when the mouth is first opened and then gradually closed (meowing, howling, yowling)
4143:
4025:
3872:
3657:
3627:
3408:
3358:
1603:
957:
is the prey, the response is to catch the prey, and the reward is to relieve the hunger sensation.
830:
4095:
4000:
3792:
3702:
3617:
3583:
3565:
3286:
2364:
1211:
210:
71:
2797:
2790:
1704:
1612:
617:, which possess only a small stub of a tail, move the stub around as if they have a full tail.
4128:
4075:
3632:
3353:
3241:
3215:
3121:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3049:
3006:
2966:
2890:
2865:
2831:
2801:
2765:
2700:
2677:
2634:
2600:
2399:
2356:
2321:
2202:
2072:
2044:
1990:
1746:
1656:
1619:
1551:
1510:
1459:
1315:
1297:
1258:
1250:
1203:
1164:
1146:
1081:
1054:
783:
483:
233:
51:," where a dominant cat is leading a few lesser cats. This is common in multi-cat households.
2440:
2280:
1453:
3747:
3727:
3707:
3460:
3348:
3041:
2998:
2926:
2755:
2745:
2667:
2391:
2348:
2313:
2143:
2000:
1982:
1861:
1738:
1648:
1581:
1543:
1500:
1384:
1305:
1289:
1242:
1195:
1154:
1138:
634:
317:
292:
4080:
3772:
3497:
3343:
3319:
3279:
1409:
715:
709:
692:
646:
67:
2418:
2741:
2304:
Eckstein, Robert A.; Hart, Benjamin L. (2000). "Grooming and
Control of Fleas in Cats".
2173:
1528:
1496:
458:
4070:
3918:
3887:
3817:
3607:
3450:
2760:
2721:
2064:
2005:
1986:
1547:
1310:
1277:
1159:
1126:
838:
834:
826:
476:
62:. Up to 21 different cat vocalizations have been observed. They use visual signals, or
3045:
2395:
2317:
653:. In many cases, feline panting, especially if accompanied by other symptoms, such as
494:
413:
The howl, moan, and wail sounds are commonly vocalized during threatening situations.
205:
The purr is a continuous, soft, vibrating sound made in the throat by most species of
4212:
4197:
4105:
4090:
3995:
3928:
3877:
3847:
3827:
3722:
3612:
3490:
3259:
2037:
1946:
1890:. Lund, Sweden: Centre for Languages and Literature, Lund University. pp. 85–90.
1765:
1049:
876:
815:
800:
393:
97:
63:
48:
40:
24:
2368:
1766:"A phonetic pilot study of chirp, chatter, tweet and tweedle in three domestic cats"
436:
A cat hissing and arching its back to make itself appear larger to ward off a threat
3923:
3852:
3842:
3822:
3767:
3732:
3697:
3622:
3507:
3440:
3383:
3296:
3204:
3189:
3002:
2930:
2672:
2655:
2255:
1836:
1613:
1st Intl. Workshop on Vocal interactivity in-and-between Humans, Animals and Robots
973:
833:. Cats urinate by squatting onto a horizontal surface, while standing up. Unlike a
414:
160:
1886:
Schötz, S. (June 2015). "Agonistic vocalisations in domestic cats: A case study".
1125:
Tavernier, Chloé; Ahmed, Sohail; Houpt, Katherine Albro; Yeon, Seong Chan (2020).
714:
Cats sometimes repeatedly tread their front paws on humans or soft objects with a
3018:
2750:
2594:
2572:
1930:. Animal Welfare Research Report No 8. UFAW, UK Cat Behavior Working Group. 1995.
1380:
1075:
104:
3990:
3892:
3837:
3832:
3797:
3787:
3692:
3677:
3647:
3485:
3470:
3398:
3388:
3264:
3221:
3184:
2352:
2339:
Schwartz, Stefanie (June 2003). "Separation anxiety syndrome in dogs and cats".
1229:
Brown, K. A.; Buchwald, J. S.; Johnson, J. R.; Mikolich, D. J. (November 1978).
1031:
may need to be reintroduced or separated to avoid fights in a closed household.
625:
237:
225:
3118:
Cat
Behaviour: The Predatory & Social Behaviour of Domestic & Wild Cats
1678:
1585:
1572:
Bradshaw, John W.S. (January 2016). "Sociality in cats: A comparative review".
4065:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3908:
3862:
3857:
3757:
3737:
3717:
3712:
3682:
3642:
3475:
3363:
3251:
3231:
3176:
2115:
1505:
1480:
853:
743:
724:
614:
465:
281:
127:
1555:
1301:
1254:
1207:
1150:
3807:
3802:
3687:
3667:
3662:
3445:
3236:
3226:
3194:
2382:
McPherson, F.J; Chenoweth, P.J (April 2012). "Mammalian sexual dimorphism".
1481:"Domestic cat larynges can produce purring frequencies without neural input"
1142:
865:
739:
719:
642:
597:
486:
has erect hairs on her tail and back. This indicates excitement or curiosity
369:
44:
3010:
2769:
2681:
2403:
2360:
2325:
1977:
Little, Susan E. (2011). "Female
Reproduction". In Little, Susan E. (ed.).
1750:
1514:
1319:
1168:
638:
temperature, female cats may pant for several days up to weeks postpartum.
468:; the Cyprus cat is arched with erect hair to appear larger and threatening
444:
3053:
1652:
1246:
1230:
4020:
4015:
3942:
3867:
3762:
3652:
3480:
3413:
3403:
3269:
3209:
1660:
1388:
1278:"Visual classification of feral cat Felis silvestris catus vocalizations"
1262:
857:
450:
Surprised cats have enlarged pupils and erect ears held slightly backward
289:
The most familiar sounds of adult cats are "meow" or "miaow" (pronounced
263:
229:
159:
over territory or food), episodes of acute stress or pain (e.g., routine
1602:
Schötz, Susanne; van de Weijer, Joost; Eklund, Robert (25 August 2017).
1293:
54:
Cats can use a range of communication methods, including vocal, visual,
3970:
3913:
3812:
1215:
1183:
735:
661:), is considered to be abnormal and is treated as a medical emergency.
658:
245:
206:
1742:
3965:
3882:
3782:
3637:
3455:
3314:
3199:
2864:. Wallingford, Oxfordshire: CAB International. pp. 78, 198–200.
1679:"People Are Seriously Convinced That Their Cats Are Speaking English"
992:
A conflict situation of one tomcat meeting another, making loud calls
868:
650:
377:
241:
221:
70:
or biting each other. They also use olfactory communication, such as
1199:
727:
are transferred to the person or object being kneaded or scratched.
43:. Studies have shown that domestic cats tend to meow much more than
1009:
Domestic cats fighting shortly after being introduced to each other
3752:
3742:
2699:. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 49–59.
1815:
995:
980:
972:
872:
811:
807:
795:
747:
673:
654:
624:
345:
280:
257:
253:
248:
rapidly, causing air vibrations during inhalation and exhalation.
187:
18:
4100:
3336:
3331:
3137:
751:
373:
276:
183:
141:
3141:
2989:
Alder, H. E. (1955). "Some
Factors of Observational Learning".
2722:"The 'Feline Five': An exploration of personality in pet cats (
587:
threatened and may attack used as a defense or attack posture.
3465:
3168:
1705:"Can Cats Speak English? - Cats That Mimic The Human Language"
1452:
Turner, Dennis C.; Bateson, Paul
Patrick Gordon (2000-06-08).
1356:. Association of Animal Behavior Professionals. Archived from
1184:"Vocalizing in the House-Cat; A Phonetic and Functional Study"
1074:
Turner, Dennis C.; Bateson, Paul
Patrick Gordon (2000-06-08).
929:
Cats between the age of three and nine weeks are sensitive to
31:
2599:(2nd ed.). University Press, Cambridge. pp. 69–70.
786:
position which communicates that she is receptive to mating.
304:
236:
studies, is that cats produce the purring noise by using the
1379:
Herbst, Christian T.; Svec, Jan G.; Fitch, Tecumseh (2023).
875:
into the more-volatile chemical MMB. Felinine is a possible
86:
3120:. New York: Garland Publishing. pp. 164–216, 227–231.
298:
2885:
Heath, Sarah E. (2007). "Behaviour
Problems and Welfare".
2826:
2024:. Wallingford, Oxfordshire: CAB International. p. 58.
1902:"Test to determine how well you know feline body language"
2101:
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
852:
The urine of mature male cats in particular contains the
2697:
Free-ranging Cats: Behaviour, Ecology & Management
2341:
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
2116:"Cat Slow Blinking: Why Your Cat Blinks Slowly at You"
1928:
An Ethogram for Behavioral Studies of the Domestic Cat
1605:
Phonetic Characteristics of Domestic Cat Vocalisations
1533:
Anatomy by Dyce, K.M., Sack, W.O. and Wensing, C.J.G."
2543:"Cat Pheromones – Synthetic Feline Facial Pheromones"
2830:. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp. 47–89.
1888:
Proceedings from Fonetik 2015: Lund, June 8–10, 2015
4162:
4119:
3979:
3941:
3901:
3598:
3579:
3506:
3372:
3295:
3250:
3175:
1981:. Saint Louis: W. B. Saunders. pp. 1195–1227.
301:
295:
3071:
2789:
2593:Turner, Dennis C.; Bateman, Patrick, eds. (2000).
2036:
742:the cat and make it feel good, similar to a human
734:Since most of the preferred "domestic traits" are
140:sounds produced with the mouth closed (murmurs –
1106:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
823:tail), and supra-caudal (at the base of tail).
2792:The Domestic Cat: The Biology of Its Behaviour
1455:The Domestic Cat: The Biology of Its Behaviour
1077:The Domestic Cat: The Biology of Its Behaviour
961:role by breaking up fights among littermates.
3153:
2627:Sunquist, Mel; Sunquist, Fiona (2017-05-15).
220:researching cat vocalizations found that the
8:
2788:Turner, Dennis C.; Bateson, Patrick (1988).
2523:. VetWest Animal Hospitals. 2 February 2008
2281:"Why Does My Cat Lick Me? 7 Common Reasons"
1567:
1565:
39:methods have been significantly altered by
3595:
3160:
3146:
3138:
2521:"Communication – How do cats communicate?"
1428:"The complicated truth about a cat's purr"
1102:"How do cats communicate with each other?"
368:argues that chattering and chirping mimic
3078:. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp.
2759:
2749:
2671:
2004:
1979:The Cat: Clinical Medicine and Management
1672:
1670:
1597:
1595:
1504:
1309:
1158:
3074:The Cat: History, Biology, and Behaviour
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2889:. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 91–107.
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
871:. It then slowly degrades via bacterial
244:to alternately dilate and constrict the
2796:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
2467:"Cat Nose Tap: Why Do Cats Touch Noses"
2172:. www.best-cat-tips.com. Archived from
1066:
23:A primary form of cat communication is
3521:Associazione Nazionale Felina Italiana
3111:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3065:
3063:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2198:Common Sense Book of Complete Cat Care
1405:
1394:
125:
16:Feline means of exchanging information
2984:
2982:
2783:
2781:
2779:
1703:Laurent, Anaëlle (December 8, 2020).
1677:Rennex, Michelle (12 February 2020).
1421:
1419:
806:Cats communicate through scent using
7:
2965:. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.
2201:. Quill/William Morrow. p. 66.
1231:"Vocalization in the cat and kitten"
380:. It is used as a hunting strategy.
2417:Johnson-Bennett, Pam (3 May 2012).
746:. Kneading is often a precursor to
27:, such as the position of the ears.
3546:Governing Council of the Cat Fancy
1987:10.1016/b978-1-4377-0660-4.00040-5
1548:10.1111/j.2042-3306.1988.tb01554.x
1188:The American Journal of Psychology
14:
4006:Congenital sensorineural deafness
3561:The International Cat Association
3516:American Cat Fanciers Association
2991:The Journal of Genetic Psychology
2862:The Behaviour of the Domestic Cat
2396:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2012.02.007
700:scratch itchy areas of the body.
4193:
4192:
3541:Fédération Internationale Féline
2919:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
2465:McGonagle, Joanne (2024-01-12).
2306:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
2231:"Panting in Cats: Is It Normal?"
2120:Veterinary Healthcare Associates
893:
885:
493:
475:
457:
443:
429:
291:
126:Problems playing this file? See
102:
2633:. University of Chicago Press.
2043:. Barron's Educational Series.
1784:"Why Do Cats Chatter at Birds?"
232:. One hypothesis, supported by
3003:10.1080/00221325.1955.10532903
2931:10.1016/j.applanim.2008.01.003
2673:10.1016/j.chembiol.2006.08.013
2549:. 20 June 2018. Archived from
2140:"Cat articles on Iams website"
1862:"Stages of Kitten Development"
1574:Journal of Veterinary Behavior
1458:. Cambridge University Press.
1080:. Cambridge University Press.
691:Cats often lick other cats as
1:
3092:– via Internet Archive.
3046:10.1016/S0163-1047(80)92456-5
3034:Behavioral and Neural Biology
2860:Bradshaw, John W. S. (1992).
2810:– via Internet Archive.
2318:10.1016/s0168-1591(00)00095-2
2053:– via Internet Archive.
1131:Journal of Veterinary Science
862:3-mercapto-3-methylbutan-1-ol
2751:10.1371/journal.pone.0183455
2022:Feline Behaviour and Welfare
1127:"Feline vocal communication"
261:could purr. Now people know
4175:List of longest-living cats
4056:Lower urinary tract disease
4036:Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
3556:Southern Africa Cat Council
2384:Animal Reproduction Science
2353:10.2460/javma.2003.222.1526
2039:Communicating with Your Cat
1731:Developmental Psychobiology
1641:Developmental Psychobiology
1235:Developmental Psychobiology
285:A cat meowing for attention
4242:
3531:Cat Aficionado Association
1586:10.1016/j.jveb.2015.09.004
1542:(5): 387. September 1988.
1022:interact with each other.
707:
274:
240:and/or the muscles of the
181:
4188:
4011:Feline corneal sequestrum
3536:Cat Fanciers' Association
2035:Helgren, J. Anne (1999).
1536:Equine Veterinary Journal
1506:10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.014
464:A Tabby cat hissing at a
357:A cat chattering at birds
3526:Canadian Cat Association
3116:Leyhausen, Paul (1979).
2695:Spotte, Stephen (2014).
2573:"Scent Glands on Cats |"
860:which is a precursor to
327:animal behaviour experts
211:positive emotional state
4170:List of individual cats
3070:Beadle, Muriel (1977).
2660:Chemistry & Biology
2256:"Cat Panting Explained"
2195:Vine, Louis L. (1992).
2020:Fraser, Andrew (2012).
1812:Virtual Pet Behaviorist
1182:Moelk, Mildred (1944).
1143:10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e18
847:urinary tract problems.
790:Olfactory communication
72:marking their territory
60:olfactory communication
4046:Infectious peritonitis
4041:Immunodeficiency virus
2630:Wild Cats of the World
2166:"Common Cat Behaviors"
2071:. Three Rivers Press.
1952:Warner Bros. Discovery
1531:Textbook of Veterinary
1404:Cite journal requires
1010:
993:
978:
951:observational learners
803:
782:neck as she assumes a
688:
657:or shallow breathing (
630:
358:
286:
202:
201:Video of a cat purring
91:
28:
4111:Viral rhinotracheitis
4086:Tritrichomonas foetus
3551:New Zealand Cat Fancy
3419:Cats in ancient Egypt
2114:JacobP (2023-06-28).
1808:"Meowing and Yowling"
1653:10.1002/dev.420110605
1247:10.1002/dev.420110605
1008:
991:
976:
799:
686:
665:Tactile communication
628:
356:
284:
200:
90:
22:
4219:Animal communication
3673:Colorpoint Shorthair
3571:World Cat Federation
3305:Cat–dog relationship
2491:"Play Therapy Pt. 2"
2260:The Cat Health Guide
2093:"Aggression in Cats"
1491:(21): 4727–4732.e4.
1389:10.25365/phaidra.420
1045:Animal communication
421:Visual communication
409:Howl, moan, and wail
392:is the cry of a cat
218:University of Vienna
216:Scientists from the
3873:Traditional Persian
3658:California Spangled
3628:Brazilian Shorthair
3424:Cultural depictions
3409:Cat-scratch disease
2963:The Welfare of Cats
2887:The Welfare of Cats
2828:The Welfare of Cats
2742:2017PLoSO..1283455L
2441:"Cat Behavior Tips"
2146:on 25 February 2010
1958:on 21 November 2011
1764:Schötz, S. (2013).
1497:2023CBio...33E4727H
1352:Miller, P. (2000).
931:human socialization
831:territorial marking
814:, and chemicals or
687:Cat grooming itself
78:Vocal communication
3793:Oriental Shorthair
3703:European Shorthair
3618:American Shorthair
3566:World Cat Congress
2495:Cats International
2419:"Bunting Behavior"
1942:"Reading Your Cat"
1426:Dowling, Stephen.
1360:on 5 November 2013
1354:"Whisker whispers"
1011:
994:
979:
804:
689:
631:
359:
287:
203:
92:
29:
4206:
4205:
4031:Hepatic lipidosis
3937:
3936:
3633:British Shorthair
3242:Tortoiseshell cat
2640:978-0-226-51823-7
2471:The Tiniest Tiger
1743:10.1002/dev.21402
1465:978-0-521-63648-3
1294:10.1093/cz/zox013
1087:978-0-521-63648-3
1055:Dog communication
1006:
989:
977:Two cats fighting
909:
908:
684:
563:Anxious/ovulating
484:tortoiseshell cat
400:Growl, spit, hiss
354:
234:electromyographic
198:
116:
37:cat communication
4231:
4196:
4195:
4180:Cats in folklore
3778:Norwegian Forest
3748:Kurilian Bobtail
3728:Japanese Bobtail
3708:Exotic Shorthair
3596:
3461:National Cat Day
3218:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3139:
3132:
3131:
3113:
3094:
3093:
3077:
3067:
3058:
3057:
3029:
3023:
3022:
2986:
2977:
2976:
2958:
2935:
2934:
2925:(1–2): 196–205.
2914:
2901:
2900:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2857:
2842:
2841:
2823:
2812:
2811:
2798:112–113, 159–168
2795:
2785:
2774:
2773:
2763:
2753:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2675:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2596:The Domestic Cat
2590:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2501:on 19 April 2007
2497:. Archived from
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2390:(3–4): 109–122.
2379:
2373:
2372:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2229:Spielman, Bari.
2226:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2142:. Archived from
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2042:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1954:. Archived from
1938:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1904:. Archived from
1898:
1892:
1891:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1866:Alley Cat Rescue
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1674:
1665:
1664:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1618:. pp. 5–6.
1617:
1610:
1599:
1590:
1589:
1569:
1560:
1559:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1508:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1423:
1414:
1413:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1392:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1349:
1324:
1323:
1313:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1162:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1071:
1007:
990:
897:
889:
882:
881:
750:, and many cats
723:is likely these
685:
497:
479:
461:
447:
433:
364:An article from
355:
311:
310:
307:
306:
303:
300:
297:
199:
118:
117:
89:
4241:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4184:
4158:
4121:Cats by country
4115:
3982:
3975:
3933:
3897:
3773:Neva Masquerade
3600:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3502:
3375:
3368:
3359:Righting reflex
3291:
3246:
3214:
3171:
3166:
3136:
3135:
3128:
3115:
3114:
3097:
3090:
3069:
3068:
3061:
3031:
3030:
3026:
2988:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2960:
2959:
2938:
2916:
2915:
2904:
2897:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2859:
2858:
2845:
2838:
2825:
2824:
2815:
2808:
2787:
2786:
2777:
2736:(8): e0183455.
2719:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2554:
2553:on 20 June 2018
2541:
2540:
2536:
2526:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2504:
2502:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2475:
2473:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2449:
2447:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2423:
2421:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2347:(11): 1526–32.
2338:
2337:
2333:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2289:
2287:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2262:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2239:
2237:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2179:
2177:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2149:
2147:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2124:
2122:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2065:Morris, Desmond
2063:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2018:
2014:
1997:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1959:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1908:on 20 June 2018
1900:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1868:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1820:
1818:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1792:
1790:
1788:The Spruce Pets
1782:
1781:
1777:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1709:animalwised.com
1702:
1701:
1697:
1687:
1685:
1676:
1675:
1668:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1600:
1593:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1485:Current Biology
1478:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1436:
1434:
1425:
1424:
1417:
1403:
1393:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1363:
1361:
1351:
1350:
1327:
1282:Current Zoology
1275:
1274:
1270:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1200:10.2307/1416947
1181:
1180:
1176:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1110:
1108:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1041:
1028:
996:
981:
971:
947:
945:Social learning
927:
914:
792:
779:
761:
716:kneading action
712:
710:Kneading (cats)
706:
693:social grooming
674:
672:
667:
623:
606:
593:
584:
514:
505:
504:
503:
502:
501:
498:
489:
488:
487:
480:
471:
470:
469:
462:
453:
452:
451:
448:
439:
438:
437:
434:
423:
411:
402:
386:
366:The Spruce Pets
346:
344:
335:
294:
290:
279:
273:
188:
186:
180:
133:
132:
124:
122:
121:
120:
119:
103:
100:
93:
87:
80:
35:play. As such,
17:
12:
11:
5:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4211:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4149:United Kingdom
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4125:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4096:Skin disorders
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4051:Leukemia virus
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3987:
3985:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3947:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3888:Turkish Angora
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3668:Chinese Li Hua
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3604:
3602:
3593:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3512:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3451:Cats and Islam
3448:
3443:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3312:
3307:
3301:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3267:
3262:
3256:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3181:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3142:
3134:
3133:
3126:
3095:
3088:
3059:
3024:
2997:(1): 159–177.
2978:
2971:
2936:
2902:
2895:
2877:
2870:
2843:
2836:
2813:
2806:
2775:
2712:
2705:
2687:
2666:(10): 1071–9.
2646:
2639:
2619:
2605:
2585:
2564:
2534:
2512:
2482:
2457:
2431:
2409:
2374:
2331:
2312:(2): 141–150.
2296:
2272:
2247:
2221:
2207:
2187:
2157:
2131:
2106:
2084:
2077:
2056:
2049:
2027:
2012:
1995:
1969:
1933:
1919:
1893:
1878:
1853:
1841:Dictionary.com
1828:
1799:
1775:
1756:
1737:(5): 568–577.
1721:
1695:
1666:
1647:(6): 559–570.
1631:
1624:
1591:
1561:
1520:
1471:
1464:
1444:
1415:
1406:|journal=
1371:
1325:
1288:(3): 331–339.
1268:
1241:(6): 559–570.
1221:
1194:(2): 184–205.
1174:
1117:
1093:
1086:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1040:
1037:
1027:
1024:
970:
967:
946:
943:
926:
923:
913:
910:
907:
906:
903:
899:
898:
890:
827:Urine spraying
791:
788:
778:
775:
760:
757:
708:Main article:
705:
702:
671:
668:
666:
663:
645:disease, head
622:
619:
605:
602:
592:
589:
583:
580:
579:
578:
572:
566:
560:
554:
548:
542:
536:
530:
524:
513:
510:
499:
492:
491:
490:
481:
474:
473:
472:
463:
456:
455:
454:
449:
442:
441:
440:
435:
428:
427:
426:
425:
424:
422:
419:
410:
407:
401:
398:
385:
382:
343:
340:
334:
331:
275:Main article:
272:
269:
182:Main article:
179:
176:
152:
151:
148:
145:
123:
101:
96:
95:
94:
85:
84:
83:
79:
76:
49:social ladders
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4237:
4236:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4199:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4154:United States
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4106:Toxoplasmosis
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4061:Panleukopenia
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3978:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3828:Scottish Fold
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3613:American Curl
3611:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3585:
3578:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3354:Play and toys
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3327:Communication
3325:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3275:dental health
3273:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3216:Coat genetics
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3169:Domestic cats
3163:
3158:
3156:
3151:
3149:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3129:
3127:9780824070175
3123:
3119:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3089:9780671224516
3085:
3081:
3076:
3075:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3028:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2972:9781402032271
2968:
2964:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2896:9781402032271
2892:
2888:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2863:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2837:9781402032271
2833:
2829:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2807:9780521354479
2803:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2716:
2713:
2708:
2706:9781118884010
2702:
2698:
2691:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2623:
2620:
2608:
2606:9780521636483
2602:
2598:
2597:
2589:
2586:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2458:
2446:
2442:
2439:White, Mary.
2435:
2432:
2420:
2413:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2297:
2286:
2285:www.petmd.com
2282:
2276:
2273:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2222:
2210:
2208:9780688116187
2204:
2200:
2199:
2191:
2188:
2176:on 3 May 2012
2175:
2171:
2170:Best Cat Tips
2167:
2161:
2158:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2078:9780517880531
2074:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2050:9780764108556
2046:
2041:
2040:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2016:
2013:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1996:9781437706604
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1947:Animal Planet
1943:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1882:
1879:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1800:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1722:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1696:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1632:
1627:
1625:9782956202905
1621:
1614:
1607:
1606:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1472:
1467:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1448:
1445:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1372:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1118:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1089:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1070:
1067:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1050:Cat pheromone
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1015:
975:
968:
966:
962:
958:
954:
952:
944:
942:
938:
934:
932:
924:
922:
918:
912:Socialization
911:
904:
901:
900:
896:
891:
888:
884:
883:
880:
878:
877:cat pheromone
874:
870:
867:
863:
859:
855:
850:
848:
843:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
817:
813:
809:
802:
801:Scent rubbing
798:
794:
789:
787:
785:
776:
774:
771:
768:
766:
758:
756:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
732:
728:
726:
721:
720:milk let-down
717:
711:
703:
701:
697:
694:
669:
664:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
639:
636:
633:Unlike dogs,
629:A cat panting
627:
620:
618:
616:
610:
603:
601:
599:
590:
588:
581:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
518:
517:
512:Body language
511:
509:
496:
485:
478:
467:
460:
446:
432:
420:
418:
416:
408:
406:
399:
397:
395:
391:
383:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
362:
341:
339:
332:
330:
328:
322:
319:
313:
309:
283:
278:
270:
268:
266:
265:
260:
259:
255:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
214:
212:
208:
185:
177:
175:
172:
168:
166:
162:
156:
149:
146:
143:
139:
138:
137:
131:
129:
99:
98:A cat meowing
82:
77:
75:
73:
69:
65:
64:body language
61:
57:
52:
50:
46:
42:
41:domestication
38:
33:
26:
25:body language
21:
4224:Cat behavior
3981:Diseases and
3823:Russian Blue
3698:Egyptian Mau
3590:experimental
3441:Dog-like cat
3384:Ailurophobia
3349:Intelligence
3326:
3309:
3205:Odd-eyed cat
3117:
3073:
3040:(1): 29–51.
3037:
3033:
3027:
2994:
2990:
2962:
2922:
2918:
2886:
2880:
2861:
2827:
2791:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2715:
2696:
2690:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2629:
2622:
2610:. Retrieved
2595:
2588:
2576:. Retrieved
2567:
2555:. Retrieved
2551:the original
2546:
2537:
2525:. Retrieved
2515:
2503:. Retrieved
2499:the original
2494:
2485:
2474:. Retrieved
2470:
2460:
2448:. Retrieved
2444:
2434:
2422:. Retrieved
2412:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2288:. Retrieved
2284:
2275:
2263:. Retrieved
2259:
2250:
2238:. Retrieved
2235:PetPlace.com
2234:
2224:
2212:. Retrieved
2197:
2190:
2178:. Retrieved
2174:the original
2169:
2160:
2148:. Retrieved
2144:the original
2134:
2123:. Retrieved
2119:
2109:
2096:
2087:
2068:
2059:
2038:
2030:
2021:
2015:
1978:
1972:
1960:. Retrieved
1956:the original
1945:
1936:
1927:
1922:
1912:12 September
1910:. Retrieved
1906:the original
1896:
1887:
1881:
1871:23 September
1869:. Retrieved
1865:
1856:
1844:. Retrieved
1840:
1831:
1819:. Retrieved
1811:
1802:
1791:. Retrieved
1787:
1778:
1769:
1759:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1712:. Retrieved
1708:
1698:
1686:. Retrieved
1682:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1604:
1577:
1573:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1523:
1488:
1484:
1474:
1454:
1447:
1435:. Retrieved
1431:
1397:cite journal
1374:
1362:. Retrieved
1358:the original
1285:
1281:
1271:
1238:
1234:
1224:
1191:
1187:
1177:
1134:
1130:
1120:
1109:. Retrieved
1105:
1096:
1076:
1069:
1033:
1029:
1020:conspecifics
1016:
1012:
963:
959:
955:
948:
939:
935:
928:
919:
915:
851:
844:
825:
821:
805:
793:
780:
772:
769:
762:
733:
729:
713:
698:
690:
640:
632:
611:
607:
594:
585:
574:
568:
562:
556:
550:
544:
538:
532:
526:
520:
515:
506:
412:
403:
389:
387:
365:
363:
360:
336:
323:
314:
288:
262:
256:
250:
215:
204:
173:
169:
161:prophylactic
157:
153:
134:
81:
53:
36:
30:
4144:New Zealand
4071:Polydactyly
4001:Calicivirus
3893:Turkish Van
3833:Selkirk Rex
3788:Ojos Azules
3678:Cornish Rex
3486:Library cat
3471:Working cat
3399:Cat massage
3394:Cat killers
3376:interaction
3287:Vaccination
3222:Bicolor cat
2724:Felis catus
2578:28 December
2557:11 November
2150:30 November
2069:Catwatching
1962:22 December
1837:"caterwaul"
1580:: 113–124.
839:cat's penis
835:dog's penis
238:vocal folds
226:vocal folds
165:conspecific
144:, trilling)
74:via urine.
4213:Categories
4066:Giardiasis
3919:Highlander
3818:Ragamuffin
3758:Maine Coon
3738:Khao Manee
3718:German Rex
3608:Abyssinian
3508:Registries
3491:Ship's cat
3476:Bodega cat
3232:Calico cat
3177:Felinology
3019:1297110751
2871:085198715X
2527:5 November
2476:2024-03-18
2290:2024-03-18
2125:2024-03-18
1793:2024-03-18
1714:5 November
1688:5 November
1364:5 November
1137:(1): e18.
1111:2024-03-05
1061:References
854:amino acid
829:is also a
816:pheromones
744:stretching
725:pheromones
649:, or drug
569:Stretching
539:Aggressive
466:Cyprus cat
318:littermate
128:media help
45:feral cats
4129:Australia
4091:Roundworm
4026:Heartworm
3983:disorders
3943:Landraces
3929:Serengeti
3878:Tonkinese
3848:Singapura
3808:Pixie-bob
3803:Peterbald
3723:Himalayan
3688:Devon Rex
3663:Chartreux
3584:full list
3446:Feral cat
3429:fictional
3389:Cat cafés
3374:Human–cat
3265:Declawing
3237:Tabby cat
3227:Black cat
3195:Dwarf cat
2547:PetMD.com
2240:7 January
2097:ASPCA.org
1556:0425-1644
1302:1674-5507
1255:0012-1630
1208:0002-9556
1151:1229-845X
969:Dominance
949:Cats are
866:peptidase
856:known as
740:stimulate
736:neotenous
651:poisoning
643:heartworm
598:predation
545:Confident
533:Terrified
390:caterwaul
230:harmonics
4198:Category
4081:Ringworm
4021:Coccidia
3924:Savannah
3853:Snowshoe
3843:Siberian
3768:Munchkin
3733:Javanese
3653:Burmilla
3623:Balinese
3601:domestic
3498:Zoonosis
3481:Farm cat
3434:Internet
3414:Cat show
3404:Cat meat
3344:Kneading
3320:valerian
3310:Catfight
3297:Behavior
3210:Squitten
3190:Genetics
3015:ProQuest
3011:14354164
2770:28832622
2730:PLOS ONE
2682:17052611
2445:LifeTips
2424:30 March
2404:22482798
2369:37324864
2361:12784957
2326:10771322
2067:(1986).
1772:: 65–68.
1751:26935009
1515:37794583
1437:3 August
1320:29491992
1169:32017479
1039:See also
1026:Conflict
902:Felinine
858:felinine
784:lordosis
748:sleeping
704:Kneading
670:Grooming
655:coughing
372:such as
264:Panthera
222:larynxes
68:grooming
4163:Related
3914:Chausie
3838:Siamese
3813:Ragdoll
3798:Persian
3693:Donskoy
3648:Burmese
3466:Pet cat
3185:Anatomy
3080:100–111
3054:7387584
2761:5568325
2738:Bibcode
2006:7158189
1770:Fonetik
1493:Bibcode
1311:5804184
1216:1416947
1160:7000907
765:bunting
759:Bunting
659:dyspnea
635:panting
621:Panting
575:Yawning
527:Fearful
521:Relaxed
394:in heat
378:rodents
333:Chirrup
246:glottis
207:felines
142:purring
56:tactile
4134:Canada
4076:Rabies
3996:Asthma
3966:Sokoke
3961:Kellas
3956:Cyprus
3951:Aegean
3909:Bengal
3902:Hybrid
3883:Toyger
3863:Sphynx
3858:Somali
3783:Ocicat
3713:Foldex
3683:Cymric
3643:Bombay
3638:Birman
3580:Breeds
3456:Lolcat
3364:Senses
3315:Catnip
3280:senior
3252:Health
3200:Kitten
3124:
3086:
3052:
3017:
3009:
2969:
2893:
2868:
2834:
2804:
2768:
2758:
2703:
2680:
2637:
2612:28 May
2603:
2505:22 May
2450:28 May
2402:
2367:
2359:
2324:
2265:2 July
2214:31 May
2205:
2180:28 May
2075:
2047:
2003:
1993:
1846:28 May
1821:28 May
1749:
1683:Junkee
1661:720761
1659:
1622:
1554:
1513:
1462:
1318:
1308:
1300:
1263:720761
1261:
1253:
1214:
1206:
1167:
1157:
1149:
1084:
965:task.
925:Humans
869:cauxin
777:Biting
647:trauma
242:larynx
4139:Japan
3753:Lykoi
3743:Korat
3599:Fully
3260:Aging
2365:S2CID
1816:ASPCA
1616:(PDF)
1609:(PDF)
1212:JSTOR
873:lyase
812:feces
808:urine
557:Tense
551:Alert
482:This
415:Howls
374:birds
342:Chirp
258:Felis
254:genus
4101:Tick
4016:Flea
3991:Acne
3868:Thai
3763:Manx
3337:Purr
3332:Meow
3270:Diet
3122:ISBN
3084:ISBN
3050:PMID
3007:PMID
2967:ISBN
2891:ISBN
2866:ISBN
2832:ISBN
2802:ISBN
2766:PMID
2701:ISBN
2678:PMID
2635:ISBN
2614:2012
2601:ISBN
2580:2019
2559:2019
2529:2013
2507:2007
2452:2012
2426:2015
2400:PMID
2357:PMID
2322:PMID
2267:2011
2242:2010
2216:2021
2203:ISBN
2182:2012
2152:2009
2073:ISBN
2045:ISBN
1991:ISBN
1964:2011
1914:2016
1873:2021
1848:2012
1823:2012
1747:PMID
1716:2022
1690:2022
1657:PMID
1620:ISBN
1552:ISSN
1511:PMID
1460:ISBN
1439:2024
1410:help
1366:2013
1316:PMID
1298:ISSN
1259:PMID
1251:ISSN
1204:ISSN
1165:PMID
1147:ISSN
1082:ISBN
905:MMB
837:, a
752:purr
615:Manx
604:Tail
591:Eyes
582:Ears
384:Call
376:and
370:prey
277:Meow
271:Meow
184:Purr
178:Purr
58:and
32:Cats
3971:Van
3042:doi
2999:doi
2927:doi
2923:114
2756:PMC
2746:doi
2668:doi
2392:doi
2388:131
2349:doi
2345:222
2314:doi
2001:PMC
1983:doi
1739:doi
1649:doi
1582:doi
1544:doi
1501:doi
1432:BBC
1385:doi
1306:PMC
1290:doi
1243:doi
1196:doi
1155:PMC
1139:doi
4215::
3098:^
3082:.
3062:^
3048:.
3038:29
3036:.
3013:.
3005:.
2995:86
2993:.
2981:^
2939:^
2921:.
2905:^
2846:^
2816:^
2800:.
2778:^
2764:.
2754:.
2744:.
2734:12
2732:.
2728:.
2726:)"
2676:.
2664:13
2662:.
2658:.
2545:.
2493:.
2469:.
2443:.
2398:.
2386:.
2363:.
2355:.
2343:.
2320:.
2310:68
2308:.
2283:.
2258:.
2233:.
2168:.
2118:.
2099:.
2095:.
1999:.
1989:.
1950:.
1944:.
1864:.
1839:.
1814:.
1810:.
1786:.
1768:.
1745:.
1735:58
1733:.
1707:.
1681:.
1669:^
1655:.
1645:11
1643:.
1611:.
1594:^
1578:11
1576:.
1564:^
1550:.
1540:20
1538:.
1509:.
1499:.
1489:33
1487:.
1483:.
1430:.
1418:^
1401::
1399:}}
1395:{{
1383:.
1328:^
1314:.
1304:.
1296:.
1286:63
1284:.
1280:.
1257:.
1249:.
1239:11
1237:.
1233:.
1210:.
1202:.
1192:57
1190:.
1186:.
1163:.
1153:.
1145:.
1135:21
1133:.
1129:.
1104:.
892:→
879:.
810:,
396:.
305:aʊ
3592:)
3588:(
3586:)
3582:(
3161:e
3154:t
3147:v
3130:.
3056:.
3044::
3021:.
3001::
2975:.
2933:.
2929::
2899:.
2874:.
2840:.
2772:.
2748::
2740::
2709:.
2684:.
2670::
2643:.
2616:.
2582:.
2561:.
2531:.
2509:.
2479:.
2454:.
2428:.
2406:.
2394::
2371:.
2351::
2328:.
2316::
2293:.
2269:.
2244:.
2218:.
2184:.
2154:.
2128:.
2103:.
2081:.
2009:.
1985::
1966:.
1916:.
1875:.
1850:.
1825:.
1796:.
1753:.
1741::
1718:.
1692:.
1663:.
1651::
1628:.
1588:.
1584::
1558:.
1546::
1529:"
1517:.
1503::
1495::
1468:.
1441:.
1412:)
1408:(
1391:.
1387::
1368:.
1322:.
1292::
1265:.
1245::
1218:.
1198::
1171:.
1141::
1114:.
1090:.
308:/
302:ˈ
299:i
296:m
293:/
130:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
