40:
55:
1673:
520:(HFT) is a variation, using identical equipment, but with differing rules. The distances FT and HFT competitions are shot at range between 7.3 and 41.1 metres (24 and 135 ft) for HFT & 7.3 and 50.29 metres (24.0 and 165.0 ft) for FT, with varying sizes of "reducers" being used to increase or decrease the size of the kill zone. In the UK, competition power limits are set at the legal maximum for an unlicensed air rifle, i.e. 12
1097:) decreases with each successive shot. As a result, when the reservoir pressure is high, the valve opens less fully and closes faster than when the reservoir pressure is lower, resulting in a similar total volume of air flowing past the valve with each shot. This results in a degree of partial self-regulation that gives a greater consistency of velocity from shot to shot, which corresponds to the middle "plateau" phase of the gun's shot-to-shot
1040:
1869:(5.5 mm & 5.6 mm): for hunting and general use. In recent years air rifles and pistols in .22" (and some other calibers) have been allowed for use in both domestic and international target shooting in events not controlled by the ISSF. Most notably in FT/HFT and Smallbore Benchrest competitions. These events often allow the use of any caliber air gun, up to a maximum which is often .22", rather than a fixed caliber.
1118:
387:
1863:(4.5 mm): the most common caliber. Mandated by the ISSF for use in international target shooting competition at 10m, up to Olympic level in both rifle and pistol events. It has also been adopted by most National Governing Bodies for domestic use in similar target shooting events. It has the flattest trajectory of all the calibers for a given energy level. At suitable energy levels it can be used effectively for hunting.
576:
1203:
976:
requiring approximately 10 to 20 strokes, as long as the air reservoir is capable of storing higher pressure. For safety reasons, most multi-stroke guns are usually designed to have their pump lever jam when the reservoir has reached its maximum pressure limit, so the user can no longer pump the gun until it's discharged. The maximum pressure limit for the reservoir is approximately 20 to 30 strokes.
892:
240:
1218:
986:
1519:
1134:
707:
792:, both of which can cause accuracy to suffer. These vibrations can be controlled by adding features like close-fitting spring guides or by aftermarket tuning done by gunsmiths who specialize in air gun modifications, a common one being the addition of high viscosity tenacious grease to the spring, which lubricates and serves to dampen vibration.
1765:
874:(caused by coil spring expanding) exerted onto the gun, smoother recoil pattern and faster "lock time" (the time between pulling the trigger and the pellet being discharged), which all result in more consistent accuracy. Gas springs perform more reliably in cold climates than coil springs, because metallic coil springs need to be coated with
1236:, like other pneumatic guns using compressed air, offer power for repeated shots in a compact package without the need for complex pumping or filling mechanisms. The ability to store power for repeated shots also means that repeating arms are possible. There are many replica revolvers and semi-automatic pistols on the market that use CO
1599:
1012:), and remain pressurized until depleted after repeated shooting. During shooting, the hammer strikes the reservoir's release valve, allowing a set volume of the pressurized air to be discharged into the chamber and propel the projectile. Depending on the release valve design, PCP air guns can be categorized into two types –
866:. Gas spring units require higher precision to manufacture since they require a low-friction sliding seal that can withstand the high pressures within when cocked. The advantages of the gas spring include the ability to keep the gun cocked and ready to fire for extended periods of time without long-term spring
1730:, but with a poorer gas-seal, and if 4.5 mm diameter BBs are used, they would jam in the bore. Therefore, steel BBs lack the spin stabilization required for long-range accuracy, and usage in any but the cheapest rifled guns is discouraged. The softer lead BBs however can be used in rifled barrels.
1441:. This allows the airgun to be constructed and operated in similar fashions to genuine firearms. It also allows for higher shot consistency because each cartridge can be easily filled to an identical air charge, essentially removing the "power curve" of conventional PCP guns and bypassing any need for
1081:
Early stand pump designs encountered problems of fatigue (both human and mechanical), temperature warping, and condensation – none of which are beneficial to accurate shooting or the airguns' longevity. Modern stand pumps have multi-stage chambers and built-in air filtration systems and have overcome
734:
again, which is more than enough to destabilize the pellet's flight. Shortly after leaving the barrel, the supersonic pellet falls back below the speed of sound and the shock wave overtakes the pellet, causing its flight stability to be disrupted. Drag increases disproportionately as pellet velocity
1975:
While historical air guns have been made specifically for warfare, modern air guns can also be deadly. In medical literature, modern air guns have been noted as a cause of death. This has been the case for guns of caliber .177 and .22 that are within the legal muzzle energy of air guns in the United
1843:
event that replaced the traditional cross country run of 3,200 metres and timed air-pistol shoot. The competitors run 4 laps of 800 m combined with 4 rounds of firing. The pistols used are modified air pistols that fire an eye-safe laser beam towards a target at the same time as a discharge of air.
957:
pneumatic air guns (also known as "single pump") a single motion of the cocking lever is all that is required to mechanically compress the air. The single-pump system has always dominated the casual plinking market, and is usually found in target rifles and pistols, where the higher muzzle energy of
433:
for 73 cents in its catalog. In 1928, the name of the
Markham company was changed to King Air Rifle Company after the company was purchased by Daisy in 1916 after decades of intense competition, and continued to manufacture the "King" model air rifle until 1935 before ceasing operation altogether in
1663:
barrel for spin stabilization in flight. They are also made of lead, and precautions should be taken when handling them, or preparing animals for food, as lead fragments can be easily missed inside the meat. Lead-free slugs in airgun calibers are gradually being developed and becoming available for
1460:
forms, was at the peak of its popularity throughout the 1990s. The popularity of the
Brocock range was such that, by 2002, estimates put the number of air cartridge guns in circulation around 70,000-80,000. However, a small number of incidents relating to the alleged illegal conversion of (mainly)
975:
pneumatic air guns (also known as "multi-pump") use multiple pumpings to achieve variable power levels in order to adapt for both long or short-range shooting. These air guns are usually single-shot, where each shot requires approximately 5 strokes. However, up to five shots are possible, usually
1108:
Other PCP rifles and pistols are regulated, i.e. the firing valve operates within a secondary chamber separated from the main air reservoir by the regulator body. The regulator maintains the pressure within this secondary chamber at a set pressure (lower than the main reservoir's) until the main
783:
firearms, it can make the gun difficult to shoot accurately as the spring recoil is in effect while the pellet is still within the barrel. Spring gun recoil also has a sharp forward component, caused by the piston hitting the front end of the pump chamber when the spring has fully decompressed.
1626:
tips. A variety of lead-free pellets are offered by all major pellet manufacturers, including H&N Sport, RWS, JSB, Gamo, and others. Since lead is very dense, it has a higher ballistic coefficient than lightweight alternatives such as tin, copper, or plastic. At the present time, the airgun
1392:
during the 1980s as the Saxby-Palmer Ensign, and then by
Brocock as the "Brocock Air Cartridge System" (BACS) and later into the "Tandem Air Cartridge" (TAC), this variation of the pre-charged pneumatic design have no pressure reservoir built into the gun, but instead use removable and reusable
1093:. The hammer may move rearwards or forwards, unlike firearms where the hammer almost always moves forward. The valve is held closed by a spring and the pressure of the air in the reservoir. The pressure of the spring is constant, and the pressure of the air released (which is also known as the
1267:
guns are popular for training, as the guns and ammunition are inexpensive, relatively safe to use, and no specialized facilities are needed for safety. In addition, they can be purchased and owned in areas where firearms possession is either strictly controlled or banned outright. Most
718:. The effort required for the cocking stroke is proportional to the designed power of the gun, with higher muzzle velocities requiring a stiffer spring and hence a greater cocking effort. Spring-piston guns have a practical upper limit of 1,250 ft/s (380 m/s) for
1725:
Due to the hardness of the steel, steel BBs cannot "take" to rifled barrels, which is why they are undersized (4.4 mm ball against 4.5 mm bore) to allow them to be used in .177" rifled barrels, which when used in this configuration can in effect be considered
1810:
would normally be. When loaded, the hollow arrow shaft is slid rearwards over a barrel whose external diameter is only fractionally smaller than the shaft's interior diameter, providing a close-enough fitting that minimizes rattling and gives a reasonable enveloping
402:. The butt served as the air reservoir and had a working pressure of 800 psi (55 bar). The rifle was said to be capable of 22 aimed shots per minute and had a rifled bore of 0.452 in (11.5 mm) and a groove diameter 0.462 in (11.7 mm).
313:. Moreover, they were quieter than a firearm of a similar caliber, had no muzzle flash, and were smokeless. Thus, they did not disclose the shooter's position or obscure the shooter's view, unlike the black powder muskets of the 18th and 19th centuries.
1772:
In the 18th and 19th centuries, air gun darts were popular, largely because they could be reused. Although less popular now, several different types of darts are made to be used in air guns, but it is not recommended that darts be used in air guns with
735:
increases, so it is generally better to increase pellet weight to keep velocities subsonic in high-powered guns. Many shooters find that velocities in the 800–900 ft/s (240–270 m/s) range offer an ideal balance between power and accuracy.
1534:(whether inhaled or swallowed), affecting almost every organ and system in the human body. For this reason, lead-free pellets are becoming increasingly popular, and are available in all major shapes and styles, just like traditional lead pellets.
1109:
reservoir's pressure drops to the point where it can no longer do so. As a result, shot-to-shot consistency is maintained for longer than in an unregulated rifle, and the gun can also output more shots due to reduced waste of reservoir pressure.
615:
is used as the powerplant main spring. Before shooting, the user needs to manually cock the gun by flexing a lever connected to the pump assembly, which pulls the pump piston rearwards and compresses the main spring until the rear of the
1819:. During shooting, the trigger releases high-pressure air from the barrel to the front portion of the hollow arrow shaft, pushing the arrow forward. Such air guns can shoot arrows at launch velocities rivalling or even exceeding high-end
878:
which often thickens in low temperatures causing the gun to "freeze up". Gas springs also have less lateral and longitudinal vibrations than coil springs, hence are usually less "hold-sensitive", making it easier to achieve consistent
539:
The increasing affordability of higher-power pre-charged pneumatic (PCP) rifles has allowed large projectiles and further target distance for competition purposes. For instance, the
Extreme Benchrest competition held annually in
1949:
While in some countries air guns are not subject to any specific regulation, in most, there are laws which differ widely. Each jurisdiction has its definition of an air gun. Regulations may vary for weapons of different bore,
356:. A skilled shooter could fire off one magazine in about thirty seconds. A shot from this air gun could penetrate a one-inch-thick (2.5 cm) wooden board at a hundred paces, an effect roughly equal to that of a modern
948:
s, use a lever-operated onboard air pump to pressurize an internal reservoir, and then discharge the stored compressed air during shooting. Depending on the design, pump guns can be either single-stroke or multi-stroke.
1966:
weapons. There may be a minimum age for possession, and sales of both air guns and ammunition may be restricted. Some areas require permits and background checks similar to those required for propellant type firearms.
1348:
reduces the variation in output pressure associated with rapid successions of firing cycles, improving accuracy and reliability in extreme climates. However, because compressed air is stored at higher pressures (up to
795:
The better quality spring guns can have very long service lives, being simple to maintain and repair. Because they deliver the same mechanical energy output on each shot, external ballistics are quite consistent. Most
645:
to several hundred degrees and then cools as the air expands. This can also cause a phenomenon referred as "dieseling", where flammable substances in the compression chamber (e.g., petroleum-based lubricant) can be
291:. These air rifles were charged using a pump to fill an air reservoir and gave velocities from 650 to 1,000 ft/s (200 to 300 m/s). They were also used in warfare, the most recognized example being the
1062:, and can shoot as many as 100 shots per charge depending on the tank/reservoir size. The ready supply of air has allowed the development of semi- and fully automatic air guns. PCP guns are very popular in
640:
and/or barrel restriction holding back the pellet, the pellet is propelled forward by an expanding column of pressurized air. All this takes place in a fraction of a second, during which the air undergoes
453:, which sponsored shooting teams. This often took the form of Bell Target shooting, where the competitor aims to ring a bell by shooting through a small hole in a steel plate. Prizes, such as a leg of
1477:
showed converted
Brococks accounted for 35 per cent of all guns recovered by the police, and David McCrone, firearms adviser to the Association of Chief Police Officers and Deputy Chief Constable of
544:
allows calibers up to .30 inches (7.6 mm) at 75 yd (68.58 m) while the Big Bore
Benchrest arm of the same competition at other localities engages targets at 35 to 300 yards (32 to 274 m).
632:, pushing the piston forward, thereby compressing the air in the pump cylinder. Because the pump outlet (located to the front of the pump) is directly behind the pellet seated in the barrel
803:
through the 1970s and into the 1980s were shot with spring-piston guns, often of the opposing-piston recoil-eliminating type. Beginning in the 1980s, guns powered by compressed/liquefied
1058:
rifles, and have superior performance over ordinary pump guns. Having no significant movement of heavy mechanical parts during the discharge cycle, PCP airgun designs produce lower
917:, which is pressurized beforehand and stored inside the gun, and then released through valves during shooting. Single-stroke and multi-stroke pump guns utilize an on-board
1733:
Typically BBs are used for indoor practice, casual outdoor plinking, training children, or to save money, as they are significantly cheaper than pellets. Replica CO
298:
At that time, they had compelling advantages over the primitive firearms of the day. For example, air guns could be discharged in wet weather and rain (unlike both
2186:
WORLD RIMFIRE & AIR RIFLE BENCHREST FEDERATION (WRABF)& EUROPEAN RIMFIRE & AIR RIFLE BENCHREST SHOOTING FEDERATION(ERABSF)OFFICIAL RULE BOOK 2013-2021
1896:
Larger caliber air rifles suitable for hunting large animals are offered by major manufacturers. These are usually PCP guns. The major calibers available are:
1714:, which the first BB gun invented in 1886 was designed to shoot. Steel BBs can be acceptably accurate at short distances when fired from properly designed
2475:
2028:
1397:
often known as "Brocock cartridges" after its
British manufacturer. Each air cartridge is essentially a self-contained gas reservoir housed inside a
959:
1844:
This has made the organisation of the events easier from a safety point of view and allows competitors to travel more easily with their weapons.
1474:
405:
One of the first commercially successful and mass-produced air guns was manufactured by the
William F. Markham's Markham Air Rifle Company in
1054:
Because of the need for cylinders or charging systems, PCP guns have higher initial costs but much lower operating costs when compared to CO
1499:
in the United
Kingdom. Brocock subsequently ceased production of all air cartridge systems and turned to focus primarily on PCP airguns.
1409:
designed to release the content when the base of the cartridge is struck. Prior to shooting, each cartridge is pre-filled with sufficient
524:(16 J). Air rifle benchrest is an international shooting sport where the objective is to hit a (small) bulls eye target at 25
2131:
1737:
pistols allow people to train with a BB gun, saving a lot of money to centerfire firearm cartridges. Care should be exercised to avoid
457:
for the winning team, were paid for by the losing team. During this time, over 4,000 air rifle clubs and associations existed across
763:
Sidelever – the cocking lever is located to the side (usually the right side) of the receiver and is flexed sideways during cocking
1643:" pellets for the more powerful modern PCP air rifles. Compared to the commonly used diabolo pellets, these slug pellets resemble
39:
1664:
purchase from manufacturers such as Zan
Projectiles, due in part to regulations on hunting with lead projectiles in many areas.
494:
1492:
316:
In the hands of skilled soldiers, they gave the military a distinct advantage. France, Austria and other nations had special
1105:). Well-designed PCP will display good shot-to-shot consistency over a long period, as the air reservoir is being depleted.
788:
not rated for spring gun usage. In addition, the spring often has unpredictable collateral transverse vibrations as well as
1449:
seats each pellet, as the soft lead pellet is protected from contact with the action probe by the harder cartridge casing.
2416:
1647:
and have more contact surface with the bore and hence need greater propelling force to overcome friction, but have better
910:
722:(4.5 mm) pellets, as higher velocities cause unstable pellet flight and loss of accuracy. This is due to the extreme
336:
was about 4 ft (1.2 m) long and weighed 10 pounds (4.5 kg), about the same size and mass as a conventional
2213:
965:
from the 1970s to the 1990s, until being outperformed by the introduction of pre-charged pneumatic (PCP) guns (discussed
2281:
766:
Overlever – the cocking lever is located above the barrel and is flexed upwards during cocking, seen in some air pistols
509:
398:(1804) carried a reservoir air gun. It held 22 .46 caliber round balls in a tubular magazine mounted on the side of the
371:
developed various manufacturing methods for guns, and also created an air gun based on the study of Western knowledge ("
2235:
958:
a multi-stroke pumping system is not required. Single-stroke pneumatic rifles dominated the national and international
2786:
1752:. Similar guns were also used briefly by the United States Army in a Vietnam-era instinctive shooting program called "
760:
Underlever – the cocking lever is located underneath the barrel or the receiver and is flexed downwards during cocking
1627:
industry does not mass-produce dense alternatives to lead with a high ballistic coefficient for long-range shooting.
413:, marketed in 1886. In response, Clarence Hamilton from the neighboring Plymouth Air Rifle Company (later renamed to
2781:
2776:
1361:(stored at around 8 MPa or 1,200 psi), HPA cylinders are more expensive. Cylinders smaller than 1.1
714:
Spring-piston guns, especially the high-powered "magnum" guns, are able to achieve muzzle velocities exceeding the
696:
395:
2347:
1478:
658:
effect with (often unpredictable) additional thrusts. This often results in combustion smoke coming out of the
2533:
1636:
925:, while pre-charged pneumatic guns' reservoirs are filled from an external source using either a high-pressure
629:
501:
165:
31:
2185:
1445:. It also simplifies the magazine feed design and eliminates the risk of deforming the projectiles when the
807:
began to dominate the competition. Today, the guns used at the highest levels of competition are powered by
497:
48:
2036:
1567:
and thus allows maximal efficiency in pellet propulsion during shooting. In flight, the skirt has greater
417:
in 1895) marketed their all-metal Daisy BB Gun in early 1888, which prompted Markham to respond with their
1880:(5 mm): initially proprietary to the Sheridan multi-pump pneumatic air rifle, later more widely used.
1691:
1571:-to-weight ratio than the head and exerts a rearward pull behind the center of mass, similar to that of a
757:
Fixed-barrel – the barrel is fixed to the receiver, and the cocking is done with a separate cocking lever
414:
332:
or Girandoni air gun in literature (the name is also spelled "Girandony", "Giradoni" or "Girardoni".) The
54:
779:
as a result of the mainspring pushing the piston forward. Although the recoil is less than that of some
328:
watchmaker, mechanic and gunsmith Bartholomäus Girandoni (1744–1799) and is sometimes referred to as the
2164:
1652:
1588:
1438:
1354:
1331:
1272:
powered guns are relatively inexpensive, and there are a few precision target guns available that use CO
1176:
1089:
During the typical PCP's discharge cycle, the hammer of the rifle is released by the sear to strike the
541:
450:
1749:
1327:
1067:
962:
903:
863:
800:
780:
647:
552:
The component of an airgun that provides the gas pressure needed to propel projectiles is called its
2294:
855:. When the gun is cocked, the gas inside the cylinder gets further compressed by the piston, stores
1824:
1592:
1496:
1462:
747:
692:
533:
529:
521:
517:
438:
353:
329:
292:
2321:
1086:-quality air decanted from a diving cylinder provides consistently clean, dry, high-pressure air.
2629:
2604:
Lawrence, HS (1990). "Fatal nonpowder firearm wounds: case report and review of the literature".
2586:
2500:
1924:
1722:
barrels. Lead #3 buckshot pellets can be used in .25" caliber airguns as if they were large BBs.
1442:
1426:
1161:
1021:
875:
867:
633:
628:
is pulled and disengages the sear, allowing the main spring to decompress and release its stored
625:
608:
406:
461:, with as many as 1,600 in Birmingham alone. During this time, the air gun was associated with
272:. This is approximately what most historians recognize as the beginning of the modern air gun.
2771:
2727:
2678:
2621:
2578:
2508:
1836:
1812:
1672:
1640:
1564:
1446:
1434:
1295:
1284:
852:
751:
666:
642:
368:
247:
169:
1983:
has been strictly mentioned by ISSF for the 10m air pistol and rifle shooting sports events.
2796:
2717:
2709:
2668:
2660:
2613:
2570:
2120:
1959:
1783:
1563:
rear portion called the "skirt", which expands and fully engages the bore to provide a good
1513:
1315:
1257:
1075:
856:
785:
659:
280:
243:
181:
172:
are gaining more popularity. Certain types of air guns (usually air rifles) may also launch
149:
122:
264:
technology. The oldest existing mechanical air gun dates back to about 1580, and is in the
2791:
1955:
1745:
BBs, which break apart and do not ricochet, reducing the hazards associated with BB guns.
1698:, typically made of steel (with a copper or zinc coating) or lead. Originally called the "
1345:
1338:
1303:
1153:
1098:
1039:
1001:
930:
922:
900:
839:) instead of a mechanical spring. The spring itself is essentially a stand-alone enclosed
688:
674:
637:
596:
513:
454:
442:
341:
265:
216:
208:
157:
2369:
2756:
1117:
386:
207:. There are three different power sources for modern air guns, depending on the design:
2673:
2648:
1753:
1580:
1548:
1547:, which has two sections – a solid front portion called the "head", which contains the
1531:
1410:
1398:
1389:
1377:
1311:
1180:
1025:
1005:
914:
808:
804:
723:
715:
621:
575:
561:
478:
430:
224:
200:
79:
2722:
2697:
1425:
pellet pre-seated to its front slot, and the entire cartridge is then inserted into a
2765:
1951:
1932:
1711:
1703:
1687:
1644:
1488:
1350:
1206:
1047:
880:
797:
731:
651:
458:
161:
2633:
1886:(6.35 mm): the largest commonly available caliber for most of the 20th century.
1777:
bores or in spring-powered air guns. Air guns that shoot darts are sometimes called
2590:
1997:
1944:
1900:
1877:
1860:
1807:
1806:. These arrows are designed with a hollow shaft that is open in the rear where the
1792:
1742:
1695:
1648:
1556:
1527:
1466:
1418:
1394:
1248:" cartridge, that is often purchased with 12 grams (0.42 oz) of pressurized CO
1202:
1157:
1071:
1043:
1009:
926:
896:
743:
719:
684:
505:
482:
466:
446:
325:
310:
192:
118:
59:
2561:
Kuligod, FS; Jirli, PS; Kumar, P (2006). "Air gun--a deadly toy?: A case report".
2209:
1690:
was once the most common airgun ammunition in the US, thanks to the popularity of
1191:") cylinders, which have higher operating pressures and better thermal stability.
324:(literally "wind rifle" in German). The gun was developed in 1768 or 1769 by the
2744:
2453:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1889:
1883:
1866:
1587:. However, the diabolo shape also means that the overall pellet will have poor
1584:
1572:
1422:
1402:
1173:
1000:
have their internal reservoir pre-filled from an external air source (such as a
840:
681:
655:
612:
600:
376:
220:
212:
891:
579:
Variety of different types & models of spring piston & gas ram air guns
17:
1980:
1788:
1727:
1719:
1699:
1538:
1430:
1406:
1366:
1090:
820:
604:
399:
261:
153:
114:
110:
106:
103:
87:
44:
2512:
86:
that are mechanically pressurized and then released to propel and accelerate
2574:
2239:
2007:
1840:
1552:
1483:
1414:
1083:
918:
860:
844:
727:
303:
299:
269:
239:
177:
2682:
2582:
2196:
1741:, and safety glasses are recommended. Recently, manufacturers have created
1376:
It is also possible to power an HPA-compatible gun directly from a plug-in
1252:
gas, although some, usually more expensive models, use larger refillable CO
1217:
1133:
985:
357:
2731:
2625:
2617:
1518:
144:) forms. Both types typically propel metallic projectiles that are either
2713:
2664:
1892:(7.62 mm): the current largest available for non-PCP powered airguns
1820:
1816:
1738:
1707:
1568:
1457:
1307:
1245:
1184:
1126:
1029:
848:
490:
486:
462:
228:
129:
99:
1602:
A .177 (4.5mm) caliber "Wadcutter" pellet next to a stick of chewing gum
1591:
and tends to lose energy quickly and be more unstable especially in the
775:
Spring-piston guns, especially high-powered ("magnum") models, do still
528:(27.34 yd) shooting distance. There are two divisions ARLV 12
2002:
1992:
1963:
1853:
1774:
1660:
1655:, and longer effective ranges due to the more similar shape to firearm
1623:
1560:
1542:
1526:
The most popular ammunition used in rifled air guns is made of lead, a
1341:
1066:
because of their accuracy and ease of use. They are widely utilized in
706:
372:
361:
349:
276:
204:
196:
145:
137:
95:
91:
2282:
Internal Ballistics of PCP Airguns by Domingo Tavella, August 16, 2018
1764:
989:
Airforce Condor, one of the most powerful PCP air rifles on the market
695:
feeders have been introduced in recent years by manufacturers such as
2097:
Laidlaw, Angus (January 2014). "Chicago Air Rifle Markham's Patent".
1798:
Some modern air guns are designed to discharge arrows and are called
1715:
1681:
1656:
1495:
in January 2004, it became illegal to possess such airguns without a
1063:
1059:
1033:
871:
789:
776:
738:
Spring guns are typically cocked by one of the following mechanisms:
700:
663:
617:
380:
337:
317:
306:
1694:’s line of BB airguns. A BB is a small metallic ball in 4.5 mm/
2417:"Air Venturi Dust Devil Mk2 Frangible BBs, 1,500 ct. | Pyramyd Air"
2391:
1326:
state longer when compressed; when it expands, it cools due to the
1763:
1671:
1615:
1598:
1517:
1453:
1362:
1216:
1201:
1116:
1038:
984:
890:
705:
603:
assembly contained within a compression chamber separate from the
574:
525:
385:
238:
185:
53:
38:
1551:
and is available in a variety of shapes and styles such as flat (
1380:
without using a gas cylinder, though this type of setup is rare.
2538:
1619:
1607:
1487:"there is evidence which would justify banning them". After the
1437:
hits the rear of the air cartridge, mimicking the function of a
320:
detachments using air rifles. The Austrian 1770 model was named
288:
284:
2696:
Milroy, CM; Clark, JC; Carter, N; Rutty, G; Rooney, N (1998).
2476:"Modern Pentathlon Hot-Shots: These Ladies Have Laser Pistols"
1931:
Custom air guns are available in even larger calibers such as
1611:
1470:
1323:
173:
83:
75:
2156:
1610:, but are widely available in non-lead alternatives, such as
1179:. However, more recent high-end models sometimes use larger
1827:, but they are also more expensive to set up and maintain.
673:
to increase power, by coating the pellet with lubricant or
1635:
Some manufacturers also have recently introduced the more
909:
Pneumatic airguns propel the projectiles by utilizing the
771:
Motorized cocking powered by a rechargeable battery (rare)
1823:, while retaining consistency of precision unaffected by
784:
These rapid double-jerking movements are known to damage
677:, although this may result in damage to the breech seal.
636:, once the air pressure has risen enough to overcome the
275:
Throughout 17th to 19th century, air guns in .30 to .51
2649:"Air weapon injuries: a serious and persistent problem"
2261:
1979:
For reason of safety and security a rule of use of the
1152:
are essentially pneumatic airguns utilizing detachable
746:
firearm, the barrel is hinged at the junction with the
465:
because it could deliver a shot without a significant
1748:
Some shotgunners use sightless BB rifles to train in
1555:), round (domed), cone-shaped (pointed) and pitted (
556:, which uses internally stored pressurized gas; and
1302:cartridges, and uses Powerlet interface-compatible
567:), which uses external sources of pressurized gas.
1314:(which is 78% nitrogen). Because nitrogen is more
1068:ISSF 10 meter air pistol and rifle shooting events
340:. The air reservoir was a removable, club-shaped,
191:The first air guns were developed as early as the
27:Gun that uses compressed air to launch projectiles
1958:, or ammunition material. Guns designed to fire
1873:Other less common traditional calibers include:
437:From the 1890s onwards, air rifles were used in
669:inside the gun. Dieseling can be made to occur
409:, US. Their first model air gun was the wooden
2745:https://www.britannica.com/technology/air-gun
1606:Diabolo pellets are conventionally made from
1020:(which has either a mechanical or electronic
1008:, or by manual charging with a high-pressure
899:pre-charged pneumatic air pistol, as used in
819:Some newer generation air guns incorporate a
730:speed, then slows back down and goes through
726:caused when the pellet reaches and surpasses
512:in which the targets are animal-shaped steel
8:
1369:) may not even last as long as a standard CO
843:without outlets and with pressurized air or
662:and potential pressure damage to the rubber
90:, similar to the principle of the primitive
2501:"Lasers Make Modern Pentathlon More Modern"
1413:for one shot (typically via a multi-stroke
1373:cartridge when subjected to frequent uses.
2262:"American Airgun Field Target Association"
1256:reservoirs like those typically used with
1028:, custom PCP models using compressed pure
966:
2721:
2672:
2114:
2112:
1595:(272–408 m/s ~ 893–1340 ft/s).
1244:guns use a disposable cylinder called a "
2348:"The air cartridge system – 10 years on"
2061:, Arms & Armour Series, London, 1972
1614:, or a combination of materials such as
1597:
1172:due to the ubiquitous commercial use of
1132:
2341:
2339:
2019:
1962:are often more tightly controlled than
1702:", the contemporary name came from the
1676:Steel BBs coated with copper and nickel
1575:. This produces a phenomenon known as
1463:allow them to discharge live ammunition
102:projectiles using energy generated via
2370:"Live-bullet airgun a 'major problem'"
1475:National Criminal Intelligence Service
1452:The air cartridge system, both in the
1074:shooting, and are usually fitted with
750:and is flexed downwards to expose the
1537:By far the most popular shape is the
1225:one shot pistol, (.22 pellet caliber)
493:) and competitive sports such as the
352:(13 mm) lead balls in a tubular
7:
2216:from the original on 15 October 2007
1659:, however they also require a fully
2236:"Air Ordnance Full Auto Pellet Gun"
1164:), and are commonly referred to as
1036:have also been recently developed.
309:), and discharged much faster than
246:developed by the Japanese inventor
2346:Cross, Rupert (1 September 2013).
2210:"The Three Basic Types of Airguns"
2167:from the original on 11 March 2023
2137:from the original on 19 April 2022
1787:if the darts used are loaded with
1156:in the form of prefilled external
963:10 metre air rifle shooting events
929:or by decanting air from a larger
390:Kunitomo air gun trigger mechanism
367:Circa 1820, the Japanese inventor
25:
2027:Schreier, Philip (October 2006).
921:to pressurize air in an internal
851:) held tightly sealed within the
2757:Tom Gaylord's History of Airguns
2653:Archives of Disease in Childhood
2534:"Crackdown on killer air rifles"
2320:Gaylord, Tom (18 January 2006).
2059:Airguns and Other Pneumatic Arms
2029:"The Airgun of Meriwether Lewis"
1141:tank with a remote line attached
532:(16.27 J) and ARHV 20
2299:is used to power many air guns"
1935:(0.79") or .87 (22.1 mm).
1559:); and a hollowed, thin-walled
1473:reported that figures from the
1294:, was originally developed for
754:and serves as the cocking lever
648:ignited by the compression heat
176:-stabilized projectile such as
2474:Pesca, Mike (11 August 2012).
2443:magazine, Friday, 14 July 1967
2119:Frank Spittle (23 July 2008).
1493:Anti-Social Behaviour Act 2003
1337:because there is no change in
1082:many of these problems. Using
994:Pre-charged pneumatic air guns
508:(FT) is a competitive form of
421:model in 1888 followed by the
260:Air guns represent the oldest
195:, and have since been used in
1:
1522:Wadcutter or Flathead pellets
1330:but at a far lower rate than
687:by nature, but multiple-shot
251:
166:cylindro-conoidal projectiles
1579:, which helps to counteract
1213:pistol with adapted silencer
680:Most spring-piston guns are
516:with a "kill zone" cut-out.
510:metallic silhouette shooting
2372:. BBC News. 24 January 2002
1101:profile (also known as the
823:(commonly referred to as a
415:Daisy Manufacturing Company
160:, although in recent years
94:. This is in contrast to a
2813:
2392:"Home - Lead Free Pellets"
1942:
1839:has since 2009 included a
1679:
1583:and maintain a consistent
1511:
1401:(usually in the size of a
911:pneumatic potential energy
595:") operates by means of a
396:Lewis and Clark Expedition
62:, spring-piston air rifles
29:
2350:. Airgun Shooter Magazine
1815:without causing too much
1479:Greater Manchester Police
710:Spring Piston Air Pistols
2322:"Brocock air cartridges"
2072:Air Guns and Air Pistols
1852:The most common air gun
1306:filled with either pure
630:elastic potential energy
481:(small to medium game),
32:Air gun (disambiguation)
2698:"Air Weapon Fatalities"
2575:10.1258/rsmmsl.46.2.177
2396:www.leadfreepellets.org
1388:First developed in the
1298:as a replacement for CO
1024:valve). In addition to
445:. Matches were held in
348:carried twenty-two .51
188:(so-called "airbows").
2157:"Bell Target Shooting"
1769:
1677:
1603:
1523:
1226:
1214:
1142:
1130:
1125:pistol and disposable
1051:
990:
942:Pump pneumatic air gun
906:
742:Break-barrel — like a
711:
624:. When shooting, the
580:
477:Air guns are used for
391:
257:
221:bottled compressed gas
128:Air guns come in both
78:that uses energy from
63:
51:
2618:10.1542/peds.85.2.177
1767:
1675:
1653:ballistic coefficient
1601:
1589:ballistic coefficient
1521:
1469:. In early 2002, the
1439:centerfire ammunition
1433:. When shooting, the
1220:
1205:
1177:liquid carbon dioxide
1160:(often with built-in
1136:
1120:
1042:
988:
981:Pre-charged pneumatic
894:
709:
585:spring-piston air gun
578:
542:Green Valley, Arizona
389:
375:") acquired from the
242:
57:
42:
2714:10.1136/jcp.51.7.525
2665:10.1136/adc.86.4.234
2454:"Airgun projectiles"
2212:. American Airguns.
2161:Bell Target Shooting
2128:Bell Target Shooting
1768:Darts for an air gun
1750:instinctive shooting
1405:), with an internal
1384:Air cartridge system
1328:Joule-Thomson effect
1322:, it remains in the
1032:and even compressed
904:ISSF shooting events
801:air gun competitions
30:For other uses, see
2647:Ceylan, H. (2002).
2121:"Bell Target Story"
1497:firearm certificate
1187:(known as HPA or "N
1154:pressure reservoirs
1146:Compressed gas guns
901:10 metre air pistol
607:. Traditionally, a
518:Hunter field target
489:(commonly known as
451:working men's clubs
439:Birmingham, England
425:model in 1890. The
330:Girandoni air rifle
311:muzzle-loading guns
293:Girandoni air rifle
2787:Swedish inventions
2507:. 11 August 2012.
2421:www.pyramydair.com
2324:. Pyramyd Air Blog
2242:on 3 December 2014
2039:on 5 December 2013
1770:
1678:
1604:
1577:drag stabilization
1524:
1342:from liquid to gas
1227:
1215:
1143:
1131:
1052:
991:
907:
876:lubricating grease
712:
611:-lubricated steel
581:
429:model was sold by
407:Plymouth, Michigan
392:
258:
184:) or hollow-shaft
64:
52:
2782:Pneumatic weapons
2777:Hunting equipment
2099:American Rifleman
2033:American Rifleman
1971:Safety and misuse
1837:modern pentathlon
1784:tranquilizer guns
1637:cylindro-conoidal
1481:, told the BBC's
1296:paintball markers
1287:(HPA) system, or
1285:High-pressure air
1280:High-pressure air
1258:paintball markers
1076:telescopic sights
1070:and the sport of
654:, and lead to an
643:adiabatic heating
587:(also known as a
369:Kunitomo Ikkansai
248:Kunitomo Ikkansai
182:tranquilizer guns
47:competing with a
16:(Redirected from
2804:
2736:
2735:
2725:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2676:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2343:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2290:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2238:. Archived from
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2205:
2199:
2194:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2136:
2130:. pp. 2–9.
2125:
2116:
2107:
2106:
2094:
2088:
2081:
2075:
2068:
2062:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2035:. Archived from
2024:
1825:archer's paradox
1760:Darts and arrows
1593:transonic region
1532:highly poisonous
1514:Pellet (air gun)
1491:implemented the
1357:) than liquid CO
1304:diving cylinders
1162:regulator valves
1148:, also known as
1095:working pressure
895:An example of a
857:potential energy
536:(27.12 J).
441:for competitive
364:caliber pistol.
256:
255: 1820–1830
253:
244:Kunitomo air gun
123:smokeless powder
58:A collection of
21:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2762:
2761:
2753:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2702:J. Clin. Pathol
2695:
2694:
2690:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2543:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2515:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2484:
2482:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2439:
2435:
2425:
2423:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2400:
2398:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2375:
2373:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2353:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2337:
2327:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2245:
2243:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2168:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2110:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2085:Hunting Weapons
2083:H.L.Blackmore,
2082:
2078:
2069:
2065:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2040:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2016:
1989:
1973:
1947:
1941:
1927:(18.28 mm)
1909:(11.43 mm)
1850:
1833:
1762:
1736:
1684:
1670:
1633:
1516:
1510:
1505:
1386:
1372:
1360:
1346:thermostability
1335:
1321:
1301:
1292:
1282:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1240:power. Most CO
1239:
1233:
1224:
1221:Crosman 2240 CO
1212:
1200:
1198:
1190:
1169:
1140:
1137:A Pure Energy N
1124:
1115:
1099:muzzle velocity
1057:
1002:diving cylinder
983:
939:
931:diving cylinder
889:
817:
675:petroleum jelly
638:static friction
573:
565:
560:(most commonly
550:
502:10 m air pistol
485:, recreational
475:
443:target shooting
266:Livrustkammaren
254:
237:
223:(most commonly
49:match air rifle
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:BB (ammunition)
15:
12:
11:
5:
2810:
2808:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2752:
2751:External links
2749:
2748:
2747:
2738:
2737:
2688:
2659:(4): 234–235.
2639:
2596:
2553:
2542:. 14 July 2010
2525:
2492:
2466:
2445:
2433:
2408:
2383:
2361:
2335:
2312:
2296:
2285:
2274:
2253:
2227:
2208:Ben Saltzman.
2200:
2189:
2178:
2148:
2108:
2089:
2076:
2063:
2050:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1988:
1985:
1972:
1969:
1943:Main article:
1940:
1937:
1929:
1928:
1922:
1921:(14.5 mm)
1916:
1915:(12.7 mm)
1910:
1904:
1894:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1871:
1870:
1864:
1849:
1846:
1832:
1829:
1761:
1758:
1734:
1712:shotgun shells
1696:.177" diameter
1680:Main article:
1669:
1666:
1632:
1629:
1549:center of mass
1512:Main article:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1411:compressed air
1399:cartridge case
1390:United Kingdom
1385:
1382:
1378:air compressor
1370:
1358:
1353:or 4,900
1333:
1319:
1312:compressed air
1299:
1290:
1281:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1253:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1222:
1210:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1181:compressed air
1167:
1138:
1122:
1114:
1113:Compressed gas
1111:
1055:
1050:PCP Air Rifle.
1026:compressed air
1006:air compressor
982:
979:
978:
977:
970:
938:
937:Pump pneumatic
935:
923:reservoir tank
915:compressed air
888:
885:
881:shot groupings
870:, no twisting
859:and acts as a
816:
813:
809:compressed air
805:carbon dioxide
773:
772:
769:
768:
767:
764:
761:
755:
716:speed of sound
572:
569:
563:
558:compressed gas
549:
546:
498:10 m air rifle
474:
471:
431:Sears, Roebuck
236:
233:
225:carbon dioxide
201:shooting sport
113:) of chemical
80:compressed air
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2809:
2798:
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2658:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2640:
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2623:
2619:
2615:
2612:(2): 177–81.
2611:
2607:
2600:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2569:(2): 177–80.
2568:
2564:
2557:
2554:
2541:
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2526:
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2510:
2506:
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2384:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2349:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2323:
2316:
2313:
2300:
2293:Tom Gaylord.
2289:
2286:
2283:
2278:
2275:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2197:WRABF Targets
2193:
2190:
2187:
2182:
2179:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2090:
2087:, London 1971
2086:
2080:
2077:
2074:, London 1955
2073:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2020:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1977:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1960:metal pellets
1957:
1953:
1952:muzzle energy
1946:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
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1902:
1899:
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1847:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1802:or sometimes
1801:
1796:
1795:) compounds.
1794:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1780:
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1766:
1759:
1757:
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1535:
1533:
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1498:
1494:
1490:
1489:UK government
1486:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1455:
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1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1395:gas cylinders
1391:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1368:
1364:
1356:
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1347:
1343:
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1336:
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1305:
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1286:
1279:
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1247:
1235:
1219:
1208:
1207:Walther CP 88
1204:
1194:
1192:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1159:
1158:gas cylinders
1155:
1151:
1147:
1135:
1128:
1119:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1049:
1048:Walther LG400
1046:variant of a
1045:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
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974:
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968:
964:
961:
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955:single-stroke
952:
951:
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947:
943:
936:
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924:
920:
916:
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905:
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749:
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741:
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733:
732:sound barrier
729:
725:
721:
717:
708:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
685:breechloaders
683:
678:
676:
672:
671:intentionally
668:
665:
661:
657:
653:
652:diesel engine
649:
644:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
591:or simply a "
590:
586:
577:
571:Spring-piston
570:
568:
566:
559:
555:
547:
545:
543:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
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503:
499:
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492:
488:
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480:
472:
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468:
467:muzzle report
464:
460:
459:Great Britain
456:
452:
448:
447:public houses
444:
440:
435:
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428:
424:
420:
416:
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408:
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323:
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308:
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301:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
281:hunt big game
279:were used to
278:
273:
271:
267:
263:
249:
245:
241:
234:
232:
230:
227:and recently
226:
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206:
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152:or spherical
151:
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120:
117:, most often
116:
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85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
61:
56:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2708:(7): 525–9.
2705:
2701:
2691:
2656:
2652:
2642:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2546:15 September
2544:. Retrieved
2537:
2528:
2516:. Retrieved
2504:
2495:
2483:. Retrieved
2479:
2469:
2457:. Retrieved
2448:
2440:
2436:
2424:. Retrieved
2420:
2411:
2399:. Retrieved
2395:
2386:
2374:. Retrieved
2364:
2352:. Retrieved
2326:. Retrieved
2315:
2303:. Retrieved
2301:. PyramydAir
2288:
2277:
2265:. Retrieved
2256:
2244:. Retrieved
2240:the original
2230:
2220:14 September
2218:. Retrieved
2203:
2192:
2181:
2169:. Retrieved
2160:
2151:
2139:. Retrieved
2127:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2084:
2079:
2071:
2066:
2058:
2053:
2041:. Retrieved
2037:the original
2032:
2022:
1998:Marksmanship
1978:
1974:
1948:
1945:Air gun laws
1930:
1895:
1872:
1851:
1834:
1803:
1799:
1797:
1793:tranquilizer
1782:
1778:
1771:
1747:
1732:
1724:
1685:
1649:aerodynamics
1634:
1622:alloys with
1605:
1576:
1557:hollow point
1541:
1539:wasp-waisted
1536:
1525:
1482:
1467:media frenzy
1461:Brococks to
1451:
1417:) and has a
1387:
1375:
1288:
1283:
1262:
1229:
1228:
1165:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1107:
1102:
1094:
1088:
1080:
1072:Field Target
1053:
1044:Field Target
1017:
1013:
997:
993:
992:
973:Multi-stroke
972:
954:
945:
941:
940:
908:
897:Benelli Kite
837:nitro piston
836:
832:
828:
824:
818:
794:
774:
744:break action
737:
713:
703:and Hatsan.
679:
670:
620:engages the
592:
588:
584:
582:
557:
553:
551:
538:
506:Field target
483:pest control
476:
436:
426:
422:
418:
410:
404:
393:
366:
345:
333:
321:
315:
297:
274:
259:
203:and even in
193:16th century
190:
141:
133:
127:
119:black powder
71:
67:
65:
60:lever-action
45:para-athlete
36:
2563:Med Sci Law
2267:28 November
2246:28 November
2057:Arne Hoff,
2043:23 December
1981:safety flag
1939:Legislation
1645:Minié balls
1585:flight path
1573:shuttlecock
1528:heavy metal
1423:.22 caliber
1403:.38 Special
1103:power curve
1014:unregulated
864:accumulator
841:piston pump
682:single-shot
656:afterburner
613:coil spring
601:piston pump
434:the 1940s.
115:propellants
88:projectiles
2766:Categories
2606:Pediatrics
2305:15 January
2070:L.Wesley,
2014:References
1831:Laser beam
1800:arrow guns
1789:anesthetic
1754:Quick Kill
1728:smoothbore
1720:smoothbore
1704:"BB"- size
1700:round shot
1530:. Lead is
1503:Ammunition
1465:sparked a
1443:regulators
1431:gun barrel
1407:bash valve
1367:cu in
1091:bash valve
1010:stand pump
927:stand pump
825:gas piston
821:gas spring
815:Gas spring
650:like in a
605:gun barrel
589:spring gun
554:powerplant
548:Powerplant
411:Challenger
346:Windbüchse
334:Windbüchse
322:Windbüchse
268:Museum in
162:Minié ball
142:air pistol
111:detonation
107:combustion
104:exothermic
2513:1059-1028
2008:Paintball
1976:Kingdom.
1841:laser-run
1821:crossbows
1779:dart guns
1743:frangible
1639:-shaped "
1553:wadcutter
1484:Newsnight
1415:hand pump
1393:metallic
1365:(67
1332:liquid CO
1129:cylinders
1022:regulator
1018:regulated
919:hand pump
887:Pneumatic
861:pneumatic
847:(such as
845:inert gas
833:gas strut
781:cartridge
728:transonic
724:buffeting
689:repeaters
304:flintlock
300:matchlock
287:and wild
270:Stockholm
262:pneumatic
217:pneumatic
134:air rifle
82:or other
2772:Air guns
2683:11919092
2634:20875059
2583:16683474
2518:4 August
2485:4 August
2214:Archived
2171:28 March
2165:Archived
2141:28 March
2132:Archived
2105:(1): 48.
1987:See also
1956:velocity
1854:calibers
1848:Calibers
1817:friction
1739:ricochet
1710:used in
1708:birdshot
1458:revolver
1349:34
1308:nitrogen
1246:Powerlet
1185:nitrogen
1150:CG guns,
1127:Powerlet
1030:nitrogen
946:pump gun
853:cylinder
849:nitrogen
790:torquing
748:receiver
720:.177 cal
693:magazine
599:-loaded
593:springer
504:events.
491:plinking
487:shooting
463:poaching
354:magazine
326:Tyrolean
277:calibers
229:nitrogen
164:-shaped
148:-shaped
130:long gun
98:, which
2797:Pistols
2732:9797730
2674:1719169
2626:2104975
2591:2496377
2480:NPR.org
2376:25 July
2354:25 July
2328:25 July
2003:Airsoft
1993:Blowgun
1964:airsoft
1804:airbows
1716:BB guns
1686:The BB
1657:bullets
1624:polymer
1561:conical
1543:diabolo
1429:in the
1427:chamber
1344:. This
1324:gaseous
1318:than CO
1174:bottled
913:within
868:fatigue
829:gas ram
798:Olympic
634:chamber
626:trigger
514:targets
495:Olympic
479:hunting
427:Chicago
419:Chicago
373:rangaku
362:.45 ACP
350:caliber
307:muskets
235:History
205:warfare
197:hunting
180:(e.g.,
168:called
156:called
150:pellets
146:diabolo
138:handgun
96:firearm
92:blowgun
68:air gun
2792:Rifles
2730:
2723:500806
2720:
2681:
2671:
2632:
2624:
2589:
2581:
2511:
2459:1 June
1781:, and
1775:rifled
1682:BB gun
1661:rifled
1581:yawing
1545:pellet
1508:Pellet
1447:action
1435:hammer
1064:Europe
1060:recoil
1034:helium
944:s, or
872:torque
786:scopes
777:recoil
752:breech
701:Umarex
664:O-ring
660:muzzle
618:piston
609:grease
597:spring
534:ft⋅lbf
530:ft⋅lbf
522:ft⋅lbf
455:mutton
400:barrel
381:Dejima
358:9×19mm
344:. The
338:musket
318:sniper
213:piston
209:spring
186:arrows
136:) and
100:shoots
72:airgun
2630:S2CID
2587:S2CID
2505:Wired
2426:2 May
2401:2 May
2135:(PDF)
2124:(PDF)
1933:20 mm
1903:(9mm)
1718:with
1706:lead
1692:Daisy
1616:steel
1454:rifle
1339:state
1316:inert
1084:scuba
967:below
691:with
667:seals
377:Dutch
178:darts
170:slugs
154:shots
84:gases
74:is a
2728:PMID
2679:PMID
2622:PMID
2579:PMID
2548:2011
2539:NZPA
2520:2021
2509:ISSN
2487:2021
2461:2017
2441:Time
2428:2022
2403:2022
2378:2021
2356:2021
2330:2021
2307:2017
2269:2014
2248:2014
2222:2007
2173:2023
2143:2023
2045:2013
1901:.357
1861:.177
1856:are
1835:The
1813:seal
1808:nock
1688:shot
1641:slug
1631:Slug
1620:gold
1608:lead
1569:drag
1565:seal
1456:and
1419:.177
1234:guns
1170:guns
1016:and
960:ISSF
697:Gamo
622:sear
500:and
449:and
423:King
394:The
342:butt
302:and
289:boar
285:deer
2718:PMC
2710:doi
2669:PMC
2661:doi
2614:doi
2571:doi
2295:"CO
2103:162
1925:.72
1919:.58
1913:.50
1907:.45
1890:.30
1884:.25
1878:.20
1867:.22
1756:".
1618:or
1612:tin
1471:BBC
1355:psi
1351:MPa
1310:or
1004:or
998:PCP
996:or
953:In
835:or
473:Use
379:in
360:or
231:).
219:or
174:fin
158:BBs
121:or
76:gun
70:or
66:An
2768::
2726:.
2716:.
2706:51
2704:.
2700:.
2677:.
2667:.
2657:86
2655:.
2651:.
2628:.
2620:.
2610:85
2608:.
2585:.
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2567:46
2565:.
2536:.
2503:.
2478:.
2419:.
2394:.
2338:^
2163:.
2159:.
2126:.
2111:^
2101:.
2031:.
1954:,
1668:BB
1651:,
1276:.
1268:CO
1263:CO
1260:.
1230:CO
1209:CO
1195:CO
1166:CO
1121:CO
1078:.
969:).
933:.
883:.
831:,
827:,
811:.
699:,
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562:CO
469:.
383:.
295:.
283:,
252:c.
250:,
215:,
199:,
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2685:.
2663::
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2550:.
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2430:.
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2297:2
2271:.
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1265:2
1254:2
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1242:2
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1223:2
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1197:2
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1183:/
1168:2
1139:2
1123:2
1056:2
564:2
526:m
211:-
140:(
132:(
109:(
34:.
20:)
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