90:
over a given period of time. For example, at the background rate one species of bird will go extinct every estimated 400 years. Another way the extinction rate can be given is in million species years (MSY). For example, there is approximately one extinction estimated per million species years. From a purely mathematical standpoint this means that if there are a million species on the planet earth, one would go extinct every year, while if there was only one species it would go extinct in one million years, etc. The third way is in giving species survival rates over time. For example, given normal extinction rates species typically exist for 5–10 million years before going extinct.
805:
1217:
1227:
129:
Dinoflagellates: These species average lifespan is 13 million years. It takes a lot for these species to go extinct because they are so promendant in aquatic environments. Dinoflagellates were severely affected during the
Triassic extinction, suggesting that the warming of ocean waters can affect the
125:
Diatoms: These species average lifespan is 8 million years. Diatoms rely on silica to build their shells, which benefited them when oceans originally started to become more acidic. Now as oceans continue to have chemical changes and become even more acidic this makes it harder for them to continue to
102:
Invertebrates: These species average lifespan is 11 millions years. Reasons why these species go extinct is from habitat loss, overharvesting, pollution, invasive species, and climate change. Invertebrates makes up most of the Earth's biodiversity which is why they do not go extinct as fast as other
106:
Marine
Invertebrates: These species average lifespan is 5-10 million years. Many marine invertebrates face extinction because of the high levels of dissolved carbon dioxide in aquatic environments. Seawater chemistry changes with the increase carbon levels which makes it hard for these organisms to
89:
Background extinction rates are typically measured in order to give a specific classification to a species and this is obtained over a certain period of time. There are three different ways to calculate background extinction rate. The first is simply the number of species that normally go extinct
114:
All Fossil Groups: These species average lifespan is 0.5-5 million years. The main reason why fossil groups go extinct is because of the changes to their environment. Another reason why they go extinct is that they naturally break down, and
609:
118:
Mammals: These species average lifespan is 1 million years. Habitat loss is the leading reason for why mammals go extinct. Other reasons that follow this is overexploitation, invasive species, pollution, and climate
139:
Echinoderms: These species average lifespan is 6 million years. The reason why this group went extinct is related to ocean acidification. Ocean acidification makes it hard for the echinoderms to build their
110:
Marine
Animals: These species average lifespan is 4-5 million years. Reasons why marine animals go extinct include interactions with fisheries, capturing, pollution, habitat degradation, climate change, and
66:, and the background extinction rate is a measurement of "how often" they naturally occur. Normal extinction rates are often used as a comparison to present day extinction rates, to illustrate the higher
349:
143:
Silurian
Graptolites: These species average lifespan is 2 million years. Reasons for why this group goes extinct includes climate change, rising sea levels, and loss of habitats.
133:
Planktonic
Foraminifera: These species average lifespan is 7 million years. These species face extinction in cases of glaciation events, hyperthermal event, and climate change.
107:
survive. Similar to terrestrial invertebrates, marine invertebrates make up most of Earth's biodiversity which is why they do not go extinct as fast as other species.
1144:
122:
Cenozoic
Mammals: These species average lifespan is 1-2 million years. The main reason for these species extinction was from a direct result of climate change.
136:
Cenozoic
Bivalves: These species average lifespan is 10 million years. The reason for why this group goes extinct is related to environmental deterioration.
543:
1201:
978:
371:
By the most conservative measure - based on the last century's recorded extinctions - the current rate of extinction is 100 times the background rate.
1026:
988:
973:
1128:
699:
1086:
968:
726:
359:
383:
Thackeray, J. Francis (1990). "Rates of
Extinction in Marine Invertebrates: Further Comparison Between Background and Mass Extinctions".
1159:
908:
1081:
350:"Animal Extinction - the greatest threat to mankind: By the end of the century half of all species will be extinct. Does that matter?"
1046:
593:
126:
thrive. From this information we have concluded that these species are going to extinct due to high rates of ocean acidifications.
1180:
1149:
958:
855:
835:
516:
1185:
1016:
1101:
39:
1091:
540:
1123:
1115:
1011:
963:
719:
1256:
1061:
394:
928:
880:
385:
1230:
1006:
885:
774:
764:
1051:
1154:
923:
913:
870:
457:
398:
175:
1251:
1220:
983:
865:
860:
850:
769:
712:
630:
Riding, James B.; Fensome, Robert A.; Soyer-Gobillard, Marie-Odile; Medlin, Linda K. (2022-12-20).
448:
N.L. Gilinsky (1994). "Volatility and the
Phanerozoic decline of background extinction intensity".
51:
481:
473:
430:
422:
1190:
1076:
1066:
819:
779:
653:
589:
414:
71:
63:
1195:
943:
918:
875:
845:
794:
789:
643:
465:
406:
47:
77:
Background extinction rates have not remained constant, although changes are measured over
903:
840:
547:
503:
354:
78:
43:
570:
May, R. Lawton, J. Stork, N: “Assessing
Extinction Rates” Oxford University Press, 1995.
461:
402:
1056:
1031:
261:
1245:
933:
784:
759:
162:
98:
Some species lifespan estimates by taxonomy are given below (Lawton & May 1995).
17:
582:
559:
485:
434:
1175:
754:
673:
277:
1036:
1021:
804:
700:
Discussion of extinction events, with description of Background extinction rates
689:
J.H.Lawton and R.M.May (2005) Extinction rates, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
320:
304:
680:
735:
469:
410:
274:
35:
657:
541:
http://www.amnh.org/science/biodiversity/extinction/Intro/OngoingProcess.html
418:
1041:
632:"A Review of the Dinoflagellates and Their Evolution from Fossils to Modern"
499:
67:
54:. There have been five mass extinction events throughout Earth's history.
1096:
1071:
648:
631:
317:
291:
234:
477:
426:
248:
221:
684:. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and Environment
676:. 2005. The Future of Life. Alfred A. Knopf. New York, New York, USA
498:
Raymond, H, Ward, P: “Hypoxia, Global Warming, and Terrestrial
708:
686:. ed. Galal Hassan, ed in chief Cutler Cleveland, Washington DC
517:"What is Background Extinction Rate and How is it Calculated?"
704:
558:
Pimm, S.: “The Extinction Puzzle”, Project Syndicate, 2007.
504:
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/308/5720/398
580:
Lawton, John H.; May, Robert McCredie (1995-01-01).
1168:
1137:
1114:
999:
951:
942:
894:
828:
812:
742:
581:
560:http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/pimm1
502:Extinctions” Page 389–401. Science 15, 2005.
70:of extinction today than in all periods of non-
1145:International Union for Conservation of Nature
720:
156:Species Average Lifespan (Millions of Years)
8:
610:"End-Permian Extinction - Sam Noble Museum"
1202:The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History
948:
727:
713:
705:
539:American Museum of Natural History, 1998.
647:
636:Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
146:
339:
50:, including the current human-induced
62:Extinctions are a normal part of the
7:
1226:
1160:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
909:Extinction risk from climate change
25:
34:, refers to the standard rate of
1225:
1216:
1215:
1181:Decline in amphibian populations
1150:IUCN Species Survival Commission
803:
856:Human impact on the environment
836:Climate variability and change
81:, covering millions of years.
1:
1186:Decline in insect populations
1129:IUCN Red List extinct species
130:livelihood of this species.
588:. Oxford University Press.
348:Julia Whitty (2007-04-30).
1273:
750:Background extinction rate
28:Background extinction rate
1211:
1072:End-Jurassic or Tithonian
801:
515:popedadmin (2018-12-11).
470:10.1017/S0094837300012926
411:10.1017/s0094837300009702
1124:Lists of extinct species
296:Raup and Stanley (1978)
240:Raup and Stanley (1978)
679:C.Michael Hogan. 2010.
395:Paleontological Society
929:Latent extinction risk
32:normal extinction rate
886:Paradox of enrichment
775:Functional extinction
765:Ecological extinction
18:Background extinction
1155:Extinction Rebellion
1097:Pliocene–Pleistocene
979:Cretaceous–Paleogene
924:Hypothetical species
914:Extinction threshold
871:Overabundant species
649:10.3390/jmse11010001
521:Population Education
176:Marine Invertebrates
64:evolutionary process
30:, also known as the
1082:Cenomanian-Turonian
1027:Cambrian–Ordovician
959:Ordovician–Silurian
866:Mutational meltdown
851:Habitat destruction
770:Extinct in the wild
462:1994Pbio...20..445G
403:1990Pbio...16...22T
153:Source of Estimate
52:Holocene extinction
546:2008-04-06 at the
210:All Fossil Groups
94:Lifespan estimates
46:, excluding major
44:biological history
1239:
1238:
1191:Extinction symbol
1110:
1109:
974:Triassic–Jurassic
944:Extinction events
820:Extinction vortex
780:Genetic pollution
332:
331:
282:Van Valen (1973)
266:Van Valen (1973)
180:Valentine (1970)
72:extinction events
48:extinction events
16:(Redirected from
1264:
1229:
1228:
1219:
1218:
1196:Human extinction
1087:Eocene–Oligocene
969:Permian–Triassic
949:
919:Field of Bullets
876:Overexploitation
861:Muller's ratchet
846:Invasive species
807:
795:Pseudoextinction
790:Local extinction
729:
722:
715:
706:
662:
661:
651:
627:
621:
620:
618:
617:
606:
600:
599:
587:
584:Extinction Rates
577:
571:
568:
562:
556:
550:
537:
531:
530:
528:
527:
512:
506:
496:
490:
489:
445:
439:
438:
380:
374:
373:
368:
367:
358:. Archived from
344:
325:Rickards (1977)
202:Sepkoski (1992)
147:
21:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1207:
1164:
1133:
1116:Extinct species
1106:
1062:Carnian Pluvial
1007:Great Oxidation
995:
938:
904:Extinction debt
896:
890:
841:Genetic erosion
824:
808:
799:
738:
733:
696:
670:
668:Further reading
665:
629:
628:
624:
615:
613:
608:
607:
603:
596:
579:
578:
574:
569:
565:
557:
553:
548:Wayback Machine
538:
534:
525:
523:
514:
513:
509:
497:
493:
447:
446:
442:
382:
381:
377:
365:
363:
355:The Independent
347:
345:
341:
337:
262:Dinoflagellates
213:Simpson (1952)
199:Marine Animals
188:Marine Animals
111:overharvesting.
96:
87:
79:geological time
60:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1270:
1268:
1260:
1259:
1257:Temporal rates
1254:
1244:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1223:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1120:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1092:Middle Miocene
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1057:End-Capitanian
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1003:
1001:
997:
996:
994:
993:
992:
991:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
955:
953:
946:
940:
939:
937:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
900:
898:
892:
891:
889:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
832:
830:
826:
825:
823:
822:
816:
814:
810:
809:
802:
800:
798:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
746:
744:
740:
739:
734:
732:
731:
724:
717:
709:
703:
702:
695:
694:External links
692:
691:
690:
687:
677:
669:
666:
664:
663:
622:
601:
594:
572:
563:
551:
532:
507:
491:
456:(4): 445–458.
440:
375:
338:
336:
333:
330:
329:
326:
323:
314:
313:
310:
309:Durham (1970)
307:
301:
300:
297:
294:
287:
286:
283:
280:
271:
270:
267:
264:
258:
257:
254:
251:
245:
244:
241:
238:
231:
230:
227:
226:Martin (1993)
224:
218:
217:
214:
211:
207:
206:
203:
200:
196:
195:
192:
189:
185:
184:
181:
178:
172:
171:
168:
165:
158:
157:
154:
151:
145:
144:
141:
137:
134:
131:
127:
123:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
95:
92:
86:
83:
59:
56:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1269:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1232:
1224:
1222:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1138:Organizations
1136:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1047:Carboniferous
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1012:End-Ediacaran
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1002:
998:
990:
987:
986:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
964:Late Devonian
962:
960:
957:
956:
954:
950:
947:
945:
941:
935:
934:Living fossil
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
901:
899:
893:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
833:
831:
827:
821:
818:
817:
815:
811:
806:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
785:Lazarus taxon
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
760:De-extinction
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
747:
745:
741:
737:
730:
725:
723:
718:
716:
711:
710:
707:
701:
698:
697:
693:
688:
685:
683:
682:Edenic Period
678:
675:
672:
671:
667:
659:
655:
650:
645:
641:
637:
633:
626:
623:
611:
605:
602:
597:
595:9780198548294
591:
586:
585:
576:
573:
567:
564:
561:
555:
552:
549:
545:
542:
536:
533:
522:
518:
511:
508:
505:
501:
495:
492:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
444:
441:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
387:
379:
376:
372:
362:on 2015-08-06
361:
357:
356:
351:
343:
340:
334:
327:
324:
322:
319:
316:
315:
311:
308:
306:
303:
302:
298:
295:
293:
289:
288:
284:
281:
279:
276:
273:
272:
268:
265:
263:
260:
259:
255:
252:
250:
247:
246:
242:
239:
236:
233:
232:
228:
225:
223:
220:
219:
215:
212:
209:
208:
204:
201:
198:
197:
193:
190:
187:
186:
182:
179:
177:
174:
173:
169:
166:
164:
163:Invertebrates
160:
159:
155:
152:
149:
148:
142:
138:
135:
132:
128:
124:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
100:
99:
93:
91:
84:
82:
80:
75:
73:
69:
65:
57:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
19:
1200:
1176:Anthropocene
1017:End-Botomian
897:and concepts
755:Coextinction
749:
681:
674:E. O. Wilson
639:
635:
625:
614:. Retrieved
612:. 2015-05-04
604:
583:
575:
566:
554:
535:
524:. Retrieved
520:
510:
500:Late Permian
494:
453:
450:Paleobiology
449:
443:
390:
386:Paleobiology
384:
378:
370:
364:. Retrieved
360:the original
353:
342:
278:Foraminifera
191:Raup (1991)
167:Raup (1978)
97:
88:
76:
61:
31:
27:
26:
1022:Dresbachian
321:Graptolites
305:Echinoderms
85:Measurement
74:before it.
38:in Earth's
1252:Extinction
1246:Categories
1102:Quaternary
736:Extinction
616:2023-11-01
526:2023-09-14
366:2010-05-20
335:References
275:Planktonic
253:Van Valen
40:geological
36:extinction
881:Overshoot
743:Phenomena
658:2077-1312
419:1938-5331
290:Cenozoic
150:Taxonomy
115:dissolve.
68:frequency
1221:Category
1169:See also
1067:Toarcian
1032:Ireviken
989:Timeline
984:Holocene
895:Theories
642:(1): 1.
544:Archived
486:82320624
435:88902588
397:: 22–4.
318:Silurian
292:Bivalves
237:Mammals
235:Cenozoic
103:species.
58:Overview
1231:Commons
1052:Olson's
478:2401228
458:Bibcode
427:2400930
399:Bibcode
249:Diatoms
222:Mammals
140:shells.
119:change.
1077:Aptian
829:Causes
813:Models
656:
592:
484:
476:
433:
425:
417:
216:0.5–5
1037:Mulde
1000:Other
952:Major
482:S2CID
474:JSTOR
431:S2CID
423:JSTOR
393:(1).
346:E.g.
183:5–10
654:ISSN
590:ISBN
415:ISSN
243:1–2
161:All
42:and
1042:Lau
644:doi
466:doi
407:doi
299:10
269:13
170:11
1248::
652:.
640:11
638:.
634:.
519:.
480:.
472:.
464:.
454:20
452:.
429:.
421:.
413:.
405:.
391:16
389:.
369:.
352:.
328:2
312:6
285:7
256:8
229:1
205:5
194:4
728:e
721:t
714:v
660:.
646::
619:.
598:.
529:.
488:.
468::
460::
437:.
409::
401::
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.