404:; Leroy, Eric M.; Lever, Mark S.; Mühlberger, Elke; Netesov, Sergey V.; Olinger, Gene G.; Palacios, Gustavo; Patterson, Jean L.; Paweska, Janusz T.; Pitt, Louise; Radoshitzky, Sheli R.; Saphire, Erica Ollmann; Smither, Sophie J.; Swanepoel, Robert; Towner, Jonathan S.; van der Groen, Guido; Volchkov, Viktor E.; Wahl-Jensen, Victoria; Warren, Travis K.; Weidmann, Manfred; Nichol, Stuart T. (2012).
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289:, and is very well understood. It has remained a popular model organism for many other reasons, like the ease of its breeding and maintenance, and the speed and volume of its reproduction. Various specific strains have been developed, including a flightless version with stunted wings (also used in the pet trade as
180:
The term has no official ranking status in botany; the term refers to the collective descendants produced from a common ancestor that share a uniform morphological or physiological character. A strain is a designated group of offspring that are either descended from a modified plant (produced by
147:
is most common species for prokaryotic strain engineering. Scientists have succeeded in establishing viable minimal genomes from which new strains can be developed. These minimal strains provide a near guarantee that experiments on genes outside the minimal framework will not be effected by
112:
or "flu" virus. These flu strains are characterized by their differing isoforms of surface proteins. New viral strains can be created due to mutation or swapping of genetic components when two or more viruses infect the same cell in nature. These phenomena are known respectively as
399:
Kuhn, Jens H.; Bao, Yiming; Bavari, Sina; Becker, Stephan; Bradfute, Steven; Brister, J. Rodney; Bukreyev, Alexander A.; Chandran, Kartik; Davey, Robert A.; Dolnik, Olga; Dye, John M.; Enterlein, Sven; Hensley, Lisa E.; Honko, Anna N.; Jahrling, Peter B.; Johnson, Karl M.;
200:
that is passed on to later generations; the strain designation, which is normally a number or a formal name, covers all the plants that descend from the originally modified plant. The rice plants in the strain can be bred to other rice strains or
140:
In biotechnology, microbial strains have been constructed to establish metabolic pathways suitable for treating a variety of applications. Historically, a major effort of metabolic research has been devoted to the field of biofuel production.
259:. A given inbred rodent population is considered genetically identical after 20 generations of sibling-mating. Many rodent strains have been developed for a variety of disease models, and they are also often used to test drug toxicity.
156:
are also often used as a chassis for the expression of simple proteins. These strains, such as BL21, are genetically modified to minimize protease activity, hence enabling potential for high efficiency industrial scale
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Yang, Guang; Zhao, Lifen; Liu, Bing; Shan, Yujia; Li, Yang; Zhou, Huimin; Jia, Li (2018). "Nutritional support contributes to recuperation in a rat model of aplastic anemia by enhancing mitochondrial function".
205:, and if desirable plants are produced, these are further bred to stabilize the desirable traits; the stabilized plants that can be propagated and "come true" (remain identical to the parent plant) are given a
121:. Microbial strains can also be differentiated by their genetic makeup using metagenomic methods to maximize resolution within species. This has become a valuable tool to analyze the
930:
137:
influenza virus. While funding for such research has aroused controversy at times due to safety concerns, leading to a temporary pause, it has subsequently proceeded.
53:. Strains are often seen as inherently artificial concepts, characterized by a specific intent for genetic isolation. This is most easily observed in
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406:"Virus nomenclature below the species level: a standardized nomenclature for natural variants of viruses assigned to the family Filoviridae"
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Steensels, Jan; Snoek, Tim; Meersman, Esther; Nicolino, Martina Picca; Voordeckers, Karin; Verstrepen, Kevin J. (2014-09-01).
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89:', and 'isolate' in the virology community, and most virologists simply copy the usage of terms from others".
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Anderson, Mark S.; Bluestone, Jeffrey A. (2004-11-29). "THE NOD MOUSE: A Model of Immune
Dysregulation".
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Scientists have modified strains of viruses in order to study their behavior, as in the case of the
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conventional breeding or by biotechnological means), or which result from genetic mutation.
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are the most common subjects of eukaryotic genetic modification, especially with respect to
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It has been said that "there is no universally accepted definition for the terms 'strain', '
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Butler, Declan (2012). "Scientists call for 60-day suspension of mutant flu research".
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785:"Improving industrial yeast strains: exploiting natural and artificial diversity"
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Sung, Bong Hyun; Choe, Donghui; Kim, Sun Chang; Cho, Byung-Kwan (2016-11-30).
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360:"Strain, clone and species: comments on three basic concepts of bacteriology"
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uniform. Strains are used in laboratory experiments. Mouse strains can be
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Cheon, Dong-Joo; Orsulic, Sandra (2011-01-24). "Mouse Models of Cancer".
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This article is about strains in biology. For strain in chemistry, see
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Liu, Tiangang; Khosla, Chaitan (2010-11-03). "Genetic modification of
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Yong, Ed (2013). "Scientists create hybrid flu that can go airborne".
683:"Construction of a minimal genome as a chassis for synthetic biology"
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108:). For example, a "flu strain" is a certain biological form of the
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of the genetically modified rice plant are a strain with unique
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593:"Metabolic altered and Synthetic Biology in Strain Development"
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and are typically quarantined by the physical constraints of a
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Genetic variant, subtype or culture within a biological species
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The Wistar rat, which was the first developed rat model strain
866:"Geneticist shaped hybrid rice strains - Los Angeles Times"
844:, Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Reference, p. 361,
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name and released into production to be used by farmers.
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Drosophila melanogaster § Model organism in genetics
496:"Microbiology: the road to strain-level identification"
358:DIJKSHOORN, L.; URSING, B.M.; URSING, J.B. (2000).
931:Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease
96:variant or subtype of a microorganism (e.g., a
65:. Strains are also commonly referred to within
148:non-essential pathways. Optimized strains of
57:where strains are derived from a single cell
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730:Jeong, H; Kim, HJ; Lee, SJ (19 March 2015).
1034:International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
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281:) was among the first organisms used for
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864:Maugh II, Thomas H. (18 February 2008).
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239:strain is a group of animals that is
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293:for small reptiles and amphibians).
192:material into a rice plant, all the
75:rodents used in experimental studies
842:The Wordsworth Dictionary of Botany
652:10.1146/annurev-genet-102209-163440
45:is a genetic variant, a subtype or
188:strains are made by inserting new
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255:, while rat strains are usually
364:Journal of Medical Microbiology
1:
732:"Complete Genome Sequence of
591:Lee, Sang Yup (2012-11-16).
1074:Infraspecific bacteria taxa
886:Annual Review of Immunology
494:Marx, Vivien (2016-04-28).
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1013:Coli Genetic Stock Center
988:10.1016/j.nut.2017.09.002
789:FEMS Microbiology Reviews
639:Annual Review of Genetics
636:for Biofuel Production".
473:10.1038/nature.2013.12925
423:10.1007/s00705-012-1454-0
81:Microbiology and virology
1069:Infraspecific virus taxa
752:10.1128/genomeA.00134-15
545:10.1038/nature.2012.9873
801:10.1111/1574-6976.12073
279:Drosophila melanogaster
170:industrial fermentation
840:Usher, George (1996),
687:Essays in Biochemistry
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597:ACS Synthetic Biology
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217:Further information:
129:Artificial constructs
740:Genome Announcements
410:Archives of Virology
324:Clone (cell biology)
253:genetically modified
184:As an example, some
49:within a biological
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571:Nature News Special
198:genetic information
1054:Microbiology terms
1027:2019-05-19 at the
513:10.1038/nmeth.3837
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123:microbiome
63:Petri dish
982:: 67–77.
976:Nutrition
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110:influenza
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47:a culture
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297:See also
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67:virology
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