2068:
1334:
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3111:
3130:
5173:, pp. 88–89: "Preventing uprisings on the fringes of the empire was a major concern for Assyrian kings, and a number of policies developed to meet this need, among them mass deportations. When new territory was conquered or a rebellious vassal crushed, an increased imperial presence in the trouble spot was often complemented by the removal of large numbers of the indigenous population to the imperial core, effectively breaking up the rebellious population and reducing the potential for future resistance. This practice was effective, and continued throughout the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires until 539 BC and Cyrus's conquest of Babylon. The majority of the immigrant population were not slaves (Yamauchi 2002: 365), and some did rise to high status positions at the core of the empire (a possibility reflected in the career of the biblical Daniel, who rises to the status of trusted royal confidant)."
3190:
3152:
3085:
1308:
1700:
1672:
1143:
more, because I thought that I should have distinguished some traces, however imperfect, of many of the principal structures of
Babylon. I imagined, I should have said: "Here were the walls, and such must have been the extent of the area. There stood the palace, and this most assuredly was the tower of Belus." – I was completely deceived: instead of a few insulated mounds, I found the whole face of the country covered with vestiges of building, in some places consisting of brick walls surprisingly fresh, in others merely of a vast succession of mounds of rubbish of such indeterminate figures, variety and extent, as to involve the person who should have formed any theory in inextricable confusion.
2523:
1249:
2216:. Babylon's walls were considered impenetrable. The only way into the city was through one of its many gates, or through the Euphrates River. Metal grates were installed underwater, allowing the river to flow through the city walls while preventing intrusion. The Persians devised a plan to enter the city via the river. During a Babylonian national feast, Cyrus' troops upstream diverted the Euphrates River, allowing Cyrus' soldiers to enter the city through the lowered water. The Persian army conquered the outlying areas of the city while the majority of Babylonians at the city center were unaware of the breach. The account was elaborated upon by
1261:
2245:
3171:
1635:
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124:
96:
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783:
117:
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1133:
2794:
1664:
89:
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Sumu-abum to
Babylon was much more complex. It was long been noted that many of Sumu-abum's year names are identical or virtually identical to the year names of Sumu-la-el, whom we know for certain was king of Babylon. Goddeeris (2002:319–320) sums these parallels up as follows: Sa 1 and 2 / Sl 5 and 6: building the wall of Babylon. Sa 9 / Sl 'b': building the wall of Dilbat. Sa 13/14 / Sl 20/21: the destruction and seizure of Kazallu."
72:
1330:. Work began in 1879, continuing until 1882, and was prompted by widespread looting of the site. Using industrial scale digging in search of artifacts, Rassam recovered a large quantity of cuneiform tablets and other finds. The zealous excavation methods, common at the time, caused significant damage to the archaeological context. Many tablets had appeared on the market in 1876 before Rassam's excavation began.
1432:
2600:, and an amphitheater constructed in the city's Hellenistic era. In 1982, the government minted a set of seven coins, displaying iconic features of Babylon. A Babylon International Festival was held in September 1987, and annually thereafter until 2002, excepting 1990 and 1991, to showcase this work. The proposed reconstruction of the Hanging Gardens and the great ziggurat never took place.
6661:
961:
1982:, and suppressed only by the complete destruction of the city of Babylon. In 689 BC, its walls, temples and palaces were razed, and the rubble was thrown into the Arakhtu, the sea bordering the earlier Babylon on the south. The destruction of the religious center shocked many, and the subsequent murder of Sennacherib by two of his own sons while praying to the god
1948:
3052:
2709:, one of the most famous monuments from antiquity US military vehicles crushed 2,600-year-old brick pavements, archaeological fragments were scattered across the site, more than 12 trenches were driven into ancient deposits and military earth-moving projects contaminated the site for future generations of scientists.
5951:
Mesopotamian cities—and with plenty of obelisks and the odd sphinx. To this mixture is added, often and willingly, something of
Ottoman architecture, showing cupolas and minarets, clearly useful in picturing an unchangeable Near East which therefore needed to retain elements of remote antiquity in a modern age."
3110:
2596:, began the "Archaeological Restoration of Babylon Project": reconstructing features of the ancient city atop its ruins. These features included the Southern Palace of Nebuchadnezzar, with 250 rooms, five courtyards, and a 30-meter (100') entrance arch. The project reinforced the Processional Way, the
2725:
In April 2006, Colonel John
Coleman, former Chief of Staff for the I Marine Expeditionary Force, offered to issue an apology for the damage done by military personnel under his command. He also claimed that the US presence had deterred far greater damage by other looters. An April 2006 article stated
1410:
A topographical survey at the site was conducted in 1974, followed in 1977 by a review of the stratigraphical position of the main monuments and reconsideration of ancient water levels, by the Turin Centre for
Archaeological Research and Excavations in the Middle East and Asia, and the Iraqi-Italian
1142:
From the accounts of modern travellers, I had expected to have found on the site of
Babylon more, and less, than I actually did. Less, because I could have formed no conception of the prodigious extent of the whole ruins, or of the size, solidity, and perfect state, of some of the parts of them; and
980:
period, sign placement was relatively fluid and so the KI sign could be seen as the determinative, with the name of the city as BAR.BAR, perhaps pronounced Babbar. Paul-Alain
Beaulieu proposes that the original name could mean "shining" "glowing" or "white". It would be likely that it was later read
1654:
one of whose year names mentions building two temples there. Babylon was ruled by ensi (governors) for the empire. Some of the known governors were Abba, Arši-aḫ, Itūr-ilum, Murteli, Unabatal, and Puzur-Tutu. After that nothing is heard of the city until the time of Sumu-la-El. After around 1950 BC
1160:
The site covers an area of about 1,000 hectares (3¾ sq. mi.), with about 450 hectares (1¾ sq. mi.) within the several kilometer (mile) long city walls, containing a number of mounds, the most prominent of which are Kasr, Merkes (13 meters; 43' above the plain), Homera, Ishin-Aswad, Sahn, Amran, and
2850:
world, or any form of imperialist evil. It is believed that
Babylon actively seeks to exploit and oppress the people of the world, specifically people of African descent. It is believed by Rastafarians that Babylon attempts to forbid the smoking of ganja because this sacred herb opens minds to the
2949:
After
Hezekiah, the king of Judah, became ill, Baladan, king of Babylon, sent a letter and gifts to him. Hezekiah showed all of his treasures to the delegation, and the prophet Isaiah later said to him: "Behold, the days are coming when everything that is in your house, and what your fathers have
2771:
Thousands of people reside in
Babylon within the perimeter of the ancient outer city walls, and communities in and around them are "rapidly developing from compact, dense settlements to sprawling suburbia despite laws restricting constructions". Modern villages include Zwair West, Sinjar Village,
1926:
By 1155 BC, after continued attacks and annexing of territory by the Assyrians and Elamites, the Kassites were deposed in Babylon. An Akkadian south Mesopotamian dynasty then ruled for the first time. However, Babylon remained weak and subject to domination by Assyria. Its ineffectual native
1360:
at Babylon. The work was conducted daily from 1899 until 1917. A major problem for Koldewey was the large scale mining of baked bricks, which began in the 19th century and which were mainly sourced from the time of Nebuchadnezzar II. At the time, excavations for brick mining, for various building
5950:
Liverani 2016, pp. 21–22. "In practice, the solution adopted to visualize cities which were in fact unknown was a mixture of classical (Greek) and Egyptian elements, with long colonnades, even built on more than one level—which will then prove totally foreign to the unfired brick architecture of
4956:
Vedeler (2006), pp. 8–15. "However, this later tradition is almost certainly a simplification or even a reworking of the actual events surrounding Sumu-abum, who was never regarded as an actual ancestor to the other kings of the Babylon I dynasty (Edzard 1957:122); in reality the relationship of
1526:
The earliest known mention of Babylon as a small town appears on a clay tablet from the reign of Shar-Kali-Sharri (2217–2193 BC) of the Akkadian Empire. References to the city of Babylon can be found in Akkadian and Sumerian literature from the late third millennium BC. One of the earliest is a
2479:
Christianity eventually became marginalized. Ibn Hawqal (10th century) and the Arab scholar, al-Qazwini (13th century), describe Babylon (Babil) as a small village. The latter described a well referred to as the 'Dungeon of Daniel' that was visited by Christians and Jews during holidays. The
1422:
During the restoration efforts in Babylon, the Iraqi State Organization for Antiquities and Heritage conducted extensive research, excavation and clearing, but wider publication of these archaeological activities has been limited. Most of the known tablets from all modern excavations remain
2953:
The prophet Daniel lived in Babylon for most of his life. Nebuchadnezzar made Daniel ruler over the entire province of Babylon for having interpreted his dream. Years later, Belshazzar held a banquet, at which fingers of a hand appeared and wrote on a wall. Daniel was called to provide an
1571:, had built Babylon "in front of Akkad" (ABC 19:51). A later chronicle states that Sargon "dug up the dirt of the pit of Babylon, and made a counterpart of Babylon next to Akkad". (ABC 20:18–19). Van de Mieroop has suggested that those sources may refer to the much later Assyrian king
2548:
By 1905, there were several villages in Babylon, one of which was Qwaresh with about 200 households located within the boundaries of the ancient inner city walls. The village grew due to the need for laborers during the German Oriental Society excavations between 1899–1917.
1418:
A number of Iraqi excavations have occurred at Babylon, the earliest in 1938. From 1979–1981 excavation and restoration work was conducted at the Ninmah Temple, Istar Temple, and the Southern Palace. Occasional excavations and restorations continued in the 1970s and 1980s.
3129:
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that acts as a trading and diplomatic nexus between many different cultures. Many stories focus on the theme of different societies and cultures uniting, respecting differences, and learning from each other rather than fighting or looking on each other with prejudice and
2957:
The Book of Isaiah says the following regarding Babylon: "It will be like Sodom and Gomorrah when God overthrew them. It will never be inhabited or lived in for all generations; no Arab will pitch his tent there; no shepherds will make their flocks lie down there." The
3151:
744:. It was perhaps the first city to reach a population above 200,000. Estimates for the maximum extent of its area range from 890 (3½ sq. mi.) to 900 ha (2,200 acres). The main sources of information about Babylon—excavation of the site itself, references in
6172:
2652:
2713:
A US military spokesman claimed that engineering operations were discussed with the "head of the Babylon museum". The head of the Iraqi State Board for Heritage and Antiquities, Donny George, said that the "mess will take decades to sort out" and criticised
2784:
is involved in research and conservation. The SBAH Provincial Inspectorate Headquarters is located within the boundaries of the ancient inner city walls on the east side. Several staff members and their families reside in subsidized housing in this area.
694:
1. However, there are questions about whether the Hanging Gardens of Babylon even existed, as there is no mention within any extant Babylonian texts of its existence. After the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, the city came under the rule of the
2942:("Calneh" is now sometimes translated not as a proper name but as the phrase "all of them"). Another story is given in Genesis 11, which describes a united human race, speaking one language, migrating to Shinar to establish a city and tower—the
2080:
6164:
2776:. Some cultivate dates, citrus fruits, figs, fodder for livestock and limited cash crops, although income from the land alone is not enough to sustain a family. Both Shi'a and Sunni Muslims live in Sinjar village, with mosques for both groups.
2067:
627:. Babylon was merely a religious and cultural centre at this point and neither an independent state nor a large city, subject to the Akkadian Empire. After the collapse of the Akkadian Empire, the south Mesopotamian region was dominated by the
2279:
has traditionally been seen by biblical scholars as corroborative evidence of this policy, although the interpretation is disputed because the text identifies only Mesopotamian sanctuaries but makes no mention of Jews, Jerusalem, or Judea.
6386:
Maurice, Thomas, "Observations on the ruins of Babylon, as recently visited and described by Claudius James Rich, Esq. resident for the East India Company at Bagdad; with illustrative engravings", London: John Murray, Albemarle Street,
2823:
Before modern archaeological excavations in Mesopotamia, the appearance of Babylon was largely a mystery, and typically envisioned by Western artists as a hybrid between ancient Egyptian, classical Greek, and contemporary Ottoman culture.
1333:
3189:
2779:
The State Board of Antiquities and Heritage (SBAH) is the main authority responsible for the conservation of the archeological site. They are assisted by Antiquity and Heritage Police, and maintain a permanent presence there. The
2240:
in 1883, Herodotus' account of Babylon has largely been considered to represent Greek folklore rather than an authentic voyage to Babylon. However, recently, Dalley and others have suggested taking Herodotus' account seriously.
3357:
Pedersén, Olof, "Excavated and Unexcavated Libraries in Babylon", Babylon: Wissenskultur in Orient und Okzident, edited by Eva Cancik-Kirschbaum, Margarete van Ess and Joachim Marzahn, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 47-68,
2318:, over-taxation and the strain of numerous wars led to a deterioration of Babylon's main shrines and canals, and the destabilization of the surrounding region. There were numerous attempts at rebellion and in 522 BC (
2111:, Babylon escaped Assyrian rule, and the allied Medo-Babylonian armies destroyed the Assyrian Empire between 626 BC and 609 BC. Babylon thus became the capital of the Neo-Babylonian (sometimes called the Chaldean) Empire.
3084:
2227:
and with buildings on top, and a hundred gates to the city. He writes that the Babylonians wear turbans and perfume and bury their dead in honey, that they practice ritual prostitution, and that three tribes among them
2962:
says that Babylon will "never again be inhabited" and that "no one will live there, nor will anyone of mankind reside in it" and that it will be a land in which "no one of mankind passes". The territories of Babylon,
2603:
Hussein installed a portrait of himself and Nebuchadnezzar at the entrance to the ruins and inscribed his name on many of the bricks, in imitation of Nebuchadnezzar. One frequent inscription reads: "This was built by
1303:
in May 1856. Few antiquities from the Fresnel mission made it to France. Subsequent efforts to recover the lost antiquities from the Tigris, including a Japanese expedition in 1971–72, have been largely unsuccessful.
2701:'s Near East department, John Curtis described how parts of the archaeological site were levelled to create a landing area for helicopters, and parking lots for heavy vehicles. Curtis wrote of the occupation forces:
2326:) and 482 BC (Bel-shimani and Shamash-eriba) native Babylonian kings briefly regained independence. However, these revolts were quickly repressed and Babylon remained under Persian rule for two centuries, until
1467:—present an incomplete and sometimes contradictory picture of the ancient city, even at its peak in the sixth century BC. Babylon was described, perhaps even visited, by a number of classical historians including
5795:
4553:, Macmillan and Co., 1914. "Up to the present time only about half the work has been accomplished, although since it began we have worked daily, both summer and winter, with from 200 to 250 workmen" (p. v).
2950:
stored up to this day, will be carried to Babylon; nothing will be left." Some 200 years later, Nebuchadnezzar, the king of Babylon, invaded Judah, laid siege to Jerusalem and deported the Jews to Babylon.
1411:
Institute of Archaeological Sciences. The focus was on clearing up issues raised by re-examination of the old German data. Additional work in 1987–1989 concentrated on the area surrounding the Ishara and
1165:, which has shifted slightly since ancient times. The local water table has risen, making excavation of lower levels difficult. Prior to the heavy use of baked bricks in the reign of Neo-Babylonian ruler
6327:
Al-Assadi, Hind A., and Najah A. Abd, "Application of Georadar Method to Investigate Shallow Artifacts for Al-Maabid Area in Babylon Archaeological City", The Iraqi Geological Journal, pp. 288-295, 2024
2040:
Once again, Babylon was besieged by the Assyrians, starved into surrender and its allies were defeated. Ashurbanipal celebrated a "service of reconciliation", but did not venture to "take the hands" of
2099:
A reconstruction of the blue-tiled Ishtar Gate, Pergamon Museum, Berlin, which was the northern entrance to Babylon. It was named for the goddess of love and war. Bulls and dragons, symbols of the god
6718:
6330:
Al-Kassar, Awwad Abdul-Kareem, "Views and conclusions about the excavations of the northern part of the procession street for the year 1981" Sumer 41, Arabic section, pp. 137–138, 1985 (in Arabic)
6036:
2657:
2653:
6723:
3551:
2631:
completely removed the village of Qwaresh, displacing its residents. He later constructed a modern palace in that area called Saddam Hill, over some of the old ruins, in the pyramidal style of a
5748:
2654:
1858:, and the Elamites appropriated territory in eastern Mesopotamia. The Amorite dynasty remained in power in Babylon, which again became a small city state. After the destruction of the city the
5370:
Nissen, Hans J. and Heine, Peter, "Alexander and the Seleucids in Babylonia (331–141 BCE)", From Mesopotamia to Iraq: A Concise History, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 114-119, 2009
946:
was a loan translation of the Semitic folk etymology, and not the original name. The re-translation of the Semitic name into Sumerian would have taken place at the time of the "Neo-Sumerian"
1737:
Babylon was initially a minor city-state, and controlled little surrounding territory. Its first four Amorite rulers did not assume the title of king. The older and more powerful states of
5550:
1399:
was conducted by Heinrich J. Lenzen in 1956 and Hansjörg Schmid in 1962, working the Hellenistic, Parthian, Sasanian, and Arabic levels of the site. Lenzen's work dealt primarily with the
4423:"Potts 2020. 'Un coup terrible de la fortune:' A. Clément and the Qurna disaster of 1855. in Finkel, I.L. and Simpson, St J., eds. In Context: The Reade Festschrift. Oxford: Archaeopress"
2954:
interpretation of the writings, upon which he explained that God had put an end to Belshazzar's kingdom. Belshazzar was killed that very night, and Darius the Mede took over the kingdom.
3584:
4213:
Claudius J. Rich, "Second memoir on Babylon; containing an inquiry into the correspondence between the ancient descriptions of Babylon, and the remains still visible on the site", 1818
5183:
6605:
5628:
4938:
Rients de Boer. "Beginnings of Old Babylonian Babylon: Sumu-Abum and Sumu-La-El." Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 70, The American Schools of Oriental Research, 2018, pp. 53–86
1734:. Both are credited with building the walls of Babylon. In any case, the records describe Sumu-la-El's military successes establishing a regional sphere of influence for Babylon.
2946:. God halts construction of the tower by scattering humanity across the earth and confusing their communication so they are unable to understand each other in the same language.
1214:
Babil – a mound about 25 meters (80') high at the northern end of the site. Its bricks have been subject to looting since ancient times. It held a palace built by Nebuchadnezzar.
3421:
2761:
reopened the site to tourists. Over 35,000 people visited in 2017. An oil pipeline runs through an outer wall of the city. In July 2019, the site of Babylon was inscribed as a
2656:
3400:
5570:
772:
in 2019. The site receives thousands of visitors each year, almost all of whom are Iraqis. Construction is rapidly increasing, which has caused encroachments upon the ruins.
482:
5717:
5258:
654:
founded the short-lived Old Babylonian Empire in the 16th century BC. He built Babylon into a major city and declared himself its king. Southern Mesopotamia became known as
6007:
4795:
Isḥaq, Danial, "The excavations at the southern part of the procession street and the Nabû ša ḫarê temple", Sumer 41, pp. 30–33, Arabic section, pp. 48–54, Figs. 1–18, 1985
4513:
Asshur and the Land of Nimrod: Being an Account of the Discoveries Made in the Ancient Ruins of Nineveh, Asshur, Sepharvaim, Calah, Babylon, Borsippa, Cuthah, and Van, etc
3633:
2358:, occupying Babylon. Under Alexander, Babylon again flourished as a center of learning and commerce. However, following Alexander's death in 323 BC in the palace of
5792:
3041:. Other scholars suggest that Babylon in the book of Revelation has a symbolic significance that extends beyond mere identification with the first century Roman empire.
6733:
3612:
3367:
Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2017). A History of Babylon, 2200 BC – AD 75. Blackwell History of the Ancient World. Wiley. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-119-45907-1. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
6165:"Bible Gateway passage: Isaiah 13:19–20, Jeremiah 49:17–18, Jeremiah 49:13, Zephaniah 2:9, Ezekiel 26:14, Ezekiel 26:19–21, Jeremiah 49:33 – English Standard Version"
4499:
Rawlinson, Henry C., "On the Birs Nimrud, or the Great Temple of Borsippa", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 18, pp. 1–34, 1861
4282:
Travels and researches in Chaldaea and Susiana: with an account of excavations at Warka, the "Erech" of Nimrod, and Shush, "Shushan the Palace" of Esther, in 1849-52
1854:
as the major religious centers of southern Mesopotamia. Hammurabi's empire destabilized after his death. The far south of Mesopotamia broke away, forming the native
2678:
1004:
but grew in popularity in the Late 2nd Millennium BC and was in widespread usage in the 1st Millennium BC. The spelling E.KI also appears in the 1st Millennium BC.
507:
5326:
2557:
The site of Babylon has been a cultural asset to Iraq since the creation of the modern Iraqi state in 1921. The site was officially protected and excavated by the
2172:
1307:
3170:
2772:
Qwaresh, and Al-Jimjmah, among which the first two are better off economically. Most residents primarily depend on daily wage earning or have government jobs in
6483:
6028:
6492:
2608:, son of Nebuchadnezzar, to glorify Iraq". These bricks became sought after as collectors' items after Hussein's downfall. Similar projects were conducted at
1295:
river in May 1855. They had been carrying over 200 crates of artifacts from various excavation missions, when they were attacked by Tigris river pirates near
2307:
and remained prominent for over two centuries. Many important archaeological discoveries have been made that can provide a better understanding of that era.
6094:
1939:
in the 9th century BC, entering and appropriating areas of Babylonia for themselves. The Arameans briefly ruled in Babylon during the late 11th century BC.
6122:
1699:
1671:
6598:
4815:
Damerji, Moayad Said Basim, "Babylon – ka.dingir.ra – “gate of god”. The story of a city killed by legends and oblivion", Mesopotamia 47, pp. 1–102, 2012
1602:, claimed to have access to manuscripts from Babylonian archives, which date the founding of Babylon to 2286 BC, under the reign of its first king,
4549:, "Das wieder erstehende Babylon, die bisherigen Ergebnisse der deutschen Ausgrabungen", J.C. Hinrichs, 1913; Agnes Sophia Griffith Johns (translator),
3543:
938:, and there are no other examples of Sumerian place-names being replaced with Akkadian translations. He deduced that it later transformed into Akkadian
5740:
6065:
2655:
6728:
6703:
4666:
Douglas Frayne, "Babylon", Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 B.C.): Early Periods, Volume 4, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 323-438, 1990
2735:
6698:
5546:
4576:
4110:
2742:
1622:
for the siege of Troy (1229 BC), which would date Babylon's foundation to 2231 BC. All of these dates place Babylon's foundation in the
6378:
Die Orientalische Stadt: Kontinuitat. Wandel. Bruch. 1 Internationale Colloquium der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft. 9–10. Mai 1996 in Halle/Saale
4182:
Da Riva, Rocío, "Urban Religion in First Millennium BCE Babylonia", in Naming and Mapping the Gods in the Ancient Mediterranean, pp.763-790, 2022
1873:, considered as his son. Marduk was later elevated to a higher status and Shamash lowered, perhaps reflecting Babylon's rising political power.
5899:
1993:
hastened to rebuild the old city and make it his residence for part of the year. After his death, Babylonia was governed by his elder son, the
4947:
Al-Gailani Werr, L., 1988. Studies in the chronology and regional style of Old Babylonian Cylinder Seals. Bibliotheca Mesopotamica, Volume 23.
4773:
Al-Suba’ai, ‘Ata Allha Mohammed, "Ishtar temple and the residential quarter west of the temple", Sumer 41, pp. 63–66, Arabic pp. 101–107, 1985
3576:
6738:
6693:
6591:
6400:
6346:
6276:
6243:
5479:
5414:
5159:
5111:
5067:
5036:
4645:
4165:
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2171:
of the Jews, the result of an imperial technique of pacification, used also by the Assyrians, in which ethnic groups in conquered areas were
1389:
5884:
4152:
2483:
According to medieval Arabic writings, Babylon was a popular site to extract bricks, which were used to build cities from Baghdad to Basra.
6614:
5187:
2522:
1299:. Recovery efforts, assisted by the Ottoman authorities and British Residence in Baghdad, loaded the equivalent of 80 crates on a ship for
6476:
Modern Wars and Ancient Governance: Archaeology and Textual Finds from First Millennium BCE Babylon – Odette Boivin – ANE Today – Nov 2022
5620:
2718:
for causing "terrible damage" to the site. Poland resolved in 2004 to place the city under Iraq control, and commissioned a report titled
5850:
5217:
5042:
3503:
5073:
3465:
3261:
1487:. These reports are of variable accuracy and some of the content was politically motivated, but these still provide useful information.
969:
6578:
5661:
4180:
2145:
972:, likely in the Akkadian language, refers to an unknown lord who was the governor (ENSI) of BAR.KI.BAR and constructed the temple for
687:
5999:
5826:
1893:
took power in the city of Babylon, renaming it Karduniash, ushering in a dynasty that lasted for 435 years, until 1160 BC.
1753:'s short-lived empire about a century later. Hammurabi (r. 1792–1750 BC) is famous for codifying the laws of Babylonia into the
981:
as Babbir, and then Babbil by swapping the consonant r with l. The earliest unambiguous mention to the city Babylon came from one of
719:
empires. The last known habitation of the town dates from the 11th century, when it was referred to as the "small village of Babel".
116:
6438:
6426:
6258:
5972:
5604:
5389:
5135:
4806:
Kamil, Ahmed Mohammed, "Excavation at the northeastern part of the inner wall", Sumer 41, pp. 20–21, Arabic section, pp. 36–42, 1985
4691:
4610:
4402:
4367:
3803:
3497:
3459:
3431:
2816:
5713:
5567:
2114:
With the recovery of Babylonian independence, a new era of architectural activity ensued, particularly during the reign of his son
1098:("to speak foolish, excited, or confusing talk"), is popularly thought to derive from this name but there is no direct connection.
989:. However, the original form of the name (Babbar/Babbir) was not forgotten, as seen from the phonetic spelling ba-ab-bí-lum in the
3385:
Finkel, Irving and Seymour, Michael (2008). Babylon: City of Wonders. London: British Museum Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-7141-1171-1.
3435:
1315:
6512:
5691:
3650:
1248:
4596:
F. Wetzel and F.H. Weisbach, "Das Hauptheiligtum des Marduk in Babylon: Esagila und Etemenanki", WVDOG, vol. 59, pp. 1–36, 1938
3231:
3220:
1396:
1377:
6520:
6470:
6261:. Exhibition organized by British Museum, Musée du Louvre & Réunion des Musées Nationaux, and Staatliche Museen zu Berlin.
5771:
2831:, the word "Babylon" in various languages has acquired a generic meaning of a large, bustling diverse city. Examples include:
2570:
2303:
were revitalized, and Babylonian scholars completed maps of constellations. The city became the administrative capital of the
6384:
1610:, who, according to Pliny, stated that astronomical observations commenced at Babylon 490 years before the Greek era of
1238:
310:
88:
5350:
4578:
R. Koldewey, "Das Ischtar-Tor in Babylon Nach Den Ausgrabungen Durch Die Deutsche Orient Gesellschaft", WVDOG, vol. 32, 1918
4535:
Pedersén, O., "Work on a Digital Model of Babylon Using Archaeological and Textual Evidence", Mesopotamia 46, pp. 9–22, 2011
3606:
3322:
2449:. Coins from the Parthian, Sasanian and Arabic periods excavated in Babylon demonstrate the continuity of settlement there.
3784:, ed. Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. Vorderasiatisches Museum (Kleine Schriften 4), 2nd ed., Putbus 1990, p. 2
2697:. US forces occupied the site for some time and caused irreparable damage to the archaeological record. In a report of the
1260:
1237:
explored the site briefly in 1827. In 1829, he completed a map of Babylon which includes the location of several villages.
6475:
1169:(605-562 BC), construction at Babylon was primarily of unbaked brick, with the occasional use of baked bricks or bitumen.
764:—present an incomplete and sometimes contradictory picture of the ancient city, even at its peak in the sixth century BC.
5323:
4804:
4793:
4782:
4771:
4760:
4749:
4720:
4675:
2909:(2021), depicts Babylon on its greatest extent and is shown to be protected and aided in its development by the eternals.
6708:
6450:
5821:
4833:
Farouk N. H. Al-Rawi, Nabopolassar's Restoration Work on the Wall "Imgur-Enlil at Babylon, Iraq, vol. 47, pp. 1–13, 1985
4740:
G. Bergamini, "Preliminary report on the 1988–1989 operations at Babylon Shu-Anna", Mesopotamia, vol. 25, pp. 5–12, 1990
3196:
2722:, which it presented at a meeting in December 2004. In 2005, the site was handed over to the Iraqi Ministry of Culture.
2686:
2401:
1349:
1319:
6333:
Alwan, Kamil Shihab, "The Vaulted Structures or the so-called Hanging Gardens", Sumer 35, pp. 127–136, 1979 (in Arabic)
5272:
5242:
4032:
3796:
I studied inscriptions from before the flood: ancient Near Eastern, literary, and linguistic approaches to Genesis 1–11
2441:. Christianity was introduced to Mesopotamia in the 1st and 2nd centuries, and Babylon was the seat of a Bishop of the
2244:
1218:
Subsequent excavation, looting, and reconstruction have reduced these original heights found by the German excavators.
402:
Sumerian, Akkadian, Amorite, Kassite, Assyrian, Chaldean, Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Sasanian, Muslim caliphate
4002:
2541:, as well as measurements of its latitude. Beauchamp's memoir, published in English translation in 1792, provoked the
2176:
1927:
kings were unable to prevent new waves of foreign West Semitic settlers from the deserts of the Levant, including the
6447:
Nasir, Mohammad, "The so-called Summer Palace (Nebuchadnezzar’s life palace)" Sumer 35, pp. 150–159, 1979 (in Arabic)
5929:
1667:
A map showing the Babylonian territory upon Hammurabi's ascension in 1792 BC and upon his death in 1750 BC
832:
6560:
6501:
6480:
6086:
3063:
2729:
Two museums and a library, containing replicas of artifacts and local maps and reports, were raided and destroyed.
2542:
2538:
2141:
1269:
1230:
683:
628:
6116:
5865:
Maryam U. Musa, "The Situation of the Babylon Archaeological Site until 2006", in Cancik-Kirschbaum et al. (2011).
5004:
3355:
2811:
1687:(about 65 km or 40 mi north of Babylon on the map above) either during, or shortly before, the reign of
1650:
The first attested mention of Babylon was in the late 3rd millennium BC during the Akkadian Empire reign of ruler
1490:
Historical knowledge of early Babylon must be pieced together from epigraphic remains found elsewhere, such as at
1388:, stored in private houses, with Sumerian literature and lexical documents. The German archaeologists fled before
4512:
4478:"The Report of The Japan Mission For The Survey of Under-Water Antiquities At Qurnah: The First Season (1971-72)"
4311:
3017:
refers to Babylon many centuries after it ceased to be a major political center. The city is personified by the "
2562:
2506:
travelled to the village of Babil in Babylon in the 17th century and noted the existence of both baked and dried
2458:
2291:(Babylonia in the south and Athura in the north), as well as a center of learning and scientific advancement. In
1052:
1041:
716:
206:
192:
6539:, Issued in connection with an exhibition held Nov. 18, 2008-Mar. 15, 2009, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
4722:
G. Bergamini, "Preliminary Report on the 1987 Season of Excavations at Babylon, Iraq", Sumer 47, pp. 30-34, 1995
2408:
relinquished his conquests east of the Euphrates river, which became again the Roman Empire's eastern boundary.
5031:
Cuneiform Texts in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. IV. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 288–290.
4867:
4354:
J. Oppert, "Expédition scientifique en Mésopotamie exécutée par ordre du gouvernement de 1851 à 1854", Tome I:
4237:
Travels in Chaldaea: Including a Journey from Bussorah to Bagdad, Hillah and Babylon, Performed on Foot in 1827
4101:
3236:
3201:
2597:
2527:
2071:
A cuneiform cylinder from reign of Nebuchadnezzar II, honoring the exorcism and reconstruction of the ziggurat
2049:
was appointed as ruler of the city. Ashurbanipal did collect texts from Babylon for inclusion in his extensive
1731:
1634:
1357:
537:
486:
39:
4315:
4299:
1626:. However, cuneiform records have not been found to correspond with these classical, post-cuneiform accounts.
2118:(604–561 BC). Nebuchadnezzar ordered the complete reconstruction of the imperial grounds, including the
804:
678:
domination. After the Assyrians destroyed and then rebuilt it, Babylon became the capital of the short-lived
6688:
6534:
6481:– The Babylonian Akītu Festival and the Ritual Humiliation of the King – Sam Mirelman – ANE Today – Sep 2022
4622:
4051:, Stephanie (1994). "Nineveh, Babylon and the Hanging Gardens: Cuneiform and Classical Sources Reconciled".
4013:
3072:
3030:
2994:, Babylon symbolizes worldliness and evil. Prophecies sometimes symbolically link the kings of Babylon with
2050:
1207:
remains are here. Most of the remains of the ziggurat Etemenanki were heaped here when it was demolished by
533:
527:
32:
4191:
van de Mieroop, Marc, "Reading Babylon", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 107, no. 2, pp. 257–75, 2003
6630:
6057:
4751:
Abdul-Razzak, Wahbi, "Ishtar gate and the inner wall" Sumer 41, pp. 19, 22, Arabic section pp. 34–35, 1985
3728:
3026:
3022:
2446:
1916:
1615:
1361:
projects, including the Hindiya dam were under way. The primary efforts of the dig involved the temple of
986:
427:
232:
2129:—the most prominent of eight gates around Babylon. A reconstruction of the Ishtar Gate is located in the
1268:, depicts Alexander the Great's uncontested entry into the city of Babylon, envisioned with pre-existing
6358:
3120:
3101:
2670:
2640:
2237:
2187:
2062:
1975:
1549:
1527:
tablet describing the Akkadian king Šar-kali-šarri laying the foundations in Babylon of new temples for
1476:
1381:
1337:
1029:
1001:
985:
year names, spelled as KA.DINGIR.KI, indicating that the folk etymology was already widely known in the
679:
643:
581:
577:
6029:"Bible Gateway passage: 2 Kings 24-25, 2 Chronicles 36, Jeremiah 39:1-10 – New American Standard Bible"
4562:
4224:
Claudius J. Rich, "Narrative of a journey to the site of Babylon in 1811", Posthumous compilation, 1839
2494:, a 12th-century traveller, mentions Babylon, but it is not clear if he went there. Others referred to
2581:. Babylonian images periodically appear on Iraqi postcards and stamps. In the 1960s, a replica of the
2415:, and who continued to refer to their homeland as Babylon. Examples of their culture are found in the
6360:
Koldewey, Robert, "Pflastersteine Von Aiburschabu In Babylon", J. C. Hinrichs'sch Buchhandlung, 1901
5987:
5907:
4624:
Di Chiara, Anita, et al., "An archaeomagnetic study of the Ishtar Gate, Babylon", Plos one 19.1, 2024
3142:
2781:
2726:
that UN officials and Iraqi leaders have plans to restore Babylon, making it into a cultural center.
2662:
2367:
2183:
1619:
1436:
1181:
of Nebuchadnezzar II. It lies in the center of the site and rises to 19 meters (62') above the plain.
1075:
220:
6543:
6365:
6325:
4702:
Schmidt, J., "Das Bīt Akītu von Babylon. Mit einem Beitrag von B. Finster", BaM 33, pp. 281–31, 2002
2156:
speculated that he had discovered its foundations, but many historians disagree about the location.
4784:
Alwan, Kamil Shihab, "The Vaulted Structure", Sumer 41, pp. 58–59, Arabic section, pp. 94–97., 1985
4295:
3136:
2883:
2803:
2765:
2715:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2327:
2264:
2179:
1963:
1832:
1730:, whose dates may be concurrent with those of Sumu-abum, is usually given as the progenitor of the
1576:
1536:
1242:
1208:
1193:
1116:
Ancient records in some situations use "Babylon" as a name for other cities, including cities like
990:
947:
810:
782:
769:
632:
455:
5876:
5494:
4533:
4334:
L'expédition scientifique et artistique de Mésopotamie et de Médie, 1851-1855 / Maurice Pillet,...
1915:, following his eighth campaign against Mitanni. Kassite Babylon eventually became subject to the
6138:
4996:
4477:
4448:
4076:
3932:
3913:
3905:
3759:
3724:
3010:
2843:
2545:
to direct its agents in Baghdad and Basra to acquire Mesopotamian relics for shipment to London.
2503:
2491:
2476:
2442:
2319:
1603:
1440:
977:
593:
6565:
3953:
2370:
soon began. Babylon declined somewhat in importance but remained active throughout this period.
1132:
918:, writing in the 1870s, postulated that the Semitic name was a loan-translation of the original
6660:
6529:
5962:
5103:
2990:
tradition, Babylon symbolizes an oppressor against which righteous believers must struggle. In
2793:
2095:
6434:
6422:
6396:
6342:
6294:
6272:
6254:
6239:
5968:
5842:
5600:
5475:
5410:
5385:
5250:
5209:
5155:
5131:
5107:
5063:
5032:
5026:
4988:
4762:
Ali, Shah Mohammed, "The Southern Palace", Sumer 41, pp. 52–54, Arabic section pp. 77–82, 1985
4687:
4641:
4635:
4606:
4550:
4398:
4363:
4241:
4161:
4114:
4068:
3897:
3826:
3809:
3799:
3794:
Gelb, I. J. (1994). "The Name of Babylon". In Hess, Richard S.; Tsumura, David Toshio (eds.).
3763:
3734:
3641:
3493:
3487:
3455:
3427:
3415:
3312:
3265:
3067:
3059:
2999:
2758:
2574:
2416:
2323:
2304:
2149:
2115:
1998:
1755:
1166:
919:
912:) is a determinative indicating that the previous signs are to be understood as a place name.
589:
585:
569:
178:
164:
6319:
Abdul-Razzak, Wahbi, "Ishtar gate and its inner wall" Sumer 35, pp. 112–117, 1979 (in Arabic)
5057:
4605:
F. Wetzel et al., "Das Babylon der Spätzeit", WVDOG, vol. 62, Gebr. Mann, 1957 (1998 reprint
3449:
1819:, coalescing them into one kingdom, ruled from Babylon. Hammurabi also invaded and conquered
6683:
6640:
5147:
4980:
4926:
4859:
4390:
4097:
4060:
4048:
3889:
3649:
3302:
3294:
3225:
3180:
3018:
2959:
2578:
2498:
as Babylon or New Babylon and described various structures encountered in the region as the
2427:
2168:
2157:
1952:
1651:
1595:
1591:
1568:
1518:
1276:
982:
620:
270:
258:
6355:
Kamil, Ahmed Mohammed, "The inner wall of Babylon", Sumer 35, pp. 137–149, 1979 (in Arabic)
5653:
3492:. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta. Vol. 136. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. p. 233.
1663:
1447:
The main sources of information about Babylon—excavation of the site itself, references in
1184:
Amran Ibn Ali – about 22 meters (72') high and at the south of the site. It is the site of
6713:
6524:
6487:
6150:
5854:
5830:
5816:
5799:
5775:
5574:
5330:
4901:
4731:
G. Bergamini, "Excavations in Shu-anna Babylon 1987", Mesopotamia, vol. 23, pp. 5–17, 1988
4546:
4263:
3161:
3092:
3014:
2983:
are all predicted in the Bible to become like Sodom and Gomorrah, or uninhabited forever.
2919:
2905:
2860:
2682:
2566:
2534:
2389:
2385:
2205:
2199:
2153:
2130:
2088:
2042:
1890:
1855:
1623:
1557:
1353:
1288:
1253:
1162:
1071:
1060:
1016:
1000:
Another attested spelling for the city of Babylon is TIN.TIR.KI, attested sparsely in the
994:
915:
712:
704:
700:
667:
624:
419:
244:
150:
1372:
and hundreds of recovered tablets, were sent back to Germany, where Koldewey's colleague
4235:
4200:
3753:
1085:
6444:
Nasir, Mohammad, "The Temple of Ishtar of Agade", Sumer 35, pp. 61–81, 1979 (in Arabic)
6264:
5096:
5028:
The Ebabbar Temple Archive and Other Texts from the Fourth to the First Millennium B.C.
4863:
4711:
G. Bergamini, "Levels of Babylon Reconsidered", Mesopotamia, vol. 12, pp. 111–152, 1977
4508:
3241:
2943:
2698:
2628:
2605:
2593:
2558:
2499:
2486:
European travellers, in many cases, could not discover the city's location, or mistook
2438:
2393:
2359:
2276:
2213:
1886:
1327:
1323:
1265:
1174:
923:
910:
415:
5184:"British Museum – Cuneiform tablet with part of the Babylonian Chronicle (605–594 BC)"
3714:
Wilfred G. Lambert, "Babylon: Origins"; in Cancik-Kirschbaum et al. (2011), pp. 71–76.
2720:
Report Concerning the Condition of the Preservation of the Babylon Archaeological Site
2160:
has argued that the hanging gardens were actually located near the Assyrian capital,
576:. Its rulers established two important empires in antiquity, the 19th–16th century BC
6677:
6471:
Iranian archaeologists to perform survey in Babylon - Tehran Times - January 29, 2023
5683:
5593:
4544:
4222:
4211:
3917:
2976:
2864:
2815:"The Walls of Babylon and the Temple of Bel (Or Babel)", by 19th-century illustrator
2674:
1676:
1639:
1373:
1280:
1234:
1226:
1148:
888:
5741:"Lost cities #1: Babylon – how war almost erased 'mankind's greatest heritage site'"
5520:
John Curtis, "The Present Condition of Babylon"; in Cancik-Kirschbaum et al. (2011).
4564:
R. Koldewey, "Die Tempel von Babylon und Borsippa", WVDOG, vol. 15, pp. 37–49, 1911
2152:. Whether the gardens actually existed is a matter of dispute. German archaeologist
1842:
After the reign of Hammurabi, the whole of southern Mesopotamia came to be known as
1759:. He conquered all of the cities and city states of southern Mesopotamia, including
1703:
Linescan camera image of the cylinder seal above, reversed to resemble an impression
922:
name. However, the "gate of god" interpretation is increasingly viewed as a Semitic
6517:
5768:
3038:
2991:
2931:
2872:
2468:
2430:
2268:
2108:
2002:
1912:
1788:
1284:
1008:
708:
597:
6307:
A Social and Economic Survey of the Reign of Samsuiluna of Babylon (1794–1712 BC).
6271:. Translated from Italian to English by Ailsa Campbell. Boston: De Gruyter, 2016.
6000:"Bible Gateway passage: 2 Kings 20:12-19, Isaiah 39 – New American Standard Bible"
4524:
Julian Reade, "Hormuzd Rassam and his discoveries", Iraq, vol. 55, pp. 39–62, 1993
4359:
4355:
4332:
4280:
3634:"In Beleaguered Babylon, Doing Battle Against Time, Water and Modern Civilization"
2589:
2533:
The eighteenth century saw an increasing flow of travellers to Babylon, including
2223:
Herodotus also described a moat, an enormously tall and broad wall, cemented with
2009:. Shamash-shum-ukin enlisted the help of other peoples against Assyria, including
1974:
of Assyria, Babylonia was in a constant state of revolt, led by a chieftain named
1431:
5444:
Julian E. Reade, "Disappearance and rediscovery"; in Finkel & Seymour, eds.,
5346:
3544:"'It Was Like Magic': Iraqis Visit Babylon And Other Heritage Sites For 1st Time"
3311:. The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 1 Part 1. Cambridge University Press.
3306:
2396:
for nine centuries, until after AD 650. Although it was captured briefly by
1256:, where hundreds of cases of antiquities from Fresnel's mission were lost in 1855
1021:
6322:
Ali, Shah Mohammed, "The Southern Palace", Sumer 35, pp. 82–93, 1979 (in Arabic)
2706:
2636:
2582:
2434:
2300:
2126:
2084:
2034:
1971:
1836:
1824:
1792:
1503:
1484:
1400:
1369:
1287:
heavily excavated Babylon from 1852 to 1854. Much of their work was lost in the
1204:
927:
795:
663:
616:
553:
298:
71:
6583:
6234:
Cancik-Kirschbaum, Eva, Margarete van Ess, & Joachim Marzahn, eds. (2011).
2463:
In the mid-7th century, Mesopotamia was conquered and settled by the expanding
2411:
However, Babylon maintained its own culture and people, who spoke varieties of
934:, of unknown meaning and origin, as there were other similarly named places in
6554:
6410:
4245:
3933:"Eine syllabische Schreibung des Namens Babylon in einem Ur III-Text aus Umma"
3893:
3298:
3034:
2894:
2847:
2343:
2339:
2315:
2310:
The early Persian kings had attempted to maintain the religious ceremonies of
2292:
2119:
2072:
2026:
1990:
1808:
1727:
1404:
1344:
on either side of the processional street. Ancient Babylon, Mesopotamia, Iraq.
1311:
Original tiles of the processional street. Ancient Babylon, Mesopotamia, Iraq.
1178:
953:
822:
696:
639:
423:
6366:"The Ancient Middle Eastern Capital City – Reflection and Navel of the World"
6298:
5152:
The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: an elusive World Wonder traced,
4992:
4497:
4118:
4072:
3976:
3901:
3767:
3738:
3730:
The history of Esarhaddon (son of Sennacherib) King of Assyria, B.C. 681-668;
3645:
2001:, who eventually started a civil war in 652 BC against his own brother,
1245:
made some soundings during a brief visit in 1850 before abandoning the site.
635:, which encompassed the whole of Mesopotamia, including the town of Babylon.
325:
312:
6497:
6415:
5621:"Iraq's ancient city of Babylon gets long-overdue international recognition"
5280:
3882:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
3813:
3097:
3003:
2898:
2887:
2879:
2855:
2827:
Due to Babylon's historical significance as well as references to it in the
2423:
2379:
2296:
2229:
2217:
2079:
2046:
1896:
1882:
1843:
1804:
1750:
1719:
1688:
1611:
1572:
1528:
1472:
1456:
1448:
1385:
1296:
826:
753:
745:
655:
651:
584:. Babylon was also used as a regional capital of other empires, such as the
573:
549:
353:
199:
5254:
960:
6571:
6456:
4637:
Antiquity on Display: Regimes of the Authentic in Berlin's Pergamon Museum
4394:
4017:
5921:
5843:
Monuments to Self: Baghdad's grands projects in the age of Saddam Hussein
5532:
John Curtis, "The Site of Babylon Today"; in Finkel & Seymour, eds.,
3681:
2694:
2632:
2507:
2487:
2363:
2284:
2256:
2122:
1979:
1928:
1900:
1859:
1796:
1680:
1607:
1464:
1300:
1117:
1106:
761:
671:
647:
601:
4587:
F. Wetzel, "Die Stadtmauren von Babylon", WVDOG, vol. 48, pp. 1–83, 1930
1947:
6650:
6536:
Beyond Babylon: art, trade, and diplomacy in the second millennium B.C.
6391:
Mommsen, Theodor; Dickson, William Purdie; Haverfield, Francis (2004).
5496:
Champdor, Albert, "Babylon", translated from French by Elsa Coult, 1958
5059:
With Arrow, Sword, and Spear: A History of Warfare in the Ancient World
5000:
4968:
4824:"Excavations in Iraq 1981–1982, Iraq, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 199–224, 1983
4686:
Hansjörg Schmid, "Der Tempelturm Etemenanki in Babylon", Zabern, 1995,
4080:
3577:"Ancient city of Babylon heads list of new Unesco world heritage sites"
2995:
2798:
2690:
2609:
2511:
2495:
2472:
2420:
2412:
2405:
2288:
2271:, Cyrus later issued a decree permitting captive people, including the
2224:
2161:
2022:
2018:
2006:
1994:
1983:
1967:
1956:
1936:
1932:
1904:
1866:
1723:
1708:
1692:
1587:
1541:
1507:
1468:
1460:
1412:
1185:
1121:
757:
565:
47:
6370:
Stanford Presidential Lectures and Symposia in the Humanities and Arts
6288:
3909:
3877:
3831:
Geschichte Mesopotamiens. Von den Sumerern bis zu Alexander dem Großen
3755:
The Origin of Semitic Civilisation, Chiefly Upon Philological Evidence
1618:
wrote that Babylon was built 1002 years before the date given by
1392:
in 1917, and again, many objects went missing in the following years.
1365:
and the processional way leading up to it, as well as the city wall.
1161:
Babil. It is roughly bisected by the Shatt Al-Hillah, a branch of the
568:. Babylon functioned as the main cultural and political centre of the
6452:
Sollberger, Edmond, "Babylon’s beginnings", Sumer 41, pp. 10–13, 1985
6393:
The provinces of the Roman Empire: from Caesar to Diocletian, Vol. II
5793:
US colonel offers Iraq an apology of sorts for devastation of Babylon
4677:
Lenzen, H. J., "The Greek theatre in Babylon", Sumer 15, pp. 39, 1959
4007:
2987:
2968:
2939:
2935:
2923:
2839:
2773:
2762:
2613:
2464:
2397:
2311:
2209:
2134:
2100:
2014:
1870:
1847:
1812:
1800:
1780:
1776:
1684:
1643:
1499:
1495:
1480:
1362:
1341:
1292:
1189:
973:
870:
765:
722:
It has been estimated that Babylon was the largest city in the world
659:
605:
557:
497:
287:
17:
4984:
4847:
4422:
4064:
3851:
2689:
were criticized for building the military base "Camp Alpha", with a
1233:
in Baghdad, excavated Babylon in 1811–12 and again in 1817. Captain
6087:"Bible Gateway passage: Isaiah 13:19-20 – English Standard Version"
5547:
Babylon Journal; Ancient King's Instructions to Iraq: Fix My Palace
3852:"What's in a Name? Babylon and its Designations throughout History"
1322:
worked there briefly in 1854. The next excavation was conducted by
615:
The earliest known mention of Babylon as a small town appears on a
6645:
6625:
6290:
The idea of Babylon: archaeology and representation in Mesopotamia
4337:(in French). Bibliothèque nationale de France: É. Champion (Paris)
3215:
2980:
2828:
2810:
2792:
2650:
2621:
2617:
2521:
2243:
2233:
2094:
2078:
2066:
2030:
1946:
1908:
1851:
1816:
1784:
1764:
1746:
1698:
1670:
1662:
1633:
1532:
1517:
1452:
1430:
1332:
1306:
1247:
1131:
976:, indicating that the city could very well be Babylon. During the
959:
935:
781:
749:
662:
as the region's holy city. The empire waned under Hammurabi's son
609:
2901:
that uses allusions to ancient Biblical themes to discuss gossip.
2972:
2964:
2927:
2272:
2010:
1920:
1828:
1820:
1772:
1760:
1742:
1738:
1491:
1197:
1173:
Kasr – also called Palace or Castle, it was the location of the
1102:
675:
561:
6587:
6221:(New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2014), 506, 684
1722:, who declared independence from the neighboring city-state of
1691:. It depicts the king making an animal offering to the sun god
1203:
Homera – a reddish-colored mound on the west side. Most of the
642:
with the rise of the first Babylonian Empire, now known as the
6507:
6376:"Die altorientalische Hauptstadt – Abbild und Nabel der Wel".
5595:
The Rape of Mesopotamia: Behind the Looting of the Iraq Museum
4449:"The Qurnah Disaster: Archaeology & Piracy in Mesopotamia"
2346:
king of the Persian Empire, was defeated by the forces of the
213:
5474:. Great Britain: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. Ch. 2, p. 21.
2140:
Nebuchadnezzar is also credited with the construction of the
1923:
to the east, with both powers vying for control of the city.
1655:
Amorite kingdoms will appear in Uruk and Larsa in the south.
1384:. These included 967 clay tablets, with 564 tablets from the
802:
588:. Babylon was one of the most important urban centres of the
6659:
6058:"Bible Gateway passage: Daniel 5 – English Standard Version"
3522:
3520:
3025:, and drunk on the blood of the righteous. Some scholars of
2693:
and other facilities on ancient Babylonian ruins during the
2639:
line constructed over Babylon, but plans were halted by the
1839:, he forced his successor to pay tribute late in his reign.
1535:. Babylon also appears in the administrative records of the
1136:
A map of ruins in 1905, with locations and names of villages
6457:"Experts: Iraq invasion harmed historic Babylon - NBC News"
5922:"Maps and Plans: Excavations and Investigations at Babylon"
3117:
The Daughters of Jerusalem Weeping by the Waters of Babylon
2585:
and a reconstruction of Ninmakh Temple were built on site.
1768:
2681:
in September 2003. US forces under the command of General
786:
A map of Babylon, with major areas and modern-day villages
3396:
Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census
2819: – influenced by early archaeological investigations
2186:
the Jews to Babylon. The defeat was also recorded in the
1869:, the sun-god of Sippar, treated as a supreme deity, and
1455:, descriptions in other classical writing, especially by
752:, descriptions in other classical writing, especially by
4202:
Claudius J. Rich, "Memoir on the Ruins of Babylon", 1815
3856:
Journal of the Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies
2400:
in AD 116 to be part of the newly conquered province of
1539:, which collected in-kind tax payments and appointed an
1451:
texts found elsewhere in Mesopotamia, references in the
748:
texts found elsewhere in Mesopotamia, references in the
690:, allegedly existing between approximately 600 BC and AD
5273:"Herodotus' Description of Babylon and the Babylonians"
4923:
The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World
4387:
The Conquest of Assyria: Excavations in an Antique Land
3798:. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. pp. 266–269.
2624:, to demonstrate the magnificence of Arab achievement.
2167:
Nebuchadnezzar is also notoriously associated with the
1380:. The Koldewey expedition recovered artifacts from the
1124:
for a short period after the Assyrian sack of Babylon.
6566:
Babylon wrecked by war, The Guardian, January 15, 2005
6269:
Imagining Babylon: The Modern Story of an Ancient City
4316:
Exploration in the Bible Lands During the 19th Century
2480:
grave-shrine of Amran ibn Ali was visited by Muslims.
2314:, who was the most important god, but by the reign of
2275:, to return to their own lands. The text found on the
1264:"Entry of Alexander into Babylon", a 1665 painting by
926:
to explain an unknown original non-Semitic placename.
898:
892:
882:
868:
856:
844:
838:
815:
185:
171:
60:
6719:
Populated places established in the 3rd millennium BC
2577:, also officially called the Iraqi Republic, and the
2232:. The hundred gates can be considered a reference to
1642:
relief. The figure could be an aspect of the goddess
564:, about 85 kilometers (55 miles) south of modern day
6556:
Iraq elections: The palace that Nebuchadnezzar built
5568:
Saddam removed from ancient Babylon 'brick by brick'
4103:
Babylon as a name for other cities including Nineveh
3940:
NABU: Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaire
2886:
name for "Babylon") is a real estate development in
2876:
takes place in New York City, decades in the future.
2673:, the area around Babylon came under the control of
2392:, Babylon (like Assyria) became a province of these
1749:
overshadowed Babylon until it became the capital of
251:
157:
6724:
Populated places disestablished in the 10th century
6579:
UNESCO Final Report on Damage Assessment in Babylon
5409:. Great Britain: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 158.
3006:, appears as the foremost ruler in this narrative.
2362:, his empire was divided amongst his generals, the
1903:era, and as a result, Kassite Babylon began paying
1865:Texts from Old Babylon often include references to
1403:theatre, and Schmid focused on the temple ziggurat
1291:, when a transport ship and four rafts sank on the
756:, and second-hand descriptions, citing the work of
503:
493:
478:
470:
462:
453:
441:
433:
411:
406:
398:
385:
372:
367:
359:
349:
341:
304:
294:
283:
143:
6414:
6380:. Saarbrücker Druckerei und Verlag: 109–124. 1997.
6339:The City of Babylon: A History c. 2000 BC – AD 116
5592:
5095:
4389:(1st ed.). Routledge. pp. 344–9, 350–3.
4300:Discoveries among the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon
3228: – Legendary tunnel under the river Euphrates
2471:followed. Babylon was dissolved as a province and
2204:In 539 BC, the Neo-Babylonian Empire fell to
2175:to the capital. According to the Hebrew Bible, he
2083:Detail of a relief from the reconstruction of the
1970:domination or direct control. During the reign of
1459:, and second-hand descriptions citing the work of
2148:, said to have been built for his homesick wife,
1415:temples in the Shu-Anna city-quarter of Babylon.
31:"Babilu" redirects here. Not to be confused with
6572:"Experts: Iraq invasion harmed historic Babylon"
6518:Site Photographs of Babylon – Oriental Institute
3420:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2220:and is mentioned in parts of the Hebrew Bible.
1966:(911–609 BC), Babylonia was under constant
843:). This would correspond to the Sumerian phrase
5817:Unesco intends to put the magic back in Babylon
4356:"Rélation du voyage et résultat de l'expédition
4318:", Philadelphia: A. J. Holman and Company, 1903
3608:Bringing Babylon back from the dead - CNN Video
3454:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 95.
2703:
1683:. This seal was probably made in a workshop at
1606:. A similar figure is found in the writings of
1140:
76:A reconstructed portion of the ruins of Babylon
6493:The Babylon Project – Freie Universität Berlin
6293:(Doctoral thesis). University College London.
5900:"Babylon Ruins Reopen in Iraq, to Controversy"
5528:
5526:
5516:
5514:
5249:. Vol. Book 1. Harvard University Press.
5062:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 47–48.
4852:Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies
3710:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3702:
993:, and the spellings Pambalu and Babalu in the
904:
876:
862:
850:
830:
6599:
6236:Babylon: Wissenskultur in Orient und Okzident
5440:
5438:
4092:
4090:
2922:, Babel (Babylon) is described as founded by
2287:, Babylon became the capital city of the 9th
2248:A Babylonian soldier in the Achaemenid army,
1092:
8:
6309:PhD dissertation accepted at Yale, May 2006.
5825:, April 21, 2006. Retrieved April 19, 2008.
5652:McCarthy, Rory; Kennedy, Maev (2005-01-15).
5236:
5234:
4841:
4839:
3264:for more discussion on dating events in the
3023:scarlet beast with seven heads and ten horns
2559:Kingdom of Iraq under British Administration
2283:Under Cyrus and the subsequent Persian king
1831:to the northwest. After a conflict with the
1443:listing rulers of Babylon grouped by dynasty
1083:
1032:
638:The town became part of a small independent
53:
5964:Chanting Down Babylon: The Rastafari Reader
5961:Samuel Murrell; Spencer; McFarlane (1998).
5806:, April 15, 2006. Retrieved April 19, 2008.
5647:
5645:
6606:
6592:
6584:
6513:Iraq Image – Babylon Satellite Observation
5130:, p. 165. University of California Press.
3403:. Archived from the original on 2008-02-11
2846:belief system, denoting the materialistic
2757:In May 2009, the provincial government of
2212:, with a military engagement known as the
1120:within Babylon's sphere of influence, and
1090:, "to confuse"). The modern English verb,
930:in 1955 argued that the original name was
631:for a few decades, before the rise of the
52:
4360:Déchiffrement des inscriptions cuneiforms
548:was an ancient city located on the lower
4302:", New York: Harper & Brothers, 1853
3351:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3158:Figured Apocalypse of the Dukes of Savoy
2746:Panoramic view of ruins in Babylon, 2005
1935:in the 11th century BC, and finally the
1881:In 1595 BC, the city was sacked by
1376:reconstructed them into displays at the
1259:
968:A fragmentary inscription dating to the
6734:Populated places on the Euphrates River
6192:
5967:. Temple University Press. p. 24.
5684:"History lost in dust of war-torn Iraq"
5682:Bajjaly, Joanne Farchakh (2005-04-25).
5505:
5457:
5429:
5311:
5170:
4257:
4255:
4138:
4111:Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale
3526:
3489:Late Achaemenid and Hellenistic Babylon
3281:
3253:
3048:
2295:Persia, the ancient Babylonian arts of
666:, and Babylon spent long periods under
538:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
6530:1901–1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, Babylon
6249:Finkel, I. L. and M. J. Seymour, eds.
6146:
6136:
5210:"ABC 5 (Jerusalem Chronicle) – Livius"
4969:"The Foreign Gifts Offered to Pharaoh"
4113:. SAOC. Vol. 62. pp. 25–33.
3990:BC: The Archaeology of the Bible Lands
3733:. Trübner & Co. pp. 135–136.
3413:
3398:(1987), St. David's University Press (
2705:They caused substantial damage to the
5877:"Bringing Babylon back from the dead"
4870:from the original on 14 November 2021
4471:
4469:
4447:Samuel D. Pfister (20 January 2021).
4416:
4414:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4326:
4324:
4240:. Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley.
3992:. BBC Publications 1977, pp. 198–199.
3871:
3869:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3587:from the original on 29 November 2019
3571:
3569:
3537:
3535:
3289:
3287:
3285:
1986:was considered an act of atonement.
1846:. From this time, Babylon supplanted
1707:According to a Babylonian king list,
1646:, Babylonian goddess of sex and love.
897:(-r) followed by the genitive suffix
502:
492:
477:
469:
461:
452:
7:
6544:Visiting the ancient city of Babylon
5353:from the original on 6 December 2010
2677:troops, before being handed over to
1056:
1045:
210:
196:
6208:, Inter-varsity Press, 1985, p. 383
5769:Heritage News from around the world
4973:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
4848:"Herodotus' Description of Babylon"
3780:Liane Jakob-Rost, Joachim Marzahn:
3542:Fordham, Alice (23 February 2021).
3262:Chronology of the ancient Near East
1439:of fragment K. 8532, a part of the
1368:Artifacts, including pieces of the
1064:
1033:
1020:
248:
154:
6574:. Associated Press. July 10, 2009.
5720:from the original on March 3, 2016
5025:Spar, Ira; Jursa, Michael (2014).
4904:, 2nd series, Vol. 1, 1888, p. 11.
4864:10.1111/j.2041-5370.1986.tb00185.x
2380:Babylonia § Persian Babylonia
2146:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
1951:Sennacherib of Assyria during his
688:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
25:
6374:– originally published in German
6253:. Oxford University Press, 2009.
6125:from the original on 24 June 2021
5591:Lawrence Rothfield (1 Aug 2009).
3062:ordering the construction of the
2635:. In 2003, he intended to have a
2236:. Following the pronouncement of
2033:dwelling in the deserts south of
2025:of southern Mesopotamia, and the
1919:(1365–1053 BC) to the north, and
1823:to the east, and the kingdoms of
1522:Brick structures in Babylon, 2016
27:Ancient Mesopotamian city in Iraq
5932:from the original on 5 July 2020
5898:Myers, Steven Lee (2 May 2009).
5887:from the original on 2017-06-06.
5714:"Damage seen to ancient Babylon"
5712:Leeman, Sue (January 16, 2005).
5045:from the original on 2020-05-18.
4640:. OUP Oxford. pp. 163–183.
4279:Loftus, William Kennett (1857).
3436:Historical urban community sizes
3268:, including the Sack of Babylon.
3188:
3169:
3150:
3128:
3109:
3083:
3051:
2734:
2665:video on conservation of Babylon
1109:literature, the name appears as
122:
115:
94:
87:
70:
6729:1811 archaeological discoveries
6704:Former populated places in Iraq
6553:Video of reconstructed palace:
6175:from the original on 2022-06-02
6097:from the original on 2022-06-02
6068:from the original on 2022-06-02
6039:from the original on 2022-06-02
6010:from the original on 2022-06-02
5751:from the original on 2020-04-13
5694:from the original on 2018-07-08
5664:from the original on 2016-09-20
5631:from the original on 2021-10-21
5599:. University of Chicago Press.
5261:from the original on 2023-03-16
5220:from the original on 2019-05-05
5076:from the original on 2020-05-19
5007:from the original on 2021-11-16
4285:. Robert Carter & Brothers.
4100:, Stephanie (18–22 July 2005).
4034:Dictionary of Pāli Proper Names
3752:Sayce, Archibald Henry (1872).
3615:from the original on 2022-01-07
3554:from the original on 2021-02-23
3506:from the original on 2015-10-15
3468:from the original on 2020-05-18
3325:from the original on 2020-05-19
3221:Cities of the ancient Near East
2807:, depicting the fall of Babylon
1579:, rather than Sargon of Akkad.
1397:German Archaeological Institute
1378:Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin
1356:conducted the first scientific
1192:that also contained shrines to
794:is the Latin representation of
592:, until its decline during the
363:9 km (3.5 sq mi)
123:
95:
6699:History of Babylon Governorate
6341:. Cambridge University Press.
5739:Marozzi, Justin (2016-08-08).
2647:Under US and Polish occupation
2125:, and the construction of the
1716: 19th or 18th century BC
1153:Memoir on the Ruins of Babylon
861:) is the logogram for "gate",
646:, in the 17th century BC. The
1:
6238:. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter.
5875:Damon, Arawa (4 April 2013).
5241:Godley, Alfred Denis (1920).
4515:", Curts & Jennings, 1897
4262:World Monuments Fund (2015).
3850:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2019).
3758:. Harrison and Sons. p.
3451:The Ancient Mesopotamian City
3448:Mieroop, Marc van de (1997).
3139:receiving the keys of Babylon
2249:
2045:. An Assyrian governor named
1989:Consequently, his successor,
1712:
1561:
942:, and that the Sumerian name
734:
723:
580:, and the 7th–6th century BC
389:
376:
6739:World Heritage Sites in Iraq
6694:Archaeological sites in Iraq
6615:World Heritage Sites in Iraq
6115:"Jeremiah Chapters 50, 51".
5849:. Retrieved April 19, 2008.
5822:International Herald Tribune
5349:. Wsu.edu:8080. 1999-06-06.
5056:Bradford, Alfred S. (2001).
4265:Babylon Site Management Plan
3833:, Beck, Munich 2004, p. 121.
3682:"Management Plan of Babylon"
3232:Jehoiachin's Rations Tablets
2687:I Marine Expeditionary Force
1955:, relief from his palace in
1862:rose to control the region.
899:
893:
883:
869:
857:
845:
839:
816:
809:), derived from the native (
214:
200:
186:
172:
61:
5782:. Retrieved April 19, 2008.
5347:"Mesopotamia: The Persians"
5102:. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p.
5094:von Soden, Wolfram (1994).
4037:. Vol. 2. p. 280.
4031:Malalasekera, G.P. (1938).
3002:, sometimes conflated with
2863:series set on a futuristic
1614:, indicating 2243 BC.
596:. Nearby ancient sites are
252:
158:
6755:
6337:Dalley, Stephanie (2021).
6279:. Originally published as
5853:December 10, 2005, at the
5472:A Short History of Babylon
5407:A Short History of Babylon
5336:. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
4551:The Excavations at Babylon
4109:. Proceedings of the 51st
3632:Arraf, Jane (2021-02-06).
3308:Prolegomena and Prehistory
3064:Hanging Gardens of Babylon
2842:music as a concept in the
2565:, and its successors: the
2543:British East India Company
2539:Pierre-Joseph de Beauchamp
2456:
2377:
2197:
2142:Hanging Gardens of Babylon
2060:
1358:archaeological excavations
1231:British East India Company
905:
877:
863:
851:
831:
803:
686:were ranked as one of the
684:Hanging Gardens of Babylon
682:, from 626 to 539 BC. The
474:Cultural: (iii), (vi)
456:UNESCO World Heritage Site
262:
236:
224:
182:
168:
45:
29:
6657:
6621:
6548:Ancient History Et Cetera
4436:– via Academia.edu.
3894:10.1017/S0041977X00022102
2979:, Hazor, and the sons of
2592:government of Iraq under
2563:Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq
2561:, which later became the
2459:Muslim conquest of Persia
2330:'s entry in 331 BC.
1718:) with a chieftain named
1093:
1084:
517:
513:
449:
290:, Babil Governorate, Iraq
81:
69:
58:
6305:Vedeler, Harold Torger.
6118:Prophecy against Babylon
5654:"Babylon wrecked by war"
5382:Trajan: Optimus Princeps
5380:Bennett, Julian (1997).
5247:Herodotus, The Histories
4888:Vedeler (2006), pp. 7–8.
4846:MacGinnis, John (1986).
4427:Archaeopress Archaeology
4331:Pillet, Maurice (1922).
3237:List of Kings of Babylon
3202:Pieter Bruegel the Elder
2467:Empire, and a period of
1899:was weakened during the
1732:First Babylonian dynasty
1386:Middle Babylonian period
1270:Hellenistic architecture
275:Karanduniash, Karduniash
46:Not to be confused with
40:Babylon (disambiguation)
6287:Seymour, M. J. (2006).
4234:Mignan, Robert (1829).
4154:Babylon: The Great City
4151:Pedersen, Olof (2021).
4014:Oxford University Press
3876:Lambert, W. G. (1984).
3031:New Testament "Babylon"
1978:, in alliance with the
1962:During the rule of the
1711:rule in Babylon began (
1390:oncoming British troops
1350:German Oriental Society
1241:visited there in 1849.
821:, meaning "gate of the
768:inscribed Babylon as a
658:, and Babylon eclipsed
623:(2217–2193 BC), of the
33:Babalu (disambiguation)
6665:
6631:Ahwar of Southern Iraq
5829:June 12, 2006, at the
5470:Radner, Karen (2020).
5405:Radner, Karen (2020).
5279:. 2017. Archived from
5126:Saggs, H.W.F. (2000).
4967:Aldred, Cyril (1970).
4020:on September 29, 2020.
3066:to please his consort
3027:apocalyptic literature
2820:
2808:
2711:
2666:
2588:In February 1978, the
2530:
2338:In October of 331 BC,
2260:
2104:
2092:
2076:
1959:
1917:Middle Assyrian Empire
1704:
1696:
1668:
1647:
1616:Stephanus of Byzantium
1565: 23rd century BC
1523:
1444:
1345:
1312:
1273:
1257:
1145:
1137:
1070:), interpreted in the
1011:, the name appears as
965:
787:
526:This article contains
6663:
6421:. Thames and Hudson.
6395:. Gorgias Press LLC.
6364:Maul, Stefan (1997).
5780:World Heritage Alert!
5625:Middle East Institute
4929:, Vol. 4, p. 526–527.
4395:10.4324/9781315862859
4385:Larsen, M.T. (1996).
4010:UK English Dictionary
3862:– via Academia.
3160:– Escorial E Vit.5 –
2814:
2796:
2671:2003 invasion of Iraq
2660:
2641:2003 invasion of Iraq
2525:
2447:Arab/Islamic conquest
2445:until well after the
2247:
2238:Archibald Henry Sayce
2188:Babylonian Chronicles
2103:, decorated the gate.
2098:
2082:
2070:
2063:Neo-Babylonian Empire
2057:Neo-Babylonian Empire
1950:
1702:
1674:
1666:
1659:Old Babylonian period
1637:
1521:
1477:Quintus Curtius Rufus
1434:
1382:Old Babylonian period
1336:
1310:
1263:
1251:
1135:
1002:Old Babylonian period
970:Early Dynastic Period
963:
785:
680:Neo-Babylonian Empire
644:Old Babylonian Empire
582:Neo-Babylonian Empire
578:Old Babylonian Empire
326:32.54250°N 44.42111°E
144:Alternative name
134:Show map of Near East
6206:New Testament Survey
5815:Gettleman, Jeffrey.
5716:. The Boston Globe.
5536:(2009); pp. 213–220.
4634:Bilsel, Can (2012).
3958:oracc.iaas.upenn.edu
3931:Koslova, N. (1998).
3177:The Walls of Babylon
3143:Johann Georg Platzer
2782:World Monuments Fund
2663:World Monuments Fund
2374:Renewed Persian rule
2230:eat nothing but fish
1620:Hellanicus of Lesbos
1437:Leonard William King
1395:Further work by the
1252:The location of the
556:, within modern-day
38:For other uses, see
6709:Hebrew Bible cities
6550:, 17 November 2014.
6542:Osama S. M. Amin, "
5508:, pp. 169–173.
5460:, pp. 148–151.
5314:, pp. 107–115.
4898:Records of the Past
4453:Bible History Daily
3878:"Studies in Marduk"
3529:, pp. 140–142.
3376:Finkel (1988) P.58.
3137:Alexander the Great
3075:ené-Antoine Houasse
2804:Nuremberg Chronicle
2789:Cultural importance
2766:World Heritage Site
2437:of the philosopher
2368:decades of fighting
2356:Battle of Gaugamela
2352:Alexander the Great
2328:Alexander the Great
1964:Neo-Assyrian Empire
1833:Old Assyrian period
1577:Neo-Assyrian Empire
1545:as local governor.
1537:Third Dynasty of Ur
1243:Austen Henry Layard
1209:Alexander the Great
948:Third Dynasty of Ur
875:) means "god", and
770:World Heritage Site
731: 1670 BC
633:Third Dynasty of Ur
322: /
131:Babylon (Near East)
55:
6666:
6523:2009-04-27 at the
6486:2023-06-30 at the
6217:Craig R. Koester,
6195:, pp. 91–101.
5904:The New York Times
5798:2011-09-19 at the
5791:Cornwell, Rupert.
5774:2016-02-02 at the
5573:2017-10-18 at the
5448:(2009); pp. 13–30.
5334:The British Museum
5329:2011-12-01 at the
5190:on 30 October 2014
5098:The Ancient Orient
4358:", 1863 Tome II: "
3988:Magnus Magnusson,
3638:The New York Times
3394:Tertius Chandler.
3197:The Tower of Babel
3011:Book of Revelation
2914:Biblical narrative
2821:
2809:
2667:
2531:
2504:Pietro della Valle
2492:Benjamin of Tudela
2477:Church of the East
2443:Church of the East
2348:Ancient Macedonian
2334:Hellenistic period
2320:Nebuchadnezzar III
2261:
2105:
2093:
2077:
1960:
1907:to the Pharaoh of
1889:. Thereafter, the
1705:
1697:
1669:
1648:
1640:Queen of the Night
1524:
1445:
1441:Dynastic Chronicle
1346:
1313:
1274:
1258:
1229:, working for the
1138:
983:Shar-Kali-Sharri's
966:
788:
742: 320 BC
619:from the reign of
594:Hellenistic period
552:river in southern
528:special characters
494:Reference no.
331:32.54250; 44.42111
6671:
6670:
6402:978-1-59333-026-2
6348:978-1-316-50177-1
6281:Immaginare Babele
6277:978-1-61451-602-6
6244:978-3-11-022212-8
5841:McBride, Edward.
5481:978-1-8386-0169-0
5416:978-1-8386-0169-0
5160:978-0-19-966226-5
5113:978-0-8028-0142-5
5069:978-0-275-95259-4
5038:978-1-57506-327-0
4647:978-0-19-957055-3
4362:", 1859 (also as
4167:978-3-96327-136-6
3827:Dietz-Otto Edzard
3486:Boiy, T. (2004).
3318:978-0-521-29821-6
3303:Hammond, N. G. L.
3295:Edwards, I. E. S.
3266:2nd millennium BC
3060:Nebuchadnezzar II
3000:Nebuchadnezzar II
2658:
2417:Babylonian Talmud
2324:Nebuchadnezzar IV
2173:deported en masse
2116:Nebuchadnezzar II
1999:Shamash-shum-ukin
1756:Code of Hammurabi
1550:Weidner Chronicle
1326:on behalf of the
1167:Nebuchadnezzar II
1078:", from the verb
887:) represents the
590:ancient Near East
586:Achaemenid Empire
570:Akkadian-speaking
534:rendering support
521:
520:
103:Shown within Iraq
16:(Redirected from
6746:
6641:Citadel of Erbil
6608:
6601:
6594:
6585:
6575:
6557:
6460:
6432:
6420:
6406:
6381:
6373:
6352:
6302:
6222:
6215:
6209:
6204:Merrill Tenney,
6202:
6196:
6190:
6184:
6183:
6181:
6180:
6161:
6155:
6154:
6148:
6144:
6142:
6134:
6132:
6130:
6112:
6106:
6105:
6103:
6102:
6083:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6073:
6054:
6048:
6047:
6045:
6044:
6025:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6015:
5996:
5990:
5985:
5979:
5978:
5958:
5952:
5948:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5937:
5918:
5912:
5911:
5906:. Archived from
5895:
5889:
5888:
5872:
5866:
5863:
5857:
5839:
5833:
5813:
5807:
5789:
5783:
5766:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5756:
5736:
5730:
5729:
5727:
5725:
5709:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5699:
5679:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5669:
5649:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5636:
5617:
5611:
5610:
5598:
5588:
5582:
5564:
5558:
5557:, 19 April 1989.
5543:
5537:
5530:
5521:
5518:
5509:
5503:
5497:
5492:
5486:
5485:
5467:
5461:
5455:
5449:
5442:
5433:
5427:
5421:
5420:
5402:
5396:
5395:
5377:
5371:
5368:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5358:
5343:
5337:
5321:
5315:
5309:
5303:
5300:
5294:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5269:
5267:
5266:
5238:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5225:
5206:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5195:
5186:. Archived from
5180:
5174:
5168:
5162:
5148:Stephanie Dalley
5145:
5139:
5124:
5118:
5117:
5101:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5081:
5053:
5047:
5046:
5022:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5012:
4964:
4958:
4954:
4948:
4945:
4939:
4936:
4930:
4927:George Rawlinson
4920:
4914:
4911:
4905:
4895:
4889:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4843:
4834:
4831:
4825:
4822:
4816:
4813:
4807:
4802:
4796:
4791:
4785:
4780:
4774:
4769:
4763:
4758:
4752:
4747:
4741:
4738:
4732:
4729:
4723:
4718:
4712:
4709:
4703:
4700:
4694:
4684:
4678:
4673:
4667:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4631:
4625:
4620:
4614:
4603:
4597:
4594:
4588:
4585:
4579:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4560:
4554:
4542:
4536:
4531:
4525:
4522:
4516:
4506:
4500:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4473:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4418:
4409:
4408:
4382:
4371:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4328:
4319:
4309:
4303:
4293:
4287:
4286:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4259:
4250:
4249:
4231:
4225:
4220:
4214:
4209:
4203:
4198:
4192:
4189:
4183:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4159:
4148:
4142:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4108:
4094:
4085:
4084:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4016:. Archived from
3999:
3993:
3986:
3980:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3950:
3944:
3943:
3937:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3873:
3864:
3863:
3847:
3834:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3791:
3785:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3721:
3715:
3712:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3678:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3653:
3648:. Archived from
3629:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3611:, 3 April 2013,
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3573:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3539:
3530:
3524:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3445:
3439:
3425:
3419:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3392:
3386:
3383:
3377:
3374:
3368:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3291:
3269:
3258:
3226:Euphrates Tunnel
3192:
3181:Antonio Tempesta
3173:
3154:
3132:
3113:
3087:
3055:
3019:Whore of Babylon
2960:Book of Jeremiah
2938:—all of them in
2738:
2659:
2579:Republic of Iraq
2553:Iraqi government
2404:, his successor
2390:Sassanid Empires
2322:), 521 BC (
2254:
2251:
2194:Persian conquest
2180:Solomon's Temple
2169:Babylonian exile
2158:Stephanie Dalley
2075:by Nabopolassar.
1976:Merodach-Baladan
1717:
1714:
1652:Shar-Kali-Sharri
1596:George Syncellus
1592:Diodorus Siculus
1583:Classical dating
1569:short chronology
1566:
1563:
1514:Early references
1435:Illustration by
1348:A team from the
1277:Fulgence Fresnel
1156:
1155:(1815), pp. 1–2.
1149:Claudius J. Rich
1096:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1066:
1058:
1053:Imperial Aramaic
1047:
1042:Classical Syriac
1036:
1035:
1024:
908:
907:
902:
896:
886:
880:
879:
874:
866:
865:
860:
854:
853:
848:
842:
836:
835:
819:
808:
807:
743:
739:
736:
732:
728:
725:
693:
621:Shar-Kali-Sharri
394:
391:
381:
378:
337:
336:
334:
333:
332:
327:
323:
320:
319:
318:
315:
264:
255:
250:
238:
226:
217:
212:
207:Classical Syriac
203:
198:
193:Imperial Aramaic
189:
184:
175:
170:
161:
156:
135:
126:
125:
119:
107:
106:Show map of Iraq
98:
97:
91:
74:
64:
56:
43:
36:
21:
6754:
6753:
6749:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6744:
6743:
6674:
6673:
6672:
6667:
6655:
6617:
6612:
6570:
6555:
6525:Wayback Machine
6488:Wayback Machine
6467:
6459:. 10 July 2009.
6455:
6429:
6409:
6403:
6390:
6375:
6363:
6349:
6336:
6316:
6314:Further reading
6286:
6265:Liverani, Mario
6231:
6226:
6225:
6216:
6212:
6203:
6199:
6191:
6187:
6178:
6176:
6163:
6162:
6158:
6145:
6135:
6128:
6126:
6114:
6113:
6109:
6100:
6098:
6085:
6084:
6080:
6071:
6069:
6056:
6055:
6051:
6042:
6040:
6027:
6026:
6022:
6013:
6011:
5998:
5997:
5993:
5986:
5982:
5975:
5960:
5959:
5955:
5949:
5945:
5935:
5933:
5920:
5919:
5915:
5897:
5896:
5892:
5874:
5873:
5869:
5864:
5860:
5855:Wayback Machine
5840:
5836:
5831:Wayback Machine
5814:
5810:
5804:The Independent
5800:Wayback Machine
5790:
5786:
5776:Wayback Machine
5767:
5763:
5754:
5752:
5738:
5737:
5733:
5723:
5721:
5711:
5710:
5706:
5697:
5695:
5681:
5680:
5676:
5667:
5665:
5651:
5650:
5643:
5634:
5632:
5619:
5618:
5614:
5607:
5590:
5589:
5585:
5575:Wayback Machine
5565:
5561:
5544:
5540:
5531:
5524:
5519:
5512:
5504:
5500:
5493:
5489:
5482:
5469:
5468:
5464:
5456:
5452:
5443:
5436:
5428:
5424:
5417:
5404:
5403:
5399:
5392:
5379:
5378:
5374:
5369:
5365:
5356:
5354:
5345:
5344:
5340:
5331:Wayback Machine
5322:
5318:
5310:
5306:
5301:
5297:
5292:
5288:
5271:
5264:
5262:
5240:
5239:
5232:
5223:
5221:
5208:
5207:
5203:
5193:
5191:
5182:
5181:
5177:
5169:
5165:
5146:
5142:
5125:
5121:
5114:
5093:
5092:
5088:
5079:
5077:
5070:
5055:
5054:
5050:
5039:
5024:
5023:
5019:
5010:
5008:
4985:10.2307/3856046
4966:
4965:
4961:
4955:
4951:
4946:
4942:
4937:
4933:
4921:
4917:
4912:
4908:
4902:Archibald Sayce
4896:
4892:
4887:
4883:
4873:
4871:
4845:
4844:
4837:
4832:
4828:
4823:
4819:
4814:
4810:
4803:
4799:
4792:
4788:
4781:
4777:
4770:
4766:
4759:
4755:
4748:
4744:
4739:
4735:
4730:
4726:
4719:
4715:
4710:
4706:
4701:
4697:
4685:
4681:
4674:
4670:
4665:
4661:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4621:
4617:
4604:
4600:
4595:
4591:
4586:
4582:
4575:
4571:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4547:Robert Koldewey
4543:
4539:
4532:
4528:
4523:
4519:
4507:
4503:
4496:
4492:
4483:
4481:
4480:. pp. 1–45
4475:
4474:
4467:
4457:
4455:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4432:
4430:
4420:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4384:
4383:
4374:
4353:
4349:
4340:
4338:
4330:
4329:
4322:
4310:
4306:
4294:
4290:
4278:
4277:
4273:
4261:
4260:
4253:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4221:
4217:
4210:
4206:
4199:
4195:
4190:
4186:
4179:
4175:
4168:
4157:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4137:
4133:
4123:
4121:
4106:
4096:
4095:
4088:
4065:10.2307/4200384
4047:
4046:
4042:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3987:
3983:
3975:
3971:
3962:
3960:
3954:"ribo/babylon7"
3952:
3951:
3947:
3935:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3875:
3874:
3867:
3849:
3848:
3837:
3825:
3821:
3806:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3779:
3775:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3725:Ernest A. Budge
3723:
3722:
3718:
3713:
3700:
3690:
3688:
3680:
3679:
3666:
3657:
3655:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3618:
3616:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3590:
3588:
3583:. 5 July 2019.
3575:
3574:
3567:
3557:
3555:
3541:
3540:
3533:
3525:
3518:
3509:
3507:
3500:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3471:
3469:
3462:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3412:
3406:
3404:
3399:
3393:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3371:
3366:
3362:
3354:
3337:
3328:
3326:
3319:
3293:
3292:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3272:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3212:
3205:
3193:
3184:
3174:
3165:
3162:Fall of Babylon
3155:
3146:
3133:
3124:
3114:
3105:
3093:Fall of Babylon
3088:
3079:
3076:
3056:
3047:
3021:", riding on a
3015:Christian Bible
2920:Book of Genesis
2916:
2897:" is a song by
2861:science fiction
2817:William Simpson
2791:
2755:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2739:
2683:James T. Conway
2651:
2649:
2598:Lion of Babylon
2567:Arab Federation
2555:
2535:Carsten Niebuhr
2528:Lion of Babylon
2520:
2461:
2455:
2453:Muslim conquest
2394:Persian Empires
2382:
2376:
2336:
2252:
2206:Cyrus the Great
2202:
2200:Fall of Babylon
2196:
2154:Robert Koldewey
2131:Pergamon Museum
2089:Pergamon Museum
2065:
2059:
2005:, who ruled in
1945:
1943:Assyrian period
1891:Kassite dynasty
1885:, ruler of the
1879:
1856:Sealand Dynasty
1715:
1675:Old Babylonian
1661:
1632:
1624:23rd century BC
1585:
1564:
1558:Sargon of Akkad
1552:(also known as
1516:
1429:
1354:Robert Koldewey
1316:Henry Rawlinson
1289:Qurnah Disaster
1254:Qurnah Disaster
1224:
1163:Euphrates river
1158:
1147:
1130:
1072:Book of Genesis
987:Sargonic period
964:Babylon in 1932
916:Archibald Sayce
780:
741:
737:
730:
726:
691:
625:Akkadian Empire
543:
542:
541:
532:Without proper
458:
426:, recent Iraqi
420:Robert Koldewey
392:
379:
330:
328:
324:
321:
316:
313:
311:
309:
308:
279:
139:
138:
137:
136:
133:
132:
129:
128:
127:
110:
109:
108:
105:
104:
101:
100:
99:
77:
65:
51:
44:
37:
30:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6752:
6750:
6742:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6689:Amorite cities
6686:
6676:
6675:
6669:
6668:
6658:
6656:
6654:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6622:
6619:
6618:
6613:
6611:
6610:
6603:
6596:
6588:
6582:
6581:
6576:
6568:
6563:
6551:
6540:
6532:
6527:
6515:
6510:
6495:
6490:
6478:
6473:
6466:
6465:External links
6463:
6462:
6461:
6453:
6448:
6445:
6442:
6427:
6407:
6401:
6388:
6382:
6361:
6356:
6353:
6347:
6334:
6331:
6328:
6323:
6320:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6310:
6303:
6284:
6262:
6247:
6230:
6227:
6224:
6223:
6210:
6197:
6185:
6156:
6107:
6078:
6049:
6020:
5991:
5980:
5973:
5953:
5943:
5913:
5910:on 2017-08-06.
5890:
5867:
5858:
5834:
5808:
5784:
5761:
5731:
5704:
5674:
5641:
5612:
5605:
5583:
5581:20 April 2003.
5559:
5555:New York Times
5538:
5522:
5510:
5498:
5487:
5480:
5462:
5450:
5434:
5432:, p. 148.
5422:
5415:
5397:
5390:
5372:
5363:
5338:
5324:Cyrus Cylinder
5316:
5304:
5302:Jeremiah 50–51
5295:
5286:
5283:on 2017-05-05.
5230:
5214:www.livius.org
5201:
5175:
5163:
5140:
5119:
5112:
5086:
5068:
5048:
5037:
5017:
4959:
4949:
4940:
4931:
4915:
4906:
4890:
4881:
4835:
4826:
4817:
4808:
4797:
4786:
4775:
4764:
4753:
4742:
4733:
4724:
4713:
4704:
4695:
4679:
4668:
4659:
4646:
4626:
4615:
4598:
4589:
4580:
4569:
4555:
4537:
4526:
4517:
4509:Hormuzd Rassam
4501:
4490:
4465:
4439:
4410:
4403:
4372:
4347:
4320:
4312:H V. Hilprecht
4304:
4288:
4271:
4251:
4226:
4215:
4204:
4193:
4184:
4173:
4166:
4143:
4141:, p. 175.
4131:
4086:
4040:
4023:
3994:
3981:
3969:
3945:
3923:
3865:
3835:
3819:
3804:
3786:
3773:
3744:
3716:
3698:
3664:
3624:
3598:
3565:
3531:
3516:
3498:
3478:
3460:
3440:
3387:
3378:
3369:
3360:
3335:
3317:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3242:Tomb of Daniel
3239:
3234:
3229:
3223:
3218:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3194:
3187:
3185:
3175:
3168:
3166:
3164:, 15th century
3156:
3149:
3147:
3134:
3127:
3125:
3115:
3108:
3106:
3089:
3082:
3080:
3074:
3057:
3050:
3046:
3045:Babylon in art
3043:
2944:Tower of Babel
2915:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2902:
2891:
2877:
2869:
2852:
2790:
2787:
2754:
2751:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2699:British Museum
2669:Following the
2648:
2645:
2629:Saddam Hussein
2627:In the 1980s,
2606:Saddam Hussein
2594:Saddam Hussein
2575:Ba'athist Iraq
2571:Iraqi Republic
2554:
2551:
2519:
2516:
2510:cemented with
2500:Tower of Babel
2457:Main article:
2454:
2451:
2378:Main article:
2375:
2372:
2360:Nebuchadnezzar
2335:
2332:
2305:Persian Empire
2277:Cyrus Cylinder
2214:Battle of Opis
2198:Main article:
2195:
2192:
2061:Main article:
2058:
2055:
1953:Babylonian war
1944:
1941:
1887:Hittite Empire
1878:
1877:Middle Babylon
1875:
1660:
1657:
1631:
1628:
1584:
1581:
1556:) states that
1548:The so-called
1515:
1512:
1428:
1425:
1340:(sirrush) and
1328:British Museum
1324:Hormuzd Rassam
1266:Charles LeBrun
1239:William Loftus
1223:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1201:
1188:, a temple of
1182:
1175:Neo-Babylonian
1139:
1129:
1126:
995:Kassite period
924:folk etymology
779:
776:
629:Gutian Dynasty
536:, you may see
524:
523:
522:
519:
518:
515:
514:
511:
510:
505:
501:
500:
495:
491:
490:
480:
476:
475:
472:
468:
467:
464:
460:
459:
454:
451:
450:
447:
446:
443:
439:
438:
435:
431:
430:
416:Hormuzd Rassam
413:
412:Archaeologists
409:
408:
404:
403:
400:
396:
395:
393: 1000 AD
387:
383:
382:
380: 1894 BC
374:
370:
369:
365:
364:
361:
357:
356:
351:
347:
346:
343:
339:
338:
306:
302:
301:
296:
292:
291:
285:
281:
280:
278:
277:
268:
256:
242:
230:
218:
204:
190:
176:
162:
147:
145:
141:
140:
130:
121:
120:
114:
113:
112:
111:
102:
93:
92:
86:
85:
84:
83:
82:
79:
78:
75:
67:
66:
59:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6751:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6681:
6679:
6662:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6623:
6620:
6616:
6609:
6604:
6602:
6597:
6595:
6590:
6589:
6586:
6580:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6558:
6552:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6538:
6537:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6522:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6505:
6504:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6485:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6468:
6464:
6458:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6443:
6440:
6439:0-500-27384-7
6436:
6430:
6428:0-500-02095-7
6424:
6419:
6418:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6398:
6394:
6389:
6385:
6383:
6379:
6371:
6367:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6350:
6344:
6340:
6335:
6332:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6318:
6317:
6313:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6291:
6285:
6282:
6278:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6263:
6260:
6259:0-19-538540-3
6256:
6252:
6248:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6232:
6228:
6220:
6214:
6211:
6207:
6201:
6198:
6194:
6189:
6186:
6174:
6170:
6169:Bible Gateway
6166:
6160:
6157:
6152:
6140:
6124:
6120:
6119:
6111:
6108:
6096:
6092:
6091:Bible Gateway
6088:
6082:
6079:
6067:
6063:
6062:Bible Gateway
6059:
6053:
6050:
6038:
6034:
6033:Bible Gateway
6030:
6024:
6021:
6009:
6005:
6004:Bible Gateway
6001:
5995:
5992:
5989:
5988:Genesis 10:10
5984:
5981:
5976:
5974:9781566395847
5970:
5966:
5965:
5957:
5954:
5947:
5944:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5917:
5914:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5894:
5891:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5871:
5868:
5862:
5859:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5847:MetropolisMag
5844:
5838:
5835:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5823:
5818:
5812:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5794:
5788:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5770:
5765:
5762:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5735:
5732:
5719:
5715:
5708:
5705:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5678:
5675:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5648:
5646:
5642:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5616:
5613:
5608:
5606:9780226729435
5602:
5597:
5596:
5587:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5569:
5563:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5545:Paul Lewis, "
5542:
5539:
5535:
5529:
5527:
5523:
5517:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5502:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5488:
5483:
5477:
5473:
5466:
5463:
5459:
5454:
5451:
5447:
5441:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5426:
5423:
5418:
5412:
5408:
5401:
5398:
5393:
5391:0-415-16524-5
5387:
5384:. Routledge.
5383:
5376:
5373:
5367:
5364:
5352:
5348:
5342:
5339:
5335:
5332:
5328:
5325:
5320:
5317:
5313:
5308:
5305:
5299:
5296:
5290:
5287:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5243:"Ch. 178-200"
5237:
5235:
5231:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5205:
5202:
5189:
5185:
5179:
5176:
5172:
5167:
5164:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5144:
5141:
5137:
5136:0-520-20222-8
5133:
5129:
5123:
5120:
5115:
5109:
5105:
5100:
5099:
5090:
5087:
5075:
5071:
5065:
5061:
5060:
5052:
5049:
5044:
5040:
5034:
5030:
5029:
5021:
5018:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4963:
4960:
4953:
4950:
4944:
4941:
4935:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4919:
4916:
4910:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4894:
4891:
4885:
4882:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4842:
4840:
4836:
4830:
4827:
4821:
4818:
4812:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4743:
4737:
4734:
4728:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4714:
4708:
4705:
4699:
4696:
4693:
4692:3-8053-1610-0
4689:
4683:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4669:
4663:
4660:
4649:
4643:
4639:
4638:
4630:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4616:
4612:
4611:3-7861-2001-3
4608:
4602:
4599:
4593:
4590:
4584:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4570:
4563:
4559:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4545:
4541:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4527:
4521:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4505:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4491:
4479:
4476:Namio Egami.
4472:
4470:
4466:
4454:
4450:
4443:
4440:
4428:
4424:
4421:Potts, D. T.
4417:
4415:
4411:
4406:
4404:9781317949954
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4370:) (in French)
4369:
4368:0-543-74939-8
4365:
4361:
4357:
4351:
4348:
4336:
4335:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4308:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4292:
4289:
4284:
4283:
4275:
4272:
4267:
4266:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4238:
4230:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4194:
4188:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4174:
4169:
4163:
4156:
4155:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4135:
4132:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4044:
4041:
4036:
4035:
4027:
4024:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4009:
4004:
3998:
3995:
3991:
3985:
3982:
3978:
3973:
3970:
3959:
3955:
3949:
3946:
3941:
3934:
3927:
3924:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3823:
3820:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3805:9780931464881
3801:
3797:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3777:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3748:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3720:
3717:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3687:
3683:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3654:on 2021-12-28
3652:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3628:
3625:
3614:
3610:
3609:
3602:
3599:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3505:
3501:
3499:9789042914490
3495:
3491:
3490:
3482:
3479:
3467:
3463:
3461:9780191588457
3457:
3453:
3452:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3432:0-88946-207-0
3429:
3423:
3417:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3388:
3382:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3364:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3275:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3254:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3138:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3086:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3029:believe this
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2865:space station
2862:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2825:
2818:
2813:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2777:
2775:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2752:
2743:
2737:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2716:Polish troops
2710:
2708:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2679:Polish forces
2676:
2672:
2664:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2524:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2263:According to
2258:
2253: 470 BC
2246:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2144:, one of the
2143:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2110:
2102:
2097:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1710:
1701:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1677:cylinder seal
1673:
1665:
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1641:
1636:
1629:
1627:
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1605:
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1600:Chronographia
1597:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1559:
1555:
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1546:
1544:
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1497:
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1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1426:
1424:
1423:unpublished.
1420:
1416:
1414:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1374:Walter Andrae
1371:
1366:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1339:
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1329:
1325:
1321:
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1309:
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1302:
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1290:
1286:
1282:
1281:Julius Oppert
1278:
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1262:
1255:
1250:
1246:
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1236:
1235:Robert Mignan
1232:
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1227:Claudius Rich
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991:Ur III period
988:
984:
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828:
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806:
800:
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793:
790:The spelling
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496:
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463:Official name
457:
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428:Assyriologist
425:
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410:
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289:
286:
282:
276:
272:
269:
267:
260:
257:
254:
246:
243:
241:
234:
233:Ancient Greek
231:
229:
222:
219:
216:
208:
205:
202:
194:
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6635:
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6280:
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6218:
6213:
6205:
6200:
6193:Seymour 2006
6188:
6177:. Retrieved
6168:
6159:
6127:. Retrieved
6117:
6110:
6099:. Retrieved
6090:
6081:
6070:. Retrieved
6061:
6052:
6041:. Retrieved
6032:
6023:
6012:. Retrieved
6003:
5994:
5983:
5963:
5956:
5946:
5934:. Retrieved
5925:
5916:
5908:the original
5903:
5893:
5880:
5870:
5861:
5846:
5837:
5820:
5811:
5803:
5787:
5779:
5764:
5753:. Retrieved
5745:The Guardian
5744:
5734:
5724:February 21,
5722:. Retrieved
5707:
5696:. Retrieved
5687:
5677:
5666:. Retrieved
5658:The Guardian
5657:
5633:. Retrieved
5624:
5615:
5594:
5586:
5578:
5562:
5554:
5541:
5533:
5506:Seymour 2006
5501:
5490:
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5465:
5458:Seymour 2006
5453:
5445:
5430:Seymour 2006
5425:
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5400:
5381:
5375:
5366:
5355:. Retrieved
5341:
5333:
5319:
5312:Seymour 2006
5307:
5298:
5293:Isaiah 44:27
5289:
5281:the original
5276:
5263:. Retrieved
5246:
5222:. Retrieved
5213:
5204:
5192:. Retrieved
5188:the original
5178:
5171:Seymour 2006
5166:
5151:
5143:
5127:
5122:
5097:
5089:
5078:. Retrieved
5058:
5051:
5027:
5020:
5009:. Retrieved
4976:
4972:
4962:
4952:
4943:
4934:
4922:
4918:
4913:N.H. vii. 57
4909:
4897:
4893:
4884:
4872:. Retrieved
4855:
4851:
4829:
4820:
4811:
4800:
4789:
4778:
4767:
4756:
4745:
4736:
4727:
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4682:
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4662:
4651:. Retrieved
4636:
4629:
4618:
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4592:
4583:
4572:
4558:
4540:
4529:
4520:
4504:
4493:
4482:. Retrieved
4456:. Retrieved
4452:
4442:
4431:. Retrieved
4426:
4386:
4350:
4339:. Retrieved
4333:
4307:
4296:A. H. Layard
4291:
4281:
4274:
4264:
4236:
4229:
4218:
4207:
4196:
4187:
4176:
4153:
4146:
4139:Seymour 2006
4134:
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4102:
4056:
4052:
4043:
4033:
4026:
4018:the original
4006:
3997:
3989:
3984:
3972:
3961:. Retrieved
3957:
3948:
3939:
3926:
3885:
3881:
3859:
3855:
3830:
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3789:
3781:
3776:
3754:
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3685:
3656:. Retrieved
3651:the original
3637:
3627:
3617:, retrieved
3607:
3601:
3589:. Retrieved
3581:The Guardian
3580:
3556:. Retrieved
3547:
3527:Seymour 2006
3508:. Retrieved
3488:
3481:
3470:. Retrieved
3450:
3443:
3405:. Retrieved
3395:
3390:
3381:
3372:
3363:
3327:. Retrieved
3307:
3256:
3195:
3176:
3157:
3135:
3116:
3090:
3058:
3039:Roman Empire
3008:
2992:Christianity
2985:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2934:and perhaps
2917:
2904:
2873:Babylon A.D.
2871:
2854:
2835:
2826:
2822:
2802:
2778:
2770:
2756:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2712:
2704:
2668:
2626:
2602:
2587:
2556:
2547:
2532:
2485:
2482:
2469:Islamization
2462:
2435:the religion
2431:Christianity
2428:Eastern Rite
2410:
2383:
2337:
2309:
2282:
2269:Hebrew Bible
2265:2 Chronicles
2262:
2222:
2203:
2166:
2139:
2113:
2109:Nabopolassar
2106:
2053:at Ninevah.
2039:
2003:Ashurbanipal
1988:
1961:
1925:
1913:Thutmose III
1895:
1880:
1864:
1841:
1754:
1736:
1706:
1649:
1599:
1590:, quoted by
1586:
1553:
1547:
1540:
1525:
1489:
1446:
1421:
1417:
1409:
1394:
1367:
1347:
1320:George Smith
1314:
1285:Felix Thomas
1275:
1225:
1217:
1159:
1152:
1146:
1141:
1115:
1110:
1100:
1091:
1079:
1067:
1048:
1037:
1025:
1012:
1009:Hebrew Bible
1006:
999:
967:
951:
944:Kan-dig̃irak
943:
939:
931:
914:
903:. The final
891:of the word
846:Kan dig̃irak
840:KÁ.DIG̃IR.RA
814:
798:
791:
789:
774:
733:, and again
721:
637:
614:
545:
544:
525:
350:Part of
274:
265:
239:
227:
225:𐎲𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎽𐎢
187:KÁ.DIG̃IR.RA
6503:In Our Time
6441:(paperback)
6411:Oates, Joan
6147:|work=
5128:Babylonians
4979:: 105–116.
4566:(in German)
3401:"etext.org"
3299:Gadd, C. J.
3260:Please see
3121:John Martin
3102:John Martin
2926:along with
2838:is used in
2753:Present-day
2707:Ishtar Gate
2583:Ishtar Gate
2402:Mesopotamia
2342:, the last
2301:mathematics
2127:Ishtar Gate
2085:Ishtar Gate
2035:Mesopotamia
1972:Sennacherib
1837:Ishme-Dagan
1485:Cleitarchus
1401:Hellenistic
1370:Ishtar Gate
1222:Excavations
1205:Hellenistic
1128:Archaeology
849:. The sign
727: 1770
664:Samsu-iluna
617:clay tablet
554:Mesopotamia
508:Arab States
329: /
305:Coordinates
299:Mesopotamia
221:Old Persian
6678:Categories
6219:Revelation
6179:2022-06-02
6101:2022-06-02
6072:2022-06-02
6043:2022-06-02
6014:2022-06-02
5926:unesco.org
5755:2016-08-20
5698:2013-06-07
5668:2016-08-20
5635:2021-10-01
5357:2010-11-09
5265:2019-08-19
5224:2020-03-26
5194:30 October
5080:2019-08-18
5011:2021-11-16
4653:2019-08-18
4484:2021-04-13
4433:2021-04-13
4341:2021-04-13
4246:1003963534
4160:. Zaphon.
3963:2023-08-20
3888:(1): 1–9.
3686:unesco.org
3658:2021-09-29
3619:2021-09-29
3510:2015-06-20
3472:2015-06-20
3407:2010-04-18
3329:2019-08-18
3276:References
3035:dysphemism
2884:Lithuanian
2868:suspicion.
2859: – A
2848:capitalist
2518:Modern era
2426:religion,
2384:Under the
2344:Achaemenid
2340:Darius III
2316:Darius III
2293:Achaemenid
2267:36 of the
2208:, king of
2120:Etemenanki
2073:Etemenanki
2027:Canaanites
1991:Esarhaddon
1809:Bad-tibira
1728:Sumu-la-El
1529:Annūnı̄tum
1405:Etemenanki
1211:in 331 BC.
1179:Etemenanki
1059:Bāḇel; in
940:Bāb-ili(m)
928:I. J. Gelb
811:Babylonian
740: – c.
738: 612
729: – c.
697:Achaemenid
640:city-state
572:region of
479:Designated
424:Taha Baqir
407:Site notes
345:Settlement
317:44°25′16″E
314:32°32′33″N
6299:500097655
6149:ignored (
6139:cite book
5270:; or see
5150:, (2013)
4993:0307-5133
4858:: 67–86.
4429:: 235–244
4119:938410607
4073:0021-0889
4059:: 45–58.
3977:Gen. 11:9
3918:162349822
3902:0041-977X
3768:459000074
3739:977799662
3646:0362-4331
3145:, c. 1740
3098:mezzotint
3004:Nabonidus
2899:Lady Gaga
2888:Lithuania
2880:Babilonas
2856:Babylon 5
2844:Rastafari
2774:Al-Hillah
2637:cable car
2590:Ba'athist
2508:mudbricks
2297:astronomy
2218:Herodotus
2177:destroyed
2047:Kandalanu
2019:Chaldeans
1937:Chaldeans
1883:Mursili I
1844:Babylonia
1805:Shuruppak
1751:Hammurabi
1720:Sumu-abum
1689:Hammurabi
1612:Phoroneus
1573:Sargon II
1473:Herodotus
1457:Herodotus
1449:cuneiform
1297:Al-Qurnah
1177:ziggurat
1094:to babble
1076:confusion
1074:to mean "
827:cuneiform
754:Herodotus
746:cuneiform
656:Babylonia
652:Hammurabi
574:Babylonia
550:Euphrates
442:Ownership
434:Condition
386:Abandoned
354:Babylonia
6521:Archived
6484:Archived
6413:(1986).
6283:in 2013.
6173:Archived
6123:Archived
6095:Archived
6066:Archived
6037:Archived
6008:Archived
5930:Archived
5885:Archived
5851:Archived
5827:Archived
5796:Archived
5772:Archived
5749:Archived
5718:Archived
5692:Archived
5688:BBC News
5662:Archived
5629:Archived
5579:ABC News
5571:Archived
5351:Archived
5327:Archived
5277:shsu.edu
5259:Archived
5218:Archived
5074:Archived
5043:Archived
5005:Archived
4874:18 March
4868:Archived
4458:13 April
4124:11 April
4003:"babble"
3942:: 23–24.
3814:31239619
3727:(1880).
3613:archived
3585:Archived
3552:Archived
3504:Archived
3466:Archived
3416:cite web
3323:Archived
3305:(1981).
3210:See also
3037:for the
3033:to be a
2906:Eternals
2695:Iraq War
2633:ziggurat
2490:for it.
2488:Fallujah
2424:Mandaean
2386:Parthian
2364:Diadochi
2285:Darius I
2257:Xerxes I
2123:ziggurat
2091:, Berlin
1995:Assyrian
1980:Elamites
1968:Assyrian
1929:Arameans
1860:Kassites
1797:Eshnunna
1681:hematite
1608:Berossus
1465:Berossus
1338:Mušḫuššu
1301:Le Havre
1118:Borsippa
1107:Sanskrit
920:Sumerian
833:𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠
762:Berossus
713:Sassanid
705:Parthian
701:Seleucid
668:Assyrian
602:Borsippa
471:Criteria
399:Cultures
284:Location
263:𒀸𒁀𒉿𒇷
183:𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠
179:Sumerian
169:𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠
165:Akkadian
6684:Babylon
6651:Samarra
6636:Babylon
6561:YouTube
6506:at the
6498:Babylon
6417:Babylon
6251:Babylon
6229:Sources
6129:22 June
5936:29 July
5551:archive
5534:Babylon
5446:Babylon
5255:4559420
5001:3856046
4081:4200384
3782:Babylon
3691:29 July
3558:29 July
3548:NPR.org
3013:in the
2996:Lucifer
2918:In the
2895:Babylon
2836:Babylon
2801:in the
2799:woodcut
2797:A 1493
2691:helipad
2685:of the
2610:Nineveh
2512:bitumen
2496:Baghdad
2473:Aramaic
2421:Gnostic
2413:Aramaic
2406:Hadrian
2354:at the
2289:Satrapy
2225:bitumen
2162:Nineveh
2087:in the
2051:library
2023:Suteans
2007:Nineveh
1997:prince
1984:Nisroch
1957:Nineveh
1933:Suteans
1905:tribute
1901:Kassite
1897:Babylon
1867:Shamash
1724:Kazallu
1709:Amorite
1693:Shamash
1630:History
1594:and in
1588:Ctesias
1575:of the
1567:in the
1508:Haradum
1469:Ctesias
1461:Ctesias
1427:Sources
1413:Ninurta
1352:led by
1342:aurochs
1186:Esagila
1122:Nineveh
1007:In the
932:Babilla
825:". The
817:Bābilim
805:Βαβυλών
799:Babylṓn
792:Babylon
758:Ctesias
676:Elamite
672:Kassite
648:Amorite
566:Baghdad
546:Babylon
487:session
466:Babylon
373:Founded
368:History
271:Kassite
259:Elamite
240:Babylṓn
237:Βαβυλών
173:Bābilim
62:Bābilim
54:Babylon
48:Babalon
6714:Nimrod
6437:
6425:
6399:
6345:
6297:
6275:
6257:
6242:
5971:
5603:
5478:
5413:
5388:
5253:
5158:
5134:
5110:
5066:
5035:
4999:
4991:
4690:
4644:
4609:
4401:
4366:
4244:
4164:
4117:
4098:Dalley
4079:
4071:
4049:Dalley
4008:Lexico
3916:
3910:618314
3908:
3900:
3812:
3802:
3766:
3737:
3644:
3591:5 July
3496:
3458:
3434:. See
3430:
3315:
3204:, 1563
3183:, 1610
3123:, 1834
3104:, 1831
3078:, 1676
3068:Amytis
2988:Jewish
2969:Bozrah
2940:Shinar
2936:Calneh
2924:Nimrod
2851:truth.
2840:reggae
2763:UNESCO
2614:Nimrud
2569:, the
2465:Muslim
2419:, the
2398:Trajan
2366:, and
2350:ruler
2312:Marduk
2210:Persia
2184:exiled
2150:Amytis
2135:Berlin
2107:Under
2101:Marduk
2021:, and
2017:, the
2015:Persia
1871:Marduk
1848:Nippur
1815:, and
1813:Sippar
1801:Akshak
1781:Lagash
1777:Nippur
1745:, and
1685:Sippar
1644:Ishtar
1554:ABC 19
1506:, and
1500:Sippar
1496:Nippur
1483:, and
1481:Strabo
1363:Marduk
1293:Tigris
1190:Marduk
1111:Bāveru
1080:bilbél
1065:بَابِل
1061:Arabic
1034:בָּבֶל
1022:בָּבֶל
1017:Hebrew
978:ED III
974:Marduk
894:dig̃ir
871:DIG̃IR
823:god(s)
766:UNESCO
717:Muslim
715:, and
692:
660:Nippur
608:, and
606:Dilbat
558:Hillah
504:Region
485:(43rd
445:Public
437:Ruined
295:Region
288:Hillah
266:Babili
249:בָּבֶל
245:Hebrew
228:Bābiru
197:𐡁𐡁𐡋
151:Arabic
6646:Hatra
6626:Assur
4997:JSTOR
4158:(PDF)
4107:(PDF)
4077:JSTOR
3936:(PDF)
3914:S2CID
3906:JSTOR
3248:Notes
3216:Akitu
3141:, by
2981:Ammon
2932:Akkad
2829:Bible
2759:Babil
2622:Hatra
2618:Assur
2234:Homer
2031:Arabs
1909:Egypt
1852:Eridu
1835:king
1817:Girsu
1785:Eridu
1765:Larsa
1747:Larsa
1604:Belus
1533:Ilaba
1453:Bible
1068:Bābil
1049:Bāwēl
1038:Bāḇel
1026:Bavel
1013:Babel
936:Sumer
796:Greek
778:Names
750:Bible
709:Roman
650:king
610:Kutha
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