2658:
844:
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3123:, as describing a Japanese invasion in the southern portion of the Korean peninsula. However, Mohan claims that Goguryeo fabricated the Japanese invasion in order to justify its conquest of Baekje. If this stele was a dedication to a Korean king, it can be argued that it would logically highlight Korea's conquests and not dedicate it to a strange incident regarding Japan. In any case, because of these various possible interpretations, the circumstances surrounding the stele are still highly debated and inconclusive.
179:
2417:. The fall of Sabi resulted in one of the infamous episodes in Korean history, as countless Baekje court ladies, concubines and women of the nobility committed suicide by jumping off a cliff near Sabi rather than be captured by the Silla-Tang Alliance. To memoralize this tragic event in history, a pavilion stands at the so-called "Rock of the Falling Flowers" commemorating Baekje's defeat and the suicide of the kingdom's court ladies and concubines who jumped off the cliff.
520:
559:
1234:
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3001:
compilation of myth, makes it difficult to evaluate. The Samguk Sagi, which also documents this, can also be interpreted in various ways and at any rate it was rewritten in the 13th century, easily seven or eight centuries after these particular events took place. Adding to the confusion is the discovery (in Japan) that the "Inariyama sword, as well as some other swords discovered in Japan, utilized the Korean '
3030:
2871:
43:
4746:
2105:
2640:
militaries. The people of Baekje usually served in the military for three years. As Baekje entered the Sabi period, the military was divided into the royal private guard, the capital central military and the local military. The royal private guard handled matters such as protecting the palace. The weapons available to the soldiers were diverse.
2958:
3005:' system of writing". The swords "originated in Paekche and that the kings named in their inscriptions represent Paekche kings rather than Japanese kings". The techniques for making these swords were the apparently similar to styles from Korea, specifically from Baekje. In Japan, the hostage interpretation is dominant.
3126:
Chinese scholars participated in the study of the Stele during the 1980s. Wang
Jianqun interviewed local farmers and decided that no intentional fabrication occurred, adding that the lime on the Stele was pasted by local copy-making workers to enhance readability. Xu Jianxin of the Chinese Academy of
3000:
is debated. Due to the confusion on the exact nature of this relationship (the question of whether the Baekje
Koreans were family or at least close to the Japanese Imperial line or whether they were hostages) and the fact that the Nihon Shoki, a primary source of material for this relationship, is a
2639:
The town leaders and its subjects participated in the military of Baekje on a local level, and loot and captives were distributed among them. The subjects usually worked in the supply division. The position of
Jwajang led the military. Geunchogo established the division of central military and local
2452:, who had previously been demoted to commoner rank for offending Li Yifu, with a relief force, and Liu Rengui and Liu Renyuan were able to fight off the Baekje resistance forces' attacks, but were themselves not strong enough to quell the rebellion, and so for some time the armies were in stalemate.
3008:
Other historians, such as those who collaborated on 'Paekche of Korea and the Origin of Yamato Japan' and
Jonathan W. Best, who helped translate what was left of the Baekje annals, have noted that these princes set up schools in Yamato Japan and took control of the Japanese naval forces during the
3071:
to establish ideological rationale to the imperialist outcry for invasion of Korea. Other historians have pointed out that there is no evidence of this
Japanese account in any part of Korea, in addition to not being in any viable text in China or Korea. Regarding the Gwanggaeto Stele, because the
3103:
gives the invasion date of Silla and Baekje as the late 4th century. However, by this time, Japan was a confederation of local tribes without sophisticated iron weapons, while the Three
Kingdoms of Korea were fully developed centralized powers with modern iron weapons and were already utilizing
3012:
As is with many long-past histories and competing records, very little can be definitively concluded. Further research has been difficult, in part due to the 1976 restriction on the study of royal tombs in Japan (to include tombs such as the
Gosashi tomb, which is allegedly the resting place of
2623:) of Baekje was chosen by a unique system. The names of several candidates were placed under a rock (Cheonjeongdae) near Hoamsa temple. After a few days, the rock was moved and the candidate whose name had a certain mark was chosen as the new chief minister. Whether this was a form of
3195:
The
Japanese army retreated to Japan with many Baekje refugees. The former royal family members were initially treated as "foreign guests" (蕃客) and were not incorporated into the political system of Japan for some time. Buyeo Pung's younger brother Seon'gwang (Zenkō in Japanese)
3566:
3017:). Prior to 1976, foreign researchers did have access, and some found Korean artifacts in Japanese dig sites. Recently in 2008, Japan has allowed controlled limited access to foreign archaeologists, but the international community still has many unanswered questions.
4526:
951:
Biryu then went to his brother Onjo, asking for the throne of Sipje. When Onjo refused, Biryu declared war, but lost. In shame, Biryu committed suicide, and his people moved to
Wiryeseong, where King Onjo welcomed them and renamed his country
3041:
In any case, these
Koreans, diplomats and royal relatives or not, brought to Japan knowledge of the Chinese writing system, Buddhism, iron processing for weapons, and various other technologies. In exchange, Japan provided military support.
3023:
the agency has kept access to the tombs restricted, prompting rumors that officials fear excavation would reveal bloodline links between the "pure" imperial family and Korea – or that some tombs hold no royal remains at
772:
Baekje alternately battled and allied with Goguryeo and Silla as the three kingdoms expanded control over the peninsula. At its peak in the 4th century, Baekje controlled most of the western Korean peninsula, as far north as
2648:
The first ever bone remains of Baekje people were found in the eungpyeongri tombs in buyeo, which made possible reconstructions of appearances of Baekje people possible, and the tombs seem to have no sign of being looted.
2463:. The Tang dynasty also sent 7,000 soldiers and 170 ships. After five naval confrontations, all of which the Silla-Tang joint fleet won, that took place in August 663 at Baekgang, considered the lower reaches of
3130:
Today, most Chinese and Japanese scholars contradict the conspiracy theories, based on the study of the Stele itself and advocate Japanese intervention in the era, although its size and effect are disputed.
4826:
2697:
people, having migrated in an earlier wave from the same region, probably spoke a variety of the same language. Kōno Rokurō has argued that the kingdom of Baekje was bilingual, with the gentry speaking a
2455:
Baekje requested Japanese aid, and King Pung returned to Baekje with a contingent of 10,000 soldiers. Before the ships from Japan arrived, his forces battled a contingent of Tang forces in Ungjin County.
4522:
2832:
Delicate lotus designs of the roof-tiles, intricate brick patterns, curves of the pottery style, and flowing and elegant epitaph writing characterize Baekje culture. The Buddhist sculptures and refined
827:
The most common name used by most historians is Baekje (백제), meaning "hundred counties", but was originally founded by Onjo as 十濟, which figuratively means "tens of counties". Only during the reign of
3127:
Social Sciences discovered the earliest rubbed copy which was made before 1881. He also concluded that there was no evidence the Japanese had intentionally damaged any of the characters on the Stele.
3009:
war with Goguryeo, taking this as evidence of them being more along the lines of diplomats with some kind of familial tie to the Japanese imperial family and as evidence against any hostage status.
4506:
2821:(501–523), although modeled on Chinese brick tombs and yielding some imported Chinese objects, also contained many funerary objects of the Baekje tradition, such as the gold crown ornaments,
2857:
Little is known of Baekje music, but local musicians were sent with tribute missions to China in the 7th century, indicating that a distinctive musical tradition had developed by that time.
3072:
lack of syntax and punctuation the text can be interpreted 4 different ways. Due to this problem in interpretation, nothing can be concluded. Also complicating the matter is that in the
925:
left Goguryeo, taking her two sons Biryu and Onjo south to found their own kingdoms with their people, along with ten vassals. She is remembered as a key figure in the founding of both
2566:
Central government officials were divided into sixteen ranks, the six members of the top rank forming a type of cabinet, with the top official being elected every three years. In the
3138:
of Kyushu University (Japan) reported their interpretations of the Gwanggaeto Stele text, neither of them adopting the intentionally damaged stele theory in their interpretations.
726:. While the three kingdoms were in separate existence, Baekje had the highest population of approximately 3,800,000 people (760,000 households), which was much larger than that of
4831:
3552:
3033:
Guze Kannon is a buddhist statue made in the image of King Seong in the Korean style. The statue, originally come from Baekje, is kept in the Dream Hall at the Japanese temple
2996:, Baekje and Silla sent some princes to the Japanese court as hostages. Whether the princes sent to Japan should be interpreted as diplomats as part of an embassy or literal
2802:
Baekje artists adopted many Chinese influences and synthesized them into a unique artistic tradition. Buddhist themes are extremely strong in Baekje artwork. The beatific
959:
King Onjo moved the capital from the south to the north of the Han river, and then south again, probably all within present Seoul, under pressure from other Mahan states.
3157:
Some members of the Baekje nobility and royalty emigrated to Japan even before the kingdom was overthrown. In response to Baekje's request, Japan in 663 sent the general
2657:
3108:
is widely regarded to be an unreliable and biased source of information on early relations with Korea, as it mixes heavy amounts of supposition and legend with facts.
1091:
In the 5th century, Baekje retreated under the southward military threat of Goguryeo, and in 475, the Seoul region fell to Goguryeo. Baekje's capital was located at
1839:
831:(肖古王) was it renamed as Baekje. It is also attested as 居陀羅 Kudara, meaning "great place", which could have been a possible endonym that was later on borrowed into
4846:
3104:
horses for warfare. It is very unlikely that a developing state such as Yamato had the capacity to cross the sea and engage in battles with Baekje and Silla. The
3912:... there are strong indications that the neighbouring Baekje state (in the southwest) was predominantly Japonic-speaking until it was linguistically Koreanized.
3173:
to Japan. Around August 661, 10,000 soldiers and 170 ships, led by Abe no Hirafu, arrived. Additional Japanese reinforcement, including 27,000 soldiers led by
1019:
valley. Baekje is first described in Chinese records as a kingdom in 345. The first diplomatic missions from Baekje reached Japan around 367 (According to the
2505:, for example, strengthened royal power, but after he was slain in a disastrous campaign against Silla, the nobles took much of that power away from his son.
2535:
were the representative royal houses who had considerable power from the early period of Baekje, and they produced many queens over several generations. The
4801:
2666:
2079:
2073:
178:
4113:
2133:
2061:
4851:
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2887:
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1005:(234–286), Baekje became a full-fledged kingdom, as it continued consolidating the Mahan confederacy. In 249, according to the ancient Japanese text
4502:
948:), against the vassals' advice. The people of Wiryeseong lived prosperously, but the salty water and marshes in Michuhol made settlement difficult.
4196:
Coval, Dr John Carter and Alan, 1984, "Korean impact on Japanese culture: Japan's hidden History" Hollym International Corp., Elizabeth, New Jersey
3660:
4836:
4796:
3971:
1076:, ceremonial burial, and other aspects of culture were introduced by aristocrats, artisans, scholars, and monks throughout their relationship.
843:
1033:, while annexing the remaining Mahan societies in the south. During Geunchogo's reign, the territories of Baekje included most of the western
4841:
4323:
3891:
3685:
1102:
Isolated in mountainous terrain, the new capital was secure against the north but also disconnected from the outside world. It was closer to
3274:
2975:
2838:
3793:
3735:
4642:
4360:
3443:
2825:, and gold earrings. Mortuary practices also followed the unique tradition of Baekje. This tomb is seen as a representative tomb of the
1592:
1197:, made contact with China much easier, and both trade and diplomacy flourished during his reign and continuing on into the 7th century.
4001:
4636:
2662:
4580:
A History of the Early Korean Kingdom of Paekche, together with an annotated translation of "The Paekche Annals" of the "Samguk sagi"
4791:
4727:
4708:
4670:
4615:
4596:
4252:
3576:
126:
3839:
3604:
785:, though this view is controversial. It became a significant regional sea power, with political and trade relations with China and
4393:
4821:
2045:
1405:
1200:
In the 7th century, with the growing influence of Silla in the southern and central Korean peninsula, Baekje began its decline.
979:
4425:
3463:
Lee Injae, Owen Miller, Park Jinhoon, Yi Hyun-Hae, 2014, Korean History in Maps, Cambridge University Press, pp. 44–49, 52–60.
534:
506:
4816:
4689:
3843:
3609:
2126:
2007:
1983:
1920:
1304:
921:. When Yuri later arrived in Goguryeo, Jumong promptly made him the crown prince. Realizing Yuri would become the next king,
631:
64:
4031:
998:
basin area, then overthrew Mokji state (목지국, 目支國), the dominant country, and then integrated Mahan as a territorial state.
4811:
4756:
4133:
3239:
3134:
In the project of writing a common history textbook, Kim Tae-sik of Hongik University (Korea) denied Japan's theory. But,
2365:
1940:
1125:
2459:
In 663, Baekje revival forces and a Japanese naval fleet convened in southern Baekje to confront the Silla forces in the
2033:
1971:
1965:
1178:
to which Baekje traced its origins. The Sabi period witnessed the flowering of Baekje culture, alongside the growth of
3150:
3018:
2539:
was probably the royal house before the Buyeo clan replaced them, and both clans appear descended from the lineage of
910:
778:
742:
3710:
107:
3265:
In contemporary South Korea, Baekje relics are often symbolic of the local cultures of the southwest, especially in
2094:
2038:
79:
2904:
4806:
4750:
4552:
2149:
2119:
2066:
2052:
1978:
1960:
1930:
1829:
1213:
1193:
to the east, Seong sought to strengthen Baekje's relationship with China. The location of Sabi, on the navigable
1106:
than Wiryeseong had been, however, and a military alliance was forged between Silla and Baekje against Goguryeo.
3174:
1145:), and rebuilt his kingdom into a strong state. Temporarily, he changed the official name of the country as the
4110:
2358:
1495:
1065:
3282:
86:
3922:
Vovin, Alexander (2013). "From Koguryo to Tamna: Slowly riding to the South with speakers of Proto-Korean".
3377:
3367:
2445:
2026:
2020:
2014:
1950:
1508:
715:
60:
53:
4315:
4267:'Boia et al.', "Great Historians from Antiquity to 1800: An International Dictionary", 1989 Greenwood press
4064:
3228:
2401:
near Nonsan. The capital Sabi fell almost immediately thereafter, resulting in the annexation of Baekje by
2490:
2002:
1896:
1885:
1273:
4150:
Mohan, Pankaj N. "Rescuing a Stone from Nationalism: A Fresh Look at the Kwanggaeto Stele of Koguryo."
3774:
Maldonado, Álvaro (2019). "A study of Baekje-Yamato relation changes with a focus on Baekje's capitals".
645:
3979:
3372:
3343:
3318:
both state this, and though direct evidence is hard to come by, most scholars tend to accept this idea.
3067:
in the early 20th century, Japanese historians used these mythical accounts along with a passage in the
2878:
2822:
2818:
2420:
Baekje forces attempted a brief restoration movement but faced Silla–Tang joint forces. A Buddhist monk
93:
4365:
3337:
3232:
3192:, 400 Japanese ships were lost in the battles. Only half of the troops were able to return to Japan.
3064:
2962:
2548:
1655:
1462:
1293:
3178:
804:
3858:
3210:
2896:
2468:
2303:
2237:
1252:
1026:
828:
420:
336:
267:
75:
3693:
4485:
3185:
2935:
2715:
2460:
2309:
2243:
2213:
1945:
1469:
1378:
1233:
880:
3743:
4205:"Nihon Shoki Vol. 6" "昔有一人 乘艇而泊于但馬國 因問曰 汝何國人也 對曰 新羅王子 名曰 天日槍 則留于但馬 娶其國前津耳女 一云 前津見 一云 太耳 麻拖能烏 生
4760:
4723:
4704:
4685:
4666:
4632:
4626:
4611:
4592:
4477:
4370:
4319:
4248:
3953:
3887:
3572:
3266:
2711:
2480:
2437:
2393:
attacked Baekje, which was then allied with Goguryeo. A heavily outmanned army led by General
2297:
2249:
1955:
1874:
1864:
1455:
1243:
1080:
995:
991:
902:
868:
860:
782:
539:
243:
4394:"Korean-Japanese Relationships in 4th Century; based on Wa Troops Issues in Gwanggaeto Stele"
3450:
4469:
4421:
4007:
3473:
3135:
3112:
3068:
3052:
3014:
2916:
2699:
2624:
2321:
2273:
2267:
2219:
1548:
1487:
1262:
1222:
1034:
1012:
906:
275:
3668:
3294:
2814:
in 541, and this may have given rise to an increased Chinese influence in the Sabi period.
2521:
909:
in Buyeo when he left that kingdom to establish the new kingdom of Goguryeo. Jumong became
4786:
4510:
4117:
4035:
3906:
Janhunen, Juha (2010). "RECONSTRUCTING THE LANGUAGE MAP OF PREHISTORICAL NORTHEAST ASIA".
3861:[Will the faces of the Baekje people be restored? Rare Baekje human bones found].
3517:
3362:
3259:
2939:
2927:
2719:
2502:
2433:
2315:
2291:
2285:
2255:
2225:
2201:
2189:
2183:
1995:
1935:
1709:
1623:
1166:
1134:
960:
872:
706:
682:
665:
659:
348:
238:
4100:
Asiatic Society of Japan. Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan. The Society, 1986
3340:
was opened to visitors. The theme park aims to preserve Baekje architecture and culture.
3322:
3247:
4404:
3350:
3330:
3166:
3034:
2992:
in Japanese) established close relations with Japan. According to the Korean chronicle
2674:
2406:
2345:
2333:
2279:
2261:
2195:
2177:
2171:
2165:
1990:
964:
894:
738:
387:
372:
323:
3146:
4780:
4665:. Vol. Book Two. Translated by Tae-Hung Ha & Grafton K. Mintz. Silk Pagoda.
4489:
4028:
3868:
3863:
3630:
1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
3243:
3158:
2943:
2912:
2811:
2731:
2723:
2707:
2703:
2682:
2540:
2486:
2485:
The establishment of a centralized state in Baekje is usually traced to the reign of
2327:
2231:
2207:
1804:
1429:
1413:
1343:
1175:
1016:
1002:
816:
758:
552:
289:
271:
4435:
4340:
Takeda, Yukio (1989). "Studies on the King Gwanggaeto Inscription and Their Basis".
2440:) as their headquarters. They put the Tang general Liu Renyuan (劉仁願) under siege in
1056:
Baekje also became a sea power and continued mutual goodwill relationships with the
100:
3278:
3251:
3220:) (they are also called the Kudara clan, as Baekje was called Kudara in Japanese).
3029:
2923:
2851:
2803:
2730:
before the arrival of Koreanic, noting the presence of a Japonic substratum in the
2556:
2441:
2425:
2398:
2386:
2339:
2109:
1721:
1697:
1685:
1664:
1601:
1367:
1142:
1138:
1061:
847:
832:
808:
446:
360:
221:
31:
4231:'John Whitney Hall', "Cambridge History of Japan", 1988 Cambridge University Press
2513:
2509:
4582:. Harvard East Asian Monographs. Massachusetts: Harvard University, Asia studies.
2810:
influences are also widespread. Chinese artisans were sent to the kingdom by the
3314:
3286:
3116:
3082:
3077:
3047:
2993:
2870:
2753:
2727:
2718:), before it became linguistically 'koreanized'. A similar view was proposed by
2615:
2498:
2471:, the Silla–Tang forces emerged victorious, and Buyeo Pung escaped to Goguryeo.
1436:
1355:
1110:
888:
581:
577:
42:
2516:), as he would be called by the commoners. The queen consort was called *oluk (
4473:
3941:
3162:
3002:
2949:
Tomb of King Muryeong is built with bricks according with Liang's tomb style.
2874:
2806:
found on many Buddhist sculptures expresses the warmth typical of Baekje art.
2792:
2627:
or a covert selection by the elite is not clear. This Council was called the
2464:
2449:
2429:
2413:
were sent into exile in China while at least some of the ruling class fled to
2410:
1925:
1418:
1282:
1194:
1007:
975:
944:(십제, 十濟, meaning "Ten Vassals"), while Biryu settled in Michuhol (present-day
933:
786:
750:
203:
17:
4481:
3957:
3329:, Korea to pay tribute to his Baekje ancestors. The Ōuchi are descendants of
2673:
Baekje was established by immigrants from Goguryeo who spoke what could be a
2769:
2690:
2578:) officials were political, administrative, and military commanders. In the
1042:
793:
774:
762:
3531:
4745:
3718:
2610:
from the twelfth to the sixteenth, may have been military administrators.
4682:
A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict
3303:
3299:
3170:
3120:
3060:
2981:
2931:
2882:
2788:
2776:
2757:
2737:
2686:
2678:
2560:
2552:
2544:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2494:
1783:
1517:
1477:
1329:
1186:
1179:
1069:
1050:
1045:. Baekje continued substantial trade with Goguryeo, and actively adopted
1038:
1030:
926:
898:
797:
792:
Baekje was a great maritime power; its nautical skill, which made it the
766:
731:
719:
525:
433:
258:
3449:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. October 2000. Archived from
4663:
Samguk Yusa: Legends and History of the Three Kingdoms of Ancient Korea
4658:
4625:
Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne & Palais, James B. (2013).
4606:
Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne & Palais, James B. (2006).
3346:, which feature locations with remains of the period, was designated a
3073:
2997:
2900:
2784:
2394:
1733:
1674:
1073:
1029:(346–375) expanded Baekje's territory to the north through war against
945:
922:
914:
746:
397:
304:
284:
4548:
3055:
extracted tribute and pledges of allegiance from the kings of Baekje,
2104:
636:
3347:
3308:
3270:
3255:
2834:
2826:
2807:
2761:
2694:
2421:
1794:
1759:
1612:
1449:
1388:
1114:
1096:
1092:
982:, early Baekje gradually gained control over the other Mahan tribes.
968:
864:
599:
212:
163:
3096:, This is highly inconsistent and difficult to interpret correctly.
2957:
2919:
in 420, Baekje sent envoys seeking cultural goods and technologies.
1117:
provinces, the core of the country in the Ungjin and Sabi periods.
3326:
3227:
3145:
3056:
3028:
2985:
2956:
2908:
2869:
2796:
2780:
2773:
2765:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2656:
2517:
2414:
2402:
2390:
1770:
1635:
1560:
1537:
1482:
1444:
1423:
1190:
1171:
1124:
1103:
1057:
1046:
937:
918:
876:
842:
812:
754:
727:
723:
711:
692:
615:
511:
152:
4029:
Hong Wontack 1994 Paekche of Korea and the origin of Yamato Japan
3942:"Reconstructing the Language Map of Prehistorical Northeast Asia"
2850:) excavated from an ancient Buddhist temple site at Neungsan-ri,
1109:
Most maps of the Three Kingdoms period show Baekje occupying the
3568:
The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture
2432:
back from Japan to serve as king, with Juryu (주류, 周留, in modern
1573:
879:: 樂浪) came in through trade and conquest, and a small number of
4163:'Gina L. Barnes', "State Formation in Korea", 2001 Curzon Press
4218:
Grayson, James. "Mimana, A Problem in Korean Historiography,"
4063:. News.nationalgeographic.com. 28 October 2010. Archived from
2428:
rose to try to revive Baekje. They welcomed the Baekje prince
183:
Baekje in the 4th century, during the reign of King Geunchogo.
36:
4771:
1064:, transmitting continental cultural influences to Japan. The
4766:
963:
is believed to have moved the capital north of the river to
883:(Hanja: 辰人) were also admitted into the polities of Baekje.
2722:, who also noted that Japonic languages were spoken in the
4312:
An Investigation of Rubbings from the Stele of Haotai Wang
3161:
with 20,000 troops and 1,000 ships to revive Baekje with
650:
4827:
States and territories established in the 1st century BC
4430:[Japanese-Korean Relationships in 4th Century]
4146:
4144:
4142:
4061:"Japanese Royal Tomb Opened to Scholars for First Time"
3188:, and the prince escaped to Goguryeo. According to the
2756:
records the following 3 monks among first to bring the
1129:
Gilt-bronze Crown of Baekje from the Sinchon-ri tumulus
800:
throughout East Asia and continental culture to Japan.
796:
of East Asia, was instrumental in the dissemination of
30:
For the 10th-century kingdom also called "Baekje", see
4462:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
3978:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2000. Archived from
27:
Ancient Kingdom in southwestern Korea (18 BC – 660 AD)
4460:
Bentley, John R. (2001). "The origin of man'yōgana".
4434:. The Japan-Korea Cultural Foundation. Archived from
4279:
Population, Disease, and Land in Early Japan, 645–900
2926:
of Northern Dynasties for the first time in 472, and
867:(Hanja: 濊貊族) from Goguryeo and Buyeo. Those from the
4628:
East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History
4608:
East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History
4342:
Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko
3640:
3638:
3636:
3045:
According to mythical accounts in the controversial
2779:
monk who brought Buddhism to Baekje in the southern
1041:
provinces), and in 371, Baekje defeated Goguryeo at
990:
The Baekje Kingdom, which initially belonged to the
3591:
3548:
3511:
3509:
2512:), mostly used by the nobility, and *k(j)ə-n kici (
658:
644:
630:
614:
598:
573:
469:
460:
443:
430:
417:
407:
393:
383:
366:
354:
342:
330:
317:
303:
295:
283:
252:
234:
196:
188:
141:
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3142:The fall of Baekje and military support from Japan
2787:– a Chinese Buddhist monk who brought Buddhism to
2631:(政事巖會議, The council of rocks with state affairs).
2555:, Guk, Mok, and Baek) were powerful nobles in the
4720:Korea and East Asia : the story of a Phoenix
4703:. John Whitney Hall. Cambridge University Press.
3396:Chinese Han (漢) and Korean Han (韓) are different.
2915:. After the fall of Jin and the establishment of
2837:reflect religion-inspired creativity. A splendid
3281:, and the Baekje-era Buddhist rock sculpture of
2710:, also argue that Baekje had been predominantly
2677:, a hypothetical group linking the languages of
3086:as a maternal predecessor of Tajima-no-morosuku
2946:several times and received titles of nobility.
710:) was a Korean kingdom located in southwestern
4505:. Kr.news.yahoo.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
3258:). Later Baekje was overthrown in 936 by King
3215:
3203:
3197:
3089:
2619:, during the Sabi period, the chief minister (
4024:
4022:
4020:
3882:Lee, Ki-Moon & Ramsey, S. Robert (2011).
3409:III, Ha & Mintz translation, pp. 178–179.
3298:writing system to Japan, of which the modern
2366:
2127:
1083:basin remained the heartland of the country.
757:). Baekje, like Goguryeo, claimed to succeed
475:Approximately 3,800,000 (760,000 households)
8:
4832:States and territories disestablished in 660
3769:
3767:
3765:
3661:"Korean Buddhism Basis of Japanese Buddhism"
2842:
1156:
1150:
696:
686:
621:
605:
157:
146:
1053:became the official state religion in 384.
4631:. Vol. I: To 1800. Cengage Learning.
3730:
3728:
3292:Baekje is believed to have introduced the
2385:In 660, the coalition troops of Silla and
2373:
2359:
2145:
2134:
2120:
1207:
177:
138:
4088:The arts of Korea: an illustrated history
2888:Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang
2559:era, recorded in Chinese records such as
859:Baekje was mainly composed of the native
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
4361:"Fountain: Echoes of drumming hoofbeats"
3705:
3703:
3405:"Malananta bring Buddhism to Baekje" in
3321:On 17 April 2009, Ōuchi Kimio (大內公夫) of
2740:, a religion originating in what is now
2590:) officials may have headed each field.
2508:The ruler titles of Baekje were *eraγa (
2497:, a great deal of power was held by the
777:, and may have even held territories in
730:(850,000 people) and similar to that of
714:from 18 BC to 660 AD. It was one of the
4152:Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies
3834:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3817:
3756:
3430:
3389:
3165:(known in Japanese as Hōshō), a son of
2970:Cultural impact and military assistance
2424:(도침, 道琛) and the former Baekje general
2155:
1221:
1210:
459:
4299:
4297:
3680:
3678:
2885:in 516–520 CE, with explanatory text.
741:, the third son of Goguryeo's founder
588:
4847:History of South Chungcheong Province
4129:
3655:
3653:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3184:This attempt, however, failed at the
3181:(廬原君) also arrived at Baekje in 662.
3111:Some Japanese scholars interpret the
2980:To confront the military pressure of
1165:
761:, a state established in present-day
705:
664:
468:
464:
442:
429:
416:
406:
402:
365:
353:
341:
329:
316:
312:
302:
7:
4645:from the original on 3 December 2016
4555:from the original on 8 December 2015
4184:
4047:
3177:(上毛野君稚子) and 10,000 soldiers led by
2976:Korean influence on Japanese culture
2706:. Historians and linguists, such as
1334:
65:adding citations to reliable sources
4401:The Japan-Korea Cultural Foundation
4172:
3686:"Buddhist Art of Korea & Japan"
3644:
974:Through the early centuries of the
4802:Former countries in Korean history
3518:"[ 기획 ] 역사로 살펴본 한반도 인구 추이"
3277:, for example, is a key symbol of
3238:Baekje was briefly revived in the
2877:of Baekje at the Chinese court of
815:, and was ultimately submitted to
25:
4757:Baekje History & Culture Hall
4359:Oh, Byung-sang (4 October 2002).
4281:. Harvard University Asia Center.
3742:. 31 October 2009. Archived from
3592:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2013
3549:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006
3447:Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
2930:asked for military aid to attack
2524:(벗〯갓) meaning "woman companion".
2489:, who may have first established
1011:, Baekje's expansion reached the
897:, who led a group of people from
4852:History of North Jeolla Province
4744:
4529:from the original on 10 May 2017
3884:A History of the Korean Language
3418:聖冏抄 ... 故威德王恋慕父王状所造顕之尊像 即救世観音像是也
2103:
1232:
967:in 132, probably in present-day
557:
532:
518:
504:
41:
3254:, based in Wansan (present-day
905:basin. Jumong had left his son
893:Baekje was founded in 18 BC by
52:needs additional citations for
4701:The Cambridge history of Japan
4591:. Cambridge University Press.
4589:The Cambridge History of Japan
4587:Brown, Delmer M., ed. (1993).
4277:Farris, William Wayne (1995).
3886:. Cambridge University Press.
3844:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
3667:. 18 June 2006. Archived from
3610:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
2911:, located in the basin of the
2475:Social and political structure
2397:was defeated in the Battle of
1157:
1151:
697:
687:
622:
606:
1:
4837:Tributaries of Imperial China
4797:Former countries in East Asia
3946:Studia Orientalia Electronica
3240:Later Three Kingdoms of Korea
2795:monk who brought Buddhism to
2752:in the late 4th century. The
1204:Fall and restoration movement
913:, and had two more sons with
863:(Hanja: 韓人) and the Koreanic
4842:History of Gyeonggi Province
4684:. Indiana University Press.
4038:, Seoul Kadura International
3908:Studia Orientalia 108 (2010)
3859:"백제인 얼굴 복원될까…희귀한 백제 인골이 나왔다"
3153:looks like mirrors of Baekje
2665:, a Baekje relief carved on
1593:Northern and Southern period
4006:(in Korean). Archived from
3246:collapsed. In 892, General
3151:Suda Hachiman Shrine Mirror
2848:Baekje Geumdong Daehyeongno
2689:, and Baekje. In a case of
1656:Later Three Kingdoms period
1406:Proto–Three Kingdoms period
980:Proto–Three Kingdoms period
971:to the northwest of Seoul.
651:
637:
4868:
4761:South Chungcheong Province
4578:Best, Jonathan W. (2007).
3571:. Routledge. p. 348.
3285:is an important symbol of
3275:gilt-bronze incense burner
3175:Kamitsukeno no Kimi Wakako
3099:Scholars believe that the
2973:
2854:, exemplifies Baekje art.
2839:gilt-bronze incense burner
2478:
940:), and called his country
29:
4474:10.1017/S0041977X01000040
4247:. Random house JoongAng.
3565:Kitagawa, Joseph (2013).
3516:Chosun Education (2016).
3306:scripts are descendants.
3216:
3204:
3198:
3090:
2891:, 11th century Song copy.
2843:
2551:" (Sa, Yeon, Hyeop, Hae,
591:
483:
479:
465:
456:
403:
379:
313:
176:
171:
158:
147:
4792:Ancient peoples of Korea
4426:
3283:Seosan Maaesamjonbulsang
3021:has written that Japan "
2922:Baekje sent an envoy to
2772:(late 4th century) – an
2702:and the common people a
2586:) through the eleventh (
1496:Four Commanderies of Han
1079:During this period, the
1049:culture and technology.
1015:to its east, around the
4822:Three Kingdoms of Korea
4718:Lee, Kenneth B (1997).
4699:Kōzō, Yamamura (1997).
4551:. UNESCO Organization.
4549:"Baekje Historic Areas"
4291:好太王碑研究, 王健群, 1984, 吉林人民
4086:McCune, Evelyn (1962).
3940:Janhunen, Juha (2010).
3536:Encyclopædia Britannica
3478:Encyclopædia Britannica
3378:List of Baekje monarchs
3368:Creation myth of Baekje
3208:) used the family name
994:, first integrated the
978:, sometimes called the
716:Three Kingdoms of Korea
432:• Introduction of
4772:Gongju National Museum
4523:"Baekje Cultural Land"
3235:
3154:
3038:
2966:
2965:Baekje gave to Yamato.
2892:
2791:in northern Korea and
2670:
2491:patrilineal succession
2071:World Heritage Sites (
2062:Science and technology
1840:Provisional Government
1130:
1066:Chinese writing system
911:Divine King Dongmyeong
851:
753:(present-day southern
737:Baekje was founded by
4817:660 disestablishments
4767:Buyeo National Museum
4680:Kim, Jinwung (2012).
4392:Kim, Tae-Sik (2005).
4314:] (in Japanese).
4241:Lee, Hui Jin (2001).
4012:六年 夏五月 王與倭國結好 以太子腆支爲質
3857:노, 형석 (2 July 2021).
3373:List of Baekje people
3344:Baekje Historic Areas
3231:
3149:
3032:
2988:to its east, Baekje (
2960:
2879:Emperor Yuan of Liang
2873:
2819:tomb of King Muryeong
2744:, was transmitted to
2660:
2574:) through the sixth (
1563:(Tributary of Baekje)
1509:Three Kingdoms period
1167:[na̠m.pu.jʌ̹]
1163:Korean pronunciation:
1137:moved the capital to
1128:
956:("Hundred Vassals").
846:
703:Korean pronunciation:
409:• Establishment
319:• 18 BC – 28 AD
235:Common languages
4812:18 BC establishments
4753:at Wikimedia Commons
4610:. Houghton Mifflin.
4366:Korea JoongAng Daily
4304:Xu, Jianxin (2006).
4120:," JapanVisitor.com.
4067:on 14 September 2014
3972:"Buddhist Sculpture"
3453:on 14 November 2015.
3338:Baekje Cultural Land
3233:Baekje Cultural Land
3214:("King of Baekje") (
3115:, erected in 414 by
3065:Japanese nationalism
2953:Relations with Japan
2866:Relations with China
2669:, 6th-7th century CE
2653:Language and culture
2549:Great Eight Families
1875:North-South division
1865:Military governments
1638:(Tributary of Silla)
1185:Under pressure from
1001:During the reign of
734:(3,500,000 people).
632:Revised Romanization
419:• Campaigns of
61:improve this article
4410:on 30 October 2008.
4373:on 23 November 2007
4187:, pp. 308–310.
4154:, 1 (2004): 89–115.
3982:on 15 February 2001
3746:on 29 October 2009.
3690:Asia Society Museum
3444:"Korea, 1–500 A.D."
3211:Kudara no Konikishi
3063:. At the height of
3019:National Geographic
2963:Seven-pronged Sword
2663:Seosan Buddha Triad
2582:rank, the seventh (
1830:Japanese occupation
1174:"), a reference to
1099:) from 475 to 538.
765:around the time of
707:[pɛk̚.tɕ͈e]
666:[pɛk̚.tɕ͈e]
471:• 7th century
256:Official Religion:
4525:. Chungnam.go.kr.
4509:2011-06-14 at the
4441:on 30 October 2008
4222:, 17 (1977):65–69.
4116:2016-03-04 at the
4034:2016-03-29 at the
3924:Korean Linguistics
3236:
3186:Battle of Baekgang
3155:
3039:
2967:
2893:
2799:in central Korea.
2716:Peninsular Japonic
2671:
2461:Battle of Baekgang
1773:(Vassal of Goryeo)
1383:4th–2nd century BC
1257:700,000 BC-8000 BC
1244:Prehistoric period
1131:
852:
850:envoys from Baekje
4749:Media related to
4325:978-4-490-20569-5
4175:, pp. 31–35.
3893:978-1-139-49448-9
2984:to its north and
2861:Foreign relations
2693:, the indigenous
2613:According to the
2570:rank, the first (
2481:Baekje Government
2448:sent the general
2438:South Chungcheong
2383:
2382:
2150:Monarchs of Korea
2144:
2143:
1905:
1904:
1848:
1847:
1813:
1812:
1743:
1742:
1646:
1645:
1583:
1582:
1396:
1395:
1313:
1312:
1189:to the north and
1170:; lit. "Southern
996:Han River (Korea)
992:Mahan confederacy
886:According to the
869:Lelang Commandery
672:
671:
646:McCune–Reischauer
587:
586:
569:
568:
565:
564:
545:
544:
540:Mahan confederacy
388:Jeongsaam council
248:
244:Classical Chinese
227:
218:
209:
208:(18 BCE – 475 CE)
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
4859:
4807:History of Korea
4748:
4733:
4714:
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4676:
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4650:
4621:
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4493:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4440:
4433:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4403:. Archived from
4398:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4369:. Archived from
4356:
4350:
4349:
4337:
4331:
4329:
4301:
4292:
4289:
4283:
4282:
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4268:
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4188:
4182:
4176:
4170:
4164:
4161:
4155:
4148:
4137:
4127:
4121:
4111:History of Japan
4107:
4101:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4057:
4051:
4045:
4039:
4026:
4015:
4014:
4010:on 12 May 2008.
3998:
3992:
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3989:
3987:
3968:
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3914:
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3897:
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3804:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3771:
3760:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3732:
3723:
3722:
3717:. Archived from
3707:
3698:
3697:
3696:on 3 March 2016.
3692:. Archived from
3682:
3673:
3672:
3671:on 3 March 2016.
3657:
3648:
3642:
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3498:Il-yeon (1281).
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3455:
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3207:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3169:who had been an
3113:Gwanggaeto Stele
3095:
3093:
3092:
3080:is described in
3069:Gwanggaeto Stele
2846:
2845:
2781:Korean peninsula
2712:Japonic-speaking
2625:selection by lot
2375:
2368:
2361:
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2129:
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2110:Korea portal
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1037:(except the two
1035:Korean Peninsula
1013:Gaya confederacy
932:Onjo settled in
718:, together with
709:
704:
700:
699:
690:
689:
668:
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4090:. C. E. Tuttle.
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4036:Wayback Machine
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3721:on 10 May 2012.
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3507:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3482:
3480:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3442:
3441:
3432:
3428:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3404:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3363:Crown of Baekje
3359:
3260:Taejo of Goryeo
3226:
3144:
3087:
3076:a Korean named
2978:
2972:
2961:Replica of the
2955:
2942:sent envoys to
2881:in his capital
2868:
2863:
2720:Alexander Vovin
2655:
2646:
2637:
2483:
2477:
2446:Emperor Gaozong
2434:Seocheon County
2379:
2140:
2102:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2078:
2072:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2025:
2019:
2013:
1994:
1982:
1970:
1964:
1915:
1907:
1906:
1858:
1850:
1849:
1823:
1822:Colonial period
1815:
1814:
1753:
1752:Dynastic period
1745:
1744:
1710:Dongdan Kingdom
1658:
1648:
1647:
1624:Little Goguryeo
1604:(Unified Silla)
1595:
1585:
1584:
1511:
1501:
1500:
1492:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1435:
1428:
1408:
1398:
1397:
1368:
1356:
1344:
1323:
1315:
1314:
1305:Liaoning dagger
1267:8000 BC–1500 BC
1246:
1224:
1217:
1206:
1162:
1123:
1089:
988:
857:
841:
825:
803:In 660, it was
702:
626:
610:
580:
558:
533:
519:
505:
472:
449:
445:• Fall of
436:
423:
410:
369:
368:• 641–660
357:
356:• 600–641
345:
344:• 523–554
333:
332:• 346–375
320:
274:
270:
266:
262:
242:
230:
225:
216:
213:Gomanaru/Ungjin
207:
184:
167:
156:
144:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4865:
4863:
4855:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4779:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4763:of South Korea
4759:maintained by
4754:
4751:Baekje Kingdom
4740:
4739:External links
4737:
4735:
4734:
4728:
4715:
4709:
4696:
4690:
4677:
4671:
4655:
4638:978-1111808150
4637:
4622:
4616:
4603:
4597:
4584:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4566:
4540:
4514:
4503:야후! 검색 – 통합 검색
4495:
4452:
4422:Kōsaku, Hamada
4413:
4384:
4351:
4332:
4324:
4293:
4284:
4269:
4260:
4253:
4233:
4224:
4211:
4198:
4189:
4177:
4165:
4156:
4138:
4122:
4102:
4093:
4078:
4052:
4040:
4016:
3993:
3963:
3932:
3915:
3899:
3892:
3874:
3849:
3822:
3820:, p. 121.
3810:
3785:
3761:
3759:, p. 119.
3749:
3724:
3699:
3674:
3649:
3632:
3623:
3596:
3594:, p. 104.
3584:
3577:
3557:
3541:
3523:
3505:
3490:
3465:
3456:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3411:
3398:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3358:
3355:
3353:site in 2015.
3351:World Heritage
3331:Prince Imseong
3225:
3222:
3179:Iohara no Kimi
3167:Uija of Baekje
3143:
3140:
2971:
2968:
2954:
2951:
2897:King Geunchogo
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2726:on modern-day
2714:(specifically
2675:Buyeo language
2654:
2651:
2645:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2629:Jeongsaamhoeui
2479:Main article:
2476:
2473:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2349:
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2325:
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2307:
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2259:
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2241:
2235:
2229:
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2217:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2160:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2099:
2098:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2031:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1988:
1976:
1958:
1953:
1951:Historiography
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1859:
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1851:
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1836:
1835:
1832:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1801:
1800:
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1790:
1787:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1447:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1324:
1322:Ancient period
1321:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1289:
1288:
1287:1500 BC–300 BC
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1229:
1228:
1219:
1218:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1122:
1119:
1088:
1085:
1060:rulers of the
1027:King Geunchogo
987:
984:
965:Bukhansanseong
856:
853:
840:
837:
824:
821:
670:
669:
662:
656:
655:
648:
642:
641:
634:
628:
627:
620:
618:
612:
611:
604:
602:
596:
595:
585:
584:
575:
571:
570:
567:
566:
563:
562:
555:
546:
543:
542:
537:
529:
528:
523:
515:
514:
509:
497:
496:
491:
481:
480:
477:
476:
473:
470:
467:
466:
463:
462:
458:
457:
454:
453:
452:18 July 660 AD
450:
444:
441:
440:
437:
431:
428:
427:
424:
421:King Geunchogo
418:
415:
414:
411:
408:
405:
404:
401:
400:
395:
394:Historical era
391:
390:
385:
381:
380:
377:
376:
370:
367:
364:
363:
358:
355:
352:
351:
346:
343:
340:
339:
334:
331:
328:
327:
321:
318:
315:
314:
311:
310:
307:
301:
300:
297:
293:
292:
287:
281:
280:
279:
278:
254:
250:
249:
236:
232:
231:
229:
228:
219:
210:
200:
198:
194:
193:
190:
186:
185:
182:
174:
173:
169:
168:
145:
142:
135:
134:
117:September 2022
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
18:Baekje Kingdom
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4864:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4762:
4758:
4755:
4752:
4747:
4743:
4742:
4738:
4731:
4729:0-2759-5823-X
4725:
4721:
4716:
4712:
4710:0-521-22354-7
4706:
4702:
4697:
4693:
4687:
4683:
4678:
4674:
4672:1-59654-348-5
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4644:
4640:
4634:
4630:
4629:
4623:
4619:
4617:9780618133840
4613:
4609:
4604:
4600:
4598:9780521223522
4594:
4590:
4585:
4581:
4576:
4575:
4570:
4554:
4550:
4544:
4541:
4528:
4524:
4518:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4499:
4496:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4456:
4453:
4437:
4429:
4423:
4417:
4414:
4406:
4402:
4395:
4388:
4385:
4372:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4355:
4352:
4347:
4343:
4336:
4333:
4327:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4306:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4288:
4285:
4280:
4273:
4270:
4264:
4261:
4256:
4254:89-8457-059-1
4250:
4246:
4243:
4237:
4234:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4220:Korea Journal
4215:
4212:
4208:
4202:
4199:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4181:
4178:
4174:
4169:
4166:
4160:
4157:
4153:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4106:
4103:
4097:
4094:
4089:
4082:
4079:
4066:
4062:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4044:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4004:
3997:
3994:
3981:
3977:
3976:Arts of Korea
3973:
3967:
3964:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3909:
3903:
3900:
3895:
3889:
3885:
3878:
3875:
3870:
3869:The Hankyoreh
3867:(in Korean).
3866:
3865:
3864:The Hankyoreh
3860:
3853:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3814:
3811:
3799:
3795:
3789:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3750:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3647:, p. 38.
3646:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3624:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3588:
3585:
3580:
3578:9781136875908
3574:
3570:
3569:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3545:
3542:
3537:
3533:
3527:
3524:
3519:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3501:
3494:
3491:
3479:
3475:
3469:
3466:
3460:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3339:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3244:Unified Silla
3241:
3234:
3230:
3223:
3221:
3213:
3212:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3159:Abe no Hirafu
3152:
3148:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3136:Kōsaku Hamada
3132:
3128:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3053:Empress Jingū
3050:
3049:
3043:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3015:Empress Jingū
3010:
3006:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2913:Yangtze River
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2813:
2812:Liang dynasty
2809:
2805:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2760:teaching, or
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2733:
2732:Jeju language
2729:
2725:
2724:Tamna Kingdom
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2708:Juha Janhunen
2705:
2701:
2700:Puyŏ language
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2652:
2650:
2643:
2641:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2469:Dongjin river
2466:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2081:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1911:
1910:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1857:Modern period
1854:
1853:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1819:
1818:
1808:
1806:
1805:Korean Empire
1803:
1802:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1749:
1748:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1724:
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1688:(Later Silla)
1687:
1686:Unified Silla
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1144:
1141:(present-day
1140:
1136:
1127:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1095:(present-day
1094:
1087:Ungjin period
1086:
1084:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
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1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1017:Nakdong River
1014:
1010:
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1004:
999:
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985:
983:
981:
977:
972:
970:
966:
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949:
947:
943:
939:
936:(present-day
935:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
901:south to the
900:
896:
892:
890:
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874:
870:
866:
862:
854:
849:
845:
838:
836:
834:
830:
822:
820:
818:
817:Unified Silla
814:
810:
806:
801:
799:
795:
790:
788:
784:
781:, such as in
780:
776:
770:
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629:
619:
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613:
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601:
597:
594:
590:
583:
579:
576:
574:Today part of
572:
556:
554:
553:Unified Silla
551:
550:
547:
541:
538:
531:
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517:
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88:
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81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
4719:
4700:
4681:
4662:
4649:12 September
4647:. Retrieved
4627:
4607:
4588:
4579:
4571:Bibliography
4557:. Retrieved
4543:
4531:. Retrieved
4517:
4498:
4468:(1): 59–73.
4465:
4461:
4455:
4443:. Retrieved
4436:the original
4416:
4405:the original
4400:
4387:
4375:. Retrieved
4371:the original
4364:
4354:
4345:
4341:
4335:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4287:
4278:
4272:
4263:
4245:
4242:
4236:
4227:
4219:
4214:
4206:
4201:
4192:
4180:
4168:
4159:
4151:
4125:
4105:
4096:
4087:
4081:
4069:. Retrieved
4065:the original
4055:
4043:
4011:
4008:the original
4002:
3996:
3984:. Retrieved
3980:the original
3975:
3966:
3949:
3945:
3935:
3930:(2): 222–240
3927:
3923:
3918:
3911:
3907:
3902:
3883:
3877:
3862:
3852:
3818:Il-yeon 2006
3813:
3801:. Retrieved
3797:
3788:
3779:
3775:
3757:Il-yeon 2006
3752:
3744:the original
3739:
3719:the original
3714:
3694:the original
3689:
3669:the original
3664:
3626:
3614:. Retrieved
3608:
3599:
3587:
3567:
3560:
3544:
3535:
3526:
3500:Samgungnyusa
3499:
3493:
3481:. Retrieved
3477:
3468:
3459:
3451:the original
3446:
3414:
3406:
3401:
3392:
3342:
3335:
3320:
3313:
3307:
3293:
3291:
3279:Buyeo County
3264:
3252:Later Baekje
3250:established
3237:
3209:
3194:
3189:
3183:
3156:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3098:
3081:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3022:
3011:
3007:
2989:
2979:
2948:
2924:Northern Wei
2921:
2917:Song dynasty
2894:
2886:
2856:
2852:Buyeo County
2847:
2831:
2816:
2804:Baekje smile
2801:
2736:
2704:Han language
2672:
2647:
2638:
2628:
2620:
2614:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2565:
2526:
2507:
2493:. Like most
2484:
2458:
2454:
2426:Buyeo Boksin
2419:
2409:and his son
2399:Hwangsanbeol
2384:
2168:18 BCE–28 CE
2156:
2093:
2047:Christianity
1921:Architecture
1901:1948–present
1890:1948–present
1879:1945–present
1782:
1769:
1732:
1722:Later Balhae
1720:
1708:
1698:Later Sabeol
1696:
1665:Later Baekje
1634:
1622:
1602:United Silla
1572:
1559:
1547:
1542:57 BC–935 AD
1532:18 BC–660 AD
1527:
1522:37 BC–668 AD
1303:
1253:Palaeolithic
1199:
1184:
1146:
1143:Buyeo County
1132:
1108:
1101:
1090:
1078:
1062:Kofun period
1055:
1025:
1020:
1006:
1000:
989:
973:
958:
953:
950:
941:
931:
929:and Baekje.
887:
885:
858:
848:Tang dynasty
833:Old Japanese
826:
809:Tang dynasty
802:
791:
771:
736:
678:
674:
673:
592:
494:Succeeded by
493:
488:
268:Confucianism
257:
172:18 BC–660 AD
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
32:Later Baekje
4722:. Praeger.
4559:29 November
4132:, pp.
4003:Samguk Sagi
3952:: 281–304.
3740:MSN Encarta
3715:Japan Guide
3665:Seoul Times
3407:Samguk Yusa
3315:Nihon shoki
3287:Seosan City
3242:period, as
3190:Nihon Shoki
3117:King Jangsu
3106:Nihon Shoki
3101:Nihon Shoki
3083:Nihon Shoki
3078:Amenohiboko
3048:Nihon Shoki
2994:Samguk Sagi
2905:Jin dynasty
2754:Samguk yusa
2644:Archaeology
2616:Samguk Yusa
2499:aristocracy
2012:Politics (
1984:Family tree
1223:History of
1121:Sabi period
1111:Chungcheong
1072:, advanced
1021:Nihon Shoki
917:, Onjo and
889:Samguk Sagi
875:: Nakrang,
695::
685::
593:Korean name
582:South Korea
578:North Korea
489:Preceded by
384:Legislature
222:Sabi/Soburi
4781:Categories
4691:0253000246
4377:5 December
4244:거짓과 오만의 역사
4130:Brown 1993
3986:5 December
3803:4 February
3794:"어라하(於羅瑕)"
3776:Asiademica
3616:4 February
3551:, p.
3426:References
3323:Ōuchi clan
3295:man'yōgana
3163:Buyeo Pung
2974:See also:
2928:King Gaero
2875:Ambassador
2823:gold belts
2667:Mount Gaya
2503:King Seong
2495:monarchies
2465:Geum River
2450:Liu Rengui
2430:Buyeo Pung
2411:Buyeo Yung
2008:Newspapers
1283:Bronze Age
1195:Geum River
1135:King Seong
1008:Nihonshoki
976:Common Era
961:King Gaeru
934:Wiryeseong
751:Wiryeseong
461:Population
296:Government
285:Demonym(s)
247:(literary)
87:newspapers
4661:(2006) .
4533:30 August
4490:162540119
4482:0041-977X
4445:26 August
4427:４ 世紀の日韓関係
4307:好太王碑拓本の研究
4185:Kōzō 1997
4048:Best 2007
3958:2323-5209
3798:Encykorea
3736:"Pottery"
3532:"Paekche"
3474:"Koguryo"
3336:In 2010,
3248:Kyŏn Hwŏn
2770:Malananta
2691:diglossia
2572:Jwapyeong
2407:King Uija
2304:Dongseong
2238:Geunchogo
1996:Era names
1946:Geography
1941:Education
1869:1945–1948
1844:1919–1948
1834:1910–1945
1809:1897–1910
1799:1392–1897
1789:1029–1030
1263:Neolithic
1081:Han River
1043:Pyongyang
986:Expansion
903:Han River
895:King Onjo
829:Geunchogo
823:Etymology
794:Phoenicia
775:Pyongyang
769:'s fall.
763:Manchuria
337:Geunchogo
276:Shamanism
253:Religion
226:(538–660)
217:(476–538)
4643:Archived
4553:Archived
4527:Archived
4507:Archived
4424:(2005).
4348:: 57–87.
4209:是清彥之祖父也"
4173:Lee 1997
4114:Archived
4032:Archived
3645:Kim 2012
3605:"백제(百濟)"
3357:See also
3325:visited
3312:and the
3304:katakana
3300:hiragana
3267:Chungnam
3171:emissary
3121:Goguryeo
3061:Goguryeo
3035:Hōryū-ji
2998:hostages
2982:Goguryeo
2936:Muryeong
2934:. Kings
2932:Goguryeo
2895:In 372,
2883:Jingzhou
2829:period.
2789:Goguryeo
2777:Buddhist
2758:Buddhist
2738:Buddhism
2687:Goguryeo
2679:Gojoseon
2635:Military
2584:Jangdeok
2561:Tongdian
2545:Goguryeo
2537:Hae clan
2533:Jin clan
2531:and the
2529:Hae clan
2522:pasɨkasɨ
2487:King Goi
2310:Muryeong
2244:Geungusu
2214:Chaekgye
2095:Timeline
2040:Buddhism
2034:Religion
1979:Monarchs
1972:Goguryeo
1961:Military
1956:Language
1936:Currency
1914:By topic
1777:938–1105
1764:918–1392
1518:Goguryeo
1478:Goguryeo
1330:Gojoseon
1214:a series
1212:Part of
1187:Goguryeo
1180:Buddhism
1147:Nambuyeo
1133:In 538,
1070:Buddhism
1058:Japanese
1051:Buddhism
1039:Pyeongan
1031:Goguryeo
1023:: 247).
1003:King Goi
927:Goguryeo
899:Goguryeo
855:Founding
805:defeated
798:Buddhism
767:Gojoseon
732:Goguryeo
720:Goguryeo
526:Goguryeo
434:Buddhism
299:Monarchy
259:Buddhism
76:"Baekje"
4659:Il-yeon
4134:140–141
4071:10 June
3711:"Kanji"
3483:27 June
3074:Nihongi
2903:to the
2901:tribute
2844:백제금동대형노
2835:pagodas
2621:Jaesang
2588:Daedeok
2547:. The "
2395:Gyebaek
2348:641–660
2342:600–641
2336:599–600
2330:598–599
2324:554–598
2318:523–554
2312:501–523
2306:479–501
2300:477–479
2298:Samgeun
2294:475–477
2288:455–475
2282:427–455
2276:420–427
2270:405–420
2264:392–405
2258:385–392
2252:384–385
2250:Chimnyu
2246:375–384
2240:346–375
2234:344–346
2228:304–344
2222:298–304
2216:286–298
2210:234–286
2198:214–234
2192:166–214
2186:128–166
1931:Cuisine
1784:Heungyo
1739:938–986
1734:Jeongan
1727:927–935
1715:926–936
1703:919–927
1691:892–935
1680:901–918
1675:Taebong
1669:892–936
1642:662–925
1629:699–820
1617:698–926
1607:668–892
1579:512–930
1567:498–660
1488:Nakrang
1430:Eastern
1337:–108 BC
1335:2333 BC
1274:Jeulmun
1074:pottery
1047:Chinese
946:Incheon
923:Soseono
915:Soseono
839:History
807:by the
747:Soseono
679:Paekche
652:Paekche
426:346–375
398:Ancient
326:(first)
197:Capital
192:Kingdom
101:scholar
4787:Baekje
4726:
4707:
4688:
4669:
4635:
4614:
4595:
4488:
4480:
4322:
4251:
3956:
3890:
3782:: 119.
3575:
3348:UNESCO
3309:Kojiki
3273:. The
3271:Jeolla
3256:Jeonju
3224:Legacy
3059:, and
2990:Kudara
2827:Ungjin
2808:Taoist
2774:Indian
2762:Dharma
2695:Samhan
2600:Jwagun
2592:Mundok
2576:Naesol
2520:) and
2422:Dochim
2322:Wideok
2274:Guisin
2268:Jeonji
2220:Bunseo
2180:77–128
2157:Baekje
2015:Joseon
1795:Joseon
1760:Goryeo
1613:Balhae
1554:42–562
1528:Baekje
1450:Samhan
1419:Dongye
1389:Yemaek
1345:Dangun
1216:on the
1155:;
1115:Jeolla
1097:Gongju
1093:Ungjin
969:Goyang
954:Baekje
873:Korean
865:Yemaek
783:Liaoxi
743:Jumong
691:;
683:Korean
675:Baekje
638:Baekje
600:Hangul
375:(last)
309:
290:Yemaek
272:Taoism
239:Baekje
189:Status
164:Hangul
143:Baekje
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
4486:S2CID
4439:(PDF)
4432:(PDF)
4408:(PDF)
4397:(PDF)
4310:[
3384:Notes
3327:Iksan
3057:Silla
2986:Silla
2944:Liang
2940:Seong
2909:China
2899:paid
2797:Silla
2785:Sundo
2766:Korea
2764:, to
2750:China
2746:Korea
2742:India
2683:Buyeo
2608:Geuku
2604:Jinmu
2596:Mudok
2541:Buyeo
2415:Japan
2403:Silla
2391:China
2316:Seong
2292:Munju
2286:Gaero
2256:Jinsa
2226:Biryu
2202:Saban
2190:Chogo
2184:Gaeru
2174:28–77
2080:South
2074:North
2067:Women
2054:Islam
2027:South
2021:North
2003:Naval
1991:Names
1897:South
1886:North
1771:Tamna
1636:Tamna
1561:Tamna
1538:Silla
1483:Tamna
1463:Byeon
1445:Okjeo
1437:Galsa
1424:Buyeo
1414:Takri
1369:Wiman
1294:Mumun
1225:Korea
1191:Silla
1176:Buyeo
1172:Buyeo
1104:Silla
942:Sipje
938:Hanam
919:Biryu
877:Hanja
813:Silla
787:Japan
779:China
759:Buyeo
755:Seoul
749:, at
728:Silla
724:Silla
712:Korea
693:Hanja
616:Hanja
512:Buyeo
413:18 BC
349:Seong
204:Wirye
153:Hanja
108:JSTOR
94:books
4724:ISBN
4705:ISBN
4686:ISBN
4667:ISBN
4651:2016
4633:ISBN
4612:ISBN
4593:ISBN
4561:2015
4535:2016
4478:ISSN
4447:2008
4379:2022
4320:ISBN
4249:ISBN
4207:但馬諸助
4073:2012
3988:2022
3954:ISSN
3888:ISBN
3840:"백제"
3805:2023
3618:2023
3573:ISBN
3485:2017
3302:and
3269:and
3091:但馬諸助
3024:all.
2938:and
2817:The
2748:via
2728:Jeju
2661:The
2606:and
2580:Deok
2557:Sabi
2543:and
2527:The
2442:Sabi
2387:Tang
2346:Uija
2334:Beop
2280:Biyu
2262:Asin
2196:Gusu
2178:Giru
2172:Daru
2166:Onjo
1966:List
1574:Usan
1357:Gija
1139:Sabi
1113:and
907:Yuri
811:and
745:and
739:Onjo
722:and
447:Sabi
373:Uija
324:Onjo
305:King
80:news
4470:doi
3950:108
3553:123
3217:百濟王
3202:or
3119:of
3003:Idu
2907:of
2793:Ado
2568:Sol
2553:Jin
2514:鞬吉支
2510:於羅瑕
2467:or
2389:of
2328:Hye
2232:Gye
2208:Goi
2204:234
1926:Art
1470:Jin
1379:Jin
1158:南扶餘
1152:남부여
881:Jin
861:Han
677:or
660:IPA
439:385
63:by
4783::
4641:.
4484:.
4476:.
4466:64
4464:.
4399:.
4363:.
4346:47
4344:.
4318:.
4296:^
4141:^
4019:^
3974:.
3948:.
3944:.
3928:15
3926:.
3910:.
3842:.
3825:^
3796:.
3780:13
3778:.
3764:^
3738:.
3727:^
3713:.
3702:^
3688:.
3677:^
3663:.
3652:^
3635:^
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