359:
3859:
3137:
2338:
3167:
3177:
2348:
297:, a stable-state concentration has been achieved by delivering the medicine as a CRI. In addition, if the medicine has distributed fully at equilibrium in the body, which is called the volume of distribution at a stable state. In case the loading dose was administered after the CRI, the time period of which will keep the concentration at a stable state equals 3 time constants or 5 terminal
203:
3883:
3157:
3871:
3147:
327:
knowledge about the specific pharmacokinetic constants and the target-controlled infusion system which is made up of the computer program and the syringe pump needs to be known, it is extremely difficult to set up the target infusions in clinical conditions. Therefore, making the infusion rate constant are applied more widely than targeting the infusion rate.
532:
395:
effectively. Therefore, in this situation, using balanced anesthetic techniques in cats and dogs is less risky for operation than using the general anesthesia. According to a report from a teaching hospital, the rate of complications resulting in death in cats and dogs using the balanced anesthesia are relatively low, at 1/9 and 1/233 respectively.
34:
495:
189:. Control of the effects, such as muscle relaxation or motor paralysis, for example, can similarly only be affected by varying dosage. By using lower doses of several drugs, targeted for their specific effects, the potential for side effects is mitigated. Each of the agents used in balanced anesthesia may be adjusted separately.
550:-anesthetized. If only managing the xylazine and ketamine, the terminal half-life will be 42 minutes and its clearance will be 27 mL/kg/min. When the CRI of ketamine is kept stable for an hour at 2.4 mg/kg/h, the terminal half-life will be 46 minutes and the clearance will be 32 mL/kg/min.
181:
effects – even in the absence of conscious pain perception), may be the aim of analgesia. Amnesia – induced through an altered state of consciousness – may be adequate or preferred over total unconsciousness. The physiological stability of the patient has
326:
This type of infusion rate is changed based on the specific rate constants. These rate constants control the movements of medicine in the compartments on the basis of saturated state of the tissues, which is decided by the study population in prior pharmacokinetic studies. Because a large amount of
317:
It is relatively simple to make the infusion rate stay stable and supposed that the stable-state concentration is gained on the basis of proper distribution. Whereas, due to the saturated state of tissues and the same rate of infusion, it has the possibility to exceed the clearance rate and cause a
377:
When general anesthesia is used for cats and dogs, the most common method is inhalant agents because they are both easy to manage and the depth of anesthesia is predictable. The depth of anesthesia can be changed and recovered if some unexpected situation occurs during surgery. Although inhaled
482:
anesthesia), which is always lower than using the single anesthetics. The doses of anesthetics required differ, and depend on the required duration of anesthesia, the requirements for anesthesia to volatile, expected pain of injection of anesthesia, the experience the anesthetist using various
394:
With the balanced anesthetic technique, the low concentration of inhalant anesthetic agents and other medicines used during the operation can alter the perception of painful stimuli. In other words, using balanced anesthetic techniques for cats and dogs can decrease the morbidity and mortality
281:
anesthetic agents may be administered by constant rate infusion (CRI) which is a portion of balanced anesthetic techniques, can be made like a single intermittent dose or as a single injection. It should keep a during the time. Both the foreseeable pharmacodynamic effects and foreseeable
403:
Balanced anesthesia has various advantages in veterinary cases: In certain circumstances it is considerably cheaper than the usual anesthesia. Secondly, it can reduce the death rate. Furthermore, it offers more stable operating conditions for
382:
to harmful stimuli during the operation. In order to prevent these reflex reactions, it may be required to increase the concentration of inhalant anesthetic agents; higher rates of inhalant administration are associated with higher
1074:
Hubbell, J. a. E.; Saville, W. J. A.; Bednarski, R. M. (2010). "The use of sedatives, analgesic and anaesthetic drugs in the horse: An electronic survey of members of the
American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP)".
545:
After an intravenous therapy, which is about 2.2 mg/kg, mixed with the 1.1 mg/kg xylazine the half-life of xylazine is approximately 66 minutes and the clearance is around 31 mL/kg/min when patients are
305:
dose can full with the volume of the medicine in an efficient and effective way so that the medicine can be cleared and delivered. This also can promote to achieve the stable state in a prompter approach.
282:
concentration of plasma can be offered by the CRI of specific medicine. It has similarity on keeping the invariable concentration of end-tidal by using the vaporous precise device, which can provide the
2278:
142:
function, general condition, and compensatory capacity (ability to function despite stressors). In balanced anesthesia, appropriate agents are used in combination, at carefully-calibrated levels.
2089:
2293:
3560:
478:
The quantity of a single anesthetic which is used for balanced techniques has similarity with that which is used for standing sedation. However, compare to the doses used for TIVA (total
391:
complications. Respiratory depression may result, especially in young patients and those with preexisting systemic disease. This is associated with increased morbidity and mortality.
4403:
3793:
3748:
2323:
2308:
459:, although in general these medicines are highly safe and useful. Using the correct amount of balanced anesthetic agents, the adverse effects can be reduced to some extent.
4398:
1476:
Flaherty, D.; Reid, J.; Nolan, A.; Monteiro, A.M. (July 1998). "The pharmacokinetics of ketamine after a continuous infusion under halothane anaesthesia in horses".
185:
In single-agent anesthesia, the depth of anesthesia can only be increased by administering higher doses of single drugs, with a corresponding increase in adverse
3921:
1260:
Gaynor, JS; Dunlop, CI; Wagner, AE; Wertz, EM; Golden, AE; Demme, WC (January 1999). "Complications and mortality associated with anesthesia in dogs and cats".
523:, which is 0.1 or 0.2 mg/kg, in the vein at the same time can extend the terminal half-life to about 150 minutes and the clearance will not be influenced.
213:
3351:
1970:
378:
anesthetics will cause an unconscious state in which cats and dogs will not recall or perceive pain, the depth of anesthesia may not prevent the variety of
2666:
2273:
3007:
2318:
1925:
1841:
105:
agents and other drugs – and techniques – in combination, with the aim of separately affecting different aspects of the
335:
Based on a 2010 review of injectable-agent use for short-duration anesthesia, the
American Association of Equine Practitioners recommends the use of
3833:
1670:
3843:
2606:
2303:
2242:
318:
higher concentration in plasma than the expected concentration. Hence, for this modality, it is necessary to adjust the CRI as the time goes by.
3438:
3423:
2221:
682:. Edited by T. Andrew Bowdle, Akira Horita, and Evan D. Kharasch. 779 pp., illustrated. New York: Churchill Livingstone. 1994. 0-443-08878-0".
125:
347:
are recommended after the xylazine. For longer duration anesthesia, those over 30 minutes, the most common anesthetics is the combination of
3655:
3615:
2283:
559:
3711:
3331:
2906:
1597:
44:
3341:
1889:
55:
2313:
2124:
1707:
505:
is the most widely anesthetic agent used for short-duration operations in non-human animals. It does not have a medical use in humans.
3809:
3042:
2384:
2201:
2000:
169:. Musculoskeletal paralysis or immobility are usually required. Depending on the procedure to be undertaken, blocking transmission of
3914:
3443:
3213:
2211:
2119:
1634:
1325:
242:
73:
3160:
1433:
WATERMAN, A.E.; ROBERTSON, S.A.; LANE, J.G. (March 1987). "Pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered ketamine in the horse".
4393:
4353:
2074:
1752:
3887:
4514:
3721:
3388:
2252:
2206:
2028:
1722:
486:
The pharmacokinetics of the two most common anesthetic agents, xylazine and ketamine, used during the surgical anasthesia are:
4200:
3393:
3032:
2466:
2298:
2257:
1904:
4320:
3930:
3829:
2288:
2247:
2140:
1759:
1653:
1541:
4286:
3907:
3839:
3408:
3336:
3012:
1795:
2656:
3731:
3585:
3453:
3346:
2145:
1810:
585:
4583:
3804:
3403:
2636:
2191:
2053:
1965:
309:
Administering a CRI has two important methods: targeting the infusion rate, and making the infusion rate constant.
3326:
3295:
3065:
2099:
1805:
1225:
Clarke, K .W.; Hall, L. W. (January 1990). "A survey of anaesthesia in small animal practice: AVA/BSAVA report".
455:. All medicines may have adverse effect on patients; some serious adverse effects of anesthesia may be caused by
408:. It also increase animal safety and comfort. Balanced anesthesia can make patients calm by using drugs such as:
138:) or veterinarian assesses a variety of patient factors in considering method of anesthesia. These include major
117:
4552:
3739:
3716:
3550:
3255:
2857:
2779:
2774:
2694:
2454:
2160:
2114:
1980:
1871:
1590:
516:
294:
224:
174:
129:
1851:
4096:
3814:
3500:
3485:
3465:
3418:
3280:
2837:
2811:
2341:
2165:
2155:
2109:
1800:
1790:
1712:
1675:
456:
358:
4071:
4020:
3789:
3605:
3535:
2429:
2377:
2216:
2104:
106:
511:
of xylazine may be influenced by anesthesia since after an intravenous therapy about 1.1 mg/kg, the
4598:
4486:
4315:
3650:
3625:
3610:
3480:
3250:
3206:
3080:
2966:
2939:
2912:
2864:
2818:
2513:
2351:
2038:
1727:
1692:
564:
48:
that states a
Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
4509:
4152:
4076:
3764:
3744:
3620:
3475:
3100:
3060:
2927:
2741:
2736:
2716:
2651:
2503:
2150:
2084:
2079:
2013:
1990:
1894:
1516:
759:
278:
4619:
3874:
3799:
3595:
3580:
3575:
3525:
3180:
3122:
3105:
2764:
2481:
2008:
1866:
1856:
1747:
1737:
1702:
1697:
1641:
1624:
1583:
1383:"Influence of morphine sulfate on the halothane sparing effect of xylazine hydrochloride in horses"
339:
as a sedative for induction of anesthesia for durations of around 20 minutes or less. In addition,
283:
3166:
858:. K. MORI, A. OHMURA, H. TOYOOKA, Y. HATANO, K. SHINGU and K. FUKUDA. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 1998".
259:
is the effects caused on the body by a medicine. The distribution of any pharmacologic agent, its
4263:
4193:
3759:
3673:
3540:
3530:
3398:
3383:
3310:
3070:
3027:
3017:
2806:
2759:
2726:
2721:
2471:
2449:
2094:
1950:
1820:
1732:
1717:
1680:
1665:
1658:
1207:
388:
158:
4588:
4568:
4461:
3953:
3824:
3754:
3683:
3678:
3600:
3515:
3495:
3300:
3140:
3022:
2992:
2971:
2934:
2917:
2832:
2796:
2786:
2681:
2601:
2545:
2508:
2493:
2434:
2401:
2370:
2196:
2023:
2018:
1909:
1836:
1742:
1564:
1493:
1458:
1450:
1412:
1404:
1321:
1285:
1277:
1242:
1199:
1191:
1150:
1142:
1100:
1092:
985:
922:
914:
875:
779:
699:
642:
573:
1170:"Anesthetic Depth Defined Using Multiple Noxious Stimuli during Isoflurane/Oxygen Anesthesia"
4426:
4276:
4101:
4091:
4007:
3965:
3863:
3819:
3784:
3779:
3769:
3640:
3590:
3570:
3520:
3510:
3413:
3260:
3199:
2842:
2827:
2704:
2579:
2535:
2186:
1975:
1935:
1648:
1556:
1528:
1485:
1442:
1394:
1381:
Bennett, Rachel C.; Kollias-Baker, Cynthia; Steffey, Eugene P.; Sams, Richard (April 2004).
1313:
1269:
1234:
1181:
1134:
1084:
1049:
1016:
977:
904:
867:
828:
820:
787:
771:
738:
730:
691:
632:
624:
579:
508:
445:
425:
302:
290:
264:
256:
146:
113:
109:, so tailoring the anesthesia's specific effects for the individual patient and procedure.
4529:
4496:
4481:
4111:
3960:
3774:
3665:
3470:
3375:
3369:
3270:
3170:
3115:
2976:
2961:
2944:
2884:
2879:
2823:
2801:
2498:
2444:
2424:
1940:
1815:
1775:
470:
can reduce the amount of inhalant anesthetics required and help patients reduce the pain.
272:
139:
968:
Valverde, Alexander (2013). "Balanced
Anesthesia and Constant-Rate Infusions in Horses".
448:. The balanced anesthesia therefore may therefore decrease those possible complications.
4573:
4476:
4343:
4167:
3991:
3688:
3630:
3565:
3505:
3490:
3433:
3428:
3265:
3002:
2956:
2769:
2699:
2518:
2048:
2043:
1955:
1610:
1489:
1238:
833:
808:
792:
743:
718:
637:
612:
452:
384:
1446:
1138:
4613:
4471:
4436:
4388:
4348:
4186:
3635:
3555:
3305:
3245:
3085:
2874:
2869:
2731:
2671:
2574:
2170:
2058:
1960:
1785:
1186:
1169:
1088:
871:
463:
451:
Another advantage of using balanced anesthesia is that it can decrease the chance of
424:. Keeping patients calm prior to surgery can avoid the unpredictable consequences of
260:
4383:
4368:
4363:
4106:
3999:
3150:
3090:
3075:
2901:
2626:
2476:
2461:
2407:
2033:
1861:
1846:
1560:
1227:
Journal of the
Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland
1211:
680:
The
Pharmacologic Basis of Anesthesiology: Basic science and practical applications
433:
421:
409:
405:
268:
134:
628:
4593:
4519:
4504:
4466:
4421:
4378:
4373:
4271:
4245:
4157:
4086:
4014:
3645:
2949:
2894:
2791:
2646:
2621:
2439:
2237:
1945:
1899:
1687:
1575:
695:
567: – worker who assists with the administration and monitoring of anaesthesia
479:
437:
348:
186:
178:
170:
97:), is a technique for inducing and maintaining anesthesia in patients to enable
94:
3037:
1054:
1037:
1021:
1004:
981:
909:
888:
462:
Balanced anesthesia can also minimize the pain patients suffer. Pain may delay
4542:
4456:
4294:
4230:
4056:
2922:
2889:
2661:
2611:
2596:
2591:
2584:
2569:
2559:
1985:
1780:
1606:
1532:
1353:
1317:
352:
102:
22:
1497:
1454:
1408:
1399:
1382:
1281:
1273:
1246:
1195:
1146:
1096:
918:
879:
783:
717:
Date, Akshay; Bashir, Khayam; Uddin, Aaliya; Nigam, Chandni (December 2020).
703:
4578:
4547:
4537:
4431:
4358:
4338:
4330:
4302:
4253:
4240:
4127:
4033:
3972:
3110:
2852:
2847:
2711:
2689:
2564:
2528:
547:
512:
467:
429:
417:
298:
162:
149:
in 1926. It is the most common approach to anesthesia in modern healthcare.
1568:
1517:"Seventy-five years since the birth of the Liverpool anaesthetic technique"
1416:
1154:
1104:
989:
926:
734:
660:
646:
1462:
1289:
1203:
466:, decrease appetite, and even result in death. Using the proper amount of
4235:
4162:
4147:
4132:
4066:
4061:
3945:
2616:
2393:
1930:
1629:
1125:
Ilkiw, Jan E. (1999). "Balanced anesthetic techniques in dogs and cats".
542:
is the most widely anesthetic agent used for longer duration operations.
539:
520:
502:
413:
344:
340:
336:
519:
will decrease to 6 mL/kg/min. Based on a recent study, if injecting the
101:
or certain medical procedures to be performed. The method uses multiple
4307:
4142:
4137:
3222:
3095:
2555:
2523:
2416:
1515:
Mulier, Jan P.; Hunter, Jennifer M.; de Boer, Hans D. (February 2021).
760:"1 + 1 = 4? Balanced anaesthesia: A sum that is greater than its parts"
588: – Type of paralyzing anesthetic including lepto- and pachycurares
441:
98:
3899:
824:
775:
4040:
3983:
3545:
379:
166:
1168:
Zbinden, A. M.; Petersen-Felix, S.; Thomson, D. A. (February 1994).
531:
611:
Brown, Emery N.; Pavone, Kara J.; Naranjo, Marusa (November 2018).
494:
4081:
4027:
3706:
366:
The technique of balanced anesthetic has been applied widely with
357:
4209:
3977:
1540:
Donohue, Ciara; Hobson, Ben; Stephens, Robert C. M. (May 2013).
809:"Multimodal analgesia or balanced analgesia: the better choice?"
758:
Zhou, Yingqiu; Roth, David M.; Patel, Hemal H. (December 2019).
440:
which may be harmful to the anesthetized patients. In addition,
4182:
3903:
3195:
2366:
1579:
2279:
American
Society of Anesthesia Technologists & Technicians
1308:
Pypendop, Bruno (2017), "Inhalation and
Balanced Anesthesia",
371:
367:
196:
27:
1042:
Continuing
Education in Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain
1009:
Continuing
Education in Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain
719:"Differences Between Natural Sleep and the Anesthetic State"
2362:
165:, muscle relaxation and the temporary suppression of motor
45:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
3191:
2243:
Helsinki Declaration for Patient Safety in Anaesthesiology
2090:
Effects of early-life exposures to anesthesia on the brain
2294:
Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland
4404:
congenital insensitivity to pain with partial anhidrosis
4178:
220:
51:
2324:
European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care
970:
Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice
613:"Multimodal General Anesthesia: Theory and Practice"
569:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
4561:
4528:
4495:
4449:
4414:
4329:
4285:
4262:
4223:
4216:
4120:
4049:
3937:
3730:
3697:
3664:
3452:
3368:
3319:
3288:
3279:
3238:
3229:
3053:
2991:
2752:
2680:
2635:
2544:
2415:
2400:
2309:
Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists
2266:
2230:
2179:
2133:
2067:
1999:
1918:
1882:
1829:
1768:
1617:
1262:
Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association
515:of xylazine will increase to 118 minutes and the
177:responses to noxious stimuli and its cardiac and
4399:congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis
678:Miller, Jordan D. (9 March 1995). "Book Review:
576: – Nurse trained to provide anesthesia care
1312:, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 89–104,
846:
844:
1003:Roberts, Fred; Freshwater-Turner, Dan (2007).
182:to be maintained while all this is achieved.
4194:
3915:
3207:
2378:
1591:
8:
1971:Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring
1127:Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice
582: – Medications to reversibly block pain
606:
604:
602:
271:, and its clearance from the body, are the
4220:
4201:
4187:
4179:
3922:
3908:
3900:
3285:
3235:
3214:
3200:
3192:
2667:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
2412:
2385:
2371:
2363:
2274:American Association of Nurse Anesthetists
1598:
1584:
1576:
3008:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
2319:International Anesthesia Research Society
1926:ASA physical status classification system
1398:
1185:
1053:
1020:
908:
832:
791:
742:
636:
243:Learn how and when to remove this message
74:Learn how and when to remove this message
1671:Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia
530:
493:
21:For broader coverage of this topic, see
2304:Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists
1428:
1426:
1387:American Journal of Veterinary Research
598:
214:not related to the topic of the article
3424:Nursing credentials and certifications
2284:American Society of Anesthesiologists
1376:
1374:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1310:Feline Anesthesia and Pain Management
1303:
1301:
1299:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1069:
1067:
1065:
963:
961:
959:
560:American Society of Anesthesiologists
7:
3870:
3712:Nursing Interventions Classification
3146:
2907:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
2289:Anaesthesia Trauma and Critical Care
1549:British Journal of Hospital Medicine
1038:"Pharmacokinetics of drug infusions"
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
3882:
3156:
2314:Australian Society of Anaesthetists
2222:Physicians' assistant (anaesthesia)
2125:Postoperative residual curarization
860:European Journal of Anaesthesiology
665:Australian Society of Anaesthetists
3043:Medical Scientist Training Program
2202:Operating department practitioners
1490:10.1111/j.1467-2995.1998.tb00166.x
1239:10.1111/j.1467-2995.1990.tb00380.x
1005:"Pharmacokinetics and anaesthesia"
14:
2212:Certified anesthesia technologist
2120:Postoperative nausea and vomiting
1635:Procedural sedation and analgesia
1478:Journal of Veterinary Anaesthesia
807:Shim, Jae Hang (1 October 2020).
145:The method was first proposed by
4394:Congenital insensitivity to pain
4354:Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder
3881:
3869:
3858:
3857:
3175:
3165:
3155:
3145:
3136:
3135:
2346:
2337:
2336:
1753:Transverse abdominis plane block
1542:"An introduction to anaesthesia"
1187:10.1097/00000542-199402000-00005
1089:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00104.x
872:10.1046/j.0265-0215.2000.00830.x
813:Korean Journal of Anesthesiology
474:Commonly-used agents for animals
201:
161:are to produce unconsciousness,
32:
3722:Nursing Outcomes Classification
3717:Nursing Minimum Data Set (NMDS)
3389:Associate of Science in Nursing
3176:
2347:
2253:History of neuraxial anesthesia
2207:Certified anesthesia technician
2029:Double-lumen endobronchial tube
1890:Blood–gas partition coefficient
1723:Intravenous regional anesthesia
764:British Journal of Pharmacology
684:New England Journal of Medicine
313:Make the infusion rate constant
3394:Bachelor of Science in Nursing
3033:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
2467:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
2299:Royal College of Anaesthetists
2258:History of tracheal intubation
1905:Minimum alveolar concentration
1842:Anesthesia provision in the US
1561:10.12968/hmed.2013.74.Sup5.C71
1521:British Journal of Anaesthesia
1435:Research in Veterinary Science
887:Alsamman, Husam (March 1999).
483:medicines, and other factors.
301:of the specific medicine. The
1:
3616:Psychiatric and mental health
2248:History of general anesthesia
1760:Total intravenous anaesthesia
1708:Inferior alveolar nerve block
1654:Continuous wound infiltration
1447:10.1016/s0034-5288(18)30679-9
1139:10.1016/s1096-2867(99)80024-3
223:or discuss this issue on the
112:The specialist physician (in
3409:Master of Science in Nursing
3013:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
2780:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
1811:Neuromuscular-blocking drugs
854:Bailey, C. R. (May 2001). "
629:10.1213/ANE.0000000000003668
351:, ketamine, and xylazine or
133:
121:
2146:Critical emergency medicine
696:10.1056/nejm199503093321021
586:Neuromuscular-blocking drug
4636:
3404:Doctor of Nursing Practice
2192:Anesthesiologist assistant
2054:Relative analgesia machine
1354:"VASG Balanced Anesthesia"
982:10.1016/j.cveq.2012.11.004
910:10.5144/0256-4947.1999.179
617:Anesthesia & Analgesia
20:
3853:
3561:Women's Health Care Nurse
3296:Clinical nurse specialist
3131:
2332:
2100:Local anesthetic toxicity
1533:10.1016/j.bja.2020.10.020
1318:10.1002/9781119167891.ch6
1077:Equine Veterinary Journal
527:Ketamine pharmacokinetics
490:Xylazine pharmacokinetics
444:and stress may cause the
275:features of a medicine.
3740:International Nurses Day
3256:Licensed practical nurse
2967:Transplantation medicine
2858:Clinical neurophysiology
2775:Obstetric anesthesiology
2695:Interventional radiology
2455:Digestive system surgery
2115:Postanesthetic shivering
1981:Neuromuscular monitoring
1872:Rapid sequence induction
1801:Inhalational anesthetics
1400:10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.519
1274:10.5326/15473317-35-1-13
1055:10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkh021
1022:10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkl058
897:Annals of Saudi Medicine
322:Target the infusion rate
175:autonomic nervous system
4515:Posteromarginal nucleus
4450:Measurement and testing
3419:Nurse Licensure Compact
2838:Intensive care medicine
2812:Mass gathering medicine
2657:Maternal–fetal medicine
2166:Oral sedation dentistry
2156:Intensive care medicine
2110:Perioperative mortality
1966:Guedel's classification
1713:Intercostal nerve block
891:New Balanced Anesthesia
856:New Balanced Anesthesia
661:"All about anaesthesia"
457:inhalational anesthetic
193:Pharmacokinetic factors
4021:Mandragora officinarum
2430:Cardiothoracic surgery
2217:Anaesthetic technician
2105:Malignant hyperthermia
735:10.2144/fsoa-2020-0149
536:
499:
363:
107:central nervous system
54:by rewriting it in an
4599:Drug-seeking behavior
4487:Visual analogue scale
3651:Travel health nursing
3251:Clinical nurse leader
3081:Personalized medicine
2940:Reproductive medicine
2865:Occupational medicine
2819:Evolutionary medicine
2039:Laryngeal mask airway
1883:Scientific principles
1852:Dogliotti's principle
1728:Occipital nerve block
1693:Brachial plexus block
565:Anesthetic technician
534:
497:
399:Advantages in animals
361:
212:may contain material
91:multimodal anesthesia
4510:Anterolateral system
3476:Correctional nursing
3101:Traditional medicine
3061:Alternative medicine
2928:Addiction psychiatry
2742:Transfusion medicine
2737:Medical microbiology
2652:Gynecologic oncology
2504:Reproductive surgery
2085:Drug-induced amnesia
2080:Anesthesia awareness
2014:Anesthetic vaporizer
1991:Thyromental distance
1895:Concentration effect
1769:Pharmacologic agents
1738:Pudendal nerve block
221:improve this section
16:Anesthetic technique
3931:Ancient anaesthesia
3810:Republic of Ireland
3586:Occupational health
3576:Nursing informatics
3352:Psych/mental health
3123:History of medicine
3106:Veterinary medicine
2913:Preventive medicine
2765:Adolescent medicine
2607:Infectious diseases
2009:Anaesthetic machine
1867:Tracheal intubation
1857:Intravenous therapy
1796:General anesthetics
1748:Sciatic nerve block
1703:Femoral nerve block
1698:Fascia iliaca block
1676:Epidural anesthesia
1642:Twilight anesthesia
291:administration rate
284:volatile anesthetic
87:Balanced anesthesia
4589:Philosophy of pain
4264:Respiratory system
3674:Nursing assessment
3536:Legal consultation
3399:Diploma in Nursing
3384:Nightingale Pledge
3311:Nurse practitioner
3071:Molecular oncology
3028:Doctor of Medicine
3018:Master of Medicine
2935:Radiation oncology
2807:Emergency medicine
2760:Addiction medicine
2727:Clinical chemistry
2722:Clinical pathology
2514:Transplant surgery
2472:Orthopedic surgery
2450:Colorectal surgery
2095:Emergence delirium
2075:Allergic reactions
1951:Entropy monitoring
1733:Paracervical block
1718:Interpleural block
1681:Spinal anaesthesia
1666:Neuraxial blockade
889:"[Review]
537:
500:
364:
159:general anesthesia
56:encyclopedic style
43:is written like a
4607:
4606:
4462:Cold pressor test
4445:
4444:
4176:
4175:
4003:(devil's trumpet)
3954:Atropa belladonna
3897:
3896:
3684:Nursing care plan
3679:Nursing diagnosis
3364:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3332:Adult-gerontology
3320:NPs by population
3301:Nurse anesthetist
3281:Advanced practice
3189:
3188:
3023:Master of Surgery
2987:
2986:
2972:Tropical medicine
2918:Prison healthcare
2833:Hospital medicine
2797:Disaster medicine
2787:Aviation medicine
2602:Hospital medicine
2509:Surgical oncology
2494:Pediatric surgery
2488:
2435:Endocrine surgery
2360:
2359:
2197:Nurse anesthetist
2024:Bronchial blocker
2019:Arterial catheter
1910:Second gas effect
1837:Airway management
1806:Local anesthetics
1743:Retrobulbar block
1036:Hill, SA (2004).
825:10.4097/kja.20505
776:10.1111/bph.14908
770:(24): 4785–4786.
723:Future Science OA
574:Nurse anesthetist
253:
252:
245:
84:
83:
76:
4627:
4562:Related concepts
4553:Pain eradication
4311:
4298:
4249:
4221:
4217:By region/system
4203:
4196:
4189:
4180:
4008:Hyoscyamus niger
3938:Plants / animals
3924:
3917:
3910:
3901:
3885:
3884:
3873:
3872:
3861:
3860:
3551:Medical-surgical
3454:Specialties and
3414:Board of nursing
3286:
3261:Registered nurse
3236:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3193:
3179:
3178:
3169:
3159:
3158:
3149:
3148:
3139:
3138:
2843:Medical genetics
2828:General practice
2705:Nuclear medicine
2580:Gastroenterology
2536:Vascular surgery
2486:
2413:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2364:
2350:
2349:
2340:
2339:
2187:Anesthesiologist
1976:Mallampati score
1936:Bispectral index
1776:Anticholinergics
1600:
1593:
1586:
1577:
1572:
1546:
1536:
1502:
1501:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1430:
1421:
1420:
1402:
1378:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1350:
1331:
1330:
1305:
1294:
1293:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1189:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1122:
1109:
1108:
1071:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1000:
994:
993:
965:
934:
930:
912:
883:
848:
839:
838:
836:
804:
798:
797:
795:
755:
749:
748:
746:
714:
708:
707:
675:
669:
668:
657:
651:
650:
640:
623:(5): 1246–1258.
608:
580:Local anesthetic
570:
509:Pharmacokinetics
446:nociceptive pain
380:reflex reactions
257:pharmacodynamics
248:
241:
237:
234:
228:
205:
204:
197:
147:John Silas Lundy
137:
123:
122:anesthesiologist
118:American English
89:, also known as
79:
72:
68:
65:
59:
36:
35:
28:
4635:
4634:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4557:
4524:
4497:Pathophysiology
4491:
4482:Tail flick test
4441:
4410:
4325:
4309:
4296:
4287:Musculoskeletal
4281:
4258:
4247:
4212:
4207:
4177:
4172:
4116:
4045:
3933:
3928:
3898:
3893:
3849:
3726:
3699:
3698:Classification
3693:
3666:Nursing process
3660:
3501:Faith community
3466:Ambulatory care
3457:
3455:
3448:
3374:
3372:
3356:
3315:
3275:
3271:Nurse scientist
3231:
3225:
3220:
3190:
3185:
3127:
3116:Chief physician
3049:
2994:
2983:
2977:Travel medicine
2962:Sports medicine
2945:Sexual medicine
2885:Palliative care
2880:Pain management
2824:Family medicine
2802:Diving medicine
2748:
2676:
2638:
2631:
2547:
2540:
2499:Plastic surgery
2445:General surgery
2425:Cardiac surgery
2406:
2404:
2396:
2391:
2361:
2356:
2328:
2262:
2226:
2175:
2129:
2063:
1995:
1941:Body mass index
1914:
1878:
1825:
1791:Benzodiazepines
1764:
1613:
1604:
1544:
1539:
1514:
1511:
1509:Further reading
1506:
1505:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1432:
1431:
1424:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1362:
1360:
1352:
1351:
1334:
1328:
1307:
1306:
1297:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1124:
1123:
1112:
1073:
1072:
1063:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1002:
1001:
997:
967:
966:
937:
933:
886:
853:
849:
842:
806:
805:
801:
757:
756:
752:
716:
715:
711:
690:(10): 688–689.
677:
676:
672:
659:
658:
654:
610:
609:
600:
595:
568:
556:
529:
492:
476:
453:adverse effects
401:
333:
328:
319:
273:pharmacokinetic
249:
238:
232:
229:
218:
206:
202:
195:
155:
130:British English
80:
69:
63:
60:
52:help improve it
49:
37:
33:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4633:
4631:
4623:
4622:
4612:
4611:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4574:Pain tolerance
4571:
4569:Pain threshold
4565:
4563:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4534:
4532:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4501:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4477:Hot plate test
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4453:
4451:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4344:Pain asymbolia
4341:
4335:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4305:
4300:
4291:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4268:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4227:
4225:
4218:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4198:
4191:
4183:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4030:
4025:
4017:
4012:
4004:
3996:
3992:Datura innoxia
3988:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3958:
3950:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3904:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3879:
3867:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3837:
3830:United Kingdom
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3742:
3736:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3703:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3689:Nursing theory
3686:
3681:
3676:
3670:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3606:Perianesthesia
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3462:
3460:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3434:Nurse registry
3431:
3429:Nursing school
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3342:Women's health
3339:
3334:
3329:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3266:Graduate nurse
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3242:
3240:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3196:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3173:
3163:
3153:
3143:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3057:
3055:
3054:Related topics
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3003:Medical school
2999:
2997:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2957:Sleep medicine
2954:
2953:
2952:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2904:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2770:Anesthesiology
2767:
2762:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2700:Neuroradiology
2697:
2686:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2637:Obstetrics and
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2552:
2550:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2521:
2519:Trauma surgery
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2482:Otolaryngology
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2421:
2419:
2410:
2408:subspecialties
2398:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2367:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2344:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2141:Cardiothoracic
2137:
2135:
2134:Subspecialties
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2049:Magill forceps
2046:
2044:Laryngeal tube
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2005:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1956:Fick principle
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1786:Butyrophenones
1783:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1611:anesthesiology
1605:
1603:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1537:
1527:(2): 343–347.
1510:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1468:
1441:(2): 162–166.
1422:
1393:(4): 519–526.
1370:
1332:
1326:
1295:
1252:
1217:
1180:(2): 261–267.
1174:Anesthesiology
1160:
1110:
1083:(6): 487–493.
1061:
1028:
995:
935:
932:
931:
884:
850:
840:
819:(5): 361–362.
799:
750:
709:
670:
652:
597:
596:
594:
591:
590:
589:
583:
577:
571:
562:
555:
552:
528:
525:
491:
488:
475:
472:
400:
397:
385:cardiovascular
362:Dog anesthesia
332:
331:Veterinary use
329:
325:
324:
323:
316:
315:
314:
295:clearance rate
251:
250:
209:
207:
200:
194:
191:
154:
151:
82:
81:
40:
38:
31:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4632:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4472:Grimace scale
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4438:
4437:Low back pain
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4389:Referred pain
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4349:Pain disorder
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4322:
4321:Delayed-onset
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4224:Head and neck
4222:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4204:
4199:
4197:
4192:
4190:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3995:(thorn-apple)
3994:
3993:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3925:
3920:
3918:
3913:
3911:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3890:
3889:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3856:
3855:
3852:
3845:
3841:
3840:United States
3838:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3696:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3626:Public health
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3611:Perioperative
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3481:Critical care
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3451:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3371:
3367:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3306:Nurse midwife
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3246:Student nurse
3244:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3228:
3224:
3217:
3212:
3210:
3205:
3203:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3182:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3162:
3154:
3152:
3144:
3142:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3086:Public health
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3066:Allied health
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2990:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2875:Oral medicine
2873:
2871:
2870:Ophthalmology
2868:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2732:Cytopathology
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2672:Urogynecology
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2575:Endocrinology
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2383:
2381:
2376:
2374:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2353:
2345:
2343:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:Organizations
2265:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2171:Pain medicine
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:Complications
2066:
2060:
2059:Tracheal tube
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1961:Goldman index
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1519:. Editorial.
1518:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1327:9781119167891
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
999:
996:
991:
987:
983:
979:
976:(1): 89–122.
975:
971:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
936:
928:
924:
920:
916:
911:
906:
902:
898:
894:
892:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
852:
851:
847:
845:
841:
835:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
803:
800:
794:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
754:
751:
745:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
713:
710:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
674:
671:
666:
662:
656:
653:
648:
644:
639:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
607:
605:
603:
599:
592:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
566:
563:
561:
558:
557:
553:
551:
549:
543:
541:
533:
526:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
504:
496:
489:
487:
484:
481:
473:
471:
469:
465:
464:wound healing
460:
458:
454:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
406:veterinarians
398:
396:
392:
390:
386:
381:
375:
373:
369:
360:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
330:
321:
320:
312:
311:
310:
307:
304:
300:
296:
292:
287:
285:
280:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
261:concentration
258:
255:The scope of
247:
244:
236:
226:
222:
216:
215:
210:This section
208:
199:
198:
192:
190:
188:
183:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
157:The goals of
152:
150:
148:
143:
141:
136:
131:
127:
119:
115:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
93:(also spelt:
92:
88:
78:
75:
67:
57:
53:
47:
46:
41:This article
39:
30:
29:
24:
19:
4384:Phantom pain
4369:Hyperalgesia
4364:Chronic pain
4248:(swallowing)
4246:Odynophagia
4107:Theophrastus
4032:
4019:
4006:
4000:Datura metel
3998:
3990:
3982:
3957:(belladonna)
3952:
3944:
3886:
3875:
3862:
3815:South Africa
3621:Private duty
3289:APNs by role
3091:Rural health
3076:Nanomedicine
2627:Rheumatology
2558: /
2477:Hand surgery
2462:Neurosurgery
2034:Gas cylinder
1919:Measurements
1862:Laryngoscopy
1847:Bronchoscopy
1555:(5): C71-5.
1552:
1548:
1524:
1520:
1484:(1): 31–36.
1481:
1477:
1471:
1438:
1434:
1390:
1386:
1361:. Retrieved
1358:www.vasg.org
1357:
1309:
1268:(1): 13–17.
1265:
1261:
1255:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1133:(1): 27–37.
1130:
1126:
1080:
1076:
1048:(3): 76–80.
1045:
1041:
1031:
1012:
1008:
998:
973:
969:
900:
896:
890:
863:
859:
855:
816:
812:
802:
767:
763:
753:
726:
722:
712:
687:
683:
679:
673:
664:
655:
620:
616:
544:
538:
507:
501:
485:
477:
461:
450:
434:hypertension
422:acepromazine
410:medetomidine
402:
393:
376:
365:
334:
308:
293:exceeds the
288:
277:
254:
239:
230:
219:Please help
211:
187:side effects
184:
156:
144:
135:anaesthetist
126:Commonwealth
111:
90:
86:
85:
70:
64:October 2020
61:
42:
18:
4594:Cancer pain
4520:Substance P
4505:Nociception
4467:Dolorimeter
4422:Pelvic pain
4379:Hyperpathia
4374:Hypoalgesia
4295:Arthralgia
4277:Pleurodynia
4272:Sore throat
4158:Hyoscyamine
4097:Sabuncuoğlu
4087:Hippocrates
4077:Dioscorides
4015:Lactucarium
3966:medical use
3888:WikiProject
3805:Philippines
3790:New Zealand
3646:Telenursing
3596:Orthopedics
3526:Home health
3239:Generalists
3161:Wikiproject
2950:Venereology
2895:Neonatology
2792:Dermatology
2647:Gynaecology
2639:gynaecology
2622:Pulmonology
2440:Eye surgery
2402:Specialties
2238:ACE mixture
2180:Professions
2001:Instruments
1946:Capnography
1900:Fink effect
1781:Antiemetics
1688:Nerve block
1233:(1): 4–10.
480:intravenous
438:tachycardia
389:respiratory
349:guaifenesin
267:, blood or
179:hemodynamic
171:nociception
95:anaesthesia
4620:Anesthesia
4543:Anesthesia
4530:Management
4457:Pain scale
4427:Proctalgia
4331:Neurologic
4231:Eye strain
4168:Salicylate
4037:(saw-wort)
4024:(mandrake)
3732:By country
3601:Pediatrics
3581:Obstetrics
3541:Management
3531:Hyperbaric
3516:Geriatrics
3337:Pediatrics
3230:Levels of
2923:Psychiatry
2909:(PM&R)
2902:Phlebology
2890:Pediatrics
2717:Anatomical
2682:Diagnostic
2662:Obstetrics
2612:Nephrology
2597:Hematology
2592:Geriatrics
2585:Hepatology
2570:Cardiology
2560:Immunology
1986:Pain scale
1830:Techniques
1607:Anesthesia
903:(2): 179.
866:(5): 341.
593:References
468:analgesics
428:, such as
353:isoflurane
299:half-lives
279:Injectable
103:anesthetic
23:Anesthesia
4579:Suffering
4548:Cordotomy
4538:Analgesia
4359:Allodynia
4339:Neuralgia
4303:Bone pain
4254:Toothache
4128:Aconitine
4121:Compounds
4102:Sushrutha
4057:Abulcasis
4034:Saussurea
4011:(henbane)
3987:(hemlock)
3973:Castoreum
3949:(aconite)
3765:Hong Kong
3745:Australia
3556:Midwifery
3496:Emergency
3491:Education
3456:areas of
3376:licensure
3370:Education
3111:Physician
2995:education
2853:Neurology
2848:Narcology
2712:Pathology
2690:Radiology
2565:Angiology
2529:Andrology
2161:Obstetric
2151:Geriatric
1821:Sedatives
1498:1351-6574
1455:0034-5288
1409:0002-9645
1282:0587-2871
1247:0950-7817
1196:0003-3022
1147:1096-2867
1097:2042-3306
1015:: 25–29.
919:0256-4947
880:1365-2346
784:0007-1188
704:0028-4793
548:halothane
517:clearance
513:half-life
430:tachypnea
418:midazolam
289:When the
233:July 2024
225:talk page
163:analgesia
153:Rationale
4614:Category
4584:SOCRATES
4310:(muscle)
4308:Myalgia
4236:Headache
4163:Morphine
4148:Hyoscine
4133:Atropine
4067:Avicenna
4062:Avenzoar
3961:Cannabis
3946:Aconitum
3864:Category
3800:Pakistan
3794:timeline
3749:timeline
3641:Surgical
3591:Oncology
3571:Neonatal
3566:Military
3521:Holistic
3511:Forensic
3458:practice
3347:Neonatal
3232:practice
3141:Category
2617:Oncology
2548:medicine
2546:Internal
2394:Medicine
2342:Category
1931:Baricity
1630:Sedation
1569:23656984
1417:15077697
1155:10193043
1105:20716187
990:23498047
927:17337970
647:30252709
554:See also
540:Ketamine
535:Ketamine
521:morphine
503:Xylazine
498:Xylazine
414:diazepam
345:ketamine
341:diazepam
337:xylazine
167:reflexes
114:Canadian
4297:(joint)
4143:Coniine
4138:Cocaine
3876:Commons
3844:history
3834:history
3760:Germany
3700:systems
3471:Cardiac
3223:Nursing
3181:Outline
3151:Commons
3096:Therapy
2993:Medical
2556:Allergy
2524:Urology
2417:Surgery
2352:Outline
2231:History
1816:Opioids
1659:Topical
1625:General
1463:3589163
1290:9934922
1212:9210674
1204:8311308
834:7533177
793:6965665
744:7720371
667:. 2024.
638:6203428
442:anxiety
265:tissues
99:surgery
50:Please
4153:Δ9-THC
4092:Rhazes
4072:Celsus
4050:People
4041:Willow
3984:Conium
3825:Taiwan
3755:Canada
3631:School
3546:Matron
3506:Flight
3486:Dental
3327:Family
3171:Portal
3038:MD–PhD
1567:
1496:
1461:
1453:
1415:
1407:
1363:5 June
1324:
1288:
1280:
1245:
1210:
1202:
1194:
1153:
1145:
1103:
1095:
988:
925:
917:
878:
831:
790:
782:
741:
729:(10).
702:
645:
635:
426:stress
420:, and
269:plasma
4415:Other
4316:Acute
4112:Zhang
4082:Galen
4028:Opium
3820:Spain
3785:Kenya
3780:Japan
3770:India
3707:NANDA
3636:Space
3439:NCLEX
2753:Other
1649:Local
1618:Types
1545:(PDF)
1208:S2CID
303:bolus
140:organ
124:; in
4432:Back
4241:Neck
4210:Pain
3978:Coca
3775:Iran
3656:WOCN
3444:TEAS
3373:and
1609:and
1565:PMID
1494:ISSN
1459:PMID
1451:ISSN
1413:PMID
1405:ISSN
1365:2019
1322:ISBN
1286:PMID
1278:ISSN
1243:ISSN
1200:PMID
1192:ISSN
1151:PMID
1143:ISSN
1101:PMID
1093:ISSN
986:PMID
923:PMID
915:ISSN
876:ISSN
780:ISSN
700:ISSN
643:PMID
436:and
387:and
372:dogs
370:and
368:cats
343:and
128:and
116:and
2487:ENT
2405:and
1557:doi
1529:doi
1525:126
1486:doi
1443:doi
1395:doi
1314:doi
1270:doi
1235:doi
1182:doi
1135:doi
1085:doi
1050:doi
1017:doi
978:doi
905:doi
868:doi
829:PMC
821:doi
788:PMC
772:doi
768:176
739:PMC
731:doi
692:doi
688:332
633:PMC
625:doi
621:127
416:or
263:in
4616::
2826:/
1563:.
1553:74
1551:.
1547:.
1523:.
1492:.
1482:25
1480:.
1457:.
1449:.
1439:42
1437:.
1425:^
1411:.
1403:.
1391:65
1389:.
1385:.
1373:^
1356:.
1335:^
1320:,
1298:^
1284:.
1276:.
1266:35
1264:.
1241:.
1231:17
1229:.
1206:.
1198:.
1190:.
1178:80
1176:.
1172:.
1149:.
1141:.
1131:14
1129:.
1113:^
1099:.
1091:.
1081:42
1079:.
1064:^
1044:.
1040:.
1011:.
1007:.
984:.
974:29
972:.
938:^
921:.
913:.
901:19
899:.
895:.
874:.
864:18
862:.
843:^
827:.
817:73
815:.
811:.
786:.
778:.
766:.
762:.
737:.
725:.
721:.
698:.
686:.
663:.
641:.
631:.
619:.
615:.
601:^
432:,
412:,
374:.
355:.
286:.
132::
120::
4202:e
4195:t
4188:v
3923:e
3916:t
3909:v
3846:)
3842:(
3836:)
3832:(
3796:)
3792:(
3751:)
3747:(
3215:e
3208:t
3201:v
2386:e
2379:t
2372:v
1599:e
1592:t
1585:v
1571:.
1559::
1535:.
1531::
1500:.
1488::
1465:.
1445::
1419:.
1397::
1367:.
1316::
1292:.
1272::
1249:.
1237::
1214:.
1184::
1157:.
1137::
1107:.
1087::
1058:.
1052::
1046:4
1025:.
1019::
1013:7
992:.
980::
929:.
907::
893:"
882:.
870::
837:.
823::
796:.
774::
747:.
733::
727:6
706:.
694::
649:.
627::
246:)
240:(
235:)
231:(
227:.
217:.
173:(
77:)
71:(
66:)
62:(
58:.
25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.