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798:) headdress was used at harvest time by young men chosen from the farmers association. Other Bamana statues include fertility statues, meant to be kept with the wife at all times to ensure fertility, and statues created for vocational groups such as hunters and farmers, often used as offering places by other groups after prosperous farming seasons or successful hunting parties.
187:
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695:= slave/kjell-slave), or slave warrior caste, replenished by warriors captured in battle. While slaves were excluded from inheritance, the Jonton leaders forged a strong corporate identity. Their raids fed the Segu economy with goods and slaves for trade, and bonded agricultural laborers who were resettled by the state.
635:
Formerly, like most other
African societies, they also held slaves (called "Jonw"/"Jong(o)"), often war prisoners from lands surrounding their territory. With time, and the collapse of the Bamana state, these caste differences have eroded, though vocations have strong family and ethnic correlations.
714:
The Bamana have continued in many places their tradition of caste and age group inauguration societies, known as the Tons. While this is common to most Mandé societies, the Ton tradition is especially strong in Bamana history. Tons can be by sex (initiation rites for young men and women), age (the
580:
772:. While the tourist and art market is the main destination of modern Bamana artworks, most artistic traditions had been part of sacred vocations, created as a display of religious beliefs and used in ritual.
951:
752:
The Bamana people adapted many artistic traditions. Artworks were created both for religious use and to define cultural and religious difference. Bamana artistic traditions include
529:
neighbors, the Bamana state practised and formalised traditional polytheistic religion, though Muslim communities remained locally powerful, if excluded from the central state at
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was also used to identify captive
Africans who originated in the interior of Africa perhaps from the upper Senegal-Niger region and transported to the Americas via ports on the
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1062:
D.F. McCall, "The
Cultural Map and Time Profile of the Mande Speaking Peoples," in C.T. Hodge (ed.). Papers on the Manding, Indiana University, Bloomington, 1971.
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While there is little consensus among modern historians and ethnologists as to the origins or meaning of the ethno-linguistic term, references to the name
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and ethnic variation. Both castes and ethnic groups performed vocational roles in the Bamana state, and this differentiation increased with time.
680:) and the history of the Bambara Empire strengthened and preserved these orders. The first state was born as a refashioning of hunting and youth
959:
400:, "Bambara" means "believer" or "infidel"; the group acquired the name because it resisted Islam after the religion was introduced in 1854 by
1329:
1275:
Wooten, Stephen R. (2000). "Antelope
Headdresses and Champion Farmers: Negotiating Meaning and Identity through the Bamana Ciwara Complex".
613:
merchants developed towns focused first on desert side trade, and latter on large-scale agricultural production using captured slaves. The
727:). While these societies continue as ways of socialising and passing on traditions, their power and importance faded in the 20th century.
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ethno-linguistic group, whose divergence is dated to at least about 7,000 years ago, and branches of which are associated with sites near
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Bambara people in upper Sénégal river valley, 1890. (illustration from
Colonel Frey's CĂ´te occidentale d'Afrique, 1890, Fig.49 p.87)
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2017:
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languages, has become the principal inter-ethnic language in Mali and one of the official languages of the state alongside
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can be found from the early 18th century. In addition to its general use as a reference to an ethno-linguistic group,
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ton living separately from the community and providing farm labor prior to taking wives), or vocation (the farming
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ethnicity were created largely out of war captives, and turned by the state to fishing and ferrying communities.
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Islam remains rare, even allowing for conversions that in many cases happened in the mid to late 19th century.
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Les Ports de l'Or Le
Rouyaume de Galam (Sénégal) de l'Ere Musulmane au Temps de Nègriers (VIIIe-XVIIe Siècle)
632:, priests, metalworkers, and other specialist vocations remaining endogamous and living in designated areas.
1615:
1237:
Roberts, Richard L. (1980). "Production and
Reproduction of Warrior States: Segu Bambara and Segu Tokolor".
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Bambara human figure, late 19th to early 20th century, Mali. Wood. African Art Museum, Smithsonian.
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952:"Distribution of the Gambian population by ethnicity 1973,1983,1993,2003 and 2013 Censuses - GBoS"
656:, but many still practise the traditional rituals, especially in honoring ancestors. This form of
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Warriors, Merchants and Slaves: The State and the
Economy in the Middle Niger Valley 1700-1914
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In addition to this, the Bamana maintained internal castes, like other Mandé peoples, with
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referred simply to slaves who were already in the service of the local elites or French.
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Photo documents of
Bambara art and other information regarding other African tribal art
1245:(3). The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Vol. 13, No. 3: 389–419.
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Puppets and masks of the Bamana and the Bozo (Mali) - from The Spirit's Dance in Africa
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basin turned inward. The Bamana appeared again in this milieu with the rise of a
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Traditionally, Mandé society is hierarchal or caste-based, with nobility and
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676:. Mandé culture is known for its strong fraternal orders and sororities (
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Bamana share many aspects of broader Mandé social structure. Society is
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As conquests of their neighbors were successful, the state created the
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coast. As early as 1730 at the slave-trading post of Gorée, the term
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1205:. Washington, D.C.: Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution.
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communities within the state, who added this to cattle herding. The
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dissolved after 1600 AD, many Mandé-speaking groups along the upper
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Chi-Wara headdress of the
Bambara: A select, annotated bibliography
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in the 1740s, when the Mali Empire started to crumble around 1559.
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Chiffres de la Division de la Statistique de Dakar cités dans
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ethnic group in Mali, with 80% of the population speaking the
36:
745:
Bambara mask with a stylistic representation of an antelope,
536:
The Bamana became the dominant cultural community in western
1120:
Imperato, Pascal James (1970). "The Dance of the Tyi Wara".
980:
https://desert-maroc.com/le-village-de-khamlia-merzouga/amp/
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mask was used by dancers at male initiation ceremonies. The
1306:
Antilopes du soleil: Arts et rites agraires d'Afrique noire
1239:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
521:
s) began to develop a state structure which became the
1180:(2). African Arts, Vol. 12, No. 2: 65–66, 68–71, 91.
1172:
McNaughton, Patrick R. (1979). "Bamana Blacksmiths".
332:
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1222:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
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1308:(A. Schendl ed.). Paris: Edition A. Schendl.
525:and later Mali Empire. In stark contrast to their
1283:(2). African Arts, Vol. 33, No. 2: 18–33, 89–90.
1074:Nouvelle Relation de l'Afrique Occidentale 3 Vol
432:The Bamana originated as a royal section of the
1128:(1). African Arts, Vol. 4, No. 1: 8–13, 71–80.
1012:den Otter, Elisabeth; Esther A. Dagan (1997).
992:"Tribal African Art Bambara (Bamana, Banmana)"
464:Mandé dominated the Western Mali, leading the
376:. They have been associated with the historic
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1353:Documentary on a rural Bamana village in Mali
1270:(in French). Paris: P. Geuthner. p. 226.
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617:specialised in long-distance trade, as did
436:. Both Manding and Bambara are part of the
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1163:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1101:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1018:. Galerie Amrad African Arts Publications.
101:
1987:Ethnic groups whose languages are in the
87:Learn how and when to remove this message
50:This article includes a list of general
1344:Civilisation et art bambara (ou bamana)
896:
30:Not to be confused with the Australian
1156:
1094:
903:Bambara at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2019)
517:, Bamana-age co-fraternities (called
7:
505:Growing from farming communities in
139:Regions with significant populations
941:, Éditions Sépia, 1996, p. 182
341:
325:
460:. Between 300 AD and 1100 AD, the
380:. Today, they make up the largest
56:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
544:, mutually intelligible with the
1038:Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 1
994:. Zyama.com - African Art Museum
775:Bamana forms of art include the
747:National Gallery for Foreign Art
245:
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1153:(in French). Paris. p. 42.
352:ethnic group native to much of
310:, other Mande speaking groups.
1:
1072:Labat, Jean-Baptiste (1728).
218:91,071 (1.34%) (1988 census)
1218:Roberts, Richard L. (1987).
652:Most Bamana today adhere to
1087:Bathily, Abdoulaye (1989).
388:, regardless of ethnicity.
333:
27:Ethnic group in West Africa
2039:
1201:Pharr, Lillian E. (1980).
1149:Le Barbier, Louis (1918).
737:African art § Bambara
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1405:
1304:Zahan, Dominique (1980).
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684:s into a warrior caste.
108:
1266:Tauxier, Louis (1942).
1042:Oxford University Press
833:, Senegalese footballer
571:Caste systems in Africa
71:more precise citations.
1991:group of Mandé are in
810:, French-Malian Singer
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456:, founded the city of
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420:Bambara women working.
398:Encyclopedia of Africa
2018:Ethnic groups in Mali
1399:Ethnic groups in Mali
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444:(now subsumed by the
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356:, primarily southern
298:Related ethnic groups
1268:Histoire des Bambara
715:earlier young men's
2023:West African people
1331:Who are the Bamana?
104:
1358:2006-02-20 at the
1333:- Princeton Online
1034:Gates, Henry Louis
939:Peuples du Sénégal
837:Kafoumba Coulibaly
819:Kaladian Coulibaly
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591:A Bambara village.
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583:A Bambara warrior.
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198:6,705,796 (33.3%)
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844:, Malian musician
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575:Slavery in Africa
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1621:Seenku people
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1572:Mandé peoples
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814:Alassane Pléa
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481:Bamana Empire
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77:November 2015
70:
66:
60:
59:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
18:Bamana people
1992:
1977:Mende people
1969:
1942:Sierra Leone
1929:
1873:Marka people
1860:
1850:Dyula people
1848:
1836:
1832:Banka people
1825:
1824:
1774:Zialo people
1766:
1759:
1712:Ligbi people
1707:Dyula people
1702:Bissa people
1684:Yaure people
1598:Burkina Faso
1460:Iwellemmedan
1414:
1343:
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1305:
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1277:African Arts
1276:
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1174:African Arts
1173:
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1122:African Arts
1121:
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1024:
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996:. Retrieved
986:
975:
964:. Retrieved
960:the original
955:
946:
938:
933:
923:November 19,
921:. Retrieved
918:www.cia.gov/
917:
908:
899:
858:Alain Traoré
848:Sammy Traoré
842:Rokia Traoré
808:Aya Nakamura
795:
787:
777:
774:
751:
721:Chi Wara Ton
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535:
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504:
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470:Nilo-Saharan
466:Ghana Empire
448:in southern
431:
397:
395:
370:Burkina Faso
345:
334:
317:
315:
157:Burkina Faso
99:Ethnic group
83:
74:
55:
1965:Loko people
1950:Kono people
1898:Busa people
1844:Duun people
1838:Bozo people
1802:Mano people
1761:Susu people
1750:Loma people
1745:Lele people
1674:Tura people
1669:Mwan people
1664:Jeri people
1659:Guro people
1644:Gban people
1639:Beng people
1631:Ivory Coast
1616:Samo people
1611:Kpee people
1606:Bobo people
1588:Boko people
1363:(in French)
1348:(in French)
674:patriarchal
670:patrilineal
515:Ivory Coast
496:Senegambian
477:Niger river
468:. When the
354:West Africa
292:Sunni Islam
165:Ivory Coast
69:introducing
2007:Categories
1807:Vai people
1792:Dan people
1679:Wan people
1654:Goo people
1649:Dan people
1520:Toucouleur
998:2008-07-08
966:2021-06-17
891:References
601:endogamous
569:See also:
509:, between
507:Ouassoulou
450:Mauritania
404:conqueror
169:Mauritania
52:references
1470:Khassonké
1450:Idaksahak
1159:cite book
1097:cite book
1028:Editors:
827:, Emperor
792:Tyi Warra
784:Tyi Warra
758:sculpture
725:Donzo Ton
658:syncretic
263:Languages
1485:Mandinka
1465:Jakhanke
1356:Archived
1091:. Paris.
1076:. Paris.
874:See also
782:and the
640:Religion
392:Ethnonym
348:) are a
342:ߓߊ߲ߡߊߣߊ߲
286:Religion
1989:Manding
1918:Senegal
1890:Nigeria
1784:Liberia
1505:Soninke
1500:Songhai
1455:Igdalen
1430:Djimini
1415:Bambara
1297:3337774
1211:8269403
1194:3335488
1142:3334470
762:weaving
754:pottery
597:vassals
560:Culture
546:Manding
511:Sikasso
500:Bambara
492:Bambara
488:Bambara
462:Soninke
442:Tichitt
412:History
402:Tukulor
374:Senegal
346:Banmana
322:Bambara
318:Bambara
253:Morocco
213:Senegal
177:Morocco
153:Senegal
65:improve
2013:Bamana
1922:Gambia
1727:Guinea
1530:Tuareg
1515:Tellem
1495:Senufo
1480:Kurtey
1312:
1295:
1259:218950
1257:
1226:
1209:
1192:
1140:
1048:
914:"Mali"
796:ciwara
788:n’tomo
786:. The
778:n’tomo
689:Jonton
630:griots
611:Maraka
554:French
540:. The
527:Muslim
458:Djenne
446:Sahara
366:Guinea
335:Bamana
326:ߓߡߊߣߊ߲
277:Arabic
273:French
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233:Gambia
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149:Guinea
109:ߓߡߊߣߊ߲
54:, but
1694:Ghana
1580:Benin
1525:Toloy
1490:Marka
1475:Kunta
1440:Dyula
1435:Dogon
1293:JSTOR
1255:JSTOR
1190:JSTOR
1138:JSTOR
770:masks
654:Islam
604:caste
565:Caste
550:Dyula
531:SĂ©gou
438:Mandé
382:Mandé
362:Ghana
350:Mandé
161:Niger
1993:Bold
1817:Mali
1510:Susu
1445:Fula
1420:Bozo
1410:Arma
1310:ISBN
1224:ISBN
1207:OCLC
1165:link
1103:link
1046:ISBN
925:2020
794:(or
780:mask
766:iron
717:Soli
709:MHNT
672:and
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619:Fula
615:Jula
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548:and
538:Mali
513:and
454:Bozo
372:and
358:Mali
316:The
258:400
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145:Mali
1425:Bwa
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693:Jon
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678:Ton
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