95:, BaaS aims at integrating as many service providers as needed into one comprehensive process to complete a financial service in an effective and timely manner. It is implied that a BaaS would include certain features in addition to providing a financial service. There must be means for managing, deploying and delivery of the services' environment. The services must of course be in legal compliance with the banking laws in the regions where it is made available, with (at least) one entity within the process possessing a banking license. Of utmost importance is the assurance that proper mechanisms are in place to provide security, such as strong authentication and additional measures to protect sensitive information from unauthorized access throughout the entire process. These security mechanisms must be in compliance with laws of data protection for the jurisdictions involved. With the proliferation and acceptance of BaaS, the emergence and rapid growth of
61:
108:
229:
As such, this presents a challenge to a satisfactory user experience if the user needs to constantly be authenticated while performing an online transaction across several domains or applications. Instead, the many domains and apps that are used need to be interwoven in such a way that once a user has been authenticated, this authentication will carry through as he conducts his transaction. This can be accomplished through the 3 degrees of freedom in
178:(software as a service) refers to all atomic or composite software-based financial services that are available on-demand. When these services are provided through a BaaP, they will need to be compliant with the BaaP's API specifications. The services may either be physically deployed in the BaaP's domain or work externally. This gives the potential for the ability to plug financial services from other banks into the BaaP to create new
354:
1900:
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without having to build all the products that would be needed. The API-based bank as a service platform serves as the back-end that hosts standalone independent fintech startups and integrates seamlessly with any existing back-office of traditional banks. This allows non-banks to easily and cost-effectively launch additional financial products and expand into additional markets.
204:
including user authentication and other features. The bank would appear as any other online bank where all banking services are presented and seamlessly integrated in a single user interface. Another option is that the bank will operate as a white label bank, which will then have a software as a service provider on top of the BaaP operating as the front-end to the end-customer.
228:
remains a constant and serious threat to the banking industry. The introduction of additional entrance gateways by offering increased amounts of composite online services does increase the risk for cyber-crime. It is important that each service be properly firewalled to prevent malicious intrusions.
132:
Dynamic development and growth in the world of fintech have made the API-based bank-as-a-service stack obsolete in contexts where tech-companies now own licenses to operate as regulated banks, thus eliminating the reliance on classic banks. Embracing the new developments in financial technology and
123:
With this technology, based on the BaaS-platform, it is possible to create fintech banks, which could improve banking processes and provide increased convenience for banking clients. In such a constellation, fintech banks are enabled to compete directly with banks by offering core-banking services
165:
At the top of the IaaS model would be banking as a platform provider (BaaP). The BaaP would be a bank that is fully licensed or use an external regulated bank's licensed banking services. The decomposed banking services (fintech SaaS) are in essence, plugged into this layer. Data-security plays a
216:
A single service provider is at a greater risk of failure than a provider that offers a larger portfolio of services. Using an integrated BaaS structure efficiently provides an end-to-end value proposition that frees the service provider from having to develop all the needed peripheral services,
194:
Humans as a service represents the top layer of the proposed revision of the BaaS stack. While at the onset this layer may not seem especially important, as fintech services continue to grow as a segment in the financial service market, services performed by cloudworkers will take on increased
203:
The consequence of having a decomposed stack is that there are multiple ways that the customer's front-end could be presented. One way would allow the BaaP provider to appear directly as a bank to its customers. This necessitates the provision of a front-end user interface to the end-customers
313:
Fintechs in Africa have provided an original financing solution in a previously unserved and untapped banking market. Because it is primarily mobile-based, Africa fintech is subject to national jurisdiction in regards to regulating financial markets and mobile telecommunications.
207:
White label banking can be an answer to the challenge platform providers face in attaining customers. It can be used to offer banking services in environments where a large group of users already exist, including chains of grocery stores, hypermarkets or existing online portals.
304:
Asia has a strong disadvantage because of its high fragmentation of jurisdiction areas compared to Europe. Fintechs can plug into the national banking-as-a-service hub to provide their specific regulated and licensed face to their customers.
671:"Commission Directive implementing Directive 2004/39/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards organisational requirements and operating conditions for investment firms, and defined terms for the purposes of that Directive"
625:"Directive 2013/36/EU on access to the activity of credit institutions and the prudential supervision of credit institutions and investment firms, amending Directive 2002/87/EC and repealing Directives 2006/48/EC and 2006/49/EC"
1418:
115:
Skinner suggested a 3-layer representation of the BaaS stack. In this stack, the underlying infrastructure-as-a-service is provided by a traditional, licensed and regulated bank. Above this bank would be the centralized
1527:
284:
for electronic transactions throughout the entire end-to-end process. Additional oversight for financial and insurance transactions are provided through
Directive 2004/39/EC and Directive 2016/97/EU.
120:
layer that
Skinner refers to as "bank as a service". Added on to the bank as a service is a group of decomposed banking services consisting of an ecosystem of fintech startups and service providers.
602:"Directive (EU) 2015/2366 on payment services in the internal market, amending Directives 2002/65/EC, 2009/110/EC and 2013/36/EU and Regulation (EU) No 1093/2010, and repealing Directive 2007/64/EC"
769:
1522:
145:(IaaS) layer provides basic infrastructure services through an IaaS provider. A majority of these services would be available on demand and do not necessarily need to be fintech services (like
268:) that was adopted in November 2015. Banking licenses are overseen by competent national authorities in accordance to Directive 2013/36/EU and Article 14 of Regulation (EU) No 1024/2013. The
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330:
In Brazil, BaaS is regulated by the
Brazilian Central Bank within the rules of a Payment Institution. The best known BaaS' fintechs providers in Brazil are Matera, Zoop, Dock, and
166:
crucial role in the BaaP. There is a need for monitoring functions that will enable seamless and secure operations across applications and domains through secure authentication.
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services. This does, however, present a challenge in verifying that none of the plugged-in services will violate regulations that have been imposed by banking authorities.
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including authentication and other security services. Those who adopt the BaaS structure are able to provide a higher level of trust than a smaller provider might do.
491:
Lenk, Alexander; Klems, Markus; Nimis, Jens; Tai, Stefan; Sandholm, Thomas (May 23, 2009). "What's inside the Cloud? An architectural map of the Cloud landscape".
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importance. This is a behind the scenes component that end-users will be unable to discern between a complete automated service and one that includes HuaaS.
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can be expected. Fintech is “a business that aims at providing financial services by making use of software and modern technology.”
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This stack can be used with a licensed bank as foundation, a BaaS as middleware, and an ecosystems of FinTechs on top.
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Australia's government is behind in regulating fintech in comparison to the
European Payment Services Directive.
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Banking is a highly regulated industry throughout the world and online banks utilizing BaaS are no exception.
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services. The result is that traditional banking services can now be virtualized and dispatched via
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Russian banks are actively introducing BaaS, for example, the largest private bank Alfa Bank.
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In the United States, banks are highly regulated at both the state and federal levels. The
64:"Banking as a service" stack based on the cloud stack by Scholten, derived from Lenk et al.
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services, the banking-as-a-service stack can be redefined in analogy to the cloud stack.
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79:(such as current accounts and credit cards) to non-bank third parties through
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493:
2009 ICSE Workshop on
Software Engineering Challenges of Cloud Computing
1351:
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153:). This layer would include the server and communication hardware (
1865:
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59:
1804:
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556:. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish International (Asia) Pte Ltd.
150:
80:
15:
43:
it by defining technical terminology, and by adding examples.
770:"Australia needs to foster FinTech with level playing field"
697:"Directive (EU) 2016/97 on insurance distribution (recast)"
554:
Digital Bank: Strategies to Launch or Become a
Digital Bank
1320:
579:"Digital Authentication: Factors, Mechanisms and Schemes"
212:
Integrated BaaS structure vs. single service offering
1818:
1747:
1647:
1611:
1498:
1394:
1358:
464:"Overview of APIs and Bank-as-a-Service in FinTech"
1800:International Association of Privacy Professionals
743:"Five factors that differentiate Africa's fintech"
296:(SEC) is responsible for much of this regulation.
1765:Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility
486:
484:
260:In Europe, BaaS for fintechs is overseen by the
29:This article may be written in a style that is
457:
455:
453:
414:"Banking-as-a-Service - what you need to know"
1336:
829:
8:
720:"A wave of regulation is coming for fintech"
1343:
1329:
1321:
836:
822:
814:
407:
405:
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695:The European Parliament and the Council.
623:The European Parliament and the Council.
600:The European Parliament and the Council.
264:(PSD, 2007/64/EC) and its 2nd amendment (
669:Commission of the European Communities.
627:. Official Journal of the European Union
604:. Official Journal of the European Union
399:
534:
524:
1780:Electronic Privacy Information Center
1305:Valuation using discounted cash flows
272:regulation provides requirements for
7:
552:Skinner, Chris (September 7, 2014).
1760:Center for Democracy and Technology
294:Securities and Exchange Commission
237:Identity federation across domains
137:Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
14:
793:O que é instituição de pagamento?
1899:
1898:
1366:Right of access to personal data
806:Banco BV’s Investment in S3 Bank
772:. The Australian Business Review
352:
240:Identity propagation across apps
33:to be readily understandable by
20:
1205:Quantitative behavioral finance
1775:Electronic Frontier Foundation
1755:American Civil Liberties Union
1709:Privacy-enhancing technologies
1245:Strategic financial management
892:Bull (stock market speculator)
1:
1275:Sustainable Development Goals
745:. CNBCAFRICA. Archived from
161:Banking as a platform (BaaP)
1500:Data protection authorities
143:infrastructure as a service
1951:
1704:Social networking services
957:Enterprise risk management
718:Marino, Jon (6 May 2016).
501:10.1109/CLOUD.2009.5071529
262:Payment Services Directive
1894:
1795:Global Network Initiative
1739:Virtual assistant privacy
1719:Privacy-invasive software
942:Diversification (finance)
852:
803:globallegalchronicle.com/
278:electronic identification
243:Level of authentication
1790:Future of Privacy Forum
1785:European Digital Rights
1831:Cellphone surveillance
1748:Advocacy organizations
1371:Expectation of privacy
1155:Investment performance
857:Alternative investment
112:
75:) is the provision of
65:
1810:Privacy International
1381:Right to be forgotten
1150:Investment management
1135:International finance
962:Environmental finance
922:Computational finance
676:. European Commission
648:"Understanding eIDAS"
199:Potential consequence
184:composite application
180:composite application
110:
63:
1215:Risk-return spectrum
1170:Mathematical finance
1090:Fundamental analysis
1084:Financial technology
982:Experimental finance
977:Exchange traded fund
469:. ASAP Agency Moscow
436:"FinTech Definition"
69:Banking as a service
1846:Global surveillance
1714:Privacy engineering
1699:Personal identifier
1649:Information privacy
1386:Post-mortem privacy
1280:Sustainable finance
1250:Statistical finance
1230:Statistical finance
1140:Investment advisory
1100:Greater fool theory
741:van der Beek, Wim.
373:Account aggregation
147:Amazon Web Services
1930:Banking technology
1886:Personality rights
1265:Structured product
1260:Structured finance
1145:Investment banking
1120:History of banking
907:Capital management
749:on 18 January 2017
495:. pp. 23–31.
412:Scholten, Ulrich.
113:
66:
1925:Financial markets
1912:
1911:
1856:Mass surveillance
1318:
1317:
1195:Position of trust
927:Corporate finance
912:Capital structure
872:Asset (economics)
844:General areas of
510:978-1-4244-3713-9
128:Cloud-based stack
58:
57:
35:general audiences
1942:
1902:
1901:
1770:Data Privacy Lab
1729:Privacy software
1376:Right to privacy
1345:
1338:
1331:
1322:
1190:Personal finance
1180:Over-the-counter
1160:Investor profile
1130:Impact investing
1125:History of money
1105:Growth investing
967:Equity (finance)
877:Asset allocation
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462:Skinner, Chris.
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438:. FinTech Weekly
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77:banking products
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1488:amended in 2020
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1295:Too big to fail
1290:Systematic risk
1210:Quantum finance
1115:Hedge (finance)
1095:Government bond
932:Cost of capital
917:Climate finance
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768:Lucas, George.
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1270:Sustainability
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1235:Stock exchange
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862:Angel investor
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650:. Cryptomathic
638:
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581:. Cryptomathic
577:Balbas, Luis.
569:
563:978-9814516464
562:
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535:|journal=
509:
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416:. VentureSkies
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378:Online banking
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360:Banking portal
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1694:Personal data
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1935:As a service
1881:Human rights
1396:Privacy laws
1185:Pension fund
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1032:institutions
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49:January 2018
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31:too abstract
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1876:Wiretapping
1588:Switzerland
1573:South Korea
1563:Philippines
1553:Netherlands
1548:Isle of Man
1469:Switzerland
1449:New Zealand
1300:Toxic asset
1240:Stockbroker
1225:Speculation
1175:Mutual fund
1165:Market risk
1072:social work
1022:engineering
867:Super angel
791:bcb.gov.br/
420:25 December
248:Regulations
226:Cyber-crime
87:Description
1919:Categories
1861:Panopticon
1484:California
1359:Principles
1057:regulation
1037:management
947:Divestment
776:17 January
753:17 January
726:17 January
703:17 January
680:17 January
654:17 January
631:17 January
608:17 January
585:17 January
473:16 January
442:16 January
394:References
118:middleware
1826:Anonymity
1662:Financial
1639:Workplace
1629:Education
1538:Indonesia
1508:Australia
1464:Sri Lanka
1459:Singapore
1404:Australia
1086:(Fintech)
1027:inclusion
1017:economics
1012:deepening
987:Financial
699:. EUR-Lex
537:ignored (
527:cite book
318:Australia
1904:Category
1819:See also
1672:Facebook
1667:Internet
1619:Consumer
1593:Thailand
1067:services
992:analysis
882:Bad debt
519:14619005
346:See also
221:Security
174:Fintech
1682:Twitter
1634:Medical
1624:Digital
1543:Ireland
1528:Germany
1513:Denmark
1439:Germany
1429:England
1424:Denmark
1352:Privacy
1052:planner
997:analyst
846:finance
332:S3 Bank
97:fintech
41:improve
39:Please
1677:Google
1598:Turkey
1583:Sweden
1568:Poland
1558:Norway
1523:France
1454:Russia
1414:Canada
1409:Brazil
1077:system
1042:market
722:. CNBC
560:
517:
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338:Russia
326:Brazil
309:Africa
256:Europe
1866:PRISM
1689:Email
1612:Areas
1578:Spain
1533:India
1444:Ghana
1419:China
1255:Stock
1007:crime
1002:asset
674:(PDF)
515:S2CID
467:(PDF)
270:eIDAS
190:HuaaS
91:As a
1805:NOYB
1062:risk
1047:plan
778:2017
755:2017
728:2017
705:2017
682:2017
656:2017
633:2017
610:2017
587:2017
558:ISBN
539:help
505:ISBN
475:2017
444:2017
422:2016
300:Asia
280:and
276:and
266:PSD2
176:SaaS
141:The
81:APIs
73:BaaS
1657:Law
972:ESG
497:doi
157:).
151:OVH
149:or
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