1981:
1966:
1951:
1932:
33:
735:
disturbed sites as well as understory of secondary forests. It has great dispersal capability, spreading sexually by seeds and vegetatively by stem fragments. The shrub has potential to cause economic and environmental damage in that it formins dense thickets that displace native vegetation, prevent revegetation by native plants. Stock movement cam be impeded, waterway access restricted, and aesthetic values diminished. In
Australia, the plant is on an alert list for environmental weeds, as it has the potential to seriously degrade ecosystems.
62:
294:. The stem and branches are terete, smooth, lenticellate and glabrous. The leaves are elliptic to ovate (4-10.5 × 1.8-5.5 cm) with both surfaces pubescent when young but becoming glabrescent soon. The large golden-yellow flowers are clustered in the axils of the upper leaves and/or on bracts. Apically spinose calyx lobes and a yellowish to orange corolla are used to distinguish this species from other
282:, native to Island and Mainland Southeast Asia, China, the Indian Subcontinent, the Arabian Peninsula and northeastern Africa. It is widely spread as an ornamental and weed, occurring in naturalised populations around the world. It used not only as an ornamental but also as a hedge and extensively as a component of folk medicines. As a weed it is regarded as problematic in many areas.
1017:
The shrub has been intentionally introduced in many areas to be used as an ornamental, hedge plant, and as a medicinal herb. In the West Indies, it was introduced around the 1900s and it appears in herbarium collections made in 1906 in
Barbados and 1910 in Jamaica. In Australia, it was first recorded
734:
in many tropical areas has frequently escaped and grown as a weed in disturbed areas, forest edges, rocky outcrops, near streams, along roads, and in overgrazed pastures. It able to grow in a wide range of climates and soil types and is adapted to grow in open, full sunny areas and in highly
1268:"Pakistan: Family List: Acanthaceae: Barleria 2. Barleria prionitis L., Sp. Pl. 636. 1753. Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: 36. 1832; Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 452. 1841; Clarke in Hook. f., l.c. 482; Cooke, l.c. 457; Parker, For. Fl. Punj. 3rd. ed. 379. 1956; Jafri, l.c. 314; Stewart, l.c."
298:. In Zhōngguó/China, flowers appear October to December, while fruiting occurs from December to February, while in Pakistan there is all year flowering. The Australian flowering and fruiting times are trimodal, from March to June, August to October and December.
1115:
Ananda Rao, T. & Ellis, J.L. (1995). Flora of
Lakshadweep islands off the Malabar coast, peninsular India, with emphasis on phytogeographical distribution of plants Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 19:
1081:
Kress, W.J., DeFilipps, R.A., Farr, E. & Kyi, D.Y.Y. (2003). A Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and
Climbers of Myanmar Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 45: 1–590. Smithsonian
727:
Some of the habitats in which the shrub is found include roadsides, thickets, and dry places in evergreen broad-leaved forests. It occurs up to 600 m. In
Myanmar the shrub favours fields and pastures.
1103:
Newman, M., Ketphanh, S., Svengsuksa, B., Thomas, P., Sengdala, K., Lamxay, V. & Armstrong, K. (2007). A checklist of the vascular plants of Lao PDR: 1–394. Royal
Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
1980:
1965:
1950:
1931:
1122:
Shaheen, H., Qureshi, R., Akram, A., Gulfraz, M. & Potter, D. (2014). A preliminary floristic checklist of Thal desert Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan
Journal of Botany 46: 13–18.
305:(see Taxonomy, below) is separated from the nominate subspecies by having longer anthers (5mm or more) and corolla (4.5–7 cm) and larger leaves (up to 17 x 5.5 cm).
1128:
Sikarwar, R.L.S. (2014). Angiosperm diversity assessment of
Chitrakootthe legendary place of Vindhyan range, India Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 38: 563–619.
977:
and fermented-rice washing-water, the whole plant, leaves (sometimes burnt to ash or crushed for juice), stems, branches, and roots are used together or separately.
2241:
1112:
Pandey, R.P. & Dilwakar, P.G. (2008). An integrated check-list flora of
Andaman and Nicobar islands, India Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 32: 403–500.
2280:
1664:
1591:"Pakistan: Family List: Acanthaceae: Barleria: 2b. Barleria prionitis subsp. pubiflora (Benth. ex Hohen.) Brummitt & J.R.I. Wood in Kew Bull. 38:436. 1983"
973:
Parts of the plant are bitter, astringent in taste, and are regarded in
Myanmar as highly beneficial for skin, blood and other diseases. Often combined with
1036:
Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource) www.skud.info
1088:
McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
1152:
Collenette, S. (1999). Wildflowers of Saudi Arabia: 1–799. National commission for wildlife conservation and development (NCWCD), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
1054:
Collenette, S. (1999). Wildflowers of Saudi Arabia: 1–799. National commission for wildlife conservation and development (NCWCD), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
2479:
944:
In Pakistan shrubs are grown as a hedge while its bitter quinine-like extract is used in traditional medicine to treat whooping cough and tuberculosis.
2189:
2474:
2267:
2202:
32:
2332:
2489:
2449:
1857:"Conceptualising 'core' medicinal floras: A comparative and methodological study of phytomedical resources in related Indonesian populations"
1140:
Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) (2011). Flora of China 19: 1–884. Science Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis).
1030:
Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1–1192.
2524:
1715:(1). The 2018 International Conference on Biosphere Reserve IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 298 (2019) 012028: 012028.
980:
In India the root is placed on boils and glandular swellings; the bark is used for dropsy; and the leaf for toothache and rheumatism.
2519:
2494:
290:
A much-branched shrub up to 1.8m tall, the lower leaf axils have spines 1–2 cm in length, one of the specific features of this
850:
2404:
1039:
Arnold, T. H. & B. C. De Wet, eds. 1993. Plants of southern Africa: names and distribution. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Africa no. 62
2504:
2228:
2484:
2454:
257:
2272:
2001:
1134:
Thaman, R.R., Fosberg, F.R., Manner, H.I. & Hassall, D.C. (1994). The Flora of Nauru Atoll Research Bulletin 392: 1–223.
1897:
2414:
1762:
379:
2459:
2254:
2075:
1911:
1109:
Oliver, D. et al., eds. v. 1–3, & W. T. Thiselton Dyer et al., eds. v. 4–10. 1868–1937. Flora of tropical Africa.
1675:
2469:
2464:
2444:
2419:
2345:
1185:
Shendage, S.M. & Yadav, S.R. (2010). Revision of the genus Barleria (Acanthaceae) in India Rheedea 20: 81–130.
1125:
Shendage, S.M. & Yadav, S.R. (2010). Revision of the genus Barleria (Acanthaceae) in India Rheedea 20: 81–130.
2499:
2439:
2424:
2285:
1094:
Meena, S.L. (2012). A checklist of the vascular plants of Banaskantha district, Gujarat, India Nelumbo 54: 39–91.
214:
61:
1106:
Ningombam, D.S. (2014). The family Acanthaceae for the flora of Manipur: 1–115. LAP Lambert academic publishing.
348:
2514:
413:
344:
2350:
2509:
2176:
1209:"FOC: Family List: FOC Vol. 19: Acanthaceae: Barleria: 2. Barleria prionitis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 636. 1753"
433:
429:
2181:
2155:
2056:
1590:
1290:
1267:
1208:
1137:
Turner, I.M. (1995). A catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Malaya Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 47(1): 1–346.
1051:
Bosser, J. & al. (eds.) (2000). Flore des Mascareignes 127-135: 1. IRD Éditions, MSIRI, RBG-Kew, Paris.
1048:
Balkrishna, A. (2018). Flora of Morni Hills (Research & Possibilities): 1–581. Divya Yoga Mandir Trust.
2434:
2429:
2409:
2150:
2018:
610:
There is uncertainty that the plant is native to, naturalised to, or cultivated in the following regions:
232:
1237:
1085:
Lê, T.C. (2005). Danh lục các loài thục vật Việt Nam 3: 1–1248. Hà Noi : Nhà xu?t b?n Nông nghi?p.
178:
2090:
1777:
1564:
2207:
1899:
Pharmacographia Indica. A history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India
1764:
Pharmacographia Indica. A history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in British India
1471:
1442:
1411:
409:
2111:
1716:
1381:
1072:
Grierson, A. J. C. & D. J. Long. 1984-. Flora of Bhutan including a record of plants from Sikkim.
651:
453:
361:
2168:
1705:"The Role of Plant Diversity In Local Community Of Gili Iyang Island, Sumenep, East Java, Indonesia"
988:
469:
441:
1621:
2371:
2163:
786:
747:
564:
240:
202:
56:
2337:
1665:"Plants in Ai Tahan, Traditional Medicine of the Tetun Ethnic Community in West Timor Indonesia"
2246:
1856:
2399:
2306:
2098:
1647:
1060:
Dassanayake, M. D. & F. R. Fosberg, eds. 1980-. A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon.
967:
778:
568:
529:
340:
318:
2311:
1941:
1871:
1724:
1720:
1131:
Stewart, R. 1972. An annotated catalogue of the vascular plants of West Pakistan and Kashmir
999:
929:
917:
909:
842:
826:
802:
753:
596:
533:
248:
959:
901:
893:
592:
572:
521:
501:
99:
1729:
1704:
1066:
Fosberg, F.R. (1957). The Maldive islands, Indian Ocean Atoll Research Bulletin 58: 1-37.
1018:
in the Northern Territory in 1963, it was declared a noxious environmental weed in 2001.
2324:
2142:
1532:
1238:"FOC: Family List: FOC Vol. 19: Acanthaceae 29. Barleria Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 636. 1753"
2319:
1291:"Pakistan: Family List: Acanthaceae: Barleria: 2a. Barleria prionitis subsp. prionitis"
955:
853:
794:
770:
505:
375:
86:
1158:
Wood, J.R.I. (1997). A handbook of the Yemen Flora: 1–434. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
2393:
647:
509:
497:
314:
194:
2376:
1078:
Keay, R. W. J. & F. N. Hepper. 1953–1972. Flora of west tropical Africa, ed. 2.
693:
643:
493:
2103:
2080:
2067:
1472:"Barleria prionitis subsp. pubiflora (Benth. ex Hohen.) Brummitt & J.R.I.Wood"
2215:
2050:
1182:
Govaerts, R. (1996). World Checklist of Seed Plants 2(1, 2): 1–492. MIM, Deurne.
1170:
Govaerts, R. (1996). World Checklist of Seed Plants 2(1, 2): 1–492. MIM, Deurne.
1155:
Govaerts, R. (1996). World Checklist of Seed Plants 2(1, 2): 1–492. MIM, Deurne.
1069:
Govaerts, R. (1996). World Checklist of Seed Plants 2(1, 2): 1–492. MIM, Deurne.
1045:
Backer, C. A. & R. C. Bakhuizen van den Brink, Jr. 1963–1968. Flora of Java.
600:
465:
279:
145:
2041:
974:
655:
627:
588:
584:
513:
1876:
2137:
2124:
861:
580:
576:
556:
537:
449:
44:
2298:
2259:
1672:
Proceeding of The 7th Annual Basic Science International Conference – 2017
1323:
1002:, one of the chemical compounds that is a noncompetitive inhibitor of the
2363:
2358:
2035:
1443:"Barleria prionitis subsp. induta (C.B.Clarke) Brummitt & J.R.I.Wood"
1063:
Erhardt, W. et al. 2008. Der große Zander: Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen
1057:
Cufodontis, G. 1953–1972. Enumeratio plantarum aethiopiae: Spermatophyta.
984:
834:
704:
670:
635:
619:
545:
541:
481:
457:
445:
155:
135:
125:
112:
1412:"Barleria prionitis subsp. appressa (Forssk.) Brummitt & J.R.I.Wood"
1097:
Merrill, E. D. 1922–1926. An enumeration of Philippine flowering plants.
2293:
2194:
1508:
1003:
992:
846:
818:
730:
A fast growing perennial plant widely commercialized as an ornamental,
708:
639:
604:
560:
489:
477:
2220:
1006:
666:
631:
623:
473:
2012:
2129:
1804:
970:, to the northeast of Jawa, the plant is used to treat toothache.
963:
742:
697:
662:
615:
611:
552:
525:
517:
437:
73:
48:
2233:
1348:
950:
It is used in Indonesia as a component in traditional medicines (
2006:
485:
461:
2116:
2016:
665:(coastal and subcoastal areas, Himalayan foothills and eastern
765:
There are numerous common names of this plant, they include:
1902:, William Dymock, C. J. H. Warden & David Hooper, 1893.
1767:, William Dymock, C. J. H. Warden & David Hooper, 1893.
1648:
http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/projects/hostplants/
1646:
HOSTS - a Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants (
1119:
Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
1100:
Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970-. Flora of Pakistan.
1091:
Matthew, K. M. 1983. The flora of the Tamil Nadu Carnatic.
987:. The juice of the leaves is applied to feet to prevent
860:;, Mulla gorinta(ముళ్ళగోరింట, Telugu), മഞ്ഞക്കനകാംബരം (
1709:
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
1830:
448:. The countries/divisions in which it is present are
2025:
966:use the leaves to treat infected wounds. On small
1042:Babu, C. R. 1977. Herbaceous flora of Dehra Dun.
1075:Hooker, J. D. 1872–1897. Flora of British India
1349:"Barleria prionitis L., Sp. Pl. 2: 636 (1753)"
428:The nominate subspecies is native to areas of
983:It is used for various medicinal purposes in
8:
1703:Susiarti, S; Sihotang, VBL; Rugayah (2019).
1698:
1696:
1033:Adams, C. 1972. Flowering plants of Jamaica
2013:
1913:Medicinal plants. Chemistry and properties
31:
20:
1875:
1751:. Bogor: Lembaga Biologi Nasional - LIPI.
1728:
1466:
1464:
947:It occurs widely as an ornamental plant.
1437:
1435:
1433:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1927:
1799:
1797:
1778:"Barleria prionitis - Porcupine Flower"
1658:
1656:
1622:"Barleria prionitis (porcupine flower)"
1616:
1614:
1612:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1195:
681:has a much more limited native region.
390:subspecies has the following synonyms:
324:There are three accepted subspecies of
1536:FloraBase: the Western Australia Flora
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1232:
1230:
1026:Works discussing the species include:
1742:
1740:
1589:MALIK, KAMAL AKHTAR; GHAFOOR, ABDUL.
1353:International Plant Name Index (IPNI)
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1289:MALIK, KAMAL AKHTAR; GHAFOOR, ABDUL.
1266:MALIK, KAMAL AKHTAR; GHAFOOR, ABDUL.
1261:
1259:
1203:
1201:
1199:
7:
1747:Sastrapradja, Setjiati, ed. (1978).
1855:Ellen, Roy; Puri, Rajindra (2017).
328:L., these were described in 1983.:
661:Restricted to the area of western
14:
2480:Flora of the Lesser Sunda Islands
1476:Plants of the World Online (POWO)
1447:Plants of the World Online (POWO)
1416:Plants of the World Online (POWO)
1385:Plants of the World Online (POWO)
1162:A work discussing the subspecies
711:are regions which the subspecies
1979:
1964:
1949:
1930:
1626:CABI invasive Species Compendium
1174:Works discussing the subspecies
1144:Works discussing the subspecies
998:Its leaves are known to contain
60:
2351:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:46147-1
1831:"Barleria prionitis (Q2737029)"
1663:Taek, Maximus M.; Mali, Simon.
1329:. Northern Territory Government
2475:Flora of the Laccadive Islands
1730:10.1088/1755-1315/298/1/012028
1565:"Taxon: Barleria prionitis L."
1538:. Western Australian Herbarium
1:
2490:Flora of the Nicobar Islands
2450:Flora of Peninsular Malaysia
1478:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1449:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1418:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1387:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1355:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
551:It has been naturalised in:
405:has the following synonyms:
2525:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1805:"Barleria prionitis(BAEPR)"
1650:) accessed on July 2, 2007.
454:Maluku, Nusa Tenggara, Bali
382:) Brummitt & J.R.I.Wood
364:) Brummitt & J.R.I.Wood
313:The plant was described by
2541:
16:Species of flowering plant
857:
278:is a shrub in the family
208:
201:
184:
177:
57:Scientific classification
55:
39:
30:
23:
2520:Plants described in 1753
2495:Flora of the Philippines
1877:10.4103/0972-4923.197608
1864:Conservation and Society
1761:Various Indian names in
317:in his fundamental work
2405:Flora of Assam (region)
1721:2019E&ES..298a2028S
1533:"Barleria prionitis L."
1509:"Barleria prionitis L."
1382:"Barleria prionitis L."
1324:"Barleria prionitis L."
434:Mainland Southeast Asia
2505:Flora of West Himalaya
1916:, Dr. M. Daniel, 2005.
1782:www.flowersofindia.net
1674:. UNIB. Archived from
2485:Flora of the Maldives
2455:Flora of Saudi Arabia
1989:in Hyderabad, India.
1974:in Hyderabad, India.
1959:in Hyderabad, India.
934:yellow hedge barleria
799:huang hua jia du juan
741:is often the host to
1809:EPPO Global Database
991:and cracking in the
2415:Flora of Bangladesh
1007:cytochrome P450 2C9
878:barrelière prionite
723:Habitat and ecology
470:Peninsular Malaysia
442:Indian subcontinent
394:(Forssk.) Deflers;
2460:Flora of Sri Lanka
2169:Barleria prionitis
2057:Barleria prionitis
2027:Barleria prionitis
1987:Barleria prionitis
1972:Barleria prionitis
1957:Barleria prionitis
1938:Barleria prionitis
985:ayurvedic medicine
748:Phalanta phalantha
739:Barleria prionitis
713:Barleria prionitis
686:Barleria prionitis
675:Barleria prionitis
565:Northern Territory
472:, Zhōngguó/China (
275:Barleria prionitis
188:Barleria prionitis
41:Barleria prionitis
25:Barleria prionitis
2470:Flora of Thailand
2465:Flora of Sulawesi
2445:Flora of Pakistan
2420:Flora of Ethiopia
2387:
2386:
2307:Open Tree of Life
2019:Taxon identifiers
2002:Barleria pronitis
1595:Flora of Pakistan
1295:Flora of Pakistan
1271:Flora of Pakistan
968:Gili Iyang Island
906:espinosa amarilla
815:leik tha-shwe war
779:Gili Iyang Island
673:, the subspecies
569:Western Australia
530:Laccadive Islands
396:Justicia appressa
392:Barleria appressa
319:Species Plantarum
271:
270:
254:Prionitis hystrix
212:Barleria echinata
170:B. prionitis
2532:
2500:Flora of Vietnam
2440:Flora of Myanmar
2425:Flora of Eritrea
2380:
2379:
2367:
2366:
2354:
2353:
2341:
2340:
2328:
2327:
2315:
2314:
2302:
2301:
2289:
2288:
2276:
2275:
2263:
2262:
2250:
2249:
2237:
2236:
2224:
2223:
2211:
2210:
2198:
2197:
2185:
2184:
2172:
2171:
2159:
2158:
2146:
2145:
2133:
2132:
2120:
2119:
2107:
2106:
2094:
2093:
2084:
2083:
2071:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2014:
1983:
1968:
1953:
1942:Hyderabad, India
1934:
1917:
1909:
1903:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1879:
1861:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1801:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1774:
1768:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1744:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1700:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1680:
1669:
1660:
1651:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1618:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1561:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1505:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1468:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1439:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1408:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1378:
1365:
1364:
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1360:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1320:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1286:
1275:
1274:
1263:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1234:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1205:
1000:6-Hydroxyflavone
914:porcupine flower
886:jasmin des Indes
866:jhinti katsareya
859:
803:Standard Chinese
761:Vernacular names
754:Junonia lemonias
669:) and southeast
597:Windward Islands
407:Barleria horrida
238:B. quadrispinosa
190:
65:
64:
35:
21:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2515:Flora of Yunnan
2390:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2375:
2370:
2362:
2357:
2349:
2344:
2336:
2331:
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2318:
2310:
2305:
2297:
2292:
2284:
2279:
2271:
2266:
2258:
2253:
2245:
2240:
2232:
2227:
2219:
2214:
2206:
2201:
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1228:
1218:
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1207:
1206:
1197:
1192:
1024:
1015:
942:
902:German language
763:
725:
684:The subspecies
593:Leeward Islands
573:Andaman Islands
522:Nicobar Islands
444:as far west as
426:
401:The subspecies
311:
301:The subspecies
288:
197:
192:
186:
173:
59:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2538:
2536:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2510:Flora of Yemen
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
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2477:
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2377:wfo-0000560485
2368:
2355:
2342:
2329:
2316:
2303:
2290:
2277:
2264:
2251:
2238:
2225:
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2199:
2186:
2173:
2160:
2147:
2134:
2121:
2108:
2095:
2085:
2072:
2062:
2047:
2031:
2029:
2023:
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2017:
2011:
2010:
1996:
1995:External links
1993:
1992:
1991:
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1936:
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1870:(4): 345–358.
1847:
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1769:
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1736:
1692:
1681:on 3 June 2020
1652:
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1581:
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1524:
1489:
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1398:
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1340:
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1273:. eFloras.org.
1255:
1242:Flora of China
1226:
1213:Flora of China
1194:
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1014:
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993:monsoon season
941:
938:
890:picanier jaune
781:, Indonesia);
762:
759:
724:
721:
719:is native to.
438:Zhōngguó/China
425:
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384:
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2435:Flora of Laos
2433:
2431:
2430:Flora of Java
2428:
2426:
2423:
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2410:Flora of Bali
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2015:
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1749:Tumbuhan Obat
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1613:
1609:
1597:. eFloras.org
1596:
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1315:
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1309:
1297:. eFloras.org
1296:
1292:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1269:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1244:. eFloras.org
1243:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1215:. eFloras.org
1214:
1210:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1184:
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1177:
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899:
898:Drachenfänger
895:
891:
887:
883:
882:herbe tac-tac
879:
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863:
855:
852:
848:
844:
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836:
832:
828:
824:
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811:leik-hsu shwe
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
791:bungak landak
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
760:
758:
757:butterflies.
756:
755:
750:
749:
744:
740:
736:
733:
728:
722:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
701:
699:
695:
692:is native to
691:
687:
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
659:
657:
653:
649:
648:KwaZulu-Natal
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
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621:
617:
613:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
534:West Himalaya
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
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355:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
331:
330:
329:
327:
322:
320:
316:
315:Carl Linnaeus
308:
306:
304:
299:
297:
293:
285:
283:
281:
277:
276:
264:
261:
259:
255:
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224:
221:
218:
216:
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210:
209:
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204:
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196:
191:
189:
183:
180:
179:Binomial name
176:
172:
171:
166:
163:
162:
159:
158:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
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130:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
87:Tracheophytes
85:
82:
79:
78:
75:
72:
69:
68:
63:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
2026:
2000:
1986:
1971:
1956:
1937:
1912:
1907:
1898:
1893:
1881:. Retrieved
1867:
1863:
1850:
1838:. Retrieved
1834:
1825:
1813:. Retrieved
1808:
1785:. Retrieved
1781:
1772:
1763:
1757:
1748:
1712:
1708:
1683:. Retrieved
1676:the original
1671:
1642:
1630:. Retrieved
1625:
1599:. Retrieved
1594:
1584:
1572:. Retrieved
1567:
1540:. Retrieved
1535:
1527:
1515:. Retrieved
1511:
1480:. Retrieved
1475:
1451:. Retrieved
1446:
1420:. Retrieved
1415:
1389:. Retrieved
1384:
1357:. Retrieved
1352:
1343:
1331:. Retrieved
1326:
1299:. Retrieved
1294:
1270:
1246:. Retrieved
1241:
1217:. Retrieved
1212:
1175:
1173:
1163:
1161:
1145:
1143:
1082:Institution.
1025:
1016:
997:
982:
979:
972:
951:
949:
946:
943:
933:
925:
921:
913:
905:
897:
889:
885:
881:
877:
876:(Pakistan);
873:
869:
865:
841:, वज्रदंती (
838:
830:
823:kukong manok
822:
814:
810:
806:
798:
790:
782:
774:
766:
764:
752:
746:
738:
737:
732:B. prionitis
731:
729:
726:
716:
712:
702:
694:Saudi Arabia
689:
685:
683:
678:
674:
660:
644:South Africa
609:
550:
427:
424:Distribution
417:
406:
402:
400:
395:
391:
387:
385:
371:
367:
357:
353:
336:
332:
326:B. prionitis
325:
323:
312:
302:
300:
295:
291:
289:
274:
273:
272:
263:P. pubiflora
262:
253:
245:
237:
229:
226:B. prionitis
225:
219:
211:
187:
185:
169:
168:
156:
119:
106:
93:
80:
40:
24:
18:
2325:kew-2670139
2216:iNaturalist
2051:Wikispecies
858:சுள்ளி மலர்
807:leik-su-ywe
767:aimatamutik
601:Puerto Rico
567:, northern
466:Philippines
420:C.B.Clarke
286:Description
280:Acanthaceae
146:Acanthaceae
100:Angiosperms
2394:Categories
2320:Plant List
1787:2021-08-07
1190:References
1022:Literature
989:maceration
975:sesame oil
958:people in
918:US English
874:kala bansa
797:); 黄花假杜鹃,
656:Madagascar
628:Mozambique
589:Seychelles
514:Bangladesh
440:, and the
362:C.B.Clarke
349:J.R.I.Wood
246:B. spicata
220:B. hystrix
2182:220001533
2156:220001533
2138:FloraBase
1883:5 January
1840:4 January
1815:5 January
1685:5 January
1632:5 January
1601:4 January
1574:5 January
1542:5 January
1517:5 January
1482:4 January
1453:4 January
1422:4 January
1391:4 January
1359:4 January
1333:5 January
1301:4 January
1248:4 January
1219:4 January
1178:include:
1176:pubiflora
1148:include:
868:(India);
862:Malayalam
839:vjradanti
787:Sundanese
703:Northern
679:pubiflora
652:Transvaal
581:Mauritius
577:Rodrigues
557:Australia
538:Sri Lanka
450:Indonesia
418:B. induta
372:pubiflora
321:in 1753.
303:pubiflora
230:pubescens
164:Species:
70:Kingdom:
45:Hyderabad
2400:Barleria
2359:Tropicos
2247:11094652
2091:271-53-1
2042:Q2737029
2036:Wikidata
1835:Wikidata
1146:appressa
1116:235–250.
926:dog bush
922:barleria
870:khussara
835:Sanskrit
705:Ethiopia
690:appressa
671:Pakistan
636:Botswana
620:Tanzania
546:Pakistan
542:Maldives
536:region,
508:, &
502:Mandalay
482:Thailand
458:Sulawesi
446:Pakistan
398:Forssk.
388:appressa
345:Brummitt
337:appressa
309:Taxonomy
296:Barleria
292:Barleria
215:St.-Lag.
203:Synonyms
157:Barleria
142:Family:
136:Lamiales
126:Asterids
113:Eudicots
2294:NTFlora
2234:46147-1
2195:3173129
2009:website
2005:on the
1924:Gallery
1717:Bibcode
1327:FloraNT
1013:History
1004:protein
962:, west
930:English
910:Spanish
847:Kannada
843:Marathi
831:kuranta
827:Tagalog
819:Myanmar
775:landhek
745:of the
715:subsp.
709:Eritrea
688:subsp.
677:subsp.
654:), and
640:Namibia
605:Jamaica
585:Réunion
563:of the
561:Top End
532:), the
506:Sagaing
490:Myanmar
478:Vietnam
414:Muschl.
410:Buscal.
370:subsp.
356:subsp.
341:Forssk.
335:subsp.
152:Genus:
132:Order:
74:Plantae
2364:100022
2333:PLANTS
2312:818550
2273:192974
2117:596189
2088:APSA:
2081:109545
2068:176561
2065:APDB:
1811:. EPPO
1628:. CABI
1570:. USDA
1164:induta
894:French
783:landep
743:larvae
717:induta
667:Punjab
632:Malawi
624:Angola
603:, and
544:, and
510:Yangon
498:Magway
494:Kachin
474:Yunnan
430:Island
412:&
403:induta
380:Hohen.
376:Benth.
358:induta
347:&
241:Stokes
233:Kuntze
2242:IRMNG
2221:82266
2164:FoAO2
2143:41729
2130:BAEPR
1860:(PDF)
1679:(PDF)
1668:(PDF)
964:Timor
956:Tetum
854:Tamil
851:ಗೋರಟೆ
795:Malay
771:Tetum
698:Yemen
663:India
616:Kenya
612:Sudan
553:Nauru
526:Assam
518:India
368:B. p.
354:B. p.
333:B. p.
256:(L.)
249:Roxb.
228:var.
120:Clade
107:Clade
94:Clade
81:Clade
49:India
2346:POWO
2338:BAPR
2286:4189
2281:NCBI
2268:ITIS
2260:8510
2229:IPNI
2208:6502
2203:GRIN
2190:GBIF
2125:EPPO
2104:KRTP
2076:APNI
2007:ITIS
1885:2021
1842:2021
1817:2021
1687:2021
1634:2021
1603:2021
1576:2021
1568:GRIN
1544:2021
1519:2021
1512:GBIF
1484:2021
1455:2021
1424:2021
1393:2021
1361:2021
1335:2021
1303:2021
1250:2021
1221:2021
1166:is:
960:Belu
952:obat
940:Uses
864:);
751:and
707:and
696:and
486:Laos
462:Jawa
432:and
386:The
265:Miq.
258:Miq.
2372:WFO
2255:ISC
2177:FoC
2151:FNA
2112:EoL
2099:CoL
1940:in
1872:doi
1725:doi
1713:298
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