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and services between member companies, allowing members to acquire goods and services by providing their own as payment. Member companies are required to sign a barter agreement with the barter company as a condition of their membership. In turn, the barter company provides each member with the current levels of supply and demand for each good and service which can be purchased or sold in the system. These transactions are mediated by barter authorities of the member companies. The barter member companies can then acquire their desired goods or services from another member company within a predetermined time. Failure to deliver the good or service within the fixed time period results in the debt being settled in cash. Each member company pays an annual membership fee and purchase and sales commission outlined in the contract. Organized barter increases liquidity for member companies as it mitigates the requirement of cash to settle transactions, enabling sales and purchases to be made with excess capacity or surplus inventory. Additionally, organized barter facilitates competitive advantage within industries and sectors. Considering the quantity of transactions depending on the supply-demand balance of the goods and services within the barter organization, member companies tend to face minimal competition within their own operating sector.
1732:
1760:, Keith Hart highlighted the difference between highly ceremonial gift exchange between community leaders, and the barter that occurs between individual households. The haggling that takes place between strangers is possible because of the larger temporary political order established by the gift exchanges of leaders. From this, he concludes that barter is "an atomized interaction predicated upon the presence of society" (i.e. that social order established by gift exchange), and not typical between strangers.
40:
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categorized barter exchanges as third party record keepers and mandated that they report the annual sales of their barter exchange members to the IRS via a 1099B From, "Proceeds From Barter
Exchange and Brokerage Transactions". See: www.IRS.gov/Form1099B. Estimated annual retail barter exchange transactions worldwide are between three and four billion dollars, per the International Reciprocal Trade Association, the barter industry's global trade association, see www.irta.com
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capitalist. To counteract the uneven playing field between employers and employed, they proposed "schemes of labour notes based on labour time, thus institutionalizing Owen's demand that human labour, not money, be made the standard of value." This alternate currency eliminated price variability between markets, as well as the role of merchants who bought low and sold high. The system arose in a period where paper currency was an innovation. Paper currency was an
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others. It also provides a solution miner that allows users to compute direct bartering solutions in their browsers. Bartering solutions can be submitted to BarterMachine which will perform collective transfer of tokens among the blockchain addresses that belong to the users. If there are excess tokens left after the requirements of the users are satisfied, the leftover tokens will be given as reward to the solution miner.
1789:
1559:" which barter requires, i.e., for the exchange to occur, each participant must want what the other has. To complete this hypothetical history, craftsmen would stockpile one particular good, be it salt or metal, that they thought no one would refuse. This is the origin of money according to Smith. Money, as a universally desired medium of exchange, allows each half of the transaction to be separated.
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to, and vice versa. The exchange plays an important role because they provide the record-keeping, brokering expertise and monthly statements to each member. Commercial exchanges make money by charging a commission on each transaction either all on the buy side, all on the sell side, or a combination of both. Transaction fees typically run between 8 and 15%. A successful example is
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1500:
1555:(and economies) pre-existed the state. He argued that money was not the creation of governments. Markets emerged, in his view, out of the division of labour, by which individuals began to specialize in specific crafts and hence had to depend on others for subsistence goods. These goods were first exchanged by barter. Specialization depended on trade but was hindered by the "
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2034:(NATE) and the International Reciprocal Trade Association (IRTA). Both offer training and promote high ethical standards among their members. Moreover, each has created its own currency through which its member barter companies can trade. NATE's currency is known as the BANC and IRTA's currency is called Universal Currency (UC).
1776:, when Venezuelans resorted to bartering as a result of hyperinflation. The increasingly low value of bank notes, and their lack of circulation in suburban areas, meant that many Venezuelans, especially those living outside of larger cities, took to trading over their own goods for even the most basic of transactions.
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the use of money or where the barter symbolically denotes a special social relationship and is used in well-defined conditions. To sum up, multipurpose money in markets is like lubrication for machines - necessary for the most efficient function, but not necessary for the existence of the market itself."
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Modern barter is practised by barter exchanges that have hundreds or thousands of businesses as members who agree to barter their products and services on a third-party basis. Barter exchanges in the U.S. were legalized by the passage of the 1982 Tax Equity and Fiscal
Responsibility Act (TEFRA) which
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for businesses around the world. Businesses in a barter earn trade credits (instead of cash) that are deposited into their account. They then have the ability to purchase goods and services from other members utilizing their trade credits – they are not obligated to purchase from those whom they sold
1768:
As Orlove noted, barter may occur in commercial economies, usually during periods of monetary crisis. During such a crisis, currency may be in short supply, or highly devalued through hyperinflation. In such cases, money ceases to be the universal medium of exchange or standard of value. Money may be
1804:
has argued that where barter is widespread, and cash supplies limited, barter is aided by the use of credit, brokerage, and money as a unit of account (i.e. used to price items). All of these strategies are found in ancient economies including
Ptolemaic Egypt. They are also the basis for more recent
2125:
region) there is a growing number of exchange markets. These barter markets or swap meets work without money. Participants bring things they do not need and exchange them for the unwanted goods of another participant. Swapping among three parties often helps satisfy tastes when trying to get around
2044:
barter focuses on larger transactions, which is different from a traditional, retail oriented barter exchange. Corporate barter exchanges typically use media and advertising as leverage for their larger transactions. It entails the use of a currency unit called a "trade-credit". The trade-credit
1905:
In
England, about 30 to 40 cooperative societies sent their surplus goods to an "exchange bazaar" for direct barter in London, which later adopted a similar labour note. The British Association for Promoting Cooperative Knowledge established an "equitable labour exchange" in 1830. This was expanded
1580:
occur in stateless societies it is almost always between strangers." Barter occurred between strangers, not fellow villagers, and hence cannot be used to naturalistically explain the origin of money without the state. Since most people engaged in trade knew each other, exchange was fostered through
1833:
Since the 1930s, organized barter has been a common type of barter where company's join a barter organization (barter company) which serves as a hub to exchange goods and services without money as a medium of exchange. Similarly to brokerage houses, barter company facilitates the exchange of goods
1752:
can trade without talking. However, Benjamin Orlove has shown that while barter occurs through "silent trade" (between strangers), it occurs in commercial markets as well. "Because barter is a difficult way of conducting trade, it will occur only where there are strong institutional constraints on
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The recent blockchain technologies are making it possible to implement decentralized and autonomous barter exchanges that can be used by crowds on a massive scale. BarterMachine is an
Ethereum smart contract based system that allows direct exchange of multiple types and quantities of tokens with
2037:
In Canada, barter continues to thrive. The largest b2b barter exchange is
International Monetary Systems (IMS Barter), founded in 1985. P2P bartering has seen a renaissance in major Canadian cities through Bunz - built as a network of Facebook groups that went on to become a stand-alone bartering
2025:
It is estimated that over 450,000 businesses in the United States were involved in barter exchange activities in 2010. There are approximately 400 commercial and corporate barter companies serving all parts of the world. There are many opportunities for entrepreneurs to start a barter exchange.
1881:
The
Owenite socialists in Britain and the United States in the 1830s were the first to attempt to organize barter exchanges. Owenism developed a "theory of equitable exchange" as a critique of the exploitative wage relationship between capitalist and labourer, by which all profit accrued to the
1842:
Producers, wholesalers and distributors tend to engage in corporate barter as a method of exchanging goods and services with companies they are in business with. These bilateral barter transactions are targeted towards companies aiming to convert stagnant inventories into receivable goods or
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services, to increase market share without cash investments, and to protect liquidity. However, issues arise as to the imbalance of supply and demand of desired goods and services and the inability to efficiently match the value of goods and services exchanged in these transactions.
1743:
Other anthropologists have questioned whether barter is typically between "total" strangers, a form of barter known as "silent trade". Silent trade, also called silent barter, dumb barter ("dumb" here used in its old meaning of "mute"), or depot trade, is a method by which
1972:. It was founded in 1934 as a result of currency shortages after the stock market crash of 1929. "WIR" is both an abbreviation of Wirtschaftsring (economic circle) and the word for "we" in German, reminding participants that the economic circle is also a community.
1808:
While one-to-one bartering is practised between individuals and businesses on an informal basis, organized barter exchanges have developed to conduct third party bartering which helps overcome some of the limitations of barter. A barter exchange operates as a
2102:, one pays the appropriate tax; if one generates a loss in the transaction, they have a loss. Bartering for business is also taxed accordingly as business income or business expense. Many barter exchanges require that one register as a business.
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Since direct barter does not require payment in money, it can be utilized when money is in short supply, when there is little information about the credit worthiness of trade partners, or when there is a lack of trust between those trading.
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studies have shown that any present or past society has used barter without any other medium of exchange or measurement, and anthropologists have found no evidence that money emerged from barter. Nevertheless, economists since the times of
3209:
A documentary, a research, a story of stories about the construction of a sustainable, solidarity economics and decentralized weaving nets that overcome the individualization and the hierarchical division of the work,
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There is no real way to value each side of the trade. There is bargaining taking place, not to do with the value of each party's good or service, but because each player in the transaction wants what is offered by the
1593:, not barter. Everyday exchange relations in such societies are characterized by generalized reciprocity, or a non-calculative familial "communism" where each takes according to their needs, and gives as they have.
1889:
An alternate currency, denominated in labour time, would prevent profit taking by middlemen; all goods exchanged would be priced only in terms of the amount of labour that went into them as expressed in the maxim
1698:
If a person wants to buy a certain amount of another's goods, but only has for payment one indivisible unit of another good which is worth more than what the person wants to obtain, a barter transaction cannot
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The goods are normally traded at the same point in time. Nonetheless delayed barter in goods may rarely occur as well. In the case of services being traded however, the two parts of the trade may be separated.
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Other countries, though, do not have the reporting requirement that the U.S. does concerning proceeds from barter transactions, but taxation is handled the same way as a cash transaction. If one barters for a
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must not only be known and guaranteed but also be valued in an amount the media and advertising could have been purchased for had the "client" bought it themselves (contract to eliminate ambiguity and risk).
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so direct swaps do not need to be made. For instance, a member may earn credit by doing childcare for one person and spend it later on carpentry with another person in the same network. In LETS, unlike other
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Additionally, in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis, barter exchanges reported a double-digit increase in membership, due to the scarcity of fiat money, and the degradation of monetary system sentiment.
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A barter transaction "moves objects between the regimes of value", meaning that a good or service that is being traded may take up a new meaning or value under its recipient than that of its original owner.
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in such short supply that it becomes an item of barter itself rather than the means of exchange. Barter may also occur when people cannot afford to keep money (as when hyperinflation quickly devalues it).
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2090:. Barter exchanges are considered taxable revenue by the IRS and must be reported on a 1099-B form. According to the IRS, "The fair market value of goods and services exchanged must be included in the
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is issued, but rather transactions are recorded in a central location open to all members. As credit is issued by the network members, for the benefit of the members themselves, LETS are considered
1711:
If a society relies exclusively on perishable goods, storing wealth for the future may be impractical. However, some barter economies rely on durable goods like sheep or cattle for this purpose.
2015:
In business, barter has the benefit that one gets to know each other, one discourages investments for rent (which is inefficient) and one can impose trade sanctions on dishonest partners.
1902:
in 1826, and in his
Cincinnati 'Time store' in 1827. Warren ideas were adopted by other Owenites and currency reformers, even though the labour exchanges were relatively short lived.
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In a monetary economy, money plays the role of a measure of the value of all goods, so their values can be assessed against each other; this role may be absent in a barter economy.
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This is related to the absence of a common measure of value, although if the debt is denominated in units of the good that will eventually be used in payment, it is not a problem.
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as the
National Equitable Labour Exchange in 1832 on Grays Inn Road in London. These efforts became the basis of the British cooperative movement of the 1840s. In 1848, the
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Paul
Seabright (2000) The vanishing rouble : barter networks and non-monetary transactions in post-Soviet societies. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
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Canice Prendergast and Lars A. Stole (September 1996) Non-Monetary Exchange Within Firms and Industry, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 5765.
2007:, the trade dollar. Since its inception, Bartercard has amassed a trading value of over US$ 10 billion, and increased its customer network to 35,000 cardholders.
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Modern barter and trade has evolved considerably to become an effective method of increasing sales, conserving cash, moving inventory, and making use of excess
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2022:, the industry trade body, more than 450,000 businesses transacted $ 10 billion globally in 2008 – and officials expect trade volume to grow by 15% in 2009.
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Erin Araujo (2018/1-2) Moneyless economics and non-hierarchical exchange values in Chiapas, Mexico. Journal des anthropologues (n° 152-153), pages 147-170
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is occasionally called "barter trade", because although the purchases were denominated in U.S. dollars, the transactions were credited to an international
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circulated by a bank (a promise to pay, not a payment in itself). Both merchants and an unstable paper currency created difficulties for direct producers.
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1568:" by a disparaging vocabulary: "haggling, swapping, dickering". It has also been characterized as negative reciprocity, or "selfish profiteering".
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transactions require the appropriate tax invoices declaring the value of the transaction and its reciprocal GST component. All records of
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and bank in which each participating member has an account that is debited when purchases are made, and credited when sales are made.
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systems only to a very limited extent. Market actors use barter as a replacement for money as the method of exchange in times of
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The limitations of barter are often explained in terms of its inefficiencies in facilitating exchange in comparison to money.
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act in one's economic self-interest, and that before money, exchange was fostered through the processes of reciprocity and
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Most often, parties trade goods and services for goods or services that differ from what they are willing to forego.
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showing a man engaging in barter by offering various farm produce in exchange for his yearly newspaper subscription.
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2864:"Barter as an alternative trading and financing tool and its importance for businesses in times of economic crisis"
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based app in January 2016. Within the first year, Bunz accumulated over 75,000 users in over 200 cities worldwide.
1825:, which was founded in 1985 and is one of the first exchanges in North America opened after the TEFRA Act of 1982.
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Barter is an option to those who cannot afford to store their small supply of wealth in money, especially in
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Other examples are El Cambalache in San Cristobal de las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico and post-Soviet societies.
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3199:(Motion Picture). Spain, Catalonia: IN3, Universita Oberta de Catalunya, Creative Commons Licence. 2010
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Neither party has advantages over the other, and both are free to leave the trade at any point in time.
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Anthropologists such as David Graeber have argued, in contrast, "that when something resembling barter
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transactions must also be kept for a minimum of five years after the transaction is made.
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For barter to occur between two parties, both parties need to have what the other wants.
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3253:"Barter Machine: An Autonomous, Distributed Barter Exchange on the Ethereum Blockchain"
3093:"Facebook Is Trying To Build a Successful Online Marketplace. Here's How One Group Did"
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Quest for the New Moral World: Robert Owen and the Owenites in Britain and America
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Quest for the New Moral World: Robert Owen and the Owenites in Britain and America
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Quest for the New Moral World: Robert Owen and the Owenites in Britain and America
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in 1975. However the IRS now requires barter exchanges to be reported as per the
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Toward an Anthropological Theory of Value: The false coin of our own dreams
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Several major cities in the U.S. and Canada do not currently have a local
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A 19th-century example of barter: A sample labour for labour note for the
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Michael Linton this originated the term "local exchange trading system" (
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Direct reciprocal exchange of goods or services without the use of money
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Toward an Anthropological Theory of Value: The False Coin of our Dreams
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Often the following features are associated with barter transactions:
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In his analysis of barter between coastal and inland villages in the
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2760:"Fish for flour? Barter is the new currency in collapsing Venezuela"
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Chapter 3, Section 1: Of Love, Money, and Transactional Efficiency
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1953:
1860:
1787:
1730:
606:
574:
38:
4514:
2984:"60 Years WIR Business Circle Cooperative - Origins and Ideology"
2723:
Humphrey, Caroline (1985). "Barter and Economic Disintegration".
2634:
Humphrey, Caroline (1985). "Barter and Economic Disintegration".
2571:
Humphrey, Caroline (1995). "Barter and Economic Disintegration".
2447:
Humphrey, Caroline (1985). "Barter and Economic Disintegration".
3794:
3607:
3560:
3391:
3368:
3264:
1925:
1689:
There is no common measure of value/ No Standard Unit of Account
101:
4518:
3798:
3311:
3442:
1615:
The parties of the barter transaction are both equal and free.
3292:
1975:
In Australia and New Zealand, the largest barter exchange is
2958:""What is LETS?". AshevilleLETS. Retrieved December 9, 2008"
2031:
621:, not one delayed in time. Barter usually takes place on a
2668:
Robert E. Wright and Vincenzo Quadrini. Money and Banking.
2030:. There are two industry groups in the United States, the
1735:
Scandinavian and Russian traders bartering their wares.
3267:(from www.bartermachine.org Accessed 5 September 2021.)
2689:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 179.
2611:
Barter, Exchange and Value: An Anthropological Approach
2405:
Barter, Exchange and Value: An Anthropological Approach
1605:
There is a demand focus for things of a different kind.
2401:
Humphrey, Carolyn and Stephen Hugh-Jones, ed. (1992).
2003:. Other than its name suggests, it uses an electronic
681:
of barter to explain the emergence of money, of "the"
617:
in many ways; barter, for example, features immediate
1585:', argued that the first economic contracts were to
5178:
5123:
5032:
4966:
4907:
4869:
4843:
4827:
4801:
4792:
4746:
4640:
4584:
4552:
4364:
4297:
4246:
4140:
4084:
3983:
3832:
3616:
3499:
3452:
3417:
3345:
4703:National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee
2935:
2912:
2889:
2539:
2483:
2301:
1581:the extension of credit. Marcel Mauss, author of '
2788:"Barter markets, indivisibilities, and Markovian"
2708:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.
2409:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.
1683:There needs to be a 'double coincidence of wants'
1679:It is said that barter is 'inefficient' because:
3224:(from faircompanies.com. Accessed 29 June 2009.)
2848:. Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press. p. 14.
2292:
2290:
2088:Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982
2261:O'Sullivan, Arthur; Steven M. Sheffrin (2003).
2076:. Hess explained how he turned to barter in an
2338:(1985). "Barter and Economic Disintegration".
4530:
3810:
3323:
2613:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–10.
2105:In countries like Australia and New Zealand,
1524:
554:
8:
4560:Conscientious objection to military taxation
2942:. New York: Charles Scibners Sons. pp.
2871:Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting
601:for other goods or services without using a
2919:. New York: Charles Scibners Sons. p.
2896:. New York: Charles Scibners Sons. p.
2844:(1957). Polanyi, Karl; et al. (eds.).
1792:'White traders bartering with the Indians'
4798:
4776:The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest
4537:
4523:
4515:
3817:
3803:
3795:
3414:
3330:
3316:
3308:
2020:International Reciprocal Trade Association
1531:
1517:
696:
561:
547:
52:
4565:List of historical acts of tax resistance
3136:. United States Internal Revenue Service.
3134:"Tax Topics - Topic 420 Bartering Income"
2546:. Brooklyn, NY: Melville House. pp.
2068:used bartering to make it harder for the
1668:situations where money devalues quickly.
1562:Barter is characterized in Adam Smith's "
2248:Transactions of the Philological Society
1968:The first exchange system was the Swiss
2786:Fujishige, Satoru; Yang, Zaifu (2022).
2231:
2032:National Association of Trade Exchanges
1979:, founded in 1991, with offices in the
1772:An example of this would be during the
1702:Lack of standards for deferred payments
1625:The transaction happens simultaneously.
708:
657:) or simply unavailable for conducting
66:
4708:Northern California War Tax Resistance
4698:National Campaign for a Peace Tax Fund
3150:
3139:
2373:Strauss, Ilana E. (26 February 2016).
5151:Campaign Against Home and Water Taxes
4943:Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)
4306:Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral
3696:Commodity theory of money (Metallism)
3120:We Won't Pay: A Tax Resistance Reader
3048:"Bartering: Have Hotel, Need Haircut"
2857:
2855:
2846:Trade and Market in the Early Empires
2604:
2602:
2490:. New York: Melville House. pp.
2308:. New York: Melville House. pp.
7:
4948:Regulator Movement in North Carolina
4668:Association of Real Estate Taxpayers
4658:All Britain Anti-Poll Tax Federation
3303:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911.
2126:the rule that money is not allowed.
2072:to seize his wages and as a form of
637:, barter usually exists parallel to
43:An 1874 newspaper illustration from
4570:Tax resistance in the United States
4933:No taxation without representation
2704:Money and the Morality of Exchange
2180:List of international trade topics
1635:The transaction is transformative.
25:
5131:Anti-austerity movement in Greece
3673:Akkadian standards of measurement
2269:. Pearson Prentice Hall. p.
2056:, avoiding the use of hard cash.
1928:) in 1983 and for a time ran the
1544:Adam Smith on the origin of money
1505:Business and economics portal
685:, and hence of the discipline of
5141:Edward and Elaine Brown standoff
5110:Women's poll tax repeal movement
4678:Committee for Non-Violent Action
3482:
3279:
2990:. September 1994. Archived from
2685:(1989). Plattner, Stuart (ed.).
2375:"The Myth of the Barter Economy"
2143:
1829:Organized Barter (Retail Barter)
1498:
613:usually distinguish barter from
3359:(W. Mesoamerica & N. Andes)
2523:. New York: Palgrave. pp.
2265:Economics: Principles in Action
1695:Indivisibility of certain goods
1645:There is no criterion of value.
5191:Potentially dangerous taxpayer
2432:. New York: Palgrave. p.
1823:International Monetary Systems
1774:Crisis in Bolivarian Venezuela
1748:who cannot speak each other's
387:Formalist–substantivist debate
1:
4733:Women's Tax Resistance League
4327:The Moon and the Sledgehammer
3676:
3624:List of historical currencies
3529:Central bank digital currency
3168:Office, Australian Taxation.
2792:Bulletin of Economic Research
2185:Local exchange trading system
2151:Business and economics portal
1793:
1400:Commons-based peer production
1120:Socialism of the 21st century
629:(if it is mediated through a
377:Critique of political economy
5242:history in the United States
3730:Standard of deferred payment
3170:"Barter and trade exchanges"
3118:David M. Gross, ed. (2008).
1708:Difficulty in storing wealth
4882:Revolt of the papier timbré
2700:M. Bloch, J. Parry (1989).
2609:Humphrey, Caroline (1992).
2542:Debt: The First 5,000 Years
2486:Debt: the first 5,000 years
2304:Debt: the first 5,000 years
2121:In Spain (particularly the
1934:Courtenay, British Columbia
1557:double coincidence of wants
1551:sought to demonstrate that
673:(1723–1790) often imagined
589:in which participants in a
429:Anthropology of development
317:Colonialism and development
5325:
4693:Irish National Land League
4653:Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera
3222:Barcelona's barter markets
3014:"Bartercard International"
1910:and first self-designated
1850:
1724:
649:becomes unstable (such as
29:
4887:Revolt of the va-nu-pieds
4835:Cornish Rebellion of 1497
4076:Twelve Tribes communities
3477:
2160:Collaborative consumption
1805:barter exchange systems.
894:Socialist-oriented market
382:Original affluent society
327:The Anti-Politics Machine
3713:Quantity theory of money
3534:Chattel/movable property
3196:Homenatge A Catalunya II
2165:Complementary currencies
1764:Times of monetary crisis
424:Heritage commodification
419:Nutritional anthropology
393:The Great Transformation
5161:Movimiento Pos Me Salto
4066:Testimony of simplicity
3984:Religious and spiritual
3945:Subsistence agriculture
3940:Slow movement (culture)
3300:Encyclopædia Britannica
2934:Harrison, John (1969).
2911:Harrison, John (1969).
2888:Harrison, John (1969).
2538:Graeber, David (2011).
2515:Graeber, David (2001).
2482:Graeber, David (2011).
2424:Graeber, David (2001).
1917:postulated a system of
1898:communal settlement by
1892:Cost the limit of price
677:as examples to use the
147:Inalienable possessions
32:Barter (disambiguation)
5090:Poplar Rates Rebellion
4938:Philadelphia Tea Party
4397:Appropriate technology
3955:Sustainable sanitation
3900:Low-impact development
3772:Complementary currency
3701:Credit theory of money
3661:Depository institution
3149:Cite journal requires
3072:"Grand Central Barter"
2064:In the United States,
1915:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
1878:
1797:
1740:
1572:David Graeber's theory
1571:
342:People Without History
50:
5166:Yellow vests protests
5156:Movimento Passe Livre
5136:Anti-Bin Tax Campaign
4958:White Lotus Rebellion
4861:Revolt of the Pitauds
4632:Unreported employment
4576:List of tax resisters
4313:Escape from Affluenza
3890:Intentional community
3755:Digital gold currency
2687:Economic Anthropology
2672:Accessed 29 June 2012
2244:"English Etymologies"
2011:Bartering in business
1999:, and most recently,
1867:Cincinnati Time Store
1864:
1791:
1734:
1597:Features of bartering
1565:The Wealth of Nations
537:cultural anthropology
42:
5186:Income tax threshold
5065:Champaran Satyagraha
4755:An Act of Conscience
4688:I Don't Pay Movement
4663:Anti-Poll Tax Unions
4437:Front Porch Republic
4427:Ecological footprint
4247:Modern-day adherents
3634:Coincidence of wants
3454:Representative money
3288:at Wikimedia Commons
3251:Ozturan, C. (2020).
2862:Uyan, Ozgul (2017).
1936:. LETS networks use
1430:Newly industrialized
1173:Collective ownership
1034:Vertical archipelago
675:pre-modern societies
492:Bronisław Malinowski
203:Shifting cultivation
182:Provisioning systems
30:For other uses, see
5253:Taxation as slavery
5214:Redemption movement
5210:Freeman on the land
5060:Bondelswarts affair
5024:Wallachian uprising
5014:Tancament de Caixes
4989:Hut Tax War of 1898
4851:Croquant rebellions
4504:Work–life interface
4387:Anarcho-primitivism
4228:Henry David Thoreau
4112:Open Source Ecology
3782:Time-based currency
3122:. pp. 437–440.
3060:on 29 October 2009.
3046:(2 November 2009).
2240:Wedgwood, Hensleigh
2175:International trade
2117:Recent developments
1818:production capacity
1800:Economic historian
1415:Inclusive Democracy
655:deflationary spiral
635:developed countries
619:reciprocal exchange
517:Harold K. Schneider
272:Gifting remittances
198:Nomadic pastoralism
160:Spheres of exchange
154:(commodity pathway)
5196:Render unto Caesar
5050:Bardoli Satyagraha
5045:Bambatha Rebellion
4762:Civil Disobedience
4673:Catalunya Diu Prou
4462:Intentional living
4348:Small Is Beautiful
4223:George Skene Keith
4071:Tolstoyan movement
3970:War tax resistance
3950:Sustainable living
3651:Clearinghouse bank
3339:Medium of exchange
3044:Adams, William Lee
2994:on 17 October 2006
2804:10.1111/boer.12279
2758:Aponte, Andreina.
2200:Property caretaker
2094:of both parties."
2083:The New York Times
1879:
1871:Equitable Commerce
1798:
1741:
1353:Material balancing
835:Buddhist economics
625:basis, but may be
603:medium of exchange
593:directly exchange
452:Alexander Chayanov
404:Culture of poverty
306:(hunter-gatherers)
51:
5266:
5265:
5258:Taxation as theft
5229:Tax noncompliance
5206:Sovereign citizen
5174:
5173:
5009:Saminism Movement
4953:Whiskey Rebellion
4920:Fries's Rebellion
4512:
4511:
4472:Rainbow Gathering
4341:The Power of Half
4334:Mother Earth News
4153:Ernest Callenbach
4085:Secular movements
3792:
3791:
3777:Sectoral currency
3723:Market monetarism
3686:Code of Hammurabi
3475:
3474:
3467:Gold certificates
3284:Media related to
3099:. 24 October 2016
2336:Caroline Humphrey
2018:According to the
1853:Utopian socialism
1758:Trobriand Islands
1541:
1540:
1051:By regional model
845:Sabbath economics
585:) is a system of
571:
570:
409:Political economy
399:Peasant economics
350:Political economy
213:Peasant economics
188:Hunting-gathering
16:(Redirected from
5316:
5289:Economic systems
5284:Cashless society
5105:Vedaranyam March
5070:Kheda Satyagraha
4984:House Tax Hartal
4915:Boston Tea Party
4819:Peasants' Revolt
4799:
4783:Vyborg Manifesto
4612:Self-sufficiency
4539:
4532:
4525:
4516:
4412:Critique of work
4392:Anti-consumerism
4259:Robin Greenfield
4218:E. F. Schumacher
4158:G. K. Chesterton
4092:Back-to-the-land
3930:Self-sufficiency
3870:Forest gardening
3819:
3812:
3805:
3796:
3760:Virtual currency
3745:Digital currency
3681:
3678:
3641:Bureau de change
3492:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3418:Domestic animals
3415:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3309:
3304:
3296:
3283:
3268:
3262:
3256:
3249:
3243:
3240:
3234:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3206:
3204:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3152:
3147:
3145:
3137:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3056:. Archived from
3040:
3034:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2960:. Archived from
2954:
2948:
2947:
2941:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2918:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2895:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2868:
2859:
2850:
2849:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2707:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2683:Plattner, Stuart
2679:
2673:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2606:
2597:
2596:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2545:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2522:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2489:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2431:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2408:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2307:
2294:
2285:
2284:
2268:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2236:
2195:Private currency
2153:
2148:
2147:
2060:Tax implications
2054:clearing account
1964:Local currencies
1950:local currencies
1838:Corporate Barter
1795:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1503:
1502:
1261:Municipalization
1246:Financialization
1216:Collectivization
1198:Social ownership
1188:Private property
1182:Common ownership
1140:Common ownership
954:Closed (autarky)
911:State capitalism
889:Socialist market
874:Market socialist
710:Economic systems
697:
563:
556:
549:
512:Marshall Sahlins
467:Maurice Godelier
371:Related articles
359:Jim Crow economy
170:Cultural capital
155:
152:Singularization
53:
21:
5324:
5323:
5319:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5269:
5268:
5267:
5262:
5170:
5119:
5028:
4962:
4903:
4892:Salt Tax Revolt
4865:
4839:
4823:
4794:
4788:
4769:Clericis laicos
4742:
4683:Fasci Siciliani
4636:
4580:
4548:
4543:
4513:
4508:
4442:Green anarchism
4360:
4293:
4242:
4141:Notable writers
4136:
4132:Transition town
4080:
4036:New Monasticism
3979:
3828:
3823:
3793:
3788:
3740:Unit of account
3679:
3612:
3598:Promissory note
3576:Deposit account
3549:Cheque clearing
3503:
3495:
3488:
3483:
3481:
3471:
3448:
3413:
3381:Precious metals
3348:
3341:
3336:
3291:
3276:
3271:
3263:
3259:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3220:
3216:
3202:
3200:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3178:
3176:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3148:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3102:
3100:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3007:
2997:
2995:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2967:
2965:
2964:on 25 July 2011
2956:
2955:
2951:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2866:
2861:
2860:
2853:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2770:
2768:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2737:10.2307/2802221
2722:
2721:
2717:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2667:
2663:
2648:10.2307/2802221
2633:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2608:
2607:
2600:
2585:10.2307/2802221
2570:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2461:10.2307/2802221
2446:
2445:
2441:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2385:
2383:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2352:10.2307/2802221
2334:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2296:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2190:Natural economy
2149:
2142:
2139:
2119:
2062:
2050:bilateral trade
2028:barter exchange
2013:
1966:
1869:. Scanned from
1859:
1851:Main articles:
1849:
1840:
1831:
1786:
1766:
1729:
1723:
1718:
1674:
1658:
1599:
1574:
1546:
1537:
1497:
1490:
1489:
1455:Post-industrial
1450:Post-capitalist
1410:Hunter-gatherer
1395:
1387:
1386:
1301:
1293:
1292:
1271:Nationalization
1231:Demutualization
1226:Corporatization
1211:
1203:
1202:
1193:State ownership
1168:
1160:
1159:
1135:
1127:
1126:
1052:
1044:
1043:
1014:Robinson Crusoe
949:
948:By coordination
941:
940:
925:Traditionalist
785:Neomercantilist
745:
737:
718:
695:
693:Economic theory
645:, such as when
643:monetary crisis
567:
527:
526:
457:Stanley Diamond
442:
441:Major theorists
434:
433:
414:State formation
372:
364:
363:
341:
340:Europe and the
226:
218:
217:
183:
175:
174:
153:
92:Commodification
87:
77:
46:Harper's Weekly
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5322:
5320:
5312:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5279:Business terms
5271:
5270:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5182:
5180:
5179:Related topics
5176:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5146:Bonnets Rouges
5143:
5138:
5133:
5127:
5125:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5085:Poll Tax Riots
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4970:
4968:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4950:
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4902:
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4895:
4889:
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4879:
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4853:
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4803:
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4789:
4787:
4786:
4779:
4772:
4765:
4758:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4718:Peace churches
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4644:
4642:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4602:Local currency
4599:
4594:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4567:
4562:
4556:
4554:
4550:
4549:
4546:Tax resistance
4544:
4542:
4541:
4534:
4527:
4519:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4499:Sustainability
4496:
4491:
4486:
4484:Low-technology
4481:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4459:
4454:
4452:Global warming
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4330:
4323:
4316:
4309:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4269:Pentti Linkola
4266:
4261:
4256:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4183:Harlan Hubbard
4180:
4178:Tom Hodgkinson
4175:
4170:
4168:Mahatma Gandhi
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4016:Jesus movement
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3895:Local currency
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3814:
3807:
3799:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3767:Local currency
3764:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3750:Cryptocurrency
3742:
3737:
3735:Store of value
3732:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3698:
3693:
3690:§100; §122–125
3683:
3680: 2150 BC
3670:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3626:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3515:
3513:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3458:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3445:(Tibet, China)
3440:
3434:
3428:
3421:
3419:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3388:(cotton cloth)
3383:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3353:
3351:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3294:"Barter"
3289:
3275:
3274:External links
3272:
3270:
3269:
3257:
3244:
3235:
3226:
3214:
3186:
3174:www.ato.gov.au
3160:
3151:|journal=
3125:
3110:
3084:
3063:
3035:
3026:
3005:
2975:
2949:
2926:
2903:
2880:
2851:
2833:
2778:
2750:
2715:
2692:
2674:
2661:
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2619:
2598:
2563:
2556:
2530:
2507:
2500:
2474:
2439:
2416:
2393:
2365:
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2286:
2279:
2253:
2230:
2228:
2225:
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2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2138:
2135:
2118:
2115:
2074:tax resistance
2061:
2058:
2012:
2009:
2005:local currency
1981:United Kingdom
1965:
1962:
1932:LETSystems in
1848:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1785:
1782:
1765:
1762:
1725:Main article:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1673:
1670:
1666:hyperinflation
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1642:
1641:
1632:
1631:
1622:
1621:
1612:
1611:
1598:
1595:
1591:redistribution
1573:
1570:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1465:Resource-based
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
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1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1251:Liberalization
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1175:
1169:
1167:Property types
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1116:Latin America
1114:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
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906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
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871:
866:
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855:
854:
849:
848:
847:
837:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
803:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
752:
746:
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739:
738:
736:
735:
730:
725:
719:
716:
713:
712:
706:
705:
694:
691:
651:hyperinflation
631:trade exchange
615:gift economies
581:(derived from
569:
568:
566:
565:
558:
551:
543:
540:
539:
529:
528:
525:
524:
519:
514:
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165:Social capital
162:
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149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
122:Redistribution
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
88:
86:Basic concepts
85:
84:
81:
80:
64:
63:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5321:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5304:Tax avoidance
5302:
5300:
5299:Simple living
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5234:Tax protester
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5224:Tax inversion
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5177:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5122:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
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5103:
5101:
5098:
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5041:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5031:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5004:Rebecca Riots
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4994:Low Rebellion
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4974:Anti-Rent War
4972:
4971:
4969:
4965:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4826:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4809:Tuchin Revolt
4807:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4797:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4713:Pagal Panthis
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4641:Organizations
4639:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4622:Tax avoidance
4620:
4618:
4617:Simple living
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4540:
4535:
4533:
4528:
4526:
4521:
4520:
4517:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4447:The good life
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4320:The Good Life
4317:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4279:Peace Pilgrim
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4264:Ted Kaczynski
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4213:Dugald Semple
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4203:Peace Pilgrim
4201:
4199:
4198:Scott Nearing
4196:
4194:
4193:Helen Nearing
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4173:Richard Gregg
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4148:Wendell Berry
4146:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4102:Environmental
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3965:Vegetarianism
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3826:Simple living
3820:
3815:
3813:
3808:
3806:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:; c. 1750 BC)
3691:
3687:
3684:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3491:
3480:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3425:Water buffalo
3423:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3394:(Roman world)
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3365:(Mesoamerica)
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3328:
3326:
3321:
3319:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3302:
3301:
3295:
3290:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3265:BarterMachine
3261:
3258:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3239:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3198:
3197:
3190:
3187:
3175:
3171:
3164:
3161:
3156:
3143:
3135:
3129:
3126:
3121:
3114:
3111:
3098:
3097:Bloomberg.com
3094:
3088:
3085:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3015:
3009:
3006:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2939:
2930:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2916:
2907:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2893:
2884:
2881:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2842:Polanyi, Karl
2837:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2779:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2754:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2705:
2696:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2627:
2622:
2620:9781316582459
2616:
2612:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2564:
2559:
2557:9781933633862
2553:
2549:
2544:
2543:
2534:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2520:
2511:
2508:
2503:
2501:9781933633862
2497:
2493:
2488:
2487:
2478:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2420:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2406:
2397:
2394:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2369:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2329:
2326:
2321:
2319:9781933633862
2315:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2299:
2298:David Graeber
2293:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2280:0-13-063085-3
2276:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2257:
2254:
2250:(8): 109–111.
2249:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2226:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2215:Trading cards
2213:
2211:
2210:Simple living
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1985:United States
1982:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1958:mutual credit
1955:
1951:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1901:
1900:Josiah Warren
1897:
1893:
1887:
1885:
1876:
1875:Josiah Warren
1872:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1846:
1844:
1837:
1835:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1790:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1770:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1662:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1460:Post-scarcity
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1405:Expeditionary
1403:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1281:Socialization
1279:
1277:
1276:Privatization
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1266:Mutualization
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1256:Marketization
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1241:Expropriation
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1221:Communization
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
959:Decentralized
957:
955:
952:
951:
945:
944:
935:
932:
930:
927:
926:
924:
922:
919:
917:
916:Social credit
914:
912:
909:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
884:Participatory
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
861:
860:
857:
853:
850:
846:
843:
842:
841:
838:
836:
833:
832:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
801:
798:
796:
795:Social market
793:
791:
790:Protectionist
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
770:Laissez-faire
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
757:
756:
753:
751:
748:
747:
741:
740:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
720:
715:
714:
711:
707:
703:
699:
698:
692:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
667:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
564:
559:
557:
552:
550:
545:
544:
542:
541:
538:
534:
531:
530:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
487:Marvin Harris
485:
483:
480:
478:
477:Jane I. Guyer
475:
473:
472:David Graeber
470:
468:
465:
463:
462:Raymond Firth
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
447:Paul Bohannan
445:
444:
438:
437:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
394:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
374:
368:
367:
360:
357:
356:
353:
351:
348:
347:
344:
343:
337:
336:
333:
332:
329:
328:
324:
323:
320:
318:
315:
314:
311:
308:
305:
302:
301:
298:
296:
293:
292:
289:
286:
284:
283:Organ gifting
281:
280:
277:
276:
273:
270:
269:
266:
264:
261:
260:
257:
254:
253:
250:
249:
246:
245:Moka exchange
243:
241:
238:
237:
234:
232:
229:
228:
222:
221:
214:
211:
209:
208:Moral economy
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
185:
179:
178:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
89:
83:
82:
79:
73:
69:
65:
62:
60:
55:
54:
48:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5201:Irwin Schiff
5080:Mau movement
5075:Johnson cult
4999:Mejba Revolt
4925:
4781:
4774:
4767:
4760:
4753:
4597:Gift economy
4591:
4457:Hedonophobia
4417:Deep ecology
4353:
4346:
4339:
4332:
4325:
4318:
4311:
4188:Satish Kumar
4046:Plain people
4011:Distributism
3925:Sattvic diet
3915:Permaculture
3910:Off-the-grid
3885:Gift economy
3855:Downshifting
3845:Cord-cutting
3839:
3656:Savings bank
3646:Central bank
3628:
3583:Legal tender
3490:Money portal
3298:
3260:
3255:, Ledger, 5.
3247:
3238:
3229:
3217:
3208:
3201:. Retrieved
3195:
3189:
3177:. Retrieved
3173:
3163:
3142:cite journal
3128:
3119:
3113:
3101:. Retrieved
3096:
3087:
3075:. Retrieved
3066:
3058:the original
3051:
3038:
3029:
3017:. Retrieved
3008:
2996:. Retrieved
2992:the original
2988:WIR Magazine
2987:
2978:
2966:. Retrieved
2962:the original
2952:
2937:
2929:
2914:
2906:
2891:
2883:
2874:
2870:
2845:
2836:
2798:(1): 39–48.
2795:
2791:
2781:
2769:. Retrieved
2763:
2753:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2703:
2695:
2686:
2677:
2664:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2610:
2579:(1): 48–72.
2576:
2572:
2566:
2541:
2533:
2518:
2510:
2485:
2477:
2455:(1): 48–72.
2452:
2448:
2442:
2427:
2419:
2404:
2396:
2384:. Retrieved
2380:The Atlantic
2378:
2368:
2343:
2339:
2328:
2303:
2264:
2256:
2247:
2234:
2220:Time banking
2205:Quid pro quo
2170:Gift economy
2131:
2128:
2120:
2110:
2106:
2104:
2096:
2081:
2063:
2047:
2040:
2036:
2024:
2017:
2014:
2001:South Africa
1974:
1967:
1930:Comox Valley
1923:
1918:
1904:
1888:
1880:
1870:
1857:Time banking
1847:Labour notes
1841:
1832:
1815:
1807:
1802:Karl Polanyi
1799:
1778:
1771:
1767:
1755:
1742:
1737:Olaus Magnus
1727:Silent trade
1721:Silent trade
1678:
1675:
1663:
1659:
1644:
1643:
1634:
1633:
1624:
1623:
1614:
1613:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1586:
1577:
1575:
1563:
1561:
1547:
1370:Peer-to-peer
1365:Self-managed
1305:
1300:Coordination
1236:Deregulation
921:Distributist
775:Mercantilist
679:inefficiency
666:ethnographic
663:
627:multilateral
582:
578:
572:
507:Karl Polanyi
502:Sidney Mintz
497:Marcel Mauss
391:
349:
338:
325:
316:
310:Batek people
295:Provisioning
294:
262:
230:
225:Case studies
142:Limited good
137:Gift economy
112:Embeddedness
96:
78:anthropology
76:development
56:
44:
36:
5115:Women's War
5055:Beit Sahour
4979:Dog Tax War
4856:Rappenkrieg
4723:Peacemakers
4627:Tax evasion
4489:Nonviolence
4407:Consumerism
4402:Bohemianism
4377:Agrarianism
4233:Leo Tolstoy
4163:Duane Elgin
4122:Small house
4041:Plain dress
4031:Monasticism
4026:Mindfulness
3935:Slow living
3608:Safekeeping
3462:Bimetallism
3377:(W. Africa)
2642:(1): 66–7.
2386:20 December
1896:New Harmony
1672:Limitations
1475:Traditional
1425:Manorialism
1420:Information
1394:Other types
1380:Open access
1343:Cybernetics
1085:Anglo-Saxon
1070:Singaporean
1029:Underground
1024:Subsistence
929:Corporatist
904:Syndicalist
864:Communalist
750:Associative
744:By ideology
717:Major types
633:). In most
591:transaction
304:Aché people
288:Shell money
231:Prestations
193:Pastoralism
117:Reciprocity
5273:Categories
5100:Salt March
4795:by century
4648:Addiopizzo
4432:Food miles
4382:Amateurism
4274:Jim Merkel
4254:Mark Boyle
4208:Nick Rosen
4127:Tiny house
4061:Temperance
4006:Detachment
4001:Asceticism
3996:Aparigraha
3875:Freeganism
3860:Dry toilet
3718:Monetarism
3706:Chartalism
3603:Redemption
3593:Possession
3556:Clay token
3409:Trade bead
3363:Cocoa bean
3347:Commodity
3203:15 January
2227:References
1977:Bartercard
1919:time chits
1656:Advantages
1549:Adam Smith
1480:Transition
1440:Plantation
1348:Indicative
1210:Transition
1060:East Asian
831:Religious
807:Democratic
780:Neoliberal
765:Democratic
755:Capitalist
723:Capitalism
671:Adam Smith
611:Economists
605:, such as
482:Keith Hart
5238:arguments
5219:Tax haven
5095:Turra Coo
5019:Tithe War
4900:in Moscow
4898:Salt Riot
4793:Campaigns
4728:Planka.nu
4607:Rebellion
4479:Itinerant
4372:Affluenza
4056:Rastafari
4021:Mendicant
3905:No frills
3880:Frugality
3850:DIY ethic
3833:Practices
3427:(SE Asia)
3357:Axe-money
2877:(3): 289.
2828:233792145
2820:0307-3378
2812:1467-8586
2731:(1): 52.
2346:(1): 49.
2123:Catalonia
2066:Karl Hess
2042:Corporate
1960:systems.
1912:anarchist
1908:socialist
1784:Exchanges
1445:Plutonomy
1326:Regulated
1155:Voluntary
1081:European
934:Feudalism
879:Mutualist
869:Communist
859:Socialist
840:Christian
760:Corporate
733:Communism
728:Socialism
687:economics
623:bilateral
522:Eric Wolf
240:Kula ring
18:Bartering
5248:Tax riot
5040:Agbekoya
4894:in Spain
4877:Angelets
4494:Peak oil
4422:Degrowth
4238:Valluvar
4097:Car-free
3960:Veganism
3566:Currency
3544:Clearing
3524:Banknote
3519:Bailment
3439:(Arabia)
3400:(barley)
3386:Quachtli
3103:9 August
3077:11 March
2998:9 August
2300:(2011).
2242:(1855).
2137:See also
1997:Thailand
1970:WIR Bank
1938:interest
1750:language
1583:The Gift
1333:Planning
984:Informal
969:Dirigist
822:Georgist
817:Feminist
702:a series
700:Part of
689:itself.
659:commerce
647:currency
639:monetary
599:services
587:exchange
256:Potlatch
68:Economic
59:a series
57:Part of
5294:Pricing
4814:Harelle
4585:Methods
4467:commune
4365:Related
4051:Quakers
3865:Fasting
3617:General
3571:Deposit
3561:Coinage
3433:(Hindu)
3375:Manilla
3019:23 June
2765:Reuters
2745:2802221
2656:2802221
2593:2802221
2469:2802221
2360:2802221
2048:Soviet
1746:traders
1716:History
1553:markets
1375:Sharing
1338:In kind
1286:Marxist
1178:Commons
1145:Private
1134:Sectors
1105:Rhenish
1075:Keralan
1065:Chinese
1039:Virtual
1019:Sharing
1009:Planned
999:Natural
964:Digital
852:Islamic
812:Fascist
800:Welfare
683:economy
583:baretor
263:Gifting
107:Finance
72:applied
4928:affair
4926:Gaspee
4592:Barter
4553:Topics
4355:Walden
4289:Thomas
4107:Hippie
3920:Regift
3840:Barter
3629:Barter
3588:Notary
3539:Cheque
3404:Shells
3398:Shekel
3371:(rice)
3286:Barter
2968:20 May
2826:
2818:
2810:
2771:4 July
2743:
2654:
2617:
2591:
2554:
2548:94–102
2498:
2467:
2358:
2316:
2277:
2111:barter
2107:barter
2100:profit
2092:income
1989:Cyprus
1945:credit
1940:-free
1877:(1846)
1811:broker
1739:, 1555
1699:occur.
1651:other.
1435:Palace
1311:Market
1306:Barter
1150:Public
1110:Soviet
1095:Nordic
1090:German
1056:Asian
989:Market
579:barter
533:Social
132:Wealth
97:Barter
74:, and
5309:Trade
4747:Media
4738:Zuism
4298:Media
4284:Suelo
3991:Amish
3975:WWOOF
3510:Token
3501:Money
3437:Camel
3349:money
3210:2011.
3179:2 May
2944:202–4
2867:(PDF)
2824:S2CID
2808:eISSN
2741:JSTOR
2652:JSTOR
2589:JSTOR
2492:40–41
2465:JSTOR
2356:JSTOR
2310:21–41
2078:op-ed
1954:scrip
1952:, no
1942:local
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