1714:, the "connexion between the Muslims and the sons of Wittiza is confirmed by all the chroniclers, and forms a trustworthy starting-point for the history of the invasion," cited in Bachrach (1973), 33n86, who finds it tempting to place the Muslims, the native Jewry, and Achila II, whom he reckons a son of Wittza, in a tripartite alliance against Roderic. Collins (2004), 137–138, rejects any attempt to salvage the historicity of the sons of Wittiza from contradictions in the primary source. Thompson, 251, records "presumably he was opposed by another member of the aristocracy or by a relative of Wittiza".
723:, forming as much as a third of the total force and armored in coats of light mail and identifiable by a turban over a metal cap, exploited the opening and charged into the Visigothic infantry, soon followed by the infantry. The Christian army was routed and the king slain in the final hours of battle. The engagement was a bloodbath: Visigothic losses were extremely high, and the Muslims lost as many as 3,000 men, or a quarter of their force.
48:
702:. Ṭāriq is said to have landed with 7,000 horsemen and requested 5,000 more from Mūsā. There could thus have been as many as 12,000 Muslim fighters at the battle. One modern estimate, disregarding the primary source claims, suggest a quarter of the 7,500 reported in one of them; this would be approximately 2,000. The Visigothic forces were "probably not much larger", and the Visigothic kingdom was, unlike
799:
will have had at least the satisfaction of delivering you, and you will easily find among you an experienced hero, to whom you can confidently give the task of directing you. But should I fall before I reach to
Roderick, redouble your ardor, force yourselves to the attack and achieve the conquest of this country, in depriving him of life. With him dead, his soldiers will no longer defy you.
922:) each claimed that they were the one who captured it. Tariq showed the original leg as proof that he did, causing the Caliph to impose hefty fines on Musa. While several Muslim chroniclers say that it was indeed a table of Solomon, others refute this claim, and attribute it to lay people attributing fantastical objects and deeds to Solomon. These include
798:
Remember that I place myself in the front of this glorious charge which I exhort you to make. At the moment when the two armies meet hand to hand, you will see me, never doubt it, seeking out this
Roderick, tyrant of his people, challenging him to combat, if God is willing. If I perish after this, I
913:
that ʿAbd al-Ḥakam alleges was also discovered in Toledo. There was indeed a table that was captured by Tariq ibn Ziyad from
Almeida, and transported by Musa ibn Nusair to Damascus. Tariq broke one leg, and kept it, making a replacement leg for the table. When both Tariq and Musa reached the Caliph
894:
around 818. The outrageousness of the accusations is proportional to the chronological distance of the narrative. Thus, Lucas de Tuy, writing in the late thirteenth century, portrays a monster, while
Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada, rectifying the disparate accounts, shows Wittiza commencing his reign with
830:
indeed blames the Goths' defeat on their lack of penance for their sins: "The city of Toledo, victor of all peoples, succumbed as a victim to the triumphant
Ishmaelites, and deserved to be subjected to them. Thus Spain was ruined for its disgusting sins, in the 380th year of the Goths." This is not
612:
dates it to 712 and places it before the conquest of Toledo, which it attributes to Mūsā in 711. If this discrepancy is solved by preferring the chronicler's order to his dating, then the battle occurred in 712 and the fall of Toledo later that same year. Later Arabic accounts give an exact date of
714:
The defeat of the
Visigothic army followed on the flight of the king's opponents, who had only accompanied the host "in rivalry", "deceitfully", and "out of ambition to rule" says the Mozarabic chronicler. The story of Sisibert abandoning Roderic with the right wing of the host is a legend.
417:
ruled in the northeast of the kingdom at this time, but his relationship to
Roderic is unknown. Probably they were rivals who never actually came into open conflict, due to the shortness of Roderic's reign and his preoccupation with Muslim raids. Even with Roderic's sphere of influence (the
744:, Wittiza's historical brother, was found in Toledo, possibly as king-elect, by Mūsā when he took the city. This Oppa may have had a part to play in the opposition to Roderic, but certainly not his nephews, who would have been too young to participate in power politics in 711. The
815:, Córdoba, and Toledo itself. Thompson remarks that "whatever the reason for the persecution , it may have contributed to the utter destruction of those who initiated and enforced it." Despite all this, the participation of Jews on the side of the Muslims is not recorded in the
555:) with a large force in 711 and remained in Hispania for fifteen months, but it is unclear from the sources if he came before or after the battle of Guadalete, which was fought by the forces of his subordinates. During his time in the peninsula it was racked by civil war (
853:) by Roderic while the young woman was being raised at the palace school, supposedly lent Ṭāriq the necessary ships to launch an invasion. That the Arabs already possessed sufficient naval forces in the western Mediterranean is attested by their activities against the
574:
some years before the fall of the
Visigothic kingdom. This has led to theories that the Berber attacks may have been related to the Byzantine operation, and that perhaps the Arabs were originally useful allies in a Byzantine attempt to reconquer the lost province of
735:
with the killing of his rivals". This unclear passage could indicate that
Roderic had killed his rivals and weakened his army, ensuring defeat, or that his rivals too died in the battle or its retreat. The chronicler may be blaming the defeat on factionalism. The
693:
under Berber leadership. The Arabic sources traditionally give
Roderic 100,000 troops, gathered during his return to the south after confronting the Basques. This number is outrageously high; it complements the figure of 187,000 for the Muslims provided by the
267:
is a near-contemporary Hispanic source, but it contains no original material pertaining to the battle. Several later Latin Christian sources contain descriptive accounts of the battle that have sometimes been trusted by historians, most notably the
1809:(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press), 23–25, deduces reasons from later medieval Christian chroniclers for believing Roderic's predecessor Wittiza to have been mild in his policies towards the Jews, thus provoking opposition.
1446::1 (February), 32. This theory is predicated on a certain understanding of the identity of the mysterious Count Julian (see "Legend" below). Thompson, 250, is explicit that nothing is known of the context of these Byzantine raids.
1679:
Glick, 32, notes that an army of 10–15,000 would have required more than three months to ferry across the straits, thus explaining the delay between Ṭāriq's reported landing and his march north in the traditional
726:
It is possible that his enemies intended to abandon Roderic on the field, to be defeated and killed by the Muslims. Whatever the case, their plan failed, for they too were largely slain. By another text from the
706:
to its north, not organised for war. A small number of elite clans (perhaps around twenty five), their warrior followings, the king and his personal following, and the forces that could be raised from the royal
596:", that is, 11 November 714. He also identified two invasions, the first by an Abu Zubra and the second, a year later, by Ṭāriq; probably he has divided the historical figure Ṭāriq ibn Ziyad into two persons.
688:
The armies that met in battle on the day that decided the fate of the Gothic kingdom in Spain are not reliably described in the surviving records. Glick surmises that the Muslim army was predominantly Berber
1774:(New York: Parke, Austin, and Lipscomb), 241–242. On p. 238 Horne explains that the "speech does not, however, preserve the actual words" of Ṭāriq and is the work more of a poet than of a historian.
1723:
For a general discussion of military arrangements in late Visigothic and post-Visigothic Spain until the Carolingian reconquest, see Joaquín Vallvé (1978), "España en el siglo VIII: ejército y sociedad",
961:
861:. This Urban accompanied Mūsā across the straits. Urban may be the Julian of legend, but more likely Julian is the legend of Urban. According to one interpretation of the Urban-Julian legend, he was a
857:. While the impregnation (and the name of his daughter) are universally disregarded, the Count Julian of the Arabic histories has been identified with a Berber Catholic named Urban who appears in the
1883:
Shaw, 221, writing in 1906, rejects this as legend from the late ninth- and tenth-century Arabic histories. The first Latin chronicler to pick it up was the Monk of Silo in 1110. It blossomed under
461:(672–680). Two reasonably large armies may have been in the south for a year before the decisive battle was fought. These were led by Ṭāriq ibn Ziyad and others under the overall command of
1196:, see Collins (1989), 30. Ṭāriq, which means "chief", is considered an etymological invention by Joaquín Vallvé (1989), "Nuevas ideas sobre la conquista árabe de España: Toponimia y onomástica",
909:
There are other legends concerning the conquest, such as the legends of the sealed chamber in Toledo ("la maison fermée de Tolède") and the table (or carpet, depending on the translation) of
652:(that is, their associated valleys). The earliest Christian source, and the nearest source in time to the events, says that it took place near the unidentified "Transductine promontories" (
843:
Among the legends which have accrued to the history of the battle, the most prominent is that of Count Julian, who, in revenge for the impregnation of his daughter Florinda (the later
1516:
Glick, 32. Some accounts say the battle began on the 19th and lasted one week. Shaw, 224, suspects that many skirmishes preceded the definitive battle (probably on the 25th or 26th).
1956:
means "point" in Arabic, a reference to its place as the southern tip of Hispania. According to Vallvé, based on a theoretical confusion in the Arabic source between the bay of
2084:
803:
According to later traditions, Iberian Jews, progressively disenfranchised under the rule of Christian monarchs and bishops, provided fighters to augment the Moorish forces.
865:
governor of Ceuta who joined with the Arabs to raid the southern coasts of Iberia in 710 with Ṭārif. Glick has suggested that Ṭārif is an invention designed to explain the
715:
Estimating Visigothic forces at 33,000, David Lewis recounts how the Muslim army engaged in a series of violent hit and run attacks, while the Visigothic lines maneuvered
1204::1, 51–150. For the others that accompanied Ṭāriq—Abdelmelic, Alcama, and Mugheith— see Dykes Shaw (1906), "The Fall of the Visigothic Power in Spain",
770:
10:12). The Gothic nobleman Theudimer made an alliance with the conquerors to preserve his own rule of his territory. Within a decade all of the peninsula save the tiny
958:
524:. According to Ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥakam, writing around 860, Ṭāriq, commander of the Berber garrison of Tangiers, crossed the straits with ships supplied by a certain
1795:, in the Jewish persecutions of the late seventh century, see Francis X. Murphy (1952), "Julian of Toledo and the Fall of the Visigothic Kingdom in Spain",
346:
217:. Roderic was killed in the battle, along with many members of the Visigothic nobility, opening the way for the capture of the Visigothic capital of
2074:
437:
which had resulted in the sack of several south Iberian towns. Berber forces had probably been harassing the peninsula by sea since the conquest of
182:
39:
1230:(Editorial Plurabelle), 274–75. On this view, Ṭāriq was a Christian (initially). A response to Olagüe can be found in Dolores Bramon (2001),
794:, places in the mouth of Ṭāriq a morale-boosting address to his soldiers on the eve of battle, which closes with this exhortation to kill Roderic:
293:
sources, widely used by historians but increasingly coming under heavy criticism. None of them predates the mid-ninth century. The earliest, the
2104:
2022:
1398:
his subordinate in front of his soldiers and then the two together completed the conquest of the peninsula before Mūsā was recalled by the
1791:(3), 189–207, provides a good overview of the treatment of the Jews in Spain. For the involvement of the Church, and especially of
2035:
1581:
884:
The "sons of Wittiza" that figure so prominently in later Christian sources, are likewise unhistorical. Wittiza, who is praised by the
2099:
1324:
1165:
512:
has it that Ṭāriq burned his boats after landing to prevent his army from deserting. From Gibraltar he moved to conquer the region of
387:
are less sceptical. Collins in particular rejects a syncretistic approach incorporating information from all the available sources.
719:. A cavalry wing that had secretly pledged to rebel against Roderic stood aside, giving the enemy an opening. Ṭāriq's cavalry, the
559:, "internal frenzy", to the Mozarabic chronicler), cities were razed, and many people were slaughtered in the general destruction.
937:
Roderic's golden sandal was allegedly recovered from the Guadalete river. The nineteenth-century American military history writer
636:. The later Arab accounts, most of them generating from al-Ḥakam's, also place the battle near Medina Sidonia, "near the lake" or
2018:
1106:
For an assessment of the value of these sources for the period of the conquest of Gothic Hispania, see Collins (1989), 1–5.
2002:
History of the Conquest of Spain by the Arab-Moors: With a Sketch of the Civilization which They Achieved and Imparted to Europe
1465:
1268:
353:
1289:, « Cahiers d'études sur la Méditerranée orientale et le monde turco-iranien » (CEMOTI), 1991, Vol. 12, N° 1, p. 198.
1438:
1013:
403:
from natural causes or through his assassination is not clear from the sources. It is possible that Roderic was probably the
807:
distinguished himself in the battle at the head of a mixed contingent of Jews and Berbers, according to the compiler of the
1658:
Other estimates include 60,000 and 90,000; Ibn Khaldūn gives the low figure of 40,000. These troops massed on the plain of
1633:: at the river called Guadalete, beside Sidonia, now called Xeres (quoted in Shaw, 223 n42). "Sidonia", probably the Roman
902:
Among the other legends surrounding the battle is that of Roderic's arrival at the field in a chariot drawn by eight white
309:, is at odds with not only the later Latin histories, but also the later Arabic ones: the anonymous compilation called the
1621:
1225:
985:(London: Blackwell Publishing), 26–27, argues for its Toledan provenance, but others have suggested Córdoba or even
617:, the battle took place on 19 July 711. Preceding the battle was an entire week of inconclusive skirmishes near the lake
53:
399:
of 754 indicates 711–712. Roderic did not rule unopposed, however. The nature of his accession on the death of
1061:
661:
657:
1231:
462:
349:
as a genuine eighth-century work surviving only in later copies, but this view has since been refuted. The French
1475:
919:
298:
1711:
1345:
Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages: Comparative Perspectives on Social and Cultural Formation
831:
accepted by specialists today, though it still exerts heavy influence through tertiary accounts, especially in
270:
993:
is given in Carmen Cardelle de Hartmann (1999), "The Textual Transmission of the Mozarabic Chronicle of 754",
811:. In the aftermath of victory, the Jews reputedly took several cities and were even commissioned to garrison
465:. Most of the Arabic and Berber accounts agree that Ṭāriq was a Berber military leader from northern Africa.
2079:
1343:
1039:
275:
1960:
and that of Algeciras, "Julian", a Goth, was the governor of Cádiz. Vallvé's ideas are not widely accepted.
1410:. Mūsā took with him Ṭāriq and many Visigothic prisoners from the taking of Toledo (Collins , 29–31).
311:
133:
1083:
The History of the Conquest of Egypt, North Africa and Spain: Known as the Futūh Miṣr of Ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥakam
745:
525:
458:
356:, on the other hand, advocated Ibn Hayyān as the supreme Muslim historian of the era (and of the battle).
248:
1394:
Later Arabic sources state that Mūsā only went to Hispania after news of Ṭāriq's success reached him. He
316:
1078:
1884:
890:
665:
628:—after defeating a Gothic army that tried to stop him—when he met Roderic in battle near
614:
571:
430:
325:
1888:
429:
The battle of Guadalete was not an isolated Berber attack but followed a series of raids across the
413:
before coming to the throne. Archaeological evidence and two surviving lists of kings show that one
1929:
Quod ille consilio nobilissimi viri Urbani, Africanae Regionis sub dogmate Catholicae fidei exorti
1767:
1094:
771:
584:
372:
364:
213:. The battle was significant as the culmination of a series of Berber attacks and the beginning of
1839:
Spanish Hebrew Poetry and the Arabic Literary Tradition: Arabic Themes in Hebrew Andalusian Poetry
1797:
1423:(Londong: Blackwell Publishing), 97. The most specific accounts place Roderic in the vicinity of
103:
1818:
899:
around 1115 recorded that the sons of Wittiza fled from Roderic to Julian and enlisted his aid.
752:, fled the city at the coming of the Muslims, and remained for the rest of his life an exile in
1783:
Wolfram Drews (2002), "Jews as Pagans? Polemical Definitions of Identity in Visigothic Spain",
740:, in both its versions, blames the anonymous "sons of Wittiza" for conspiring against Roderic.
246:
Christian. The only other Latin Christian source written within a century of the battle is the
1574:
1381:
is synonymous with Straits of Gibraltar and need not imply that Mūsā landed at Cádiz (ancient
1320:
1221:
1161:
1045:
790:
The later Arabic historians universally credit their religion for the victory. Al-Maqqarī, in
625:
466:
395:
Though the reign of Roderic is traditionally dated to 710–711, a literal reading of the
198:
108:
78:
1578:
1285:
1915:
1792:
862:
854:
832:
567:
537:
384:
350:
279:
261:
231:
124:
1585:
1479:
1469:
1339:
1017:
965:
804:
641:
589:
566:
when he was recalled to the south to deal with an invasion. There is also the record of a
493:
380:
290:
253:
210:
1436:
Bernard S. Bachrach (1973), "A Reassessment of Visigothic Jewish Policy, 589–711",
1124:
Collins (1989), 2 note 3 and 3 note 5 summarises some debate concerning the Arab sources.
938:
509:
441:
in 705–706. Some later Arabic and Christian sources present an earlier raid by a certain
47:
1763:
1090:
1050:
766:
633:
486:
368:
334:
17:
731:
the treachery can be placed at Roderic's feet. He "lost his kingdom together with his
604:
The date of the battle is traditionally 711, though this is not the date given by the
2068:
1459:
1264:
1066:
1055:
1034:
941:
penned a history of the conquest which incorporates and retells many of the legends.
931:
896:
845:
649:
419:
360:
338:
320:
218:
1564:
For the theory that Guadabeca became Guadaleca and finally Guadalete, see Shaw, 223.
442:
2094:
2089:
1887:(who in the fifteenth century invented "Floresinda", an authentic Gothic name) and
1860:
1663:
673:
434:
330:
283:
257:
1010:
822:
The traditional explanation for the rapid fall of the Visigothic kingdom has been
2000:
934:. All mention that it was made from endowments to churches by kings and wealthy
1764:
Al Maggari: Tarik's Address to His Soldiers, 711 CE, from The Breath of Perfumes
593:
1982:, VI, 2nd ed. Both appear sceptical of the later (post-eighth century) sources.
235:, which was written shortly after 754, probably in the vicinity of Toledo. The
1975:
1286:
L'image des Arabes et de l'islam dans les manuels d'histoire turcs depuis 1931
923:
915:
517:
474:
214:
2050:
2037:
1772:
The Sacred Books and Early Literature of the East: Volume VI, Medieval Arabia
1374:
927:
866:
823:
533:
513:
501:
414:
190:
760:
caustically notes that he was "an hireling, and not the shepherd" (quoting
613:
25 or 26 July. A more rough dating is between 19 and 23 July. According to
27:
8th-century battle between the Visigothic Kingdom and the Umayyad Caliphate
1348:(Princeton: Princeton University Press), 32. Ṭāriq landed on 28 April 711.
1957:
1893:
1863:
1631:
ad fluvium qui Guadalete dicitur, prope Assidonam quae nunc Xeres dicitur
1424:
1403:
1021:
888:, is almost universally vilified in subsequent works, beginning with the
779:
749:
669:
645:
618:
552:
482:
438:
256:. Paul was neither Visigothic nor Hispanic, but was writing probably in
1395:
1317:
Paths of Innovation in Warfare: From the Twelfth Century to the Present
910:
812:
775:
703:
690:
563:
521:
410:
400:
260:
between 787 and 796, where many Visigothic monks had taken refuge. The
243:
202:
194:
120:
1472:
52:
The Visigothic retreat in front of the Berber cavalry, as depicted by
1399:
870:
621:, in the plain stretching from the Río Barbate to the Río Guadalete.
576:
478:
286:, are generally untrustworthy, containing much legend and invention.
185:, fought in 711 at an unidentified location in what is now southern
1637:
became Xeres-Sidonia to the Arabs and thence Jerez de la Frontera.
986:
761:
497:
454:
302:
236:
206:
186:
1247:
Norman Roth (1976), "The Jews and the Muslim Conquest of Spain,"
624:
According to ʿAbd al-Ḥakam, Ṭāriq was marching from Cartagena to
1911:
1866:
Dykes Shaw (1906), "The Fall of the Visigothic Power in Spain",
1085:(Yale University Press); also John Harris Jones, trans. (1858),
903:
753:
741:
708:
1527:
God's Crucible: Islam and the Making of Europe, 570–1215
405:
1927:
The passage mentioning Urban is quoted in Shaw, 221 note 38:
877:, of which "Julian" was probably the (unnamed) Gothic count (
778:
was under Muslims dominion and they had advanced beyond the
1629::6 (April), 233. Rodrigo states that the battle took place
1089:(Göttingen: W. Fr. Kaestner), pp. 18–22 excerpted at
473:, argues that Ṭāriq was a Goth and the nominal governor of
1906:
Ibn Khaldūn calls him a Christian Berber, loyal follower (
319:("the son of the Goth "), the eleventh-century historian
1160:. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons Ltd. pp. 130–132.
1043:. More recently, Collins (1989) has compared them to the
375:
are sceptical of the Arabic sources and rely more on the
1859:
This view was influentially expounded in English by the
711:
constituted the troops upon which Roderic could draw.
1539:
1537:
1535:
1137:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 49–50.
500:(Septem) and landed at the Rock of Calpe, the later
1932:, qui cum eo cunctas Hispaniae adventaverat patrias
1837:Arie Schippers (1994), "The Jews in Muslim Spain",
422:, he was not unopposed after his "usurpation" (the
562:According to al-Maqqarī, Roderic was fighting the
1503:
1501:
1499:
1606:
1604:
1602:
588:(883) dates the first invasion of Spain to "the
289:Besides the Latin Christian sources are several
2029:, Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1898.
1091:Ibn Abd-el-Hakem: The Islamic Conquest of Spain
796:
570:attack on southern Iberia that was repulsed by
540:, which he captured and made his headquarters.
32:
1918:tribe. Sánchez-Albornoz agreed (Glick, 32n36).
1807:Early Medieval Jewish policy in Western Europe
508:, "Rock of Ṭāriq". A legend first recorded by
2005:(Boston: Little, Brown, & Company, 1881).
1970:
1968:
1966:
1805:(1), 1–27. Bernard S. Bachrach (1977),
1454:
1452:
492:According to all sources, the earliest being
305:. This account, more rich in detail than the
8:
1645:
1643:
2085:Battles of the Umayyad conquest of Hispania
1850:Thompson, 316; Bachrach (1977), 26, agrees.
1619:Thomas Hodgkin (1887), "Visigothic Spain",
1590:Providence: Studies in Western Civilization
1297:
1295:
1192:"Taric Abuzara" and "others" come from the
1974:Hodgkin, 234, who quotes extensively from
672:, puts the engagement on the banks of the
29:
959:The Jews and the Muslim Conquest of Spain
229:The primary source for the battle is the
168:Heavy, including many nobles and the king
1891:(who in the sixteenth turned her into a
1579:"The Battle of Tours-Poitiers Revisited"
1315:Sambaluk, Nicholas Michael, ed. (2018).
1305:(Oxford: Clarendon Press), 250–51.
983:The Arab Conquest of Spain, 710–97
895:promise and evolving into a tyrant. The
359:Among modern Anglo-American historians,
183:Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula
40:Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula
1741:
1689:
1543:
1490:
1357:
1180:
950:
640:(river Lakka), often identified as the
1529:(W.W. Norton & Co.), 123–24.
1319:. London: Lexington Books. p. 7.
453:, refers to an Arab attack incited by
1770:, edited in Charles F. Horne (1917),
1232:"Dispatares sobre el Islam en España"
1069:(p. 5), in terms of historical value.
7:
477:. Others have argued that Ṭāriq was
333:, the fourteenth-century history of
1666:opposite Córdoba, later called the
1227:La Revolución islámica en occidente
504:, which Arabic sources derive from
676:, which he says might derive from
471:The Islamic Revolution in the West
181:was the first major battle of the
25:
1753:Collins (1989), 1–6 and 31.
1458:Kenneth Baxter Wolf, ed. (2008).
532:), lord of Ceuta and "Alchadra" (
315:, the late tenth-century work of
197:, and the invading forces of the
77:Near a body of water in southern
1087:History of the Conquest of Spain
582:The author of the late Asturian
46:
2075:Battles involving the Visigoths
1020:, only adds the fact that the "
648:lake, stream of "Beca", or the
278:in the late ninth century. The
1473:Medieval Texts in Translation.
1439:The American Historical Review
1024:" came to Hispania from Ceuta.
557:intestino furore confligeratur
337:, or the early modern work of
1:
2105:710s in the Umayyad Caliphate
2023:"The Battle Of The Guadalete"
1868:The English Historical Review
1622:The English Historical Review
1525:David Levering Lewis (2008),
1206:The English Historical Review
301:(c.803–871), was composed in
972:, Vol. 38, No. 2 pp. 145–58.
592:of November in the year 752
345:in particular was upheld by
1874::82 (April), 209–228.
1701:David Lewis, 123–124.
1662:on the western bank of the
1274:, accessed 18 October 2009.
1033:In the nineteenth century,
668:. Joaquín Vallvé, studying
418:southwest) and his capital
2121:
1910:) of Wittiza, and finally
1406:, a fact confirmed by the
1371:The Buildings of Justinian
1133:Bernard F. Reilly (1993),
1062:Cogadh Gaedhel re Gallaibh
774:and the mountain-dwelling
654:Transductinis promonturiis
282:accounts, such as that of
2100:8th century in al-Andalus
2027:Historical Tales: Spanish
1584:21 September 2008 at the
826:. The late ninth-century
426:calls it an "invasion").
323:, the thirteenth-century
162:
139:
114:
97:
60:
54:Salvador Martínez Cubells
45:
37:
1712:Rafael Altamira y Crevea
1555:For this, see Glick, 31.
1272:Encyclopædia Universalis
1158:Visigothic Spain 409–711
738:Chronicle of Alfonso III
700:Chronicle of Alfonso III
451:Chronicle of Alfonso III
347:Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz
271:Chronicle of Alfonso III
1301:E. A. Thompson (1969),
1156:Collins, Roger (2004).
1040:Thousand and One Nights
964:7 December 2019 at the
786:Cause of Muslim victory
664:, placed the battle at
662:Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada
354:Évariste Lévi-Provençal
276:Alfonso III of Asturias
18:Battle of the Guadalete
1732:(1), pp. 51–112.
1419:Roger Collins (1986),
989:. A full study of the
981:Roger Collins (1989),
801:
792:The Breath of Perfumes
746:metropolitan of Toledo
516:and then followed the
249:Historia Langobardorum
115:Commanders and leaders
1785:Early Medieval Europe
1249:Jewish Social Studies
1079:Charles Cutler Torrey
1037:compared them to the
995:Early Medieval Europe
970:Jewish Social Studies
957:Norman Roth (1976), "
660:, probably following
201:, composed mainly of
163:Casualties and losses
1507:Bachrach (1973), 32.
1478:29 June 2009 at the
1468:29 June 2009 at the
914:in Damascus (either
891:Chronicle of Moissac
756:. The author of the
666:Jerez de la Frontera
615:David Levering Lewis
457:during the reign of
445:in 710 and one, the
431:Straits of Gibraltar
209:under the commander
2047: /
1980:Könige der Germanen
1943:Collins (1989), 36.
1820:Jewish Encyclopedia
1768:Medieval Sourcebook
1610:Collins (1989), 28.
1461:Chronica Prophetica
1408:Mozarabic Chronicle
1255:(2), 146–148.
1238:, Opinión, No. 117.
1194:Mozarabic Chronicle
1135:The Medieval Spains
1095:Medieval Sourcebook
1016:17 May 2008 at the
991:Mozarabic Chronicle
886:Mozarabic Chronicle
859:Mozarabic Chronicle
828:Chronica Prophetica
817:Mozarabic Chronicle
772:Kingdom of Asturias
758:Mozarabic Chronicle
729:Mozarabic Chronicle
680:(Roderic's river).
606:Mozarabic Chronicle
585:Chronica Prophetica
547:, Mūsā crossed the
545:Mozarabic Chronicle
536:), and landed near
424:Mozarabic Chronicle
397:Mozarabic Chronicle
385:Bernard S. Bachrach
377:Mozarabic Chronicle
373:Kenneth Baxter Wolf
307:Mozarabic Chronicle
232:Mozarabic Chronicle
179:Battle of Guadalete
33:Battle of Guadalete
2051:36.6000°N 6.2167°W
1744:, p. 135-139.
1668:Campo de la Verdad
1303:The Goths in Spain
1269:"Tariq ibn Ziyad,"
1146:Collins (1989), 28
1115:Collins (1989), 3.
632:, probably modern
496:, Ṭāriq left from
193:under their king,
104:Visigothic Kingdom
1826:"Kaula al-Yahudi"
1670:(Field of Truth).
1575:William E. Watson
1283:Étienne Copeaux,
1212::82 (April), 222.
1081:, trans. (1922),
1046:Chanson de Roland
1001:(1), 13–29.
543:According to the
449:recension of the
299:Ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥakam
242:was written by a
199:Umayyad Caliphate
175:
174:
109:Umayyad Caliphate
93:
92:
16:(Redirected from
2112:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2056:36.6000; -6.2167
2052:
2048:
2045:
2044:
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2040:
2006:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1972:
1961:
1950:
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1941:
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1885:Pedro del Corral
1881:
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1793:Julian of Toledo
1781:
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1699:
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1656:
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1638:
1635:Caesaris Asidona
1617:
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1597:
1571:
1565:
1562:
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1456:
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1392:
1386:
1379:Gaditanum fretum
1367:
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1337:
1331:
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1306:
1299:
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1031:
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1008:
1002:
979:
973:
955:
855:Balearic Islands
835:historiography.
833:Spanish-language
549:Gaditanum fretum
326:Complete History
154:~1,900 (Collins)
146:~2,500 (Collins)
129:
62:
61:
50:
30:
21:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2113:
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2065:
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2055:
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2015:
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1999:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1973:
1964:
1951:
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1782:
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1740:
1736:
1722:
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1696:
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1618:
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1586:Wayback Machine
1572:
1568:
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1470:Wayback Machine
1457:
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1435:
1431:
1418:
1414:
1393:
1389:
1368:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1340:Thomas F. Glick
1338:
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1327:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1300:
1293:
1282:
1278:
1263:
1259:
1246:
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1191:
1187:
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1132:
1128:
1123:
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1101:
1077:
1073:
1053:(p. 34) or the
1032:
1028:
1018:Wayback Machine
1009:
1005:
980:
976:
966:Wayback Machine
956:
952:
947:
926:, the polymath
841:
809:Akhbar Majmu'ah
805:Kaula al-Yahudi
788:
698:version of the
686:
642:Guadalete river
602:
494:Paul the Deacon
463:Mūsā ibn Nuṣayr
393:
381:Thomas F. Glick
343:Akhbar Majmu'ah
312:Akhbar Majmu'ah
291:Arabic-language
254:Paul the Deacon
227:
211:Tariq ibn Ziyad
158:
156:12,000 (Lewis)
155:
150:
148:33,000 (Lewis)
147:
134:Ṭāriq ibn Ziyad
125:
89:Umayyad victory
81:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2118:
2116:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2080:710s conflicts
2077:
2067:
2066:
2031:
2030:
2019:Charles Morris
2014:
2013:External links
2011:
2008:
2007:
1993:
1984:
1962:
1945:
1936:
1920:
1899:
1889:Miguel de Luna
1876:
1852:
1843:
1830:
1811:
1776:
1755:
1746:
1734:
1716:
1703:
1694:
1692:, p. 141.
1682:
1672:
1651:
1639:
1612:
1598:
1566:
1557:
1548:
1531:
1518:
1509:
1495:
1493:, p. 135.
1483:
1448:
1429:
1412:
1387:
1362:
1360:, p. 134.
1350:
1332:
1326:978-1498551779
1325:
1307:
1291:
1276:
1257:
1240:
1222:Ignacio Olagüe
1214:
1185:
1183:, p. 139.
1173:
1167:978-1405149662
1166:
1148:
1139:
1126:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1071:
1051:French history
1026:
1003:
974:
949:
948:
946:
943:
879:comes julianus
875:Julia Traducta
873:, the ancient
840:
837:
787:
784:
767:Gospel of John
696:Ad Sebastianum
685:
682:
658:Thomas Hodgkin
634:Medina Sidonia
601:
600:Date and place
598:
467:Ignacio Olagüe
447:Ad Sebastianum
392:
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369:E. A. Thompson
365:R. A. Fletcher
317:Ibn al-Qūṭiyya
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1067:Irish history
1064:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1056:Lebor na Cert
1052:
1048:
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1042:
1041:
1036:
1035:Reinhart Dozy
1030:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1011:Paul, VI.xlvi
1007:
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897:Monk of Silos
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379:. Historians
378:
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361:Roger Collins
357:
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55:
49:
44:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2032:
2026:
2001:
1996:
1987:
1979:
1953:
1948:
1939:
1931:
1928:
1923:
1907:
1902:
1892:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1861:Presbyterian
1855:
1846:
1838:
1833:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1771:
1758:
1749:
1742:Collins 2004
1737:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1706:
1697:
1690:Collins 2004
1685:
1675:
1667:
1664:Guadalquivir
1659:
1654:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1615:
1593:
1589:
1569:
1560:
1551:
1544:Collins 2004
1526:
1521:
1512:
1491:Collins 2004
1486:
1460:
1443:
1437:
1432:
1427:(Shaw, 223).
1420:
1415:
1407:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1370:
1365:
1358:Collins 2004
1353:
1344:
1335:
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1310:
1302:
1284:
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1252:
1248:
1243:
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1226:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1181:Collins 2004
1176:
1157:
1151:
1142:
1134:
1129:
1120:
1111:
1102:
1086:
1082:
1074:
1060:
1054:
1044:
1038:
1029:
1006:
998:
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990:
982:
977:
969:
953:
939:Henry Coppée
936:
908:
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889:
885:
883:
878:
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858:
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844:
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827:
821:
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789:
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757:
737:
732:
728:
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720:
716:
713:
699:
695:
687:
677:
674:Guadarranque
653:
637:
629:
623:
609:
605:
603:
583:
581:
561:
556:
548:
544:
542:
529:
526:Count Julian
520:that led to
505:
491:
470:
450:
446:
435:North Africa
428:
423:
404:
396:
394:
376:
358:
342:
331:Ibn al-Athir
324:
310:
306:
294:
288:
284:Lucas de Tuy
269:
262:
258:Montecassino
247:
239:
230:
228:
189:between the
178:
176:
153:
145:
126:
98:Belligerents
2054: /
1952:Glick, 32.
1762:Taken from
1421:The Basques
1377:, the term
678:Wad al-Rinq
551:(Strait of
506:Jebel Tariq
351:Orientalist
335:Ibn Khaldūn
56:(1845–1914)
2069:Categories
2039:36°36′00″N
1991:Shaw, 222.
1976:Felix Dahn
1726:Al-Andalus
1649:Glick, 32.
1198:Al-Qantara
932:Al-Himyari
924:Ibn Hayyan
846:Cava Rumía
518:Roman road
475:Tingitania
409:(duke) of
391:Background
339:al-Maqqarī
321:Ibn Hayyān
295:Futūh Miṣr
215:al-Andalus
2042:6°13′00″W
1680:accounts.
1385:) itself.
1375:Procopius
1224:(2004 ),
928:Al-Biruni
867:etymology
863:Byzantine
851:Doña Cava
824:decadence
782:as well.
721:mujaffafa
638:Wadilakka
610:Chronicle
572:Theudimer
568:Byzantine
538:Cartagena
534:Algeciras
514:Algeciras
510:al-Idrīsī
502:Gibraltar
415:Achila II
263:Chronicle
240:Chronicle
205:and some
191:Visigoths
1894:meretrix
1864:Reverend
1798:Speculum
1582:Archived
1577:(1993),
1476:Archived
1466:Archived
1425:Pamplona
1404:Damascus
1342:(1979),
1236:WebIslam
1022:Saracens
1014:Archived
962:Archived
920:Sulayman
916:Al-Walid
780:Pyrenees
750:Sindered
717:en masse
670:toponymy
646:La Janda
630:Shedunya
619:La Janda
528:(Arabic
439:Tangiers
140:Strength
73:Location
68:July 711
38:Part of
1914:of the
1908:fidelis
1660:Secunda
1396:flogged
911:Solomon
813:Seville
776:Basques
704:Francia
691:cavalry
626:Córdoba
564:Basques
522:Seville
483:Persian
411:Baetica
401:Wittiza
244:Mozarab
225:Sources
203:Berbers
195:Roderic
127:†
121:Roderic
1954:Tarīfa
1916:Gūmara
1573:As in
1400:Caliph
1323:
1164:
871:Tarifa
839:Legend
733:patria
608:. The
577:Spania
487:Turkic
479:Jewish
433:from
420:Toledo
371:, and
341:. The
265:of 741
219:Toledo
171:~3,000
123:
86:Result
79:Iberia
1958:Cádiz
1841:, 43.
1383:Gades
1093:from
987:Syria
945:Notes
918:, or
904:mules
762:Jesus
684:Clash
553:Cádiz
530:Ilyan
498:Ceuta
485:, or
469:, in
459:Wamba
455:Erwig
443:Ṭārif
303:Egypt
237:Latin
207:Arabs
187:Spain
1912:emir
1824:s.v.
1321:ISBN
1162:ISBN
1065:for
1059:and
1049:for
930:and
754:Rome
742:Oppa
709:fisc
590:Ides
383:and
177:The
65:Date
2095:711
2090:710
1766:at
1402:to
1373:of
1369:In
968:",
906:.
881:).
869:of
849:or
656:).
594:era
406:dux
329:of
297:of
252:of
2071::
2025:,
2021:,
1978:,
1965:^
1897:).
1872:21
1870:,
1822:,
1803:27
1801:,
1789:11
1787:,
1730:43
1728:,
1642:^
1625:,
1601:^
1592:,
1588:,
1534:^
1498:^
1451:^
1444:78
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1267:,
1253:38
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748:,
644:,
579:.
489:.
481:,
367:,
363:,
221:.
1934:.
1828:.
1627:2
1596:.
1594:2
1546:.
1463:.
1329:.
1170:.
1097:.
999:8
20:)
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