768:; around present-day Hanzhong, Shaanxi) and ordered Wei Yan to lead the troops east. He left behind only 10,000 men to defend Yangping. Sima Yi led 200,000 troops to attack Zhuge Liang and he took a shortcut, bypassing Wei Yan's army and arriving at a place 60 li away from Zhuge Liang's location. Upon inspection, Sima Yi realised that Zhuge Liang's city was weakly defended. Zhuge Liang knew that Sima Yi was near, so he thought of recalling Wei Yan's army back to counter Sima Yi, but it was too late already and his men were worried and terrified. Zhuge Liang remained calm and instructed his men to hide all flags and banners and silence the war drums. He then ordered all the gates to be opened and told his men to sweep and dust the ground. Sima Yi was under the impression that Zhuge Liang was cautious and prudent, and he was baffled by the sight before him and suspected that there was an ambush. He then withdrew his troops. The following day, Zhuge Liang clapped his hands, laughed, and told an aide that Sima Yi thought that there was an ambush and had retreated. Later, his scouts returned and reported that Sima Yi had indeed retreated. Sima Yi was very upset when he found out later."
497:
37:
775:"When the enemy is superior in numbers and your situation is such that you expect to be overrun at any moment, then drop all pretense of military preparedness, act calmly, and taunt the enemy, so that the enemy will think you have a huge ambush hidden for them. It works best by acting calm and at ease when your enemy expects you to be tense. This ploy is only successful if in most cases you do have a powerful hidden force and only sparsely use the empty fort strategy."
131:
753:. Based on Robert's view of the fictional novel's tendency to build up the rivalry between Sima Yi and Zhuge Liang, and the contradiction of Sima Yi's location at the time of this event, some share Robert's opinion that the event did not happen. However, many historians agree that Sima Yi's absence alone cannot disprove the occurrence. The historical basis for the event comes from an anecdote shared by Guo Chong (
509:
soldiers did his best to keep the retreat organized and ordered his soldiers to beat their drums loudly to create the impression that reinforcements had arrived. Zhang He believed this to possibly be a sign of an ambush and so he did not pursue. When Zhuge Liang arrived, he attempted to defeat Zhang He; however, he did not find a way to take a position and so the Shu army had to retreat to
Hanzhong.
505:
base on the mountains instead of in a city as it has been instructed by Zhuge Liang. Ignoring Wang Ping's advice to make camp in a valley well supplied with water. Wang Ping, however, managed to persuade Ma Su to give him command of a portion of the troops, and later Wang Ping set up his base camp near Ma Su's camp, in order to offer assistance when Ma Su was in danger.
504:
Jieting was a crucial region for the securing of supplies, and Zhuge Liang sent Ma Su and Wang Ping to guard the region. Ma Su went accompanied by Wang Ping but did not listen to his sound military advice. Relying purely on books of military tactics, Ma Su chose to "take the high ground" and set his
744:
The historical Sima Yi was not at the western front for the "vacant city ruse" but at the more important southern front with the
Southland . Sima Yi did not come to the western front until Kongming's fourth offensive . The fictional tradition tends to attach more importance to the Wei-Shu conflict
587:
Because of the loss of
Jieting, the supply situation became dire for Zhuge Liang's army and he had to retreat to his main base at Hanzhong while the Wei forces under Cao Zhen and Zhang He then used the opportunity to quell the rebellions in the three commanderies and restore peace. The defeat at
508:
Due to this tactical mistake, the Wei army led by Zhang He encircled the hill and cut off the water supply to the Shu troops and defeated them. Amidst the panic, Ma Su is recorded to have left his post leaving the army with no commander. Wang Ping rallied Ma Su's army and with only a handful of
771:
Later, in the fifth century, Pei
Songzhi added the anecdote as an annotation to Zhuge Liang's biography in the Sanguozhi. Since Zhuge Liang wrote on the use of this tactic in his compilation work, "Thirty Six Stratagems", going so far as to detail how the psychology employed works, and why:
512:
Though he survived the battle, Ma Su's army suffered a heavy defeat. (Wang Ping was able to regroup Ma Su's remaining troops and gather the Shu army's scattered supplies.) Thus, Ma Su was soon arrested and sentenced to execution by a reluctant and tearful Zhuge Liang.
796:), further supporting the implication that he had experience in using this tactic, and his description does match the situation described by Guo Chong. However, there are a number of texts that dispute the accuracy of Guo Chong's anecdote.
190:
576:
Before his execution Ma Su wrote a letter to Zhuge Liang: "You wise lord regarded me like a son and myself looked upon you as a father. I dearly hope that this is the righteousness of the execution of
657:
A memorial of the battle is located in
Longcheng town. Topographical evidence and weapons found suggest that Longcheng is the most likely location, although there is no consensus among experts.
584:. May our whole life's relationship not be reduced by this. Though I shall die, I shall bear no resentments against the yellow earth." At the time, many among the army wept for his death.
674:, Ma Su was executed on the order of a tearful Zhuge Liang, whose continued high appraisal for Ma's intelligence made that a very reluctant decision. The scene has also been reenacted in
452:. Following his death, there were a few years of peace. Thus, the western lands were unprepared for such a dire situation. When they learned that there was a massive risk of losing the
696:), refers specifically to this incident, meaning "punishing a person for his wrongdoings regardless of relations or his abilities. A Japanese equivalent is "tearfully executing Ma Su"
183:
176:
563:) and other generals were relieved of the command of their soldiers by Zhuge Liang. Wang Ping, on the other hand, was promoted to General Who Attacks Bandits (
749:
In the abstract theory above, Roberts explains and compares historic history with fictional tales and the most likely reason Sima Yi was included before the
1254:
1210:
1165:
352:
200:
28:
521:
A large number of Shu Han's generals were punished. Ma Su was sentenced to death by Zhuge Liang as a way to soothe the masses. Zhang Xiu (
569:) for his efforts in minimizing casualties and for trying to prevent Ma Su's actions. Zhuge Liang himself sent a memorial to the Emperor
624:
1264:
268:
557:
was dismissed from his position as chief clerk because he did not report that Ma Su fled due to their friendship. Huang Xi (
1200:
670:
282:
745:
than the Wei-Wu conflict, and Three
Kingdoms accordingly builds up the Kongming-Sima Yi rivalry and the events of AD 228.
1269:
1131:
603:
496:
477:
135:
1184:
778:
Also worthy of note is that Zhuge Liang wrote this passage in his sixth chapter, titled "Desperate
Stratagems", (
405:) as a way to lure the main Wei forces of the region, while Zhuge Liang personally led a force towards Mount Qi.
244:
1249:
577:
1126:
598:
812:
Although the text simply says that Ma Su died ("wugu"; 物故), the implication is clear that he was executed.
485:
438:
36:
1009:((亮)戮謖以謝眾。) (literally (Zhuge) Liang had to execute (Ma) Su as an apology to the citizens.) Chen Shou.
722:
715:
In the novel, the loss of
Jieting exposed Zhuge Liang's current location, the defenceless Xicheng (
636:
750:
410:
356:
239:
214:
1161:
651:
234:
229:
168:
640:
461:
305:
219:
70:
679:
1121:
740:
on (page 2179 under
Chapter 95 Notes, fourth and last paragraph of the chapter notes):
647:
614:
348:
130:
1243:
1195:
675:
420:
392:
1259:
866:(六年春，揚聲由斜谷道取郿，使趙雲、鄧芝為疑軍，據箕谷，魏大將軍曹真舉衆拒之。亮身率諸軍攻祁山，戎陣整齊，賞罰肅而號令明，南安、天水、安定三郡叛魏應亮，關中響震。)
736:. Moss Roberts comments on this in his fourth volume of his English translation of
581:
312:
42:
732:
on the Wei side, but this event is impossible according to his biography in the
630:
465:
360:
596:
The exact location of the battle is not certain; according to research by the
554:
1225:
1212:
759:) in the early Jin dynasty (266–420). The anecdote is translated as follows:
1179:
538:
453:
1104:(帝遣真督諸軍軍郿，遣張郃擊亮將馬謖，大破之。安定民楊條等略吏民保月支城，真進軍圍之。條謂其衆曰：「大將軍自來，吾願早降耳。」遂自縛出。三郡皆平。)
1189:
618:
570:
469:
428:
406:
376:
372:
120:
729:
481:
457:
449:
445:
396:
363:, to attack Wei. The battle concluded with a decisive victory for Wei.
344:
340:
108:
103:
588:
Jieting caused the First
Northern Expedition to result in failure.
500:
Zhuge Liang's first and second northern expeditions against Cao Wei
480:
to intercept Zhang He, rather than the suggested veterans officers
879:(《魏略》曰：始，國家以蜀中惟有劉備。備既死，數歲寂然無聲，是以略無備預；而卒聞亮出，朝野恐懼，隴右、祁山尤甚，故三郡同時應亮。)
573:
requesting to be demoted for the defeat at Jieting, which he was.
473:
424:
125:
78:
74:
441:) – responded to the Shu invasion by defecting to the Shu side.
1035:(壽父為馬謖參軍，謖為諸葛亮所誅，壽父亦坐被髡，諸葛瞻又輕壽。壽為亮立傳，謂亮將略非長，無應敵之才，言瞻惟工書，名過其實。)
409:
led his army to oppose Zhao Yun while the three Wei-controlled
172:
1070:(襄陽記曰：謖臨終與亮書曰：「明公視謖猶子，謖視明公猶父，原深惟殛鯀興禹之義，使平生之交不虧於此，謖雖死無恨於黃壤也。」)
728:
In many stories, including the novel, the battle includes
553:), a punishment involving the shaving of a person's head.
1061:(丞相亮既誅馬謖及將軍張休、李盛，奪將軍黃襲等兵，平特見崇顯，加拜參軍，) Sanguozhi vol. 43.
1116:
1114:
948:(諸葛亮出祁山。加郃位特進，遣督諸軍，拒亮將馬謖於街亭。謖依阻南山，不下據城。郃絕其汲道，擊，大破之。)
909:(諸葛亮出祁山。加郃位特進，遣督諸軍，拒亮將馬謖於街亭。謖依阻南山，不下據城。郃絕其汲道，擊，大破之。)
317:
970:(眾盡星散，惟平所領千人，鳴鼓自持，魏將張郃疑其伏兵，不往偪也。於是平徐徐收合諸營遺迸，率將士而還。)
896:(建興六年，亮出軍向祁山，時有宿將魏延、吳壹等，論者皆言以為宜令為先鋒，而亮違眾拔謖，統大眾在前，)
311:
304:
299:
281:
267:
258:
1160:. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. p. 2179.
609:newspaper, there are several plausible locations:
472:to attack Zhuge Liang. Zhuge Liang chose generals
16:Battle between states of Cao Wei and Shu Han (228)
961:(朗素與馬謖善，謖逃亡，朗知情不舉，亮恨之，免官還成都。) Sanguozhi vol. 41.
742:
705:
21:
1022:(丞相亮既誅馬謖及將軍張休、李盛，奪將軍黃襲等兵，平特見崇顯，加拜參軍，統五部兼當營事。)
821:The identity of Chen Shou's father is unknown.
699:
791:
785:
779:
763:
754:
716:
564:
558:
548:
542:
528:
522:
432:
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400:
386:
380:
287:
273:
184:
8:
1124:[Where was the Battle of Jieting?].
935:(建興六年，屬參軍馬謖先鋒。謖舍水上山，舉措煩擾，平連規諫謖，謖不能用，大敗於街亭。)
351:period in China. The battle was part of the
682:, "wiping away tears and executing Ma Su" (
541:'s father was implicated and sentenced to
296:
191:
177:
169:
18:
725:to ward off the enemy before retreating.
495:
834:
805:
533:) were also executed. According to the
1013:, Volume 35, Biography of Zhuge Liang.
468:and assembled a secondary force under
255:
762:"Zhuge Liang garrisoned at Yangping (
668:In the 14th-century historical novel
476:as the vanguard commander along with
7:
385:) and pretend to attack Mei County (
646:Other locations named by some are
202:Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions
29:Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions
14:
339:was fought between the states of
45:illustration of Ma Su's execution
371:Zhuge Liang first sent generals
129:
35:
379:as a decoy force to Ji Valley (
1137:(in Chinese). 2 September 2020
1048:(朗素與馬謖善，謖逃亡，朗知情不舉，亮恨之，免官還成都。)
692:
687:
683:
318:
288:
274:
1:
1255:Battles of the Three Kingdoms
1201:Romance of the Three Kingdoms
996:(謖下獄物故，亮為之流涕。良死時年三十六，謖年三十九。)
738:Romance of the Three Kingdoms
734:Records of the Three Kingdoms
671:Romance of the Three Kingdoms
663:Romance of the Three Kingdoms
57:
464:of Wei, personally moved to
792:
706:
543:
391:; southeast of present-day
1286:
1226:35.0020074°N 105.9718660°E
1188:, Volume 17, Biography of
1265:Military history of Gansu
1185:Records of Three Kingdoms
1011:Records of Three Kingdoms
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34:
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1158:Three Kingdoms Volume IV
853:(諸葛亮圍祁山，南安、天水、安定三郡反應亮。)
721:). Zhuge Liang used the
269:Traditional Chinese
1231:35.0020074; 105.9718660
922:(与魏將張邰戰于街亭，為邰所破，士卒离散。)
580:leading to the rise of
283:Simplified Chinese
1156:Roberts, Moss (1976).
747:
623:Gongmen town, east of
501:
439:Zhenyuan County, Gansu
115:Commanders and leaders
1127:Gansu Financial Daily
707:Naite Bashoku wo kiru
599:Gansu Financial Daily
499:
437:; around present-day
419:; around present-day
155:Casualties and losses
27:Part of the first of
629:Jieting Mountain in
625:Zhangjiachuan County
448:as the main hero of
1270:History of Tianshui
1222: /
723:Empty Fort Strategy
751:Battle of Mount Qi
693:Huī Lèi Zhán Mǎ Sù
633:, Shaanxi Province
502:
444:People of Wei saw
399:) via Xie Valley (
347:in 228 during the
60:February – May 228
1204:, Chapters 95-96.
1167:978-7-119-00590-4
613:Jieting village,
337:Battle of Jieting
333:
332:
325:
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306:Standard Mandarin
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22:Battle of Jieting
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983:(亮進無所据，退軍還漢中。)
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1250:220s conflicts
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1174:
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1110:
1097:
1091:annotation in
1087:(於時十萬之眾為之垂涕。)
1080:
1074:annotation in
1063:
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1041:
1028:
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989:
976:
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954:
941:
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367:Opening moves
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1207:
1199:
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1139:. Retrieved
1125:
1105:
1100:
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1089:Xiangyang Ji
1088:
1083:
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1072:Xiangyang Ji
1071:
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582:Yu the Great
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431:and Anding (
411:commanderies
370:
336:
334:
313:Hanyu Pinyin
224:
98:Belligerents
43:Qing dynasty
1229: /
1217:105°58′19″E
1130: [
793:Bài zhàn jì
631:Mian County
602: [
361:Zhuge Liang
89:Wei victory
1244:Categories
1214:35°00′07″N
1122:"街亭之战位在何处"
829:References
652:Zhuanglang
639:, east of
555:Xiang Lang
413:– Nan'an (
357:chancellor
1180:Chen Shou
1106:Sanguozhi
1093:Sanguozhi
1076:Sanguozhi
1050:Sanguozhi
1024:Sanguozhi
998:Sanguozhi
985:Sanguozhi
972:Sanguozhi
950:Sanguozhi
937:Sanguozhi
924:Sanguozhi
911:Sanguozhi
898:Sanguozhi
885:Sanguozhi
868:Sanguozhi
855:Sanguozhi
539:Chen Shou
517:Aftermath
478:Wang Ping
454:Guanzhong
359:-regent,
136:Wang Ping
1190:Zhang He
1095:vol. 39.
1078:vol. 39.
1052:vol. 41.
1039:vol. 82.
1026:vol. 43.
1000:vol. 39.
987:vol. 39.
974:vol. 43.
952:vol. 17.
939:vol. 43.
926:vol. 39.
913:vol. 17.
900:vol. 39.
887:vol. 35.
870:vol. 35.
844:vol. 71.
701:泣いて馬謖を斬る
619:Tianshui
592:Location
571:Liu Shan
470:Zhang He
466:Chang'an
456:region.
429:Tianshui
407:Cao Zhen
377:Deng Zhi
373:Zhao Yun
230:Chencang
220:Tianshui
215:Xincheng
142:Strength
121:Zhang He
65:Location
1108:vol. 9.
1037:Jin Shu
857:vol. 9.
730:Sima Yi
648:Huating
643:, Gansu
535:Jin Shu
482:Wei Yan
462:emperor
458:Cao Rui
450:Shu Han
446:Liu Bei
397:Shaanxi
345:Shu Han
341:Cao Wei
235:Jianwei
225:Jieting
163:Unknown
160:Unknown
150:Unknown
147:Unknown
109:Shu Han
104:Cao Wei
1164:
881:Weilue
492:Battle
460:, the
240:Mt. Qi
128:
86:Result
1141:5 May
1134:]
800:Notes
688:揮淚斬馬謖
684:挥泪斩马谡
606:]
486:Wu Yi
474:Ma Su
425:Gansu
126:Ma Su
79:China
75:Gansu
1162:ISBN
1143:2023
678:. A
650:and
566:討寇將軍
375:and
343:and
335:The
289:街亭之战
275:街亭之戰
54:Date
1260:228
787:败战计
781:敗戰計
661:In
578:Gun
544:kun
484:or
427:),
1246::
1198:.
1182:.
1132:zh
1113:^
790:,
765:陽平
756:郭沖
718:西城
712:.
704:,
690:;
686:;
604:zh
560:黃襲
537:,
530:李盛
524:張休
488:.
434:安定
423:,
416:南安
402:斜谷
395:,
388:郿縣
382:箕谷
77:,
73:,
58:c.
41:A
1192:.
1170:.
1145:.
784:／
710:)
698:(
550:髡
547:(
192:e
185:t
178:v
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