667:
nearly 40,000 men of all arms by a hostile force of less than one-half that number, it is not sufficient to say that the management of the whole battle on the side of the Turks was a series of blunders from first to last; strategical errors might have protracted the engagement, and have added to the cost of a victory, but downright cowardice alone – which no generalship could have redeemed – gave the day to the
Russians. One arm, and one arm only behaved well – the artillery – which, with its commander, Tahir Pasha, acted worthily of any army in Europe. Of the whole 40 battalions of infantry two regiments – the 5th Anatolian and 4th Desartet – alone stood their ground and resisted cavalry. Three successive times did three squadrons of Russian dragoons bear down upon these exceptionally brave regiments with a force before which many better disciplined troops would have yielded, without effecting an opening in their ranks; and it was only after a fourth charge, supported by the fire of a field-piece, that they gave way, when only 250 of the first and 400 of the second escaped death from the Russian sabres. Than the conduct of the rest of the infantry, nothing could well be worse, except that of the entire cavalry, which would have disgraced the rawest Bashi-Bazouks. If such, however, was the conduct of the men, that, as I have said, of the great majority of the superior officers was still more infamous. An hour after the action began, there was hardly a Bunbashi (major) or Murallai (colonel) to be seen; almost to a man they had deserted their regiments, and fled back to the camp to secure their baggage and send it off to Kars. Battalion upon battalion, and squadron upon squadron, were thus left without leaders – a
624:
639:
artillery unprotected. In a series of attacks, the dragoons and the
Russian infantry then attempted without success to capture the Turkish artillery. During that struggle, the Russian infantry routed a Turkish battalion composed of inexperienced conscripts who quickly broke and fled. Shortly thereafter, the dragoons captured the Turkish artillery and then began an indiscriminant attack upon the Turkish infantry, cavalry, and artillery corps. The entire Turkish force started to break and give way. Efforts by Kerim Pasha to re-form and fight were in vain. About that time, the second division arrived and immediately attacked the Russians by means of a cannonade. The battle began to turn back in the favor of the Turks.
227:
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Zarif Pasha, however, allowed Vely Pasha and the second division to halt their march for a two hour period when they ran into difficulty crossing the terrain in the darkness. As a result, the first division of the
Turkish force not only arrived two hours after dawn but also two hours before the second division. All the benefit of an early morning surprise attack with a concentrated force was lost and the Russians were up and in battle formation when the first of the Turks arrived.
659:
As a result, the individual
Turkish groups fought individually rather than as a group taking advantage of their numerical superiority. The artillery performed well and fought bravely. The performance of the Turkish cavalry was a disgrace as was the conduct of the Bashi-bazouks. The conduct of the Turkish officers in general was shameful as they deserted their men and fled back to their camp to secure their baggage and retreat to Kars.
611:
Pasha upset the plans when he failed to understand the importance of the timetable for the movement of the troops and neglected to give the order to march. Even when Guyon urged Zarif Pasha to issue the order, Zarif Pasha reportedly replied “I am the müşir. I know when to set out”. Zarif Pasha refused to be prompted and the
Turkish troops were held for over two hours, marching out at approximately midnight.
39:
603:, the British-born Hungarian General serving as the chief of staff for the Anatolian army. The relationship between Zarif Pasha and Guyon, however, was very poor. Zarif Pasha did not believe that Guyon knew how to take orders or to command an army. When Guyon made recommendations as he did earlier that summer to attack the Russians at their bases, Zarif Pasha rejected the proposals outright.
239:
132:
647:
the first division, but it was too late. The first division was already retreating pursued by
Russian dragoons. Guyon was able to regroup four battalions of infantry, one regiment of cavalry, and one artillery battery, and lead them in a charge. He was successful in regaining some lost ground, but was overcome by the greater number of Russians.
556:
regimental clerk and later in his military career he served in commissaries. While the army was reinforced with
Armenian conscripts under his command, little was done to improve or correct equipment deficiencies. Nevertheless, Zarif Pasha was under great pressure to confront and defeat the Russian forces in the Trans-Caucasus.
643:
which turned into panic and spread to the Bashi-bazouks. Quickly, all the mounted
Turkish forces fled back toward their own lines riding into their own infantry and causing such a disruption that the organization and control of the infantry was lost. As a result, the entire Turkish force panicked and fled in confusion.
709:. Eventually in September 1854, İsmail Pasha, the chief of staff of the Rumelian army, was appointed to take the command of the Anatolian army at Kars. There were no further military conflict of a substantial nature between the Ottoman and Russian Empires in the Trans-Caucasus for the remainder of the year.
666:
With a vivid impression of the whole engagement, from the first cannonshot to the last straggling discharges of musketry, I can use no language too strong to express my reprobation of the conduct of nearly four-fifths of the
Turkish officers present. In accounting for the defeat of an army numbering
658:
The defeat of the
Anatolian army at Kürekdere can be attributed to the incompetence of Zarif Pasha and the cowardice of the majority of the Turkish officers. The implementation of the battle plan by Zarif Pasha was poor. The Turkish forces were divided into three groups that became widely separated.
654:
At the Kars fortress chaos reigned. Bashi-Bazouk riders had ridden back in haste to warn that the Russians were coming. People were collecting their valuables and fleeing the city. Zarif Pasha ultimately brought his defeated army back to Kars and took refuge in the fortress expecting the Russians to
638:
At the beginning of the fighting on the battlefield, the first division of the Turks was successful at driving back the Russian infantry. The Russian dragoons, however, followed-up and rode into the Turkish infantry at a high speed. This caused the Turkish infantry to panic and retreat leaving their
610:
Guyon's plan called for the army to set out at sunset taking advantage of the moonlight to travel through the night to a position near the Russian camp and then to attack at dawn. The evening of August 5 was clear and the moon lit up the countryside. The troops were ready to go, but once again Zarif
564:
By the summer of 1854, the Anatolian army had been reinforced to the extent that the Turks had numerical superiority over the Russian forces in the southern Caucasus. During this time, Zarif Pasha had numerous opportunities to take the offensive and attack Russian outposts and garrisons; however, he
701:
in Istanbul. Zarif Pasha tried to place the blame for the defeat on Guyon. Guyon, however, had many supporters including at least two foreign correspondents; Zarif Pasha's aide-de-camp, Count de Melfray; and Şükrü Pasha of the Turkish army, all who defended the Englishman's battle plan and conduct.
650:
The battle was over. Quickly the Turks fled back to their encampment, gathered what they could and proceeded to retreat in great disorder. Soon there was a caravan of the remnants of an army stretching for miles on the road to Kars. Included among the shattered remains of the army were disorganized
646:
As the cavalry began to disrupt the infantry, Guyon ordered Vely Pasha and the second division to advance and support the first division. Vely Pasha, however, refused to do so until ordered by Zarif Pasha. When the mushir was located an hour later, the order was then given to Vely Pasha to support
606:
At the war council, however, the pashas argued among themselves and could not agree upon what should be done. Reluctantly, Zarif Pasha approved a plan put forward by Guyon to immediately attack Bebutov's army as it was encamped at Kürekdere and then turn and pursue the Russian detachment advancing
572:
and established an encampment near the village of Kürekdere approximately an hour's march from Turkish outposts at Sobattan and Hadgi-Velikoi. After Zarif Pasha learned of the Russian encroachment, he moved his army from the fortress at Kars to the Turkish outpost at Hadgi-Velikoi and prepared to
642:
Guyon and Resul Pasha then brought the Turkish cavalry into the fight advancing at a gallop. As the force advanced toward the Russians encampment and crested the top of a hill, they rode headlong into a Russian infantry regiment. When the cavalry reined in, it caused great disorder and confusion
614:
The night march was then further upset by Zarif Pasha. Both divisions of the Turkish army, the first division commanded by Kerim Pasha and the second division commanded by Vely Pasha, were to march through the night and arrive at the Russian camp simultaneously to attack in a coordinated manner.
589:
On 3 August, Zarif Pasha received the disturbing news that on 18 July Russian General Vrangel leading 11,000 troops attacked and defeated Selim Pasha's Turkish force of 8,000 men at Bayezid. Turkish casualties were nearly 2,400 men. The Russians were now en route to the small Turkish garrison at
555:
In the spring of 1854, the former governor of the province of Erzurum, Zarif Mustafa Pasha, was appointed as the new field-marshal. Although he had attained the rank of Pasha, Zarif Mustafa was not a man with a strong background of military leadership. His early military experience had been as a
551:
or field-marshal of the Anatolian army. During the winter of 1853-1854, Abdi Pasha severely neglected the welfare of his conscripted army at Kars and as many as 20,000 men died of malnutrition and disease. As the winter came to an end, Ahmed Pasha was removed as the field marshal and recalled to
585:
During this time, Zarif Pasha reinforced his army with the infantry division from Ardahan commanded by Kerim Pasha bringing the number of men in the Turkish encampment to approximately 40,000. Russian General Bebutov did the same calling in field detachments increasing the size of his force to
581:
Turkish allies conducted several cavalry raids on the Russians, one in which they suffered many casualties because the Turks failed to support them. Many of the Bashi-bazouks ultimately became frustrated with the failure of Zarif Pasha to take action and returned to their homes.
651:
units of infantry, cavalry, and artillery; the walking wounded; bullock carts carrying materials and the wounded; baggage carts; horses, mules, and camels; and non-combatants. Although the caravan was an easy target, the Russians did not pursue their beaten enemy.
598:
It then became apparent that the Turks must take action. Without a plan of his own, Zarif Pasha held a council with his officers to discuss options. There were more than twenty Ottoman pashas and also more than twenty European staff officers, including
623:
685:
Guyon attempted to lead the Turks in the battle, however, he was only the chief of staff and had no line authority to command; as such, the commanders of Turkish forces weren't authorized to obey his orders without approval from Zarif Pasha.
702:
Zarif Pasha was accused of corruption in the administration of the Anatolian army and taking offensive action in the battle of Kürekdere when his orders were to only be on the defensive. In July 1855, Zarif Pasha was acquitted and released.
634:
On Sunday, 6 August 1854, the two armies met at Kürekdere and the battle started by means of a 30 minute exchange of cannon fire. The Turkish artillery was more effective at the outset and drove the Russians off of an elevated hillside.
565:
initiated no activity against the Russians even when members of his staff urged him to do so. Because of Zarif Pasha's passive conduct, the Russians felt safe to move about actively and strike the Turks when they had the advantage.
576:
For the month of July the two armies remained in the field but there was no battle. One day the armies formed up ready to fight but withdrew due to a violent thunderstorm. During the period that the two armies were encamped, the
607:
upon Erzurum. Although Zarif Pasha gave his approval to Guyon's plan on the evening of 3 August, he nevertheless delayed the attack for 48 hours because August 4 and 5 were unlucky days on the Turkish calendar.
586:
approximately 28,000 men. Even as reinforcements arrived and the Turks maintained their numerical superiority, Zarif Pasha remained bewildered as to whether he should attack or maintain a defensive posture.
310:
694:
The battle of Kürekdere demonstrated again that the Turkish army was incapable of pushing the Russians out of the Trans-Caucasus without the assistance of its allies.
2725:
2706:
1314:
590:
Erzurum and there was concern that the Russian detachment would ultimately be heading north toward Hadgi-Velikoi to attack Zarif Pasha's army from the rear.
3190:
1904:
2401:
1305:
1839:
1820:
477:
3199:
1506:
1958:
1215:
303:
2200:
1984:
1410:
2195:
450:
3241:
3231:
1619:
1520:
705:
The Ottoman Empire's allies recommended that all foreign officers at Kars be recalled and that the command of the army be entrusted to
2306:
68:
3246:
3134:
2452:
2446:
2441:
2435:
1663:
296:
1368:
2479:
2219:
2044:
3050:
1403:
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3112:
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364:
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472:
2184:
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2011:
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3024:
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2037:
2004:
1963:
1605:
1327:
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2190:
1860:
1846:
1766:
1683:
460:
2079:
1729:
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2644:
2564:
2551:
2424:
2413:
1929:
1653:
1291:
433:
231:
2984:
2251:
2107:
540:
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1701:
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1570:
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2803:
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2100:
1952:
1897:
1806:
1799:
1740:
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499:
428:
3030:
2964:
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1826:
1785:
1531:
1481:
1347:
421:
411:
2995:
2691:
2319:
2236:
2058:
547:. In January 1854, after the defeat at Başgedikler was blamed on Abdi Pasha, Ahmed Pasha was appointed
337:
2018:
3055:
2959:
2934:
2900:
2849:
2782:
2744:
2609:
2586:
2540:
2419:
2294:
2272:
2213:
2159:
2148:
1946:
1923:
1910:
1778:
1714:
1565:
1499:
1471:
1449:
1437:
1431:
3082:
3077:
3001:
2949:
2905:
2639:
2343:
2256:
2141:
2072:
1872:
1813:
1752:
1689:
1487:
1454:
1375:
489:
467:
416:
3164:
3159:
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2916:
2910:
2888:
2859:
2823:
2818:
2808:
2711:
2624:
2619:
2506:
2429:
2359:
2353:
1941:
1792:
1759:
1658:
1643:
1638:
1548:
1543:
1537:
1382:
484:
455:
445:
352:
2836:
2766:
2348:
3088:
3072:
3040:
2882:
2864:
2843:
2686:
2655:
2407:
2373:
2330:
2283:
2241:
2154:
2130:
2119:
2086:
1935:
1890:
1866:
1832:
1424:
1417:
1396:
1389:
1354:
1283:
1211:
627:
494:
379:
374:
655:
attack. The Russians, however, chose not to attack the strongly fortified city at that time.
3117:
2755:
2749:
2593:
2526:
2261:
1969:
1746:
1734:
1708:
1695:
1678:
1513:
1493:
1476:
1460:
1361:
706:
569:
527:
marched out to confront a marauding Russian detachment near the village of Kürekdere in the
347:
342:
3169:
3154:
3139:
3035:
2974:
2969:
2929:
2869:
2813:
2761:
2634:
2629:
2384:
2366:
2288:
2177:
2113:
2031:
1916:
1673:
1582:
1554:
1443:
401:
211:
3045:
2939:
2894:
2051:
1724:
1318:
1248:
671:, among others, which mainly contributed to the general confusion and ultimate defeat.
520:
243:
238:
136:
124:
3225:
3011:
1853:
1719:
1268:
Caucasian Battlefields A History of the Wars on the Turco-Caucausian Border 1828-1921
698:
600:
528:
389:
164:
578:
38:
406:
1237:
1226:
543:, the beaten and demoralized Anatolian army fell back to the Turkish fortress of
1239:
The Patriot and the Hero, General Guyon on the Battle Fields of Hungary and Asia
516:
320:
30:
568:
On 1 July, Russian General Bebutov led an expedition of 15,000 men across the
83:
70:
662:
The Times correspondent, Humphry Sandwith witnessed the battle and wrote:
1208:
The Ottoman Crimean War (1853-1856) (Ottoman Empire and Its Heritage)
131:
622:
697:
Both Zarif Pasha and Guyon were recalled and put on trial by the
544:
524:
1287:
292:
288:
788:
786:
1029:
1027:
817:
815:
813:
1104:
1102:
723:
721:
894:
892:
890:
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
3098:
2737:
2724:
2672:
2518:
2505:
2393:
1996:
1983:
1882:
1631:
1618:
1598:
1339:
1326:
664:
23:
1228:Pictorial History of the Russian War, 1854-5-6
1299:
1197:Agoston, Gabor; Masters, Bruce, eds. (2010).
304:
8:
539:On 2 December 1853, after the defeat at the
3191:List of Ottoman battles in the 20th century
1277:A Campaign with the Turks in Asia, Volume 2
515:took place on 6 August 1854 as part of the
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2515:
1993:
1628:
1336:
1306:
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1284:
311:
297:
289:
20:
1168:
1108:
1093:
1081:
1069:
1057:
1045:
1033:
1018:
1006:
982:
946:
922:
910:
869:
857:
845:
804:
792:
727:
717:
3200:List of Ottoman battles in World War I
1266:Allen, W.E.D.; Muratoff, Paul (2002).
3186:For 20th-century battles before 1914
1180:
1156:
1144:
1132:
1120:
994:
958:
934:
833:
821:
748:
7:
970:
898:
881:
777:
3195:For the battles during World War I
43:Battle of Kurekdere by Fedor Baikov
1199:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
523:army from the Ottoman fortress of
14:
1242:. London: Hamilton, Adams and Co.
678:A Narrative of the Siege of Kars
1250:A Narrative of the Siege of Kars
237:
225:
216:
205:
196:
187:
178:
169:
158:
149:
130:
118:
37:
519:. The battle occurred when an
16:1854 battle of the Crimean War
1:
1270:. Taylor & Francis Group.
473:Charge of the Light Brigade
3268:
3242:1854 in the Ottoman Empire
3232:Battles of the Crimean War
1247:Sandwith, Humphry (1856).
3210:Ottoman victories are in
3208:
3182:
1236:Kinglake, Arthur (1856).
328:
266:
249:
142:
111:
84:40.7181667°N 43.4984306°E
47:
36:
28:
1275:Duncan, Charles (1855).
64:Kürekdere Trans-Caucasus
3247:19th century in Armenia
573:confront the Russians.
1253:. London: John Murray.
1206:Badem, Candan (2010).
1201:. Infobase Publishing.
683:
631:
143:Commanders and leaders
89:40.7181667; 43.4984306
1225:Dodd, George (1856).
630:. Battle of Kurekdere
626:
541:Battle of Başgedikler
267:Casualties and losses
222:Mirliva Hasan Pasha
155:Zarif Mustafa Pasha
1183:, pp. 225–226.
1171:, pp. 111–112.
1159:, pp. 234–235.
1096:, pp. 107–108.
1084:, pp. 109–111.
1072:, pp. 108–109.
1060:, pp. 105–106.
1009:, pp. 102–103.
961:, pp. 215–216.
884:, pp. 135–136.
824:, pp. 221–222.
807:, pp. 103–107.
795:, pp. 101–107.
513:Battle of Kürekdere
283:2,000–2,500 wounded
274:1,000–2,000 wounded
202:Ferik Rashid Pasha
80: /
24:Battle of Kürekdere
3252:August 1854 events
1260:General references
1147:, p. 222-226.
925:, pp. 99–100.
676:Humphry Sandwith,
632:
272:1,200–2,820 killed
175:Ferik Kerim Pasha
3237:Conflicts in 1854
3219:
3218:
3178:
3177:
2729:(1789–1908)
2720:
2719:
2510:(1700–1789)
2501:
2500:
1988:(1550–1700)
1979:
1978:
1623:(1453–1550)
1614:
1613:
1331:(1299–1453)
1217:978-90-04-18205-9
1210:. Leiden: Brill.
913:, pp. 97–98.
860:, pp. 96–97.
848:, pp. 92–96.
628:Bogdan Willewalde
508:
507:
478:The Thin Red Line
287:
286:
193:Ferik Veli Pasha
107:
106:
3259:
3113:2nd Kerch Strait
2735:
2730:
2702:1st Kerch Strait
2516:
2511:
1994:
1989:
1959:Strait of Hormuz
1821:Peñón of Algiers
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1624:
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396:Naval Operations
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3135:6th Dardanelles
3129:5th Dardanelles
3094:
2728:
2727:
2716:
2668:
2509:
2508:
2497:
2453:4th Dardanelles
2447:3rd Dardanelles
2442:2nd Dardanelles
2436:1st Dardanelles
2389:
2201:2nd Zrínyiújvár
2196:1st Zrínyiújvár
2191:Jurjeve Stijene
1987:
1986:
1975:
1878:
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856:
852:
844:
840:
832:
828:
820:
811:
803:
799:
791:
784:
776:
755:
747:
734:
726:
719:
715:
692:
682:
675:
621:
596:
562:
537:
509:
504:
324:
319:
317:
282:
278:6,000 deserters
277:
275:
273:
261:
256:
236:
226:
224:
223:
217:
215:
214:
206:
204:
203:
197:
195:
194:
188:
186:
185:
179:
177:
176:
170:
168:
167:
159:
157:
156:
150:
148:
129:
119:
117:
103:Russian victory
88:
86:
82:
79:
74:
71:
69:
67:
66:
65:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3265:
3263:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3224:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3193:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2891:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2739:
2732:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2522:
2520:
2513:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2488:
2483:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2432:
2427:
2425:Cape Celidonia
2422:
2417:
2410:
2405:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2298:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2222:
2220:Saint Gotthard
2217:
2210:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2169:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2116:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2094:Alcácer Quibir
2090:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2000:
1998:
1991:
1985:Transformation
1981:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1932:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1869:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1744:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1693:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1635:
1633:
1626:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1589:Constantinople
1585:
1580:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1491:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1440:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1343:
1341:
1334:
1324:
1323:
1319:Ottoman Empire
1317:involving the
1313:
1311:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1272:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1244:
1233:
1222:
1216:
1203:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1173:
1161:
1149:
1137:
1135:, p. 225.
1125:
1123:, p. 220.
1113:
1098:
1086:
1074:
1062:
1050:
1048:, p. 104.
1038:
1036:, p. 104.
1023:
1021:, p. 102.
1011:
999:
997:, p. 219.
987:
985:, p. 100.
975:
973:, p. 135.
963:
951:
939:
937:, p. 213.
927:
915:
903:
901:, p. 136.
886:
874:
862:
850:
838:
836:, p. 222.
826:
809:
797:
782:
780:, p. 137.
753:
751:, p. 221.
732:
730:, p. 162.
716:
714:
711:
707:General Klapka
691:
688:
673:
620:
617:
595:
592:
570:Akhuryan River
561:
558:
536:
533:
529:Trans-Caucasus
506:
505:
503:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
481:
480:
475:
465:
464:
463:
458:
448:
442:
441:
437:
436:
431:
426:
425:
424:
419:
414:
404:
398:
397:
393:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
361:
360:
356:
355:
350:
345:
340:
334:
333:
329:
326:
325:
318:
316:
315:
308:
301:
293:
285:
284:
279:
276:2,000 captured
269:
268:
264:
263:
258:
252:
251:
247:
246:
244:Vasili Bebutov
234:
145:
144:
140:
139:
137:Russian Empire
127:
125:Ottoman Empire
114:
113:
109:
108:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
63:
61:
57:
56:
53:
45:
44:
34:
33:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3264:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:Naval battles
3097:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3051:Philippopolis
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2726:Modernization
2723:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:Naval battles
2671:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2504:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:Naval battles
2392:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1982:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:Naval battles
1881:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1620:Classical Age
1617:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:Naval battles
1597:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1251:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1182:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1169:Sandwith 1856
1165:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1114:
1111:, p. 89.
1110:
1109:Kinglake 1856
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:Sandwith 1856
1090:
1087:
1083:
1082:Sandwith 1856
1078:
1075:
1071:
1070:Sandwith 1856
1066:
1063:
1059:
1058:Sandwith 1856
1054:
1051:
1047:
1046:Kinglake 1856
1042:
1039:
1035:
1034:Sandwith 1856
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1019:Sandwith 1856
1015:
1012:
1008:
1007:Sandwith 1856
1003:
1000:
996:
991:
988:
984:
983:Sandwith 1856
979:
976:
972:
967:
964:
960:
955:
952:
949:, p. 87.
948:
947:Kinglake 1856
943:
940:
936:
931:
928:
924:
923:Sandwith 1856
919:
916:
912:
911:Sandwith 1856
907:
904:
900:
895:
893:
891:
887:
883:
878:
875:
872:, p. 83.
871:
870:Kinglake 1856
866:
863:
859:
858:Sandwith 1856
854:
851:
847:
846:Sandwith 1856
842:
839:
835:
830:
827:
823:
818:
816:
814:
810:
806:
805:Sandwith 1856
801:
798:
794:
793:Kinglake 1856
789:
787:
783:
779:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
754:
750:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
712:
710:
708:
703:
700:
699:Sublime Porte
695:
689:
687:
679:
672:
670:
663:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
629:
625:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
602:
601:Richard Guyon
593:
591:
587:
583:
580:
574:
571:
566:
559:
557:
553:
550:
546:
542:
534:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
479:
476:
474:
471:
470:
469:
466:
462:
459:
457:
454:
453:
452:
449:
447:
444:
443:
439:
438:
435:
432:
430:
429:Petropavlovsk
427:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
409:
408:
405:
403:
400:
399:
395:
394:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
362:
358:
357:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
335:
331:
330:
327:
322:
314:
309:
307:
302:
300:
295:
294:
291:
280:
271:
270:
265:
260:20,000–29,800
259:
255:35,000–40,000
254:
253:
248:
245:
240:
235:
233:
213:
166:
165:Hurshid Pasha
147:
146:
141:
138:
133:
128:
126:
116:
115:
110:
102:
99:
98:
93:
75:43°29′54.35″E
72:40°43′05.40″N
62:
59:
58:
55:6 August 1854
54:
51:
50:
46:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3211:
3196:
3187:
3127:
3105:
3087:
3065:
3023:
3016:
2994:
2989:
2922:
2915:
2893:
2881:
2874:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2781:
2754:
2738:Land battles
2679:
2661:
2654:
2592:
2585:
2563:
2556:
2552:2nd Belgrade
2547:Petrovaradin
2539:
2532:
2525:
2519:Land battles
2490:
2478:
2451:
2434:
2412:
2400:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2338:Egri Palanka
2336:
2329:
2312:
2305:
2293:
2271:
2224:
2212:
2205:
2183:
2176:
2164:
2147:
2140:
2118:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1997:Land battles
1968:
1964:Gulf of Oman
1951:
1934:
1922:
1915:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1871:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1739:
1707:
1700:
1688:
1654:1st Belgrade
1632:Land battles
1587:
1575:
1553:
1536:
1527:Hermannstadt
1519:
1512:
1507:Thessalonica
1505:
1498:
1486:
1459:
1442:
1432:Philadelphia
1430:
1423:
1416:
1411:Sırp Sındığı
1409:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1348:Kulaca Hisar
1346:
1340:Land battles
1276:
1267:
1249:
1238:
1227:
1207:
1198:
1176:
1164:
1152:
1140:
1128:
1116:
1089:
1077:
1065:
1053:
1041:
1014:
1002:
990:
978:
966:
954:
942:
930:
918:
906:
877:
865:
853:
841:
829:
800:
728:Agoston 2010
704:
696:
693:
684:
677:
668:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
613:
609:
605:
597:
588:
584:
579:Bashi-bazouk
575:
567:
563:
554:
548:
538:
512:
510:
384:
212:Ismail Pasha
184:Feyzi Pasha
112:Belligerents
29:Part of The
18:
3031:Shipka Pass
2985:Başgedikler
2980:Akhaltsikhe
2945:Akhaltsikhe
2789:Mount Tabor
2772:Shubra Khit
2707:2nd Ochakov
2650:2nd Ochakov
2610:Stavunchany
2605:1st Ochakov
2149:Nagykanizsa
1827:Leobersdorf
594:Battle plan
517:Crimean War
461:Great Redan
422:Suomenlinna
370:Başgedikler
365:Akhaltsikhe
321:Crimean War
87: /
31:Crimean War
3226:Categories
3025:Kızıl Tepe
2901:Dervenakia
2799:Heliopolis
2663:Karánsebes
2587:Banja Luka
2507:Old Regime
2492:Samothrace
2420:Cape Corvo
2314:Negroponte
2301:2nd Mohács
2295:Vrtijeljka
2262:2nd Vienna
2247:2nd Khotyn
2232:Krasnobród
2172:1st Khotyn
2160:Tashiskari
2126:Călugăreni
2073:Gvozdansko
2045:Mostaganem
1924:Formentera
1917:1st Jeddah
1814:1st Mohács
1779:Mercidabık
1715:Breadfield
1702:Valea Albă
1664:Târgoviște
1649:2nd Oranik
1577:2nd Kosovo
1571:1st Oranik
1472:Karanovasa
1438:Dubravnica
1404:Adrianople
1190:References
1181:Badem 2010
1157:Badem 2010
1145:Badem 2010
1133:Badem 2010
1121:Badem 2010
995:Badem 2010
959:Badem 2010
935:Badem 2010
834:Badem 2010
822:Badem 2010
749:Badem 2010
669:status quo
552:Istanbul.
535:Background
451:Sevastopol
281:589 killed
232:Nassim Bey
3083:Velestino
3078:Al Wajbah
3002:Eupatoria
2990:Kurekdere
2950:Kulevicha
2906:Karpenisi
2876:Drăgășani
2640:Kozludzha
2576:Yeghevārd
2480:Oinousses
2344:Slankamen
2257:Trembowla
2207:Novi Zrin
2142:Keresztes
2136:2nd Brest
2101:1st Brest
1873:Sokhoista
1861:Esztergom
1786:Han Yunus
1730:Cătlăbuga
1690:Otlukbeli
1669:2nd Mokra
1606:Gallipoli
1561:1st Mokra
1521:Novo Brdo
1488:Nicopolis
1467:Kırkdilim
1390:Gallipoli
1376:Pelekanon
971:Dodd 1856
899:Dodd 1856
882:Dodd 1856
778:Dodd 1856
713:Citations
690:Aftermath
560:Maneuvers
490:Eupatoria
468:Balaclava
417:Bomarsund
412:Halkokari
407:Åland War
385:Kurekdere
353:Silistria
3165:Navarino
3160:Gerontas
3123:Kaliakra
3056:Taşkesen
3046:4th Kars
3012:3rd Kars
3007:Chernaya
2996:Oltenița
2960:2nd Acre
2935:2nd Kars
2924:Phaleron
2917:Kamatero
2911:Arachova
2889:Vasilika
2860:Valtetsi
2824:Al-Safra
2819:Slobozia
2809:Arpachai
2783:1st Acre
2777:Pyramids
2712:Fidonisi
2625:Aspindza
2620:Khresili
2615:1st Kars
2474:Mytilene
2430:Focchies
2360:Moulouya
2354:Ustechko
2320:Batočina
2237:Niemirów
2185:Köbölkút
2012:Temesvár
1942:Girolata
1905:Balearic
1793:Ridanieh
1773:Koçhisar
1760:Turnadag
1753:Çaldıran
1659:Albulena
1644:Krusevac
1639:Leskovac
1549:Torvioll
1544:Kunovica
1538:Zlatitsa
1383:Demotika
674:—
500:Chernaya
495:Taganrog
485:Inkerman
456:Malakoff
359:Caucasus
338:Oltenița
250:Strength
60:Location
3212:italics
3150:Nauplia
3145:Algiers
3089:Domokos
3073:Mouzaki
3061:Novšiće
3041:Aladzha
3018:Al-Hasa
2955:Algiers
2883:Sculeni
2865:Doliana
2855:Erzurum
2844:Alamana
2756:Giurgiu
2745:Focșani
2687:Matapan
2656:Mehadia
2645:Kinburn
2600:Perekop
2565:Samarra
2558:Kurijan
2469:Algiers
2464:Algiers
2459:Algiers
2408:Lepanto
2331:Zernest
2325:2nd Niš
2284:Eperjes
2267:Párkány
2242:Komarno
2226:Ładyżyn
2155:Sufiyan
2131:Giurgiu
2087:Torches
2059:Szigeth
2038:Tlemcen
2005:Tlemcen
1947:Alborán
1936:Preveza
1891:Zonchio
1867:Karagak
1847:Algiers
1840:Baghdad
1833:Gorjani
1807:Tlemcen
1767:Algiers
1709:Shkodra
1566:Otonetë
1532:1st Niš
1514:Golubac
1500:Çamurlu
1450:Pločnik
1425:Maritsa
1418:Samokov
1397:Ihtiman
1355:Bapheus
1315:Battles
521:Ottoman
434:Kinburn
380:Choloki
375:Nigoiti
348:Calafat
332:Balkans
262:64 guns
257:78 guns
3118:Tendra
3107:Andros
3067:Ulcinj
3036:Plevna
2850:Gravia
2830:Jeddah
2794:Abukir
2762:Izmail
2750:Rymnik
2697:Patras
2681:Imbros
2594:Grocka
2571:Kirkuk
2527:Chelif
2486:Andros
2402:Cyprus
2307:Crimea
2178:Candia
2166:Cecora
2080:Çıldır
2019:Palast
1970:Djerba
1747:Dubica
1741:Krbava
1735:Vrpile
1696:Vaslui
1679:Vaikal
1494:Ankara
1477:Rovine
1461:Kosovo
1455:Bileća
1369:Nicaea
1362:Dimbos
1321:by era
1214:
680:(1856)
619:Battle
549:mushir
440:Crimea
343:Cetate
100:Result
3170:Sinop
3155:Samos
3140:Athos
2975:Nezib
2970:Konya
2940:Varna
2930:Petra
2870:Lalas
2837:Čegar
2814:Batin
2804:Derna
2767:Măcin
2692:Çeşme
2635:Kagul
2630:Larga
2581:Ganja
2541:Pruth
2414:Tunis
2385:Zenta
2367:Lugos
2349:Hodów
2289:Kassa
2214:Jijel
2120:Banat
2114:Sisak
2108:Bihać
2052:Krupa
2032:Tadla
1953:Ponza
1930:Tunis
1898:Modon
1800:Jajce
1725:Adana
1684:Meçad
1674:Ohrid
1583:Polog
1555:Varna
1482:Ohrid
1444:Savra
402:Sinop
2965:Hims
2895:Peta
2534:Oran
2380:Azov
2374:Ulaş
2273:Buda
2252:Lwów
1854:Pest
1328:Rise
1212:ISBN
545:Kars
525:Kars
511:The
446:Alma
390:Kars
52:Date
3197:see
3188:see
2279:Vác
2066:Fez
2026:Fez
1911:Diu
1720:Una
3228::
1101:^
1026:^
889:^
812:^
785:^
756:^
735:^
720:^
531:.
3214:.
1307:e
1300:t
1293:v
1279:.
1231:.
1220:.
312:e
305:t
298:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
