1739:
miraculous conquest in the South, before the effects of the
Northern power can be found here. But if York be relieved, and you beat the rebels' army of both kingdoms, which are before it, then (but otherwise not) I may possibly make a shift upon the defensive to spin out time until you come to assist me. Wherefore I command and conjure you, by the duty and affection that I know you bear me, that all new enterprises laid aside, you immediately march according to your first intention, with all your force to the relief of York. But if that be either lost, or have freed themselves from the besiegers, or that for want of powder, you cannot undertake that work, that you immediately march with your whole strength, directly to Worcester to assist me and my army; without which, or you having relieved York by beating the Scots, all the successes you can afterwards have must infallibly be useless onto me.
2017:, made up the right of the front line. The second line consisted of four Covenanter brigades, their "main battle", commanded by Lumsden. There is confusion as to the disposition of the third line and of the infantry deployment on the right wing, as the only map (Lumsden's) is badly damaged. The usual interpretation, based on Peter Young's reconstruction, is that the third line contained two or three Covenanter brigades and the Earl of Manchester's own regiment of foot. Young placed the main body of Fairfax's foot on the left of the third line, although more recent interpretations of accounts put them on the right of the third line or even behind the cavalry of the right wing. An unbrigaded Covenanter regiment may have formed an incomplete fourth line. There were a total of nineteen Covenanter regiments of foot, some of them incomplete, present at the battle.
2039:
1858:
1890:
armies, with separate garrisons, recruiting areas and lines of communication to protect, would eventually separate. He also suggested waiting for a force of 3,000 under
Colonel Clavering and collected garrisons amounting to another 2,000 to join the Royalist army. Rupert was adamant that the King's letter (which he never showed to Newcastle) was a command to engage and defeat the enemy immediately. Furthermore, Rupert wished to compensate for the Royalists' numerical inferiority by catching the enemy unawares, and before further Parliamentarian reinforcements could increase their superiority in numbers.
1874:, where they could both protect their own supply lines from Hull, and also block any move south by Rupert on either side of the Ouse. Their foot (infantry), ordnance and baggage set off early on 2 July, leaving the cavalry and dragoons, commanded by Sir Thomas Fairfax, as rearguard. At about 9 am, the allied generals learned that Rupert's army had crossed the Ouse by the captured bridge of boats at Poppleton and a ford nearby, and was advancing onto Marston Moor. The Covenanter and Parliamentarian foot, some of whom had already reached Tadcaster, were hastily recalled.
405:
1917:
a fold in the ground (referred to by some eyewitnesses as a "glen") between the ridge on which the allied forces were drawn up and the track between Long
Marston and Tockwith concealed the front line of the allied infantry from both view and artillery fire, allowing them to attack suddenly from a comparatively close distance. When Rupert proposed to either attack or move his army back as Eythin suggested, Eythin then pontificated that it was too late in the day for such a move. The Royalist army prepared to settle down for the night, close to the allied armies.
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2218:" (a handkerchief or slip of white paper which identified him as a Parliamentarian) from his hat, and made his way to Cromwell's wing to relate the state of affairs on the allied right flank. Some five or six troops of Fairfax's cavalry and Balgonie's Covenanter regiment of horse (split into two bodies) also made their way through the Royalists to join Cromwell. Cromwell now led his cavalry, with Sir David Leslie still in support and Sergeant Major General Crawford's foot on his right flank, across the battlefield to attack Goring's cavalry.
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the allied front line and threw them into confusion. Following up this advantage, Blakiston's brigade of horse, probably reinforced by the troop of "gentleman volunteers" under
Newcastle himself, charged the allied centre. Under Lucas's and Blakiston's assaults in the confusion and the gathering darkness, six of the Covenanter infantry regiments and all of Fairfax's infantry fled the field. The Scottish sergeant major general, Lumsden, on the right of the allied second line, stated that:
1974:. They were deployed in eleven divisions of three or four troops of cavalry each, with 600 "commanded" musketeers deployed as platoons between them. The use of musketeers to disrupt attacking cavalry or dragoons was a common practice in the Swedish Army during the Thirty Years' War, and was adopted by both the Parliamentarians and Royalists at Marston Moor. Three regiments of Covenanter horse, numbering 1,000 and mounted on lighter "nags", formed a third line to Cromwell's rear under Sir
358:
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Francis
Mackworth formed the right wing of the second line and an incomplete third line behind the right centre when they arrived, though some at least of them may not have taken up their assigned positions when the battle began, leaving the right of the Royalist centre understrength. A brigade of 600 "Northern Horse" under Sir William Blakiston was deployed behind the left centre. A total of 14 field guns were deployed in the centre.
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counter-charge which disordered his own troops and prevented his musketeers and four "drakes" (field guns) attached to Napier's brigade from firing for fear of hitting their own cavalry. In the clashes which followed, Byron's front line regiments were put to flight. Cromwell was slightly wounded in the neck, by a pistol ball in most accounts, and briefly left the field to have the wound dressed.
2235:
where some mass burials later took place, although the enclosure may instead have been Fox Covert, a mile north of Long
Marston on the natural line of retreat towards York. The whitecoats refused quarter and repulsed constant cavalry charges until infantry and Colonel Hugh Fraser's dragoons were brought up to break their formation with musket fire. The last 30 survivors finally surrendered.
2127:
Musketeers; which did us much hurt with their shot; I was necessitated to charge them. We were a long time engaged with one another, but at last we routed that part of their Wing ... myself only returned presently, to get to the men I left behind me. But that part of the Enemy which stood, perceiving the disorder they were in, had charged and routed them, before I could get to them.
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reduced to four and a Cornet; by and by with a little foot officer without hat, band, sword, or indeed anything but feet and so much tongue as would serve to enquire the way to the next garrisons, which (to say the truth) were well filled with the stragglers on both sides within a few hours, though they lay distant from the place of the fight 20 or 30 miles.
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battle as a volunteer. However, this second-hand account was published only in 1679, and has been challenged by previously unused eye witness accounts. These show most of the
Covenanter infantry and cavalry units remained fighting until the end of the battle. As seven different eyewitnesses attested, they did so under the direction of Leven. For example,
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2166:'s; but they carried themselves not so I could have wished, neither could I prevaile with them: For these that fled, never came to charge with the enemie, but were so possest with ane pannick fear, that they ran for an example to others, and no enemie following them, which gave the enemie to charge them, they intended not, &they had only the losse.
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stayed they fought so and so, as it might be. We were much vexed with these reports, against which yow were not pleased, any of yow to instruct us with any ansuer, till
Lindesay's letters came at last, and captain Stewart with his collors. Then we sent abroad our printed relations, and could lift up our face. But within three days
2284:, with Eythin and many of his senior officers. Two days after the battle, Rupert rallied 5,000 cavalry and a few hundred infantry whom he mounted on spare horses. He considered that rather than attempt to restore Royalist fortunes in the north, he was required to return south to rejoin the King. Leaving York by way of
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contemporary accounts stated to be a disadvantageous position. When
Cromwell attacked, Goring's outnumbered troops were driven back. Many of them retired to the "glen", the fold of ground beneath Marston Hill, but refused to take any further part in the battle despite the efforts of officers such as Sir
2407:
Much of the resulting many-sided dispute among the
Parliamentarians and Covenanters was prompted by accounts very soon after the battle that all three allied generals-in-chief had fled the field. The Earl of Manchester left the field but he subsequently rallied some infantry and returned, although he
2307:
With the departure of Newcastle and Rupert, the Royalists effectively abandoned the north, except for isolated garrisons, which were reduced one by one over the next few months. The remnants of Byron's troops were driven from Lancashire in August, and were involved in another Royalist disaster at the
1989:
The Yorkeshire forces strengthened with a great party of the Scotts army hauing the main battle, the Earl of Manchester’s forces the left wing, and the Scotts the right wing, each battle hauing severall reserues and winged with horse, according to Generall Lesleys direction whose great experience did
1585:
Hearing the news, Newcastle realised that the city of York was in danger. York was the principal city and bastion of Royalist power in the north of England, and its loss would be a serious blow to the Royalist cause. He hastily retreated there to forestall the Fairfaxes. Leven left a detachment under
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The Lord of Hosts did so strike up the hearts of the three Noble Generals took boldness and courage unto them, gathering up those Horse Forces that were left into a body to assist those English and Scotts that stood to it, and set upon them, as David with his small Army upon the numerous company of
2392:
We were both grieved and angry, that your Independents there should have sent up Major Harrison to trumpet over all the city their own praises, to our prejudice, making all believe, that Cromwell alone, with his unspeakable valorous regiments, had done all that service: that most of us fled: and who
2094:
Delayed by the late arrival of the York garrison, it was late evening before the Royalists were fully deployed. A flurry of rain showers and the discouragement of Newcastle and Eythin persuaded Rupert to delay his attack until the next day. From the ranks of the allied army he could hear the singing
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of musketeers lined the ditch. Behind them, the first line and the left wing of the second line were composed of the remaining infantry units of Rupert's army, numbering 5,500, under Rupert's Sergeant Major General, Henry Tillier. The 3,000 infantry from Newcastle's army under Sergeant Major General
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Their centre was commanded by Eythin. A brigade numbering 1,500 and consisting of Rupert's and Byron's regiments of foot under Colonel Robert Napier of Byron's regiment was deployed at the ditch, at the junction of the right wing and centre, possibly to protect some artillery which may have occupied
1916:
in 1638, where Rupert had been captured and held prisoner for several years. Rupert blamed Eythin's caution for the defeat on that occasion, while Eythin blamed Rupert's rashness. On the Moor, Eythin criticised Rupert's dispositions as being drawn up too close to the enemy. His main concern was that
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The Earl of Manchester's new levied Forces began to give backe, the Enemey pursued our men, fell on again and gained two peeces of ordnance there; Rupert fell upon Sir Thomas Fairfaxes horse, and there was a very hot fight, many slayne on both sides: our forces retreated, but ralleing our men again
2371:
The Earl of Leven had again demonstrated the importance of disciplined infantry. Even as some of the newly levied allied regiments were routed by the Royalists, he had ensured he had enough veterans in reserve to replace them and overturn the early gains made by his opponents. Cromwell's reputation
2247:
The allied generals' dispatch, and other Parliamentarian accounts, stated that 300 of their soldiers were killed. One of those mortally wounded among the Parliamentarians was Sir Thomas Fairfax's brother, Charles. Another was Cromwell's nephew, Valentine Walton, who was struck by a cannonball early
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Most of Goring's victorious wing then either scattered in pursuit, or fell out to loot the allied baggage train, but some of them under Lucas wheeled to attack the right flank of the allied infantry. Meanwhile, some of Newcastle's foot counter-attacked the brigade of Fairfax's foot in the centre of
1889:
Around midday, Rupert was joined on Marston Moor by Newcastle, accompanied by a mounted troop of "gentleman volunteers" only. Rupert greeted him by saying, "My Lord, I wish you had come sooner with your forces, but I hope we shall yet have a glorious day." Newcastle counselled that the three allied
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and possibly offended by Rupert's high-handed attitude. Rather than join Rupert immediately they temporised, claiming that it would take time to clear the earth and rubble which had been used to block the city gates of York during the siege. Newcastle's soldiers in York then refused to fight unless
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However, without Newcastle's infantry, and with his own infantry exhausted from their long march on the previous day, Rupert was unable to attack, and the odds against him lengthened as the day wore on, and the Scots and Parliamentarian infantry and artillery returned from their aborted move south
2269:, allowed only those who were part of the garrison (in effect, only a few officers who had participated in the battle as volunteers) into the city, in case Parliamentarian cavalry entered the city on the heels of the fleeing Royalists. Many fugitives, including wounded, crowded the streets before
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could ward off this threat, but they learned that these forces could not intervene in time. The allied armies around York were separated from each other by rivers, and if Rupert attacked them in their siege lines he could destroy any one army before the other two could come to its aid. Therefore,
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Rupert now hesitated, unsure whether to proceed to the relief of York or remain to consolidate the Royalist hold on Lancashire, securing more reinforcements in the process. He also distrusted some of the members of the King's council of war and was wary of being so far from the King's side. On 16
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On 1 July, Rupert outmanoeuvered the Covenanters and Parliamentarians to relieve the city. The next day, he sought battle with them even though he was outnumbered. He was dissuaded from attacking immediately and during the day both sides gathered their full strength on Marston Moor, an expanse of
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The victorious allies regrouped, although too slowly to intercept Rupert as he left York. Once the allied army had reformed (and had been joined by Meldrum's and Denbigh's forces) they resumed the siege of York. Without hope of relief, and under the agreement that no Scottish soldiers were to be
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in a ditched enclosure. This has usually been stated to be White Sike Close, in the rear of the Royalists' original position, where some of Newcastle's infantry would have retreated when they found their right flank "in the air" following the defeat of Byron's and Rupert's cavalry, and certainly
1843:
More of Rupert's cavalry arrived at York to gain touch with the garrison. With York definitely relieved, Newcastle sent Rupert a fulsome letter of welcome and congratulations. Rupert replied, not in person but through Goring, with a peremptory demand for Newcastle to march his forces to Rupert's
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By some accounts, Lord Fairfax and Leven also fled the battlefield with their routed troops, but this has recently been challenged, certainly in Leven's case. The most detailed account of Leven's flight was written by the biographer of Lieutenant Colonel James Somerville, who was present at the
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relation was also printed, who gives us many good words, but gives much more to Cromwell than we are informed is his due … See by this inclosed, if the whole victorie both in the right and left wing, be not ascribed to Cromwell, and not a word of David Lesley, who in all places that day was his
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and military critics such as Major General Lawrence Crawford to belittle the part he played, it was acknowledged that the discipline he had instilled into his troops and his own leadership on the battlefield had been crucial to the victory. Cromwell would later declare that Marston Moor was "an
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In this horrible distraction did I coast the country; here meeting with a shoal of Scots crying out, 'Weys us, we are all undone'; and so full of lamentation and mourning, as if their day of doom had overtaken them, and from which they knew not whither to fly; and anon I met with a ragged troop
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Fairfax wrote that his second-in-command, Major-General Lambert, could not get up to him, and so charged in another place. A lane, the present-day Atterwith Lane, crossed the ditch on this flank, and some accounts suggest that several units were easy targets for the Royalist musketeers as they
2126:
Our Right Wing had not, all, so good success, by reason of the whins and ditches which we were to pass over before we could get to the Enemy, which put us into great disorder: notwithstanding, I drew up a body of 400 Horse. But because the intervals of Horse, in this Wing only, were lined with
2098:
On the allied left, Crawford's infantry outflanked and drove back Napier's brigade while Cromwell's horse quickly defeated Byron's wing. Though Byron had been ordered to stand his ground and rely on the ditch and musket fire to slow and disorganize an enemy attack, he instead ordered a hasty
1738:
But now I must give the true state of my affairs, which, if their condition be such as enforces me to give you more peremptory commands than I would willingly do, you must not take it ill. If York be lost I shall esteem my crown little less; unless supported by your sudden march to me; and a
2221:
By this time, Goring's troops were tired and disorganised, and several of his senior officers were prisoners. They nevertheless marched down the hill from the Parliamentarian baggage to occupy roughly the same position which Fairfax's cavalry had held at the start of the battle, which most
2049:
The Royalists occupied the low-lying moor, behind a drainage ditch that Rupert noted as an effective obstacle to a cavalry charge. There is some dispute over the course of the ditch at the time of the battle. Some contemporary accounts support the contention by later historians that it was
2029:
was deployed with Fairfax's front line, two more (one of them composed of lancers commanded by the Earl of Balgonie, Leven's son) were deployed behind Fairfax's second line. The second and third lines of the right wing may also have included some units of foot, whose identity is uncertain.
2295:
At Marston Moor, Rupert had been decisively beaten for the first time in the war. He was deeply affected by the defeat, and kept the King's ambiguous dispatch close to him for the remainder of his life. He had suffered an additional blow through the death during the battle of his dog
2106:
Cromwell's own division had a hard pull of it; for they were charged by Rupert's bravest men both in front and flank; they stood at the sword's point a pretty while, hacking one another; but at last (it so pleased God) he brake through them, scattering them before him like a little
2243:
Approximately 4,000 Royalist soldiers had been killed, many in the last stand of the whitecoats, and 1,500 captured, including Lucas and Tillier. The Royalists lost all their guns, with many hundreds of weapons and several standards also falling into the hands of the allied forces.
1614:
of the three combined allied armies before York (referred to by Parliament as the "Army of Both Kingdoms"). It was politic to make the Scottish Covenanters pre-eminent in the north as they were the largest single contingent in the army, but Leven was also a respected veteran of the
2024:
as his second in command. He had at least 2,000 horse from Yorkshire and Lancashire, deployed in nine divisions, with 600 musketeers posted between them in the same manner as on the left wing. There were also perhaps 500 dragoons. One regiment of Covenanter horse commanded by the
2360:. Once reunited with the Army of both Kingdoms, the remnants of the six broken regiments were put to base service such as latrine duties and the disposing of corpses until they got the chance to redeem themselves during the storm of Newcastle. Manchester's army returned to
2141:
When Goring launched a counter-charge, the disorganised Parliamentarians were routed, although some of the Covenanter cavalry regiments with Sir Thomas Fairfax's wing, especially the Earl of Eglinton's regiment, resisted stoutly for some time. As an eyewitness observed:
1657:
with a small force on 16 May. His first moves were intended to gather reinforcements along the way to bolster his army, and secure Lancashire for the troops heading over from Ireland for the Royalist cause. He assumed the direction of a small Royalist army, based on
2074:
The right wing was commanded by Byron, with 2,600 horse (including a regiment, 200 strong, of Northern Horse) and 500 musketeers. The second line, which included Rupert's Regiment of Horse but also some comparatively inexperienced regiments, was commanded by
1601:
Initially, the siege was a rather loose blockade as the Covenanters and Parliamentarians concentrated on capturing smaller Royalist garrisons which threatened their communications with Hull. On 3 June, they were reinforced by the Parliamentarian army of the
2057:
The Royalist left wing was commanded by Lord Goring. It consisted of 1,700 cavalry from the Marquess of Newcastle's cavalry (the "Northern Horse"), 400 cavalry from Derbyshire and 500 musketeers. The first line was commanded by Goring and the second by Sir
2146:
sir Tho. Fairfax his new levied Regiments being in the Van , they wheeled about, & being hotly pursued by the enemy, came back upon the L. Fairfax foot, and the reserve of the Scottish foot, broke them wholly, & trod the most part of them under
2121:
On the allied right centre, the brigade of Fairfax's infantry and Baillie's "vanguard" initially succeeded in crossing the ditch, capturing at least three pieces of artillery. On the allied right, Sir Thomas Fairfax's wing fared worse. He later wrote:
1511:
with most of his forces. The siege failed, as the Parliamentarian navy could supply and reinforce the port and the garrison flooded wide areas around the city, while the Royalist detachments sent into Lincolnshire were defeated at the battles of
1127:
2117:
Leslie's Covenanter regiments eventually swung the balance for Cromwell, outflanking and defeating the Royalist cavalry. Rupert's right wing and reserve were routed and he himself narrowly avoided capture by hiding in a nearby bean field.
1861:
The monument commemorating the battle, alongside the Long Marston – Tockwith road. In the background is Marston Hill, crowned by the clump of trees known as "Cromwell's plump", reputedly the site of the Parliamentarian and Covenanter
2095:
of psalms. As the Royalist troops broke ranks for their supper, Leven noted the lack of preparation among his opponents and ordered his men to attack at or shortly after 7:30 pm, just as a thunderstorm broke out over the moor.
2184:. Lucas launched three cavalry charges against them. In the third charge, Lucas's horse was killed, and he was taken prisoner. Behind them, Lumsden reformed the reserve of the allied centre, pushing four regiments (those of the
1911:
At about 5:00 pm, the firing ceased. Meanwhile, at about 4:00 pm, the Royalist contingent from York belatedly arrived, led by Eythin. Rupert and Eythin already knew and disliked one another. Both had fought at the
1743:
Rupert understood the letter to be an order both to relieve York and defeat the allied army before heading south once more to aid the King. By this time Rupert's army numbered nearly 14,000. He set out from Liverpool to
2607:
Will Coster speculates that far from it being a voluntary last stand, that the Parliamentarians refused to accept the surrender of many men because they (probably mistakenly) believed the regiment to contain many Roman
2356:. He sent dispatches to Scotland ordering that all runaways from the Covenanter regiments which broke at Marston Moor be returned, but not before every tenth deserter was hanged according to article 14 of Leven's
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The triumphant allies meanwhile turned against the remains of the Royalist centre, overrunning successive units and cutting down many fugitives. Finally some of Newcastle's foot, the "whitecoats", gathered for a
2316:
in West Yorkshire in February 1645, but their undisciplined and licentious conduct turned many former sympathisers away from the Royalist cause. After being involved in the defeats of the King at the battles of
2195:
By now it was nearly fully dark, although the full moon was rising. The countryside for miles around was covered with fugitives from both sides. A messenger from Ireland riding in search of Prince Rupert wrote:
2012:
were on the left of the front line. A brigade of Lord Fairfax's foot was in the centre. Two Covenanter brigades each of two regiments, the "vanguard" of the main battalia commanded by Lieutenant General
1113:
2086:
Unlike the Covenanters and Parliamentarians, Rupert retained a reserve of 600 cavalry, including his elite Lifeguard of Horse, under his personal command. This reserve was situated behind the centre.
1886:
given their delayed payment, a dispute which Eythin may have fomented. A number were also absent, pillaging the abandoned allied siege works and encampments outside the city, and had yet to return.
1416:, which was defended by the Marquess of Newcastle. Rupert had gathered an army which marched through the northwest of England, gathering reinforcements and fresh recruits on the way, and across the
1897:
At about 2:00 pm, the allied artillery, consisting of around thirty pieces of ordnance commanded by General Alexander Hamilton, began a cannonade, although according to a Royalist eyewitness:
469:
2421:
and General Lessly coming on with his foot, they fell on furiously, many were killed on both sides, and then the enemy beginning to retreat, our men followed pursuing and totally Routed Rupert.
2312:
in Wales in September. The Royalist cavalry from the northern counties, the "Northern Horse", continued to fight for the King under Sir Marmaduke Langdale. They relieved a Royalist garrison at
2102:
Noting the setback on this flank, Rupert led his reserve towards the right, rallying his own fleeing regiment of horse and leading them in a counter-attack. A Parliamentarian officer wrote:
2192:) and part of the Clydesdale Regiment forward into the breach in the allied front line. Behind them in turn, the Earl of Manchester's regiment repulsed and scattered Blakiston's brigade.
1966:
the Parliamentarian position, but they were driven off and the Parliamentarian left wing of horse occupied the ground. The wing was under the command of Manchester's Lieutenant General,
1710:
June, he received a dispatch from the King which contained troubling news. The King's advisors on the council of war had overturned Rupert's defensive policies, sending the garrisons of
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1439:, losing much of the manpower from the northern counties of England (which were strongly Royalist in sympathy) and also losing access to the European continent through the ports on the
2214:
Cromwell's disciplined horsemen had rallied behind the right of the original Royalist position. Sir Thomas Fairfax, finding himself alone in the midst of Goring's men, removed the "
1570:
and Lancashire during the winter, crossed the Pennines and entered the West Riding of Yorkshire. To prevent Sir Thomas rejoining Lord Fairfax in Hull, Belasyse occupied the town of
1527:
negotiated a "cessation" in Ireland, which allowed him to reinforce his armies with English regiments (one of horse and twelve of foot) which had been sent to Ireland following the
2276:
Newcastle, having seen his forces broken and having spent his entire fortune in the Royalist cause, resolved that he would not endure the "laughter of the court". He departed for
2377:
absolute victory obtained by God's blessing". From this moment, he was to exert increasing influence both in the House of Commons and in the Parliamentarian armies in the field.
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1955:, between the villages of Long Marston and Tockwith. They had the advantage of the higher ground, but cornfields stretching between the two villages hampered their deployment.
1804:
and appeared on the Moor, and the allies prepared for battle. However, Rupert had made a 22 mi (35 km) flank march to the northeast with his main body, crossing the
1590:
to mask the Royalist garrison of Newcastle upon Tyne, and followed the Marquess of Newcastle's army with his main body. On 22 April, Leven and the Fairfaxes joined forces at
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advanced along the lane only four abreast. When a small embankment alongside the ditch at this point was removed in the 1960s, several hundred musket balls were recovered.
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1428:. Towards evening, the Covenanters and Parliamentarians themselves launched a surprise attack. After a confused fight lasting two hours, Parliamentarian cavalry under
1476:, where the Parliamentarians had support from the clothing-manufacturing towns which "naturally maligned the gentry". On 30 June 1643, the Royalists commanded by the
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However, the accounts published after the battle showed the rifts which were already growing between the moderates and Presbyterians on the one hand and the
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2300:, who had been a constant companion by his side throughout his campaigns. Parliamentarian propaganda made much of this, treating Boye almost as a Devil's
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entered the north of England on behalf of the English Parliament. The Marquess of Newcastle was forced to divide his army, leaving a detachment under Sir
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The centre, under the direction of the Earl of Leven as nominated commander in chief, consisted of over 14,000 foot, with 30 to 40 pieces of artillery.
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The allies were aware of Rupert's approach and had been hoping that reinforcements from Manchester under Sir John Meldrum and the Midlands under the
1447:, the loss of the north was to prove a fatal handicap the next year, when they tried unsuccessfully to link up with the Scottish Royalists under the
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in the day. Cromwell was present when he died afterwards, and wrote a famous letter to the soldier's father, Cromwell's brother-in-law, also named
2076:
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2054:, shows the ditch in its present-day alignment. It is generally accepted that the ditch was at least less of an obstacle on the Royalist right.
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non-existent on the Royalists' right wing. On the other hand, a near-contemporary plan of the Royalist dispositions by Rupert's chief engineer,
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During March and early April, the Marquess of Newcastle fought several delaying actions as he tried to prevent the Scots from crossing the
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One isolated Covenanter brigade of foot that stood its ground was at the right of their front line and consisted of the regiments of the
1970:. The first two lines consisted of over 3,000 cavalry from the Eastern Association, including Cromwell's own double-strength regiment of
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1824:, which Rupert had successfully put between himself and the allied armies. Later that day, his forces defeated the Earl of Manchester's
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1734:, where he was still in danger. The letter also contained some ambiguous orders regarding Rupert's northern offensive and future plans:
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2002:, nevertheless observed (in a note on the map he made of the allied army's dispositions) that "... the Brigads drawen up heir as we
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before taking position on Marston Moor, where they blocked Rupert's expected direct march to York (along the old Roman road named
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These that ran away shew themselves most baselie. I commanding the battel was on the head of your Lordships Regiment, and
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On learning that they had been outmanoeuvred, the allied commanders debated their options. They decided to march south to
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491:
260:
86:
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1901:... this was only a shewing of their teeth, for after 4 shots made them give over & in Marston corn feilds [
2425:
The enigmatic English reporter, "T. M.", agreed that Leven still commanded the centre battalia after the initial rout:
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Once York surrendered, the allied army soon dispersed. Leven took his troops north to besiege Newcastle upon Tyne and
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Late at night, the Royalist generals reached York, with many routed troops and stragglers. The Governor of York, Sir
503:
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2372:
as a cavalry commander was also firmly established at this battle. Despite attempts by his political rivals such as
1836:
a few miles north of York. This had been the only crossing available to the allies above another bridge of boats at
1432:
routed the Royalist cavalry from the field and, with Leven's infantry, annihilated the remaining Royalist infantry.
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1683:
1532:
1402:
1374:
1074:
1045:
607:
553:
543:
332:
48:
56:
2344:. Cromwell's reputation as an effective cavalry commander and leader was cemented by his success at Marston Moor.
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2014:
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5 mi (8.0 km) south of York, and its capture prevented the allies crossing the Ouse to engage Rupert.
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to watch the Parliamentarians under Lord Fairfax in Hull, while he led his main body north to confront Leven.
1951:) less than 100 ft (30 m) above the surrounding countryside but nevertheless prominent in the flat
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4005:
1528:
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to relieve the city. The convergence of these forces made the ensuing battle the largest of the civil wars.
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1005:
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3703:
Carte, T., ed. (1739). "Letter: Arthur Trevor to Lieutenant-General, The Marquis of Ormonde 10 July 1644".
1756:, where he paused for three days from 26 to 28 June to "fix arms" and await some final reinforcements from
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and Sir Philip Monckton to rally them. Eventually, they obeyed orders to retreat to York late at night.
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a slight hummock near this point or where the ditch was an especially weak obstacle. To their left, a
1650:. It was settled that while the King attempted to play for time in Oxford, Rupert would relieve York.
2252:, which briefly described the battle and then informed the father of the son's last words and death.
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3671:
The Letters and Journals of Robert Baillie, Principal of the University of Glasgow MDCXXXVII–MDCLXII
1781:
they abandoned the siege on the night of 30 June, and concentrated their forces near the village of
2541:
The most complete discussion of the command structure and number of men in each is found in Furgol.
2083:(or "Hurry") was Sergeant Major General of Rupert's horse and therefore Byron's second in command.
2080:
1745:
1722:. This had left Oxford exposed to a sudden threat from the Parliamentarian armies commanded by the
1603:
1566:. Meanwhile, a Parliamentarian cavalry force under Sir Thomas Fairfax, who had been campaigning in
1563:
1338:
1269:
821:
707:
697:
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622:
583:
563:
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508:
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which lay between them. On 11 April, Sir Thomas Fairfax's force, reinforced by infantry under Sir
3979:
2223:
1971:
1731:
1711:
1611:
1610:. York was now completely encircled and siege operations began in earnest. Leven was accepted as
1497:
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1094:
990:
955:
940:
876:
856:
811:
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234:
90:
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1985:
recorded the disposition of the troops and the role of Leven in drawing up the order of battle:
3652:"Electric Light Orchestra – The Battle of Marston Moor (July 2nd, 1644) Lyrics | Genius Lyrics"
4047:
4017:
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3808:
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3749:
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2470:. At the time, Hessay Moor and Marston Moor were contiguous areas of uncultivated common land.
2430:
the Amalekites, while they were rejoicing over their spoils, and smote them until the evening.
2313:
1978:. Five hundred Scottish dragoons under Colonel Hugh Fraser were deployed on the extreme left.
1959:
1947:
The Covenanters and Parliamentarians occupied Marston Hill, a low feature (actually part of a
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coast. Although they partially retrieved their fortunes with victories later in the year in
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1793:), and could easily move to their left to prevent Rupert making any move to the south via
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17:
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344:
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1678:, allegedly killing 1,600 of the Parliamentarian defenders and citizens. Resting at
2629:
NB. Young made the error of thinking the account was written by Somerville himself.
2361:
2067:
1952:
1719:
1667:
1666:, raising his force to 2,000 horse and 6,000 foot. Having forced a crossing of the
1634:– Rupert was ordered to retake the north from Parliament and their Scottish allies.
1575:
1504:
1150:
1706:
on 6 June and wrested control of the city from Parliament after a five-day siege.
3020:
Young (1970), p. 210 (account by Parliamentarian Scoutmaster-General Lion Watson)
1468:
the Royalists had the advantage in numbers and local support, except in parts of
2444:
2413:
2394:
2349:
quartered in the city, the garrison surrendered on honourable terms on 16 July.
1878:
1813:
1761:
1686:, which had broken out of York early in the siege, with a small contingent from
1536:
1390:
362:
164:
2388:
wrote from Edinburgh only a few days later to one of his Independent brethren:
3843:
Alexander Leslie and the Scottish Generals of the Thirty Years' War, 1618–1648
2288:
on the north east side, he marched back over the Pennines, making a detour to
2231:
2215:
1757:
1699:
1687:
1654:
1559:
1469:
1690:, and several regiments which were being freshly raised in Lancashire by the
111:
98:
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1867:
1805:
1749:
1703:
1671:
1642:, where the King had his wartime capital. From 24 April to 5 May, he held a
1507:, as part of a planned "three-pronged" advance on London, but was forced to
1440:
1378:
970:
153:
2550:
On his map, Lumsden depicted both infantry and dragoons in the same manner.
447:
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1963:
1825:
1794:
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1591:
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1417:
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During the summer of 1644, the Covenanters and Parliamentarians had been
1398:
176:
2281:
1936:
1753:
1682:
nearby, Rupert was joined by the Marquess of Newcastle's cavalry under
1659:
1594:, about 14 mi (23 km) west of York. Together, they began the
3073:
3071:
2325:, they made a final attempt to reach Scotland and were routed at the
2042:
A plan of the Royalist dispositions at Marston Moor, drawn up by Sir
1871:
1782:
1639:
2364:
and eventually moved into the south of England to take part in the
2466:
In some older sources this battle is described as taking place on
2336:
2037:
1935:
1856:
1626:
1571:
1748:, which surrendered without a fight. From there he proceeded via
1425:
1109:
451:
1903:
2505:
to John Rushworth, Clerk's Assistant at the House of Commons.
1958:
At some point in the day, the Royalists attempted to seize a
2280:
on the day after the battle (3 July) and went into exile in
1943:– Leven commanded the Covenanter and Parliamentarian armies.
2008:
Most of Manchester's infantry under Sergeant Major General
1730:
and forced the King to leave the city in haste and head to
2620:, vol. 2, p. 209. "Baillie to Blair", 18 July 1644 quoted.
1646:
attended by his nephew and most renowned field commander,
1531:, but Parliament took an even greater step by signing the
3881:"Sir Marmaduke Langdale, 1st Baron Langdale, c.1598–1661"
3805:
A Regimental History of the Covenanting Armies, 1639-1651
2342:
Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) at the Battle of Marston Moor
2020:
The right wing was commanded by Sir Thomas Fairfax, with
3721:. Vol. 2. The New World. London: Cassell. p.
1768:
14 mi (23 km) north-west of York on 30 June.
1435:
After their defeat the Royalists effectively abandoned
2488:
The most complete work on his continental service is
1800:
Early on 1 July, some Royalist cavalry advanced from
3742:"Massacre and Codes of Conduct in English Civil War"
1962:
to the west of the cornfields from where they might
3921:
Civil War: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1638–1660
2532:
These units are detailed in Murdoch & Grosjean.
1990:
worthyly challenge the prime power in ordering them
4039:
4009:
2188:, William Douglas of Kilhead, Lord Coupar and the
1496:, fled with their remaining forces to the port of
4089:"British Civil Wars – The Battle of Marston Moor"
2408:was able to exercise little control over events.
1377:of 1639–1653. The combined forces of the English
3883:. British Civil Wars and Commonwealth Web Site.
3862:Marston Moor 1644: The Battle of the Five Armies
2416:(the Earl of Manchester's chaplain) noted that:
2079:, although the experienced but unprincipled Sir
4164:Massacres during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
3638:
3626:
3605:
3565:
3532:
3520:
3326:
3149:
3119:
3098:
3077:
2489:
2427:
2418:
2390:
2198:
2160:
2144:
2124:
2104:
1987:
1941:Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven (1580–1661)
1899:
1877:However, Newcastle and his Lieutenant General,
1736:
34:
4012:Marston Moor 1644: The Campaign and the Battle
3942:. campaign. Vol. 119. Osprey Publishing.
1523:In late 1643, the English Civil War widened.
1121:
463:
8:
3552:
3550:
3471:
3469:
3183:
3181:
3179:
2559:Scoutmaster-General Watson to Henry Overton.
2384:on the other. The noted Scottish theologian
1582:, capturing Belasyse and most of his force.
4169:Registered historic battlefields in England
3940:Marston Moor 1644: The Beginning of the End
3369:
3367:
3365:
3337:
3335:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3195:
3193:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2112:Scoutmaster-General Watson to Henry Overton
1542:Early in 1644, a Covenanter army under the
1503:Newcastle sent some of his army south into
3984:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3962:Memoirs of Prince Rupert and the Cavaliers
3744:. In Levene, Mark; Roberts, Penny (eds.).
3295:
3293:
3291:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2449:The Battle of Marston Moor (July 2nd 1644)
1139:Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
1128:
1114:
1106:
470:
456:
448:
31:
27:1644 battle of the First English Civil War
3841:Murdoch, Steve; Grosjean, Alexia (2014).
3718:A History of the English-speaking Peoples
1764:. He arrived at the Royalist garrison at
3669:Baillie, Robert (1841). Laing, D (ed.).
2005:it is not so formal as it ought to be."
1535:, sealing an alliance with the Scottish
3683:"Battle of Marston Moor 1644 (1000020)"
2640:
2617:
2459:
2171:Sir James Lumsden to the Earl of Loudon
3977:
3887:from the original on 27 September 2007
3161:
1632:Prince Rupert of the Rhine (1619–1682)
1373:was fought on 2 July 1644, during the
4070:"British Civil Wars – The York March"
2677:Young and Holmes (2000), pp. 151, 152
2647:
1844:assistance on the following morning.
1820:. These two rivers merge to form the
1480:defeated the Parliamentarian army of
7:
2686:Young and Holmes (2000), pp. 155–157
2668:Young and Holmes (2000), pp. 111–113
2514:Account of the Duchess of Newcastle.
411:
4149:Military history of North Yorkshire
3860:Newman, P.R; Roberts, P.R. (2003).
3807:. Edinburgh: J. Donald Publishers.
3688:National Heritage List for England
2273:, the western gate into the city.
1832:across the Ouse at the village of
131:Covenanter/Parliamentarian victory
25:
4139:Battles of the English Civil Wars
1500:, which was held for Parliament.
3998:Battles of the English Civil War
3409:Newman and Roberts, pp. 105–109.
2695:Young and Holmes (2000), p. 165.
2577:Captain William Stewart, quoted.
1932:Covenanters and Parliamentarians
1907:] fall to singing psalms..."
1694:. Bypassing the Parliamentarian
443:North Yorkshire and Long Marston
424:
410:
403:
356:
348:
338:
326:
314:
301:
286:
266:
254:
240:
228:
216:
204:
192:
170:
158:
147:
55:
4112:UK Battlefields Resource Centre
3400:Young (1970), pp. 121–122, 125.
2821:Young and Holmes (2000) p. 192.
1828:, who had been left to guard a
1638:News of the siege soon reached
4114:. The Battlefields Trust. 2005
2875:Newman and Roberts, pp. 47–48.
2785:Newman and Roberts, pp. 23–25.
2740:Newman and Roberts, pp. 15–16.
2439:In 1971 the British rock band
2403:Conduct of the allied generals
1292:Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652)
1:
4046:. Ware: Wordsworth Editions.
3772:Battles in Britain, 1066–1746
3673:(3 vols ed.). Edinburgh.
3585:. Random House. p. 133.
4000:. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd.
3748:. New York: Berghahn Books.
2993:Battle of Marston Moor 1644.
1927:Marston Moor order of battle
1752:and crossed the Pennines to
1562:and surrounding the city of
425:
4144:Battles involving Yorkshire
3826:. Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
3785:Cromwell the Lord Protector
3770:Dodds, Glen Lyndon (1996).
3639:Murdoch & Grosjean 2014
3627:Murdoch & Grosjean 2014
3606:Murdoch & Grosjean 2014
3566:Murdoch & Grosjean 2014
3533:Murdoch & Grosjean 2014
3521:Murdoch & Grosjean 2014
3327:Murdoch & Grosjean 2014
3150:Murdoch & Grosjean 2014
3120:Murdoch & Grosjean 2014
3099:Murdoch & Grosjean 2014
3078:Murdoch & Grosjean 2014
2568:Sir Thomas Fairfax, quoted.
2490:Murdoch & Grosjean 2014
2327:Battle of Sherburn in Elmet
2310:Relief of Montgomery Castle
1492:. Fairfax and his son, Sir
4195:
3707:. Vol. 1. p. 56.
3617:Young (1970), pp. 231–236.
3583:Cromwell: Our Chief of Men
3511:Young (1970), pp. 167–168.
3436:Young (1970), pp. 217–218.
3382:Young (1970), pp. 206–208.
3359:Young (1970), pp. 240–241.
3299:Young (1970), pp. 218–221.
3262:Young (1970), pp. 209–213.
3244:Newman and Roberts, p. 81.
2957:Young (1970), pp.104, 200.
2902:Young (1970), pp. 214–215.
2749:Newman and Roberts, p. 11.
2722:Newman and Roberts, p. 13.
1924:
1533:Solemn League and Covenant
1403:Prince Rupert of the Rhine
1375:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
62:The Battle of Marston Moor
4174:17th century in Yorkshire
3904:. London: B.T. Batsford.
3864:. Pickering: Blackthorn.
3824:The Civil Wars of England
3208:Tincey (2003), pp. 28–30.
2595:Mr. Arthur Trevor to the
2206:Mr. Arthur Trevor to the
1147:
489:
384:
371:
182:
139:
68:
54:
39:
4108:"Battle of Marston Moor"
3900:Regan, Geoffrey (1987).
3845:. Pickering and Chatto.
3187:Young (1970), pp. 86–90.
3038:Young (1970), pp. 86–93.
2441:Electric Light Orchestra
2366:Second Battle of Newbury
2292:to escape interception.
2178:Earl of Crawford-Lindsay
1474:West Riding of Yorkshire
1263:Second English Civil War
4093:British Civil Wars site
4074:British Civil Wars site
3964:. Vol. 2. London.
3803:Furgol, Edward (1990).
3746:The Massacre in History
3427:Young (1970), pp. 28–32
2152:Captain William Stewart
1718:on an offensive in the
1529:Irish Rebellion of 1641
1486:Battle of Adwalton Moor
1169:First English Civil War
481:First English Civil War
4016:. Kineton: Roundwood.
3919:Royle, Trevor (2004).
2432:
2423:
2400:
2345:
2212:
2174:
2155:
2135:
2115:
2046:
1996:Sergeant Major General
1992:
1944:
1909:
1881:, were opposed to any
1863:
1741:
1635:
1460:Civil war in the north
1371:Battle of Marston Moor
183:Commanders and leaders
35:Battle of Marston Moor
18:Battle of Marston-Moor
4042:The English Civil War
3938:Tincey, John (2003).
3902:Someone had blundered
3822:Kenyon, John (1988).
3740:Coster, Will (1999).
3705:Collection of Letters
3544:Tincey (2003), p. 69.
3493:Young (1970), p. 139.
3391:Young (1970), p. 122.
3373:Young (1970), p. 121.
3317:Young (1970), p. 110.
3308:Young (1970), p. 109.
3271:Tincey (2003), p. 64.
3253:Young (1970), p. 113.
3173:Tincey (2003), p. 60.
3140:Tincey (2010), p. 23.
3110:Tincey (2010), p. 24.
3029:Young (1970), p. 103.
3011:Tincey (2003), p. 55.
3002:Young (1970), p. 106.
2975:Tincey (2003), p. 73.
2966:Young (1970), p. 210.
2948:Young (1970), p. 203.
2930:Regan (1987), p. 170.
2479:Quote from Clarendon.
2340:
2041:
1939:
1925:Further information:
1860:
1630:
1478:Marquess of Newcastle
1407:Marquess of Newcastle
872:Gunnislake New Bridge
385:Casualties and losses
308:Marquess of Newcastle
3788:. New York: Primus.
3463:Young (1970), p. 202
3454:Young (1970), p. 126
3217:Young (1970), p. 68.
3199:Young (1970), p. 87.
3089:Tincey (2003) p. 24.
3065:Young (1970), p. 96.
3047:Young (1970), p. 86.
2893:Young (1970), p. 92.
2866:Young (1970), p. 82.
2848:Young (1970), p. 80.
2839:Young (1970), p. 191
2767:Woolrych, pp. 55–59.
2758:Young (1970), p. 69.
1766:Knaresborough Castle
1702:, Rupert approached
1653:Rupert set out from
1449:Marquess of Montrose
1424:wild meadow west of
440:class=notpageimage|
3629:, pp. 126–134.
3535:, pp. 132–133.
3101:, pp. 129–130.
3080:, pp. 128–129.
2830:Young (1970), p.187
2803:Warburton, 2nd vol.
2597:Marquess of Ormonde
2208:Marquess of Ormonde
2190:Earl of Dunfermline
1894:and took position.
1604:Eastern Association
1564:Newcastle upon Tyne
108: /
3923:. London: Abacus.
3774:. Arms and Armour.
3713:Churchill, Winston
2659:Churchill, p. 186.
2523:Stockdale, quoted.
2346:
2224:Marmaduke Langdale
2132:Sir Thomas Fairfax
2047:
1945:
1864:
1684:Lord George Goring
1636:
1612:commander in chief
1608:Earl of Manchester
1387:Earl of Manchester
1346:Glencairn's rising
946:Scarborough Castle
748:2nd Wardour Castle
648:1st Wardour Castle
235:Sir Thomas Fairfax
199:Earl of Manchester
112:53.9623°N 1.2542°W
4179:Massacres in 1644
4159:Conflicts in 1644
3971:978-1-4212-4940-7
3949:978-1-84176-334-7
3852:978-1-84893-467-2
2586:Lumsden's account
2435:Fiction and media
2329:in October 1645.
2314:Pontefract Castle
2182:Viscount Maitland
2010:Lawrence Crawford
1662:and commanded by
1617:Thirty Years' War
1588:Earl of Callendar
1389:and the Scottish
1366:
1365:
1256:Rhunahaorine Moss
1103:
1102:
1026:Sherburn in Elmet
897:Montgomery Castle
807:Stourbridge Heath
399:
398:
135:
134:
16:(Redirected from
4186:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4057:
4045:
4027:
4015:
4001:
3994:Woolrych, Austin
3989:
3983:
3975:
3958:Warburton, Eliot
3953:
3934:
3915:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3875:
3856:
3837:
3818:
3799:
3775:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3736:
3708:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3679:Historic England
3674:
3656:
3655:
3648:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3615:
3609:
3603:
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3300:
3297:
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3283:
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3269:
3263:
3260:
3254:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3236:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3188:
3185:
3174:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3066:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3048:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2976:
2973:
2967:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2917:
2914:
2903:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2885:
2884:Woolrych, p. 65.
2882:
2876:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2858:
2857:Woolrych, p. 66.
2855:
2849:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2795:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2768:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2723:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2669:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2630:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2542:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2506:
2503:Thomas Stockdale
2499:
2493:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2471:
2464:
2250:Valentine Walton
2210:
2186:Earl of Cassilis
2172:
2153:
2133:
2113:
2052:Bernard de Gomme
2044:Bernard de Gomme
2027:Earl of Eglinton
1983:Thomas Stockdale
1949:terminal moraine
1914:Battle of Vlotho
1466:Northern England
1445:Southern England
1437:Northern England
1379:Parliamentarians
1142:
1140:
1130:
1123:
1116:
1107:
1075:Stow-on-the-Wold
1031:3rd Basing House
986:2nd Lathom House
936:High Ercall Hall
847:2nd Basing House
792:1st Lathom House
738:1st Basing House
484:
482:
472:
465:
458:
449:
428:
427:
414:
413:
407:
361:
360:
359:
352:
343:
342:
341:
331:
330:
329:
319:
318:
317:
310:
306:
305:
304:
291:
290:
289:
271:
270:
269:
259:
258:
257:
245:
244:
243:
233:
232:
231:
221:
220:
219:
209:
208:
207:
197:
196:
195:
175:
174:
173:
163:
162:
161:
154:Parliamentarians
152:
151:
150:
123:
122:
120:
119:
118:
117:53.9623; -1.2542
113:
109:
106:
105:
104:
101:
70:
69:
59:
32:
21:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4154:1644 in England
4129:
4128:
4117:
4115:
4106:
4097:
4095:
4087:
4078:
4076:
4068:
4065:
4060:
4054:
4036:Holmes, Richard
4030:
4024:
4004:
3992:
3976:
3972:
3956:
3950:
3937:
3931:
3918:
3912:
3899:
3890:
3888:
3878:
3872:
3859:
3853:
3840:
3834:
3821:
3815:
3802:
3796:
3780:Fraser, Antonia
3778:
3769:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3739:
3733:
3711:
3702:
3693:
3691:
3677:
3668:
3664:
3659:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3637:
3633:
3625:
3621:
3616:
3612:
3604:
3600:
3593:
3579:Fraser, Antonia
3577:
3576:
3572:
3564:
3560:
3555:
3548:
3543:
3539:
3531:
3527:
3519:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3501:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3483:
3479:
3474:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3445:Fraser, p. 129.
3444:
3440:
3435:
3431:
3426:
3422:
3418:Coster, p. 100.
3417:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3333:
3325:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3289:
3284:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3212:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3191:
3186:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3160:
3156:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3076:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2920:
2915:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2776:Kenyon, p. 101.
2775:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2602:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2500:
2496:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2437:
2405:
2358:Articles of War
2335:
2263:
2258:
2241:
2211:
2205:
2173:
2170:
2154:
2151:
2134:
2131:
2114:
2111:
2092:
2036:
2015:William Baillie
1994:The Covenanter
1968:Oliver Cromwell
1934:
1929:
1923:
1855:
1850:
1830:bridge of boats
1818:Thornton Bridge
1778:Earl of Denbigh
1774:
1664:Lord John Byron
1625:
1556:
1462:
1457:
1430:Oliver Cromwell
1367:
1362:
1299:Whiggamore Raid
1143:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1104:
1099:
862:Cropredy Bridge
718:Aldbourne Chase
668:Chalgrove Field
485:
480:
478:
476:
446:
445:
444:
442:
436:
435:
434:
433:
429:
421:
420:
419:
415:
394:
367:
357:
355:
339:
337:
327:
325:
315:
313:
302:
300:
299:
287:
285:
277:
273:William Baillie
267:
265:
255:
253:
241:
239:
229:
227:
223:Oliver Cromwell
217:
215:
205:
203:
193:
191:
171:
169:
159:
157:
148:
146:
116:
114:
110:
107:
102:
99:
97:
95:
94:
93:
60:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4192:
4190:
4182:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4124:
4104:
4085:
4064:
4063:External links
4061:
4059:
4058:
4052:
4028:
4022:
4002:
3990:
3970:
3954:
3948:
3935:
3929:
3916:
3910:
3897:
3879:Plant, David.
3876:
3870:
3857:
3851:
3838:
3832:
3819:
3813:
3800:
3794:
3776:
3767:
3754:
3737:
3731:
3709:
3700:
3675:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3643:
3641:, p. 130.
3631:
3619:
3610:
3608:, p. 133.
3598:
3591:
3570:
3568:, p. 127.
3558:
3556:Royle, p. 300.
3546:
3537:
3525:
3523:, p. 131.
3513:
3504:
3495:
3486:
3484:Royle, p. 173.
3477:
3475:Royle, p. 299.
3465:
3456:
3447:
3438:
3429:
3420:
3411:
3402:
3393:
3384:
3375:
3361:
3352:
3350:Royle, p. 296.
3343:
3341:Young, p. 115.
3331:
3319:
3310:
3301:
3287:
3285:Royle, p. 298.
3273:
3264:
3255:
3246:
3237:
3235:Regan, p. 176.
3228:
3226:Royle, p. 295.
3219:
3210:
3201:
3189:
3175:
3166:
3154:
3152:, p. 129.
3142:
3133:
3124:
3122:, p. 132.
3112:
3103:
3091:
3082:
3067:
3058:
3056:Regan, p. 172.
3049:
3040:
3031:
3022:
3013:
3004:
2995:
2977:
2968:
2959:
2950:
2941:
2939:Tincey, p. 52.
2932:
2918:
2916:Royle, p. 293.
2904:
2895:
2886:
2877:
2868:
2859:
2850:
2841:
2832:
2823:
2814:
2812:Royle, p. 290.
2805:
2796:
2794:Royle, p. 289.
2787:
2778:
2769:
2760:
2751:
2742:
2733:
2731:Royle, p. 283.
2724:
2715:
2713:Royle, p. 279.
2706:
2704:Royle, p. 212.
2697:
2688:
2679:
2670:
2661:
2652:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2622:
2610:
2600:
2588:
2579:
2570:
2561:
2552:
2543:
2534:
2525:
2516:
2507:
2494:
2481:
2472:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2436:
2433:
2404:
2401:
2386:Robert Baillie
2334:
2331:
2271:Micklegate Bar
2267:Thomas Glemham
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2240:
2237:
2203:
2168:
2149:
2129:
2109:
2091:
2088:
2035:
2032:
1933:
1930:
1922:
1919:
1883:pitched battle
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1838:Acaster Malbis
1773:
1772:Relief of York
1770:
1728:William Waller
1676:stormed Bolton
1644:council of war
1624:
1621:
1555:
1552:
1525:King Charles I
1494:Thomas Fairfax
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1414:besieging York
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1275:Mauchline Muir
1272:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1110:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1046:Shelford House
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
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958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
920:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
771:
770:
768:2nd Middlewich
765:
760:
758:Bramber Bridge
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
608:1st Middlewich
605:
600:
587:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
554:Farnham Castle
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
504:Marshall's Elm
501:
490:
487:
486:
477:
475:
474:
467:
460:
452:
438:
437:
431:
430:
423:
422:
417:
416:
409:
408:
402:
401:
400:
397:
396:
395:1,500 captured
391:
387:
386:
382:
381:
378:
374:
373:
369:
368:
366:
365:
353:
335:
323:
311:
297:
283:
280:
278:
276:
275:
263:
251:
237:
225:
213:
201:
188:
185:
184:
180:
179:
167:
142:
141:
137:
136:
133:
132:
129:
125:
124:
84:
82:
78:
77:
74:
66:
65:
52:
51:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4191:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4127:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4055:
4053:1-84022-222-0
4049:
4044:
4043:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4023:1-900624-09-5
4019:
4014:
4013:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3981:
3973:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3945:
3941:
3936:
3932:
3930:0-349-11564-8
3926:
3922:
3917:
3913:
3911:0-7134-5008-8
3907:
3903:
3898:
3886:
3882:
3877:
3873:
3871:0-9540535-2-4
3867:
3863:
3858:
3854:
3848:
3844:
3839:
3835:
3833:0-297-79351-9
3829:
3825:
3820:
3816:
3814:9780859761949
3810:
3806:
3801:
3797:
3795:0-917657-90-X
3791:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3768:
3757:
3755:9781571819352
3751:
3747:
3743:
3738:
3734:
3732:0-304-29501-9
3728:
3724:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3653:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3623:
3620:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3602:
3599:
3594:
3592:9780749301071
3588:
3584:
3580:
3574:
3571:
3567:
3562:
3559:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3517:
3514:
3508:
3505:
3499:
3496:
3490:
3487:
3481:
3478:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3457:
3451:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3424:
3421:
3415:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3388:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3329:, p. 129
3328:
3323:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3305:
3302:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3214:
3211:
3205:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3164:, p. 23.
3163:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3095:
3092:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3008:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2890:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2674:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2650:, p. 56.
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2000:James Lumsden
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1960:rabbit warren
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1798:
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1789:, the modern
1788:
1787:Ermine Street
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1593:
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1580:stormed Selby
1577:
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1553:
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1548:John Belasyse
1545:
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1095:2nd Worcester
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693:Roundway Down
691:
689:
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683:Burton Bridge
681:
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673:Adwalton Moor
671:
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663:1st Worcester
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616:
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598:Braddock Down
596:
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294:Prince Rupert
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89:, Yorkshire,
88:
83:
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72:
71:
67:
64:, John Barker
63:
58:
53:
50:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4126:
4116:. Retrieved
4111:
4096:. Retrieved
4092:
4077:. Retrieved
4073:
4041:
4032:Young, Peter
4011:
4006:Young, Peter
3997:
3961:
3939:
3920:
3901:
3889:. Retrieved
3861:
3842:
3823:
3804:
3784:
3771:
3759:. Retrieved
3745:
3717:
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3692:. Retrieved
3686:
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2709:
2700:
2691:
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2673:
2664:
2655:
2643:
2625:
2618:Baillie 1841
2613:
2603:
2591:
2582:
2573:
2564:
2555:
2546:
2537:
2528:
2519:
2510:
2497:
2484:
2475:
2467:
2462:
2443:released an
2438:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2410:
2406:
2391:
2382:Independents
2379:
2370:
2362:Lincolnshire
2357:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2323:Rowton Heath
2306:
2294:
2275:
2264:
2246:
2242:
2228:
2220:
2213:
2199:
2194:
2175:
2161:
2156:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2085:
2073:
2068:forlorn hope
2064:
2056:
2048:
2022:John Lambert
2019:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1988:
1980:
1976:David Leslie
1957:
1953:Vale of York
1946:
1940:
1910:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1876:
1865:
1842:
1799:
1775:
1762:Westmoreland
1742:
1737:
1720:West Country
1708:
1668:River Mersey
1652:
1637:
1631:
1623:Relief moves
1600:
1584:
1576:John Meldrum
1557:
1541:
1522:
1514:Gainsborough
1509:besiege Hull
1505:Lincolnshire
1502:
1482:Lord Fairfax
1463:
1434:
1422:
1411:
1383:Lord Fairfax
1370:
1368:
1344:
1343:
1290:
1289:
1261:
1260:
1246:2nd Aberdeen
1201:1st Aberdeen
1191:Marston Moor
1190:
1167:
1166:
1151:Bishops Wars
1149:
1085:2nd Aberdeen
1057:
1055:
1021:Rowton Heath
923:
921:
892:1st Aberdeen
867:Marston Moor
866:
852:Tipton Green
774:
772:
733:Olney Bridge
703:Gainsborough
678:2nd Bradford
643:Sourton Down
633:Ripple Field
613:Hopton Heath
590:
588:
579:1st Bradford
574:Muster Green
559:Piercebridge
529:Kings Norton
519:Babylon Hill
492:
418:Long Marston
393:4,000 killed
292:
261:David Leslie
246:
211:Lord Fairfax
145:
140:Belligerents
87:Long Marston
61:
40:Part of the
29:
3694:17 February
3162:Tincey 2003
2501:Account by
2468:Hessam-Moor
2445:album track
2414:Simeon Ashe
2278:Scarborough
2090:Main action
1879:Lord Eythin
1814:River Swale
1537:Covenanters
1391:Covenanters
1358:Dalnaspidal
1236:Philiphaugh
1181:Boldon Hill
1157:Brig of Dee
1065:Bovey Heath
1016:2nd Chester
1011:Philiphaugh
1006:2nd Bristol
961:3rd Taunton
951:2nd Taunton
917:2nd Newbury
907:1st Taunton
902:1st Chester
882:Lostwithiel
802:Boldon Hill
743:Heptonstall
723:1st Newbury
698:1st Bristol
363:Lord Eythin
333:Lord Goring
321:Baron Byron
165:Covenanters
115: /
76:2 July 1644
4133:Categories
4118:28 January
3891:9 November
2648:Carte 1739
2636:References
2608:Catholics.
2239:Casualties
2232:last stand
2216:field sign
1921:Deployment
1822:River Ouse
1758:Cumberland
1700:Manchester
1696:stronghold
1688:Derbyshire
1655:Shrewsbury
1606:under the
1560:River Tyne
1470:Lancashire
1455:Background
1393:under the
1319:Carbisdale
1251:Lagganmore
1241:Annan Moor
1211:Inverlochy
1196:Tippermuir
1090:Lagganmore
1080:3rd Oxford
1070:Torrington
1036:Annan Moor
966:2nd Oxford
931:Inverlochy
887:Tippermuir
837:1st Oxford
822:Lyme Regis
708:Gloucester
584:Chichester
569:1st Exeter
509:Portsmouth
390:300 killed
100:53°57′44″N
49:Civil Wars
3980:cite book
2395:Mr Ashe's
2261:Royalists
2164:Buccleuch
2081:John Urry
2034:Royalists
1998:of Foot,
1972:ironsides
1868:Tadcaster
1834:Poppleton
1806:River Ure
1750:Clitheroe
1732:Worcester
1704:Liverpool
1672:Stockport
1441:North Sea
1399:Royalists
1339:Worcester
1270:Dunaverty
1176:Newcastle
971:Leicester
787:Newcastle
688:Lansdowne
658:Wakefield
628:Lichfield
623:Camp Hill
564:Tadcaster
544:Brentford
539:Aylesbury
177:Royalists
103:1°15′15″W
4038:(2000).
4008:(1970).
3996:(1961).
3960:(2003).
3885:Archived
3782:(1973).
3715:(1974).
3681:(2020).
3581:(1993).
2447:titled "
2398:leader.
2354:Carlisle
2302:familiar
2290:Richmond
2286:Monk Bar
2204:—
2169:—
2150:—
2130:—
2110:—
1964:enfilade
1826:dragoons
1812:and the
1795:Wetherby
1726:and Sir
1716:Abingdon
1592:Wetherby
1568:Cheshire
1490:Bradford
1472:and the
1418:Pennines
1405:and the
1385:and the
1304:Stirling
1216:Auldearn
1206:Carlisle
996:Hereford
991:Langport
956:Auldearn
941:Weymouth
912:Carlisle
877:Ormskirk
857:Oswestry
812:Cheriton
782:Nantwich
713:2nd Hull
653:Stratton
534:Edgehill
514:Plymouth
499:1st Hull
372:Strength
81:Location
46:Scottish
4098:21 June
4079:21 June
3662:Sources
3131:Furgol.
2282:Hamburg
2256:Outcome
1853:Prelude
1754:Skipton
1746:Preston
1712:Reading
1660:Chester
1518:Winceby
1484:at the
1353:Tullich
1285:Winwick
1280:Preston
1231:Kilsyth
1162:Newburn
1001:Kilsyth
832:Lincoln
763:Arundel
728:Winceby
638:Reading
91:England
42:English
4050:
4020:
3968:
3946:
3927:
3908:
3868:
3849:
3830:
3811:
3792:
3752:
3729:
3589:
3502:Plant.
2333:Allies
2319:Naseby
2298:"Boye"
1872:Cawood
1848:Battle
1783:Hessay
1640:Oxford
1381:under
1334:Dundee
1324:Dunbar
1221:Alford
1051:Newark
981:Alford
976:Naseby
842:Bolton
797:Newark
380:17,500
377:24,500
347:
128:Result
3761:1 May
2455:Notes
2147:foot.
2107:dust.
1674:, he
1572:Selby
1488:near
1226:Fyvie
817:Selby
753:Alton
603:Leeds
85:Near
4120:2017
4100:2015
4081:2015
4048:ISBN
4018:ISBN
3986:link
3966:ISBN
3944:ISBN
3925:ISBN
3906:ISBN
3893:2007
3866:ISBN
3847:ISBN
3828:ISBN
3809:ISBN
3790:ISBN
3763:2020
3750:ISBN
3727:ISBN
3696:2017
3587:ISBN
2321:and
2180:and
1870:and
1760:and
1714:and
1680:Bury
1586:the
1516:and
1498:Hull
1426:York
1369:The
1186:York
1058:1646
924:1645
827:York
775:1644
591:1643
493:1642
432:York
73:Date
44:and
3723:186
2451:".
1904:sic
1816:at
1808:at
1791:A59
1698:of
1670:at
1464:In
4135::
4110:.
4091:.
4072:.
4034:;
3982:}}
3978:{{
3725:.
3685:.
3549:^
3468:^
3364:^
3334:^
3290:^
3276:^
3192:^
3178:^
3070:^
2980:^
2921:^
2907:^
2368:.
2304:.
2062:.
1797:.
1619:.
1598:.
1578:,
1539:.
1520:.
1451:.
1409:.
4122:.
4102:.
4083:.
4056:.
4026:.
3988:)
3974:.
3952:.
3933:.
3914:.
3895:.
3874:.
3855:.
3836:.
3817:.
3798:.
3765:.
3735:.
3698:.
3654:.
3595:.
2492:.
1129:e
1122:t
1115:v
471:e
464:t
457:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
