1698:
isolate the
Frankish rearguard and the baggage train from the rest of the escaping army, and although the Basques were not as well-equipped, they held the upper ground and the knowledge of the terrain that gave them a huge advantage in the skirmish. As Charlemagne tried to regroup and evacuate his army, Roland and the others held for a considerable amount of time before the Basques finally massacred them completely. Though killed to the last man, the rearguard nonetheless succeeded in allowing Charlemagne and his army to continue to safety. The Basques then looted the baggage that was left behind and took advantage of the darkness to flee, leaving no trace for the Franks to follow the following morning. The revised version of the
1653:
2007:
1634:
position, Husayn became reluctant to yield his new privileged status to the
Frankish monarch and refused to surrender the city to Charlemagne, claiming that he had never promised Charlemagne his allegiance. He seems to have tried to appease Charlemagne by giving him the prisoner General Ibn Obeid and a large tribute of gold, but Charlemagne was not easily satisfied, putting Sulayman al-Arabi in chains. Meanwhile, the force sent by the Baghdad caliphate seems to have been stopped near
1773:. He held the territory of the Pyrenees, making him responsible for the tragedy that happened in his realm. Regions surrounding his kingdom such as Bordeaux were under the control of the Carolingians. While the Duke did pay homage to Charlemagne by offering Hunald II (a rebel leader and a possible heir to Waiofar) and his wife to him, there were disputes over the trans-Pyrenean Basque lands ruled by Lupo and those under Carolingian suzerainty. The authors of the General History of
1802:
1822:
1996:
1679:, possibly fearing that it could be used for future conflicts. Some primary sources suggest that he destroyed the city altogether, and many towns in the region were also razed. Garrisons and military outposts were placed throughout the territory, and there were accounts of the Franks' harsh treatment of the Basques during their occupation.
1694:, were placed in the rearguard probably to protect the retreat and the baggage train. Unknown to Charlemagne, the enraged Basques sent their warriors in pursuit of him and his army in retaliation for the destruction of their city, and the Basques' knowledge of the region helped them overtake the Franks.
1889:
1917:
While the skirmish was a small setback, Charlemagne did lose huge quantities of treasure and good men. It was the only significant defeat that
Charlemagne ever suffered in his otherwise successful military career. Never again would Charlemagne take it upon himself to lead an army to battle in Spain,
1712:
had set up an ambush. They attacked the rearguard, causing confusion which spread to all the army. And, while the Franks were superior to the
Vascones both in armament and in courage, the roughness of the terrain and the difference in the style of combat made them generally weaker. In this battle
1713:
were killed the majority of the paladins that the King had placed in command of his forces. The baggage was sacked, and suddenly the enemy vanished, thanks to their knowledge of the terrain. The memory of the injury so produced overshadowed in the King's heart that of the feats done in
Hispania.
2117:, is a gap thought to have been caused by Roland while fighting. At the summit of the Roncevaux Pass are the remains of an early chapel of San Salvador also known as Charlemagne's Chapel and the Charlemagne Monument built in 1934; both built to commemorate the Emperor's campaign in the region.
1697:
In the evening of August 15, Charlemagne's rearguard was suddenly attacked by the
Basques as they crossed the mountain pass. The Franks were caught off guard by the surprise attack, with their army in confusion and disarray as they tried to escape the ambush. The Basques managed to cut off and
1633:
Abd ar-Rahman of CĂłrdoba sent his most trusted general, Thalaba Ibn Obeid, to take control of the possibly rebellious city and to prevent the
Frankish invasion. Husayn and Ibn Obeid clashed repeatedly; eventually Husayn managed to defeat and to imprison Ibn Obeid. Reinforced in his autonomous
1638:. Though Charlemagne's forces initially held the upper hand, the siege of Zaragoza dragged on for over a month. Eventually a deal was struck between Charlemagne and Husayn. The latter would pay gold and the release of several prisoners, while the Franks in return would withdraw their siege.
1934:
as its first king. Land in the
Pyrenees would be overseen by Carolingian officials, and distributed among colonisers and to the Spanish Church who were allied to Charlemagne. A Christianization program was put in place across the high Pyrenees. The Basques would continue their rebellion to
56:
1794:
1507:, one of the mainstays of the Aquitanian army, submitted to Pepin in 766 and 769, but the territory south of the Garonne remained largely unscathed and self-governed. However, as of 778 Charlemagne expanded Frankish takeover of Aquitaine to present-day
1872:) followed a route different from the modern one, not crossing at Ibañeta (the traditional location) but heading up eastwards and crossing instead the Lepoeder and Bentartea passes – next to mount Astobizkar – not far from mount
1918:
having to rely instead on his generals for future campaigns in the
Iberian Peninsula. The Franks failed to capture Zaragoza and suffered a significant loss at the hands of the Vascones, but Charlemagne would return to establish the
1966:
was almost identical to the first, with the
Basques again taking advantage of the terrain, but against a much larger Frankish force. Unlike the first battle in which Charlemagne's army managed to escape, the Carolingians led by
2108:
as "if they had been all Rolands and Olivers," which admired their honor and companionship in battle. Memorials have also been erected to commemorate the battle, such as the Roncesvalles Pass Monument in Navarre, Spain.
1667:
Before leaving the Iberian Peninsula, Charlemagne decided to further secure his hold on the Basque territory (Wasconia). He first eliminated any possible opposition from the natives of the region (the
1910:. The battle caused numerous losses among the Frankish troops, including several of the most important aristocrats and the sack of the baggage, probably with all the gold given by the Muslims at
1852:
The mainstream opinion is that the battle took place somewhere not far from Roncevaux itself, as it is not just on one of the easiest routes but also the traditional one. Indeed, the Roman road
1734:. A typical Basque mountain warrior was armed with two short spears and a knife or short sword as his main weapons, and bows or javelins for missile weapons. He would not normally wear armour.
2030:
although in fact, the Basques of the period were mainly pagans and Charlemagne had been allied to some of the Muslims. In the tradition, the Basques are replaced by a force of 400,000
2177:
1950:
until the 11th century. Pamplona itself would remain in the hands of the Muslims until a rebellion in 798â801 expelled them as well. The Vascones would finally consolidate the
842:
1825:
The Spanish March and surrounding regions during the time of Charlemagne. Roncevaux Pass (labeled Roseida Vallis on this map) is to the northeast of Pamplona (Pampilona)
209:
2423:
3403:
2339:
2042:
were also added. Although Roland died in the battle with little information about him, the battle popularized him as a chivalric hero of honor in the Middle Ages.
3151:
2092:
or to give as good as one gets, which is referenced directly from the companionship of Roland and Oliver during the battle. One example was said during the
1777:
also believed in the same theory that the Duke was the leader of the attack. Their reasons were that he and the Vascones opposed Carolingian expansion into
1284:
1279:
2901:
652:
2485:
2969:
2884:
3065:
3041:
3010:
2820:
2774:
2685:
2665:
2556:
2279:
2254:
2234:
1754:, whose main motivation may have been plunder. The Vascones had a history of resisting Carolingian rule since the incursion of Frankish king
1445:. There are numerous written works about the battle, some of which change and exaggerate events. The battle is recounted in the 11th century
378:
202:
3334:
3398:
2114:
373:
2787:
3373:
1173:
1046:
3378:
2750:
2681:
812:
540:
2606:
2579:
2469:
2082:, chanted the poem to inspire themselves before their fight with the Anglo-Saxons. The English expression, "to give a Roland for an
1922:, to serve as a buffer region between his Christian empire and the Muslims to the south. A decade later the Franks finally captured
1474:
1056:
902:
682:
1971:
were trapped and routed, and a larger number of their men were slaughtered than those of Charlemagne. Frankish vassals Aeblus and
3144:
3113:
195:
1829:
The Pyrenees are a mountain range that form a natural border between France and Spain, extending about 490 km (305 m) from
3428:
3195:
1511:, by appointing trusted Franks, Burgundians, and Church officials in key regional positions and establishing counties, such as
1071:
612:
1026:
296:
1963:
1349:
1006:
306:
31:
2948:
2427:
383:
3222:
1123:
934:
647:
351:
35:
2347:
2048:, which commemorates the battle, was written by an unknown poet of the 11th century. It is the earliest surviving of the
1586:, of which Zaragoza was the capital. Following the sealing of this alliance at Paderborn, Charlemagne marched across the
393:
1647:
1203:
1128:
535:
1682:
After securing the region, Charlemagne marched for the Pyrenees mountain pass to return to France. Many of his notable
954:
3137:
2019:
667:
617:
877:
837:
2909:
1958:
in 824 after the birth of a new resistance to Carolingian rule. In that same year, the Basque army defeated another
2393:
2059:
1652:
1630:, the troops of Charlemagne were joined by troops led by al-Arabi, before eventually putting the city under siege.
1235:
1113:
1086:
1076:
991:
939:
807:
767:
692:
657:
582:
368:
346:
269:
249:
847:
3388:
3203:
2343:
2164:
1324:
1265:
1245:
1240:
1198:
1143:
1118:
1108:
1081:
1061:
737:
697:
677:
597:
341:
2701:
2101:
1334:
1250:
1225:
1178:
1148:
1138:
1103:
752:
717:
707:
301:
291:
1001:
917:
872:
545:
510:
440:
3413:
3243:
2127:
1841:
on the Mediterranean Sea. Suggested places where the battle could have taken place, range from Navarre and
1230:
1168:
1158:
1016:
1011:
971:
944:
929:
827:
797:
777:
757:
662:
632:
622:
570:
565:
495:
465:
455:
423:
388:
326:
316:
3090:
3408:
2867:
2836:
2714:
2149:
1465:. Modern adaptations of the battle include books, plays, works of fiction, and monuments in the Pyrenees.
1312:
1307:
1220:
907:
892:
887:
802:
747:
607:
530:
505:
413:
331:
254:
772:
3229:
2979:
2489:
2079:
1999:
Monument of the Battle of Roncesvalles Pass. Note that Roland's name is spelled in its Spanish version "
1699:
1433:, the foremost warriors of Charlemagne's court, into legend, becoming the quintessential role model for
1329:
1051:
1041:
949:
742:
722:
321:
1406:
The Basque attack was in retaliation for Charlemagne's destruction of the city walls of their capital,
2006:
1888:
981:
3423:
3383:
3051:
3029:
2093:
2039:
1302:
1215:
1036:
964:
832:
822:
792:
782:
637:
592:
587:
525:
470:
336:
279:
264:
3236:
2141:
2130:, originally recorded in 1972 but only released in rather rough form many years later on the album
1730:, talks of the Basque spears, agreeing with the Pyrenean and Basque tradition much later among the
1691:
1344:
1021:
959:
857:
642:
560:
555:
485:
408:
239:
153:
2509:
1906:
mentions the names of the most important lords killed such as Eggihard, Roland, and Anselmus, the
3161:
2974:
2953:
2542:
2199:
2162:. Modern adaptations of the battle drew heavily on the romanticized versions. A 1978 French film
2137:
2075:
2044:
1980:
1955:
1940:
1936:
1770:
1545:
1541:
1512:
1488:
1462:
1447:
1339:
1163:
1091:
996:
852:
762:
515:
480:
403:
398:
149:
2628:
2204:
2110:
1560:
2812:
2806:
1868:), crossed the Pyrenees through Roncevaux. However, the historical Roman road (also called the
3061:
3037:
3006:
2816:
2770:
2746:
2661:
2657:
2602:
2552:
2465:
2275:
2250:
2230:
2194:
2172:
and features the battle as depicted in the poem. The battle is also featured minimally in the
2050:
1939:, who would dissolve their rebellion after capturing and exiling Lupo's son and Basque leader
1902:
1821:
1801:
1778:
1595:
1549:
1518:
1504:
1452:
1400:
1319:
1297:
1193:
1183:
1153:
986:
912:
867:
862:
817:
727:
687:
672:
627:
602:
550:
500:
475:
445:
435:
311:
274:
3310:
3295:
2897:
2182:
2083:
1972:
1260:
1188:
1066:
1031:
702:
450:
137:
1769:
The accounts of Einhard and Pierre de Marca suggest that the perpetrator of the attack was
3393:
2158:
2145:
2122:
2097:
1946:
Zaragoza, however, remained a Muslim city and capital of the Upper March, and later of an
1931:
1919:
1782:
1755:
1751:
1735:
1676:
1553:
1484:
1457:
1407:
1380:
1366:
976:
787:
712:
520:
490:
460:
418:
259:
3093:, readable online images of the complete original, Bodleian Library MS. Digby 23 (Pt 2),
2583:
2388:
1976:
1660:
3315:
2923:
2105:
1907:
1861:
1810:
1708:
Having decided to return, entered the mountains of the Pyrenees, in whose summits the
1392:
1133:
897:
882:
732:
81:
3367:
3055:
2944:
2173:
1834:
1743:
1668:
1578:
and his own power, Charlemagne agreed to go to Spain. Al-Arabi induced him to invade
1384:
363:
55:
3418:
3285:
3076:
2136:. The battle and Orlando's sacrifice inspired several composers, amongst whom were
2088:
2011:
1838:
1687:
1480:
1371:
17:
3001:
Winter, Andrew; Moore, Alan (2007). "Northampton's Finest: Alan Moore Interview".
30:
For the later battle leading to the establishment of the Kingdom of Pamplona, see
2740:
3275:
3265:
2132:
1959:
1793:
1611:
1583:
1575:
1442:
1388:
1255:
221:
129:
3270:
2424:"Charlemagne's Commander Roland Killed by Basques at Battle of Roncevaux Pass"
2185:, an amalgamation of fictional characters that were named Roland and Orlando.
2055:
2023:
1830:
1731:
1579:
1419:
3349:
3336:
2837:"Military Courage and Fear in the Late Medieval French Chivalric Imagination"
187:
1984:
1951:
1927:
1923:
1846:
1774:
1763:
1723:
1635:
1619:
1615:
1603:
1590:
in 778 "at the head of all the forces he could muster". Charlemagne led the
1537:
1529:
1495:
was defeated and the Franks encroached farther into the duchy. The Basques (
2010:
Monument commemorating the 12th centenary of the Battle of Roncevaux Pass,
2546:
1742:
author, suggests that the attackers were a reduced number of mostly local
1399:
on the present border between France and Spain, after his invasion of the
3260:
2067:
2063:
2035:
1911:
1814:
1739:
1709:
1627:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1568:
1438:
1430:
1396:
85:
3320:
3280:
2689:
2649:
2031:
1995:
1897:
1805:
Map of the roads in Hispania. The pass of Roncesvaux is located on the
1759:
1564:
1557:
1525:
1522:
1508:
1492:
1434:
1411:
116:
3105:
1900:
stated that the men in the rear were "massacred to the last man." The
3305:
3300:
3290:
3129:
2071:
2027:
1968:
1873:
1865:
1842:
1683:
1623:
1533:
1426:
1415:
133:
110:
2788:"The Battle of Hastings and the Beginnings of Anglo-Norman England"
2153:
2074:
and inspiring many Christian warriors that came after. During the
2005:
1994:
1947:
1887:
1820:
1800:
1792:
1747:
1672:
1651:
1548:
in return for military aid. Their Lords had been cornered in the
3100:
3034:
The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718â1050
2548:
The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718â1050
3133:
2844:
191:
60:
15th-century anonymous painting of the Battle of Roncevaux Pass
3106:"Battle of Roncesvalles" by Thomas Bulfinch (1796â1867), from
3077:
Charlemagneâs Defeat in the Pyrenees: The Battle of Rencesvals
2120:
The song is also commemorated in the Italian literary classic
1675:. He gave orders to tear down the walls of the Basque capital
1663:
depicting an idealized vision of the Battle of Roncevaux Pass
3121:
1536:, sent a delegation to Charlemagne, Master of the Franks in
3057:
God's Crucible: Islam and the Making of Europe, 570 to 1215
2126:. The battle is also referenced in the song "Roncevaux" by
1515:, Bordeaux, and Toulouse, on the left bank of the Garonne.
2601:(2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell. p. 122.
1671:
tribes), believing that many of them were allied with the
1954:
realm and eventually the constitution of the independent
1571:, was preparing an invasion force against Abd ar-Rahman.
1540:, offering his submission, along with the allegiance of
1429:, a Frankish commander. His death elevated him and the
166:
3,000 soldiers who were crossing the pass (modern est.)
49:
Part of Charlemagne's campaign in the Iberian Peninsula
1410:. As the Franks retreated across the Pyrenees back to
2715:"Baskoniako Dukerria â Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia"
2551:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 38â50.
2178:
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen: Black Dossier
1563:. The three rulers also conveyed that the caliph of
3253:
3214:
3187:
3169:
2291:
2289:
2287:
1726:army of the Basques. A later source, the anonymous
1722:One of the principal units of the Vascones was the
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2104:. The knights were described by the French author
2949:"Opera: Handel's 'Orlando' At American Repertory"
1987:, consolidating the independence of both realms.
2022:by oral tradition into a major conflict between
1926:. He would also later establish the Kingdom of
1706:
43:
2247:Mercenaries in Medieval and Renaissance Europe
3145:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2272:Term Paper Resource Guide to Medieval History
203:
8:
3091:Earliest manuscript of the Chanson de Roland
2704:. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved on 2014-01-17.
2678:Further Studies in Rio Grande Valley History
2382:
2380:
2054:or epic poems of medieval France written in
34:. For the battle in the Peninsular War, see
3097:, Anglo-Norman, 12th century, ?2nd quarter.
1962:army in the same mountain pass. The second
1686:, such as Roland, military governor of the
3152:
3138:
3130:
2841:Journal of Medieval and Humanistic Studies
2745:(in Spanish). Ediciones Rialp. p. 5.
2479:
2477:
1935:Carolingian rule until the appointment of
1626:by Sulayman al-Arabi. As he moved towards
1582:by promising him an easy surrender of its
210:
196:
188:
40:
2808:The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
2769:, New York: Burt Franklin, 1963, p. iii.
2100:between two groups of knights during the
1614:passed over the Eastern Pyrenees through
1437:and also greatly influencing the code of
179:All the men in the rearguard were killed.
2885:"Parque Nacional Ordesa y Monte Perdido"
2811:, vol. 2, Clarendon Press, p.
2537:
2535:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2062:in Britain, the story of Roland and the
3101:The Song of Roland, trans. John O'Hagan
3060:(1st ed.). New York: W.W. Norton.
3005:. Tripwire Publishing. pp. 12â17.
2486:"Charlemagne: Battle of Roncevaux Pass"
2462:Orria, o la batall de Roncesvalles. 778
2426:. Skepticism in History. Archived from
2215:
3404:Medieval history of the Basque Country
2622:
2620:
2618:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2221:
2219:
1461:, one of the most celebrated works of
3036:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
2340:"This Day In History: August 15, 778"
2266:
2264:
2262:
1975:were captured by the joint forces of
1451:, the oldest surviving major work of
1425:Among those killed in the battle was
7:
2970:"New York Times: The Song of Roland"
2902:"Orlando furioso (Orlando Maddened)"
2227:Daily Life in the Age of Charlemagne
2115:Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park
2078:in 1066, knights and soldiers under
2066:have become the archetypal icons of
2786:Gareth Pullen (December 20, 2015).
2627:Baker, Patrick (January 23, 2014).
2152:, who composed an Italian-language
2835:Craig Taylor (December 20, 2015).
2682:University of Texas at Brownsville
2488:. Military History. Archived from
25:
3122:Roncesvalles carolingio y jacobeo
2887:archive.org, retrieved 2013-08-20
2018:Over the years, this battle was
1574:Seeing an opportunity to extend
54:
3196:Orlando e i Paladini di Francia
3114:Romances de Bernardo del Carpio
2868:"Day 1 St Jean to Roncesvalles"
2582:. World Walking. Archived from
2274:. Greenwood (2009). pp. 88â90.
2229:. Greenwood (2002). pp. 40â51.
2070:in Europe; greatly influencing
2034:, and mythical objects such as
1892:The death of Roland and his men
1783:Franco-Aquitanian war (760â769)
1762:, the last independent Duke of
2719:aunamendi.eusko-ikaskuntza.eus
2168:features an adaptation of the
1880:of the classic Roman sources.
1864:) and went to Benearnum (mod.
1618:. His troops were welcomed in
1395:, a high mountain pass in the
1383:) in 778 saw a large force of
32:Battle of Roncevaux Pass (824)
1:
3223:Carmen de Prodicione Guenonis
3080:. Amsterdam University Press
2464:. Elkar (1979). pp. 105â114.
2086:", meaning either to offer a
36:Battle of Roncesvalles (1813)
2866:Leslie (September 3, 2015).
1648:History of the Basque people
1475:AbbasidâCarolingian alliance
1414:, the rearguard of Frankish
27:8th-century battle in France
3399:Military history of Navarre
2805:Brown, Lesley, ed. (1993),
2792:England and English History
2767:Medieval Romance in England
2702:"William of Aquitaine, St."
2249:. McFarland (2013). p. 32.
2181:, in which Roland is named
1274:Post-Reconquista Rebellions
3445:
3374:Battles of the Reconquista
2060:Knights of the Round Table
1854:Via ab Asturica Burdigalam
1758:, which saw the defeat of
1645:
1472:
29:
3379:Battles involving Francia
2926:. Van der Graaf Generator
2739:Auriga Ediciones (1982).
1487:'s war on Aquitaine, the
384:2nd San Esteban de Gormaz
379:1st San Esteban de Gormaz
230:
173:
160:
123:
104:
64:
53:
48:
3178:Battle of Roncevaux Pass
2972:. Movies & TV Dept.
2968:Clarke Fountain (2007).
2656:. Digireads.com (2010).
2654:Two Lives Of Charlemagne
2652:, Notker the Stammerer.
2102:Breton War of Succession
1964:Battle of Roncevaux Pass
1797:Ibaneta (Roncevaux) pass
1363:Battle of Roncevaux Pass
44:Battle of Roncevaux Pass
2631:. Karwasaray Publishers
2597:Collins, Roger (1990).
2394:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
2128:Van der Graaf Generator
1896:Charlemagne biographer
1813:to Benearnum and meets
1659:(c. 1877), painting by
3429:8th century in Francia
3108:Legends of Charlemagne
2150:George Frideric Handel
2015:
2003:
1893:
1826:
1818:
1807:Ab Asturica Burdigalam
1798:
1715:
1664:
1369:and English spelling,
124:Commanders and leaders
3230:Historia Caroli Magni
3030:Lewis, Archibald Ross
2947:(December 20, 1981).
2270:Hamm, Jean Shepherd.
2080:William the Conqueror
2009:
1998:
1891:
1824:
1809:road that started in
1804:
1796:
1655:
1479:With the rise of the
1422:, and was wiped out.
374:Pallars and Ribagorza
174:Casualties and losses
3350:43.02000°N 1.32389°W
3095:La Chanson de Roland
3074:Xabier Irujo. 2021.
3003:Tripwire Annual 2007
2847:on December 22, 2015
2742:La canciĂłn de RoldĂĄn
2658:General Introduction
2389:"Orreaga; Roncevaux"
2387:Vicente, Rodriguez.
2165:La chanson de Roland
2094:Combat of the Thirty
2058:. Together with the
1876:, identified as the
1256:2nd Granada campaign
653:2nd Balearic Islands
628:1st Balearic Islands
3346: /
2543:Lewis, Archibald R.
2374:Lewis (2008) p. 249
2322:Lewis (2008) p. 253
2313:Lewis (2008) p. 246
2304:Lewis (2008) p. 245
2295:Lewis (2008) p. 244
2142:Jean-Baptiste Lully
1956:Kingdom of Pamplona
1948:independent emirate
1692:Mayor of the Palace
935:Las Navas de Tolosa
154:Bernardo del Carpio
18:Battle of Roncevaux
3355:43.02000; -1.32389
3204:The Song of Roland
3162:The Song of Roland
2982:on 1 November 2007
2975:The New York Times
2954:The New York Times
2765:Laura A. Hibbard,
2529:Lewis (2008) p. 38
2520:Lewis (1965) p. 30
2484:Hickman, Kennedy.
2460:Narbaitz, Pierre.
2200:Kingdom of Navarre
2138:Claudio Monteverdi
2113:, situated in the
2076:Battle of Hastings
2045:The Song of Roland
2016:
2004:
1937:William of Gellone
1894:
1827:
1819:
1799:
1771:Lupo II of Gascony
1665:
1657:Roland Ă Roncevaux
1546:Abu Taur of Huesca
1542:Husayn of Zaragoza
1489:Duchy of Aquitaine
1463:Italian literature
1448:The Song of Roland
1129:Shepherds' Crusade
940:3rd AlcĂĄcer do Sal
903:2nd AlcĂĄcer do Sal
813:1st AlcĂĄcer do Sal
307:2nd Roncevaux Pass
245:1st Roncevaux Pass
150:Lupo II of Gascony
3329:
3328:
3067:978-0-393-06472-8
3043:978-0-292-72941-4
3012:978-0-9543751-1-9
2872:Camino Adventures
2822:978-0-19-861271-1
2775:978-0-8337-2144-0
2666:978-1-4209-3811-1
2558:978-0-292-72941-4
2510:9th Century Spain
2280:978-0-313-35967-5
2255:978-0-7864-7274-1
2235:978-0-313-31668-5
2195:Duchy of Vasconia
2051:chansons de geste
2014:, Navarre, Spain.
1870:Route of Napoleon
1856:which started in
1598:into the Western
1569:Muhammad al-Mahdi
1550:Iberian peninsula
1519:Sulayman al-Arabi
1505:Duchy of Vasconia
1453:French literature
1401:Iberian Peninsula
1387:ambush a part of
1358:
1357:
536:AlmodĂłvar del RĂo
186:
185:
169:Unknown but large
100:
99:
16:(Redirected from
3436:
3389:Matter of France
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3237:KarlamagnĂșs saga
3154:
3147:
3140:
3131:
3126:
3118:
3071:
3047:
3017:
3016:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2978:. Archived from
2965:
2959:
2958:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2908:. Archived from
2898:Lodovico Ariosto
2894:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2843:. Archived from
2832:
2826:
2825:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2783:
2777:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2674:
2668:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2629:"A legend grows"
2624:
2613:
2612:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2539:
2530:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2481:
2472:
2458:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2419:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2384:
2375:
2372:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2346:. Archived from
2336:
2323:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2282:
2268:
2257:
2243:
2237:
2223:
2072:knightly culture
1930:with the son of
1690:, and Eggihard,
1420:stood its ground
225:
212:
205:
198:
189:
142:
66:
65:
58:
41:
21:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3364:
3363:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3325:
3249:
3210:
3183:
3165:
3158:
3124:
3116:
3087:
3068:
3052:Lewis, David L.
3050:
3044:
3028:
3025:
3023:Further reading
3020:
3013:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2985:
2983:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2929:
2927:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2883:
2879:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2850:
2848:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2764:
2760:
2753:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2724:
2722:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2700:
2696:
2676:Kearney, Milo.
2675:
2671:
2648:
2644:
2634:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2616:
2609:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2541:
2540:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2504:
2495:
2493:
2483:
2482:
2475:
2459:
2442:
2433:
2431:
2422:Cline, Austin.
2421:
2420:
2409:
2399:
2397:
2386:
2385:
2378:
2373:
2362:
2353:
2351:
2338:
2337:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2285:
2269:
2260:
2244:
2240:
2224:
2217:
2213:
2205:Roland's Breach
2191:
2146:Antonio Vivaldi
2123:Orlando Furioso
2111:Roland's Breach
2098:judicial combat
1993:
1932:Louis the Pious
1920:Marca Hispanica
1886:
1878:Summum Pyreneum
1858:Castra Legiones
1811:Castra Legiones
1791:
1756:Pepin the Short
1736:Pierre de Marca
1720:
1650:
1644:
1561:emir of CĂłrdoba
1554:Abd ar-Rahman I
1485:Pepin the Short
1477:
1471:
1458:Orlando Furioso
1359:
1354:
1289:
1241:Los Alporchones
1124:Vega de Granada
226:
219:Battles in the
218:
216:
147:
138:
132:
88:
59:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3442:
3440:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3414:770s conflicts
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3366:
3365:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3244:The Dark Tower
3240:
3233:
3226:
3218:
3216:
3215:Other versions
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3200:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3119:
3111:
3103:
3098:
3086:
3085:External links
3083:
3082:
3081:
3072:
3066:
3048:
3042:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3011:
2993:
2960:
2936:
2915:
2912:on 2016-02-17.
2889:
2877:
2858:
2827:
2821:
2797:
2778:
2758:
2752:978-8472810761
2751:
2731:
2706:
2694:
2669:
2642:
2614:
2607:
2589:
2586:on 2015-12-22.
2580:"Roncesvalles"
2571:
2557:
2531:
2522:
2513:
2502:
2473:
2440:
2407:
2376:
2360:
2324:
2315:
2306:
2297:
2283:
2258:
2238:
2225:Butt, John J.
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2190:
2187:
2170:Song of Roland
2106:Jean Froissart
1992:
1989:
1908:count palatine
1885:
1882:
1790:
1787:
1719:
1716:
1646:Main article:
1643:
1640:
1528:(governor) of
1473:Main article:
1470:
1467:
1393:Roncevaux Pass
1356:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1287:
1285:2nd Alpujarras
1282:
1280:1st Alpujarras
1276:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1149:Vega de Pagana
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1047:Mudéjar revolt
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
968:
967:
957:
955:Aragonese raid
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
926:
925:
921:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
843:Central Iberia
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
603:Norwegian raid
600:
595:
590:
585:
579:
578:
574:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
432:
431:
427:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
360:
359:
355:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
288:
287:
283:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
236:
235:
231:
228:
227:
217:
215:
214:
207:
200:
192:
184:
183:
180:
176:
175:
171:
170:
167:
163:
162:
158:
157:
144:
126:
125:
121:
120:
114:
107:
106:
102:
101:
98:
97:
96:Basque victory
94:
90:
89:
82:Roncevaux Pass
80:
78:
74:
73:
72:August 15, 778
70:
62:
61:
51:
50:
46:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3441:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3409:Lower Navarre
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3362:
3359:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3155:
3150:
3148:
3143:
3141:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3123:
3120:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3014:
3008:
3004:
2997:
2994:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2964:
2961:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2946:
2945:John Rockwell
2940:
2937:
2925:
2924:"Time Vaults"
2919:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2859:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2801:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2754:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2735:
2732:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2643:
2630:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2608:0-631-17565-2
2604:
2600:
2593:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2572:
2560:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2506:
2503:
2492:on 2015-12-24
2491:
2487:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2470:84-400-4926-9
2467:
2463:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2430:on 2019-12-15
2429:
2425:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2350:on 2015-12-22
2349:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2245:Hunt, Janin.
2242:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2174:graphic novel
2171:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2013:
2008:
2002:
1997:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1890:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1845:to as far as
1844:
1840:
1836:
1835:Bay of Biscay
1832:
1823:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1795:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1744:Low Navarrese
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1701:Annales Regni
1695:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1418:was cut off,
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1251:9th Gibraltar
1249:
1247:
1246:8th Gibraltar
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1236:7th Gibraltar
1234:
1232:
1231:La Higueruela
1229:
1227:
1226:6th Gibraltar
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1199:5th Algeciras
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1179:5th Gibraltar
1177:
1175:
1174:4th Algeciras
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1144:4th Gibraltar
1142:
1140:
1139:3rd Gibraltar
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1119:2nd Gibraltar
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1109:3rd Algeciras
1107:
1105:
1104:1st Gibraltar
1102:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1082:2nd Algeciras
1080:
1078:
1077:1st Algeciras
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
966:
963:
962:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
927:
923:
922:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
580:
576:
575:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
496:Piedra Pisada
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
456:Aqbat al-Bakr
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
433:
429:
428:
425:
424:3rd Barcelona
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
389:Valdejunquera
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
364:Day of Zamora
362:
361:
357:
356:
353:
352:2nd Barcelona
350:
348:
347:2nd Cellorigo
345:
343:
342:1st Cellorigo
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
327:Monte Laturce
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
292:1st Barcelona
290:
289:
285:
284:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
237:
233:
232:
229:
224:
223:
213:
208:
206:
201:
199:
194:
193:
190:
181:
178:
177:
172:
168:
165:
164:
159:
155:
151:
148:(speculated:
145:
143:
141:
135:
131:
128:
127:
122:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
103:
95:
92:
91:
87:
83:
79:
76:
75:
71:
68:
67:
63:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
3331:
3286:King Marsile
3242:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3202:
3194:
3177:
3176:
3160:
3125:(in Spanish)
3117:(in Spanish)
3107:
3094:
3075:
3056:
3033:
3002:
2996:
2984:. Retrieved
2980:the original
2973:
2963:
2952:
2939:
2928:. Retrieved
2918:
2910:the original
2905:
2892:
2880:
2871:
2861:
2851:December 20,
2849:. Retrieved
2845:the original
2840:
2830:
2807:
2800:
2791:
2781:
2766:
2761:
2741:
2734:
2723:. Retrieved
2718:
2709:
2697:
2677:
2672:
2653:
2645:
2633:. Retrieved
2598:
2592:
2584:the original
2574:
2562:. Retrieved
2547:
2525:
2516:
2505:
2494:. Retrieved
2490:the original
2461:
2432:. Retrieved
2428:the original
2400:December 20,
2398:. Retrieved
2392:
2352:. Retrieved
2348:the original
2318:
2309:
2300:
2271:
2246:
2241:
2226:
2176:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2089:quid pro quo
2087:
2049:
2043:
2020:romanticized
2017:
2012:Roncesvalles
2000:
1977:Iñigo Arista
1969:Count Aeblus
1945:
1916:
1901:
1895:
1877:
1869:
1857:
1853:
1851:
1839:Cap de Creus
1828:
1806:
1768:
1727:
1721:
1707:
1700:
1696:
1688:Breton March
1681:
1666:
1661:Gustave Doré
1656:
1632:
1602:, while the
1573:
1517:
1500:
1496:
1481:Carolingians
1478:
1456:
1446:
1424:
1405:
1376:
1375:in Spanish,
1372:Roncesvalles
1370:
1362:
1360:
1292:North Africa
1210:15th century
1098:14th century
1002:4th Valencia
924:13th century
878:4th Santarém
838:3rd Santarém
778:2nd Santarém
698:3rd Valencia
668:2nd Zaragoza
648:1st Santarém
583:2nd Valencia
577:12th century
541:1st Valencia
511:1st Zaragoza
430:11th century
414:Torrevicente
358:10th century
255:Orbieu River
250:Burbia River
244:
220:
139:
105:Belligerents
3424:Last stands
3384:Charlemagne
3353: /
3276:Charlemagne
3266:Blancandrin
2906:Operapaedia
2721:(in Basque)
2635:November 4,
2599:The Basques
2133:Time Vaults
2096:in 1351; a
1983:and of the
1960:Carolingian
1903:Vita Karoli
1718:Basque army
1612:Burgundians
1604:Austrasians
1584:Upper March
1576:Christendom
1443:Middle Ages
1391:'s army in
1389:Charlemagne
1350:2nd Tangier
1335:1st Tangier
1194:2nd Montiel
1114:3rd AlmerĂa
1032:3rd Seville
960:2nd Majorca
863:2nd Seville
828:2nd Badajoz
808:2nd AlmerĂa
798:2nd Tortosa
768:1st AlmerĂa
753:1st Montiel
708:1st Badajoz
683:1st Granada
441:Calatañazor
369:1st Majorca
322:Guadalacete
297:1st Tortosa
286:9th century
234:8th century
222:Reconquista
130:Charlemagne
113:(Christian)
3368:Categories
3341:01°19âČ26âłW
3338:43°01âČ12âłN
3271:Bramimonde
3254:Characters
2986:26 October
2930:2013-03-27
2725:2023-08-15
2690:B000NLBN3Y
2496:2015-11-04
2434:2015-11-04
2354:2015-11-04
2211:References
2056:Old French
2024:Christians
1831:Cap Higuer
1781:after the
1748:Souletines
1732:almogavars
1728:Saxon Poet
1594:army over
1580:al Andalus
1521:, the pro-
1469:Background
1216:Collejares
1204:2nd Murcia
1169:GuadalmesĂ
1159:RĂo Salado
1057:1st Murcia
1017:2nd XĂ tiva
1012:1st XĂ tiva
908:2nd Silves
893:2nd Silves
888:1st Silves
803:2nd Lleida
788:5th Lisbon
748:4th Lisbon
678:1st Lleida
638:Candespina
633:6th Toledo
618:Formentera
608:3rd Lisbon
588:Mollerussa
571:5th Toledo
566:4th Toledo
546:2nd Lisbon
531:3rd Toledo
506:2nd Toledo
394:1st Toledo
337:Polvoraria
280:1st Lisbon
270:RĂo QuirĂłs
265:Las Babias
2564:March 26,
1985:Banu Qasi
1952:Banu Qasi
1928:Aquitaine
1924:Barcelona
1884:Aftermath
1847:Catalonia
1815:Burdigala
1775:Languedoc
1764:Aquitaine
1752:Baztanese
1724:guerrilla
1636:Barcelona
1620:Barcelona
1616:Catalonia
1592:Neustrian
1538:Paderborn
1530:Barcelona
1503:) of the
1455:, and in
1330:4nd Ceuta
1320:3nd Ceuta
1313:2nd Ceuta
1308:1st Ceuta
1221:Antequera
1072:Andalusia
1052:3rd Jerez
1042:2nd Jerez
977:1st Jerez
950:PenĂscola
918:Talamanca
873:2nd Ăvora
858:Calatrava
848:Tarragona
833:Juromenha
823:1st Ăvora
773:Al-Ludjdj
743:2nd Coria
723:1st Coria
658:Martorell
643:Vatalandi
561:Consuegra
486:Golpejera
471:Barbastro
409:Estercuel
240:Covadonga
3261:Baligant
3054:(2008).
3032:(1965).
2684:(2006).
2545:(1965).
2189:See also
2068:chivalry
2064:paladins
2040:Oliphant
2036:Durendal
2032:Saracens
2001:Roldan".
1981:Pamplona
1943:in 790.
1912:Zaragoza
1860:(modern
1789:Location
1779:Vasconia
1740:BĂ©arnese
1710:Vascones
1628:Zaragoza
1608:Lombards
1600:Pyrenees
1596:Vasconia
1588:Pyrenees
1513:Fezensac
1501:Wascones
1497:Vascones
1439:chivalry
1431:paladins
1408:Pamplona
1397:Pyrenees
1164:Estepona
1092:Iznalloz
1027:3rd Jaén
987:Burriana
972:2nd Jaén
945:1st Jaén
930:Al-DÄmĆ«s
868:Abrantes
763:Albacete
738:Trancoso
613:Talavera
593:Balaguer
516:Sagrajas
481:Llantada
404:Simancas
399:Alhandic
332:Morcuera
302:Pancorbo
161:Strength
86:Pyrenees
77:Location
3321:Pinabel
3281:Ganelon
2650:Einhard
2344:History
2183:Orlando
2159:Orlando
2028:Muslims
1941:Adalric
1898:Einhard
1833:on the
1760:Waiofar
1704:reads:
1565:Baghdad
1558:Umayyad
1523:Abbasid
1509:Gascony
1491:led by
1441:in the
1435:knights
1412:Francia
1385:Basques
1377:Orreaga
1345:Melilla
1325:TĂ©touan
1184:Linuesa
1154:Getares
1007:Algarve
997:El Puig
992:CĂłrdoba
965:PortopĂ
913:Alarcos
818:Palmela
793:Sacavém
783:Sacavém
728:Ourique
688:Corbins
673:Cutanda
663:Coimbra
551:Alcoraz
501:Morella
476:Paterna
466:Coimbra
436:Cervera
317:Albelda
312:Clavijo
182:Unknown
146:Unknown
140:†
119:(pagan)
117:Basques
84:in the
3394:Roland
3306:Turpin
3301:Roland
3296:Oliver
3291:Naimon
3207:(1978)
3199:(1959)
3170:Source
3064:
3040:
3009:
2819:
2773:
2749:
2688:
2664:
2605:
2555:
2468:
2278:
2253:
2233:
2084:Oliver
1991:Legacy
1874:Urkulu
1866:Lescar
1843:Aragon
1750:, and
1669:Basque
1642:Battle
1624:Girona
1610:, and
1556:, the
1534:Girona
1493:Waifer
1427:Roland
1381:Basque
1367:French
1340:Asilah
1303:Strait
1266:MĂĄlaga
1261:Lucena
1189:Guadix
1087:MoclĂn
1067:Martos
853:Cuenca
718:Leiria
693:AlcalĂĄ
556:Bairén
521:Tudela
451:Albesa
275:Oviedo
136:
134:Roland
111:Franks
93:Result
3316:Ogier
3188:Films
2156:with
2154:opera
1973:Aznar
1837:, to
1684:lords
1677:Iruña
1673:Moors
1416:lords
1062:Ăcija
898:Tomar
883:Alvor
758:Soure
733:Oreja
713:Fraga
703:Aceca
623:Ibiza
598:Uclés
526:TĂ©var
491:Cabra
461:Graus
419:Rueda
260:Lutos
3311:Aude
3062:ISBN
3038:ISBN
3007:ISBN
2988:2008
2853:2015
2817:ISBN
2813:2618
2771:ISBN
2747:ISBN
2686:ASIN
2662:ISBN
2637:2015
2603:ISBN
2566:2013
2553:ISBN
2466:ISBN
2402:2015
2276:ISBN
2251:ISBN
2231:ISBN
2148:and
2038:and
2026:and
1862:LeĂłn
1738:, a
1622:and
1544:and
1532:and
1526:Wali
1483:and
1361:The
1298:Salé
1134:Teba
1037:Faro
1022:Biar
982:Ares
446:TorĂ
69:Date
3419:778
1979:'s
1552:by
1379:in
152:or
3370::
2951:.
2904:.
2900:.
2870:.
2839:.
2815:,
2790:.
2717:.
2680:.
2660:.
2617:^
2534:^
2476:^
2443:^
2410:^
2391:.
2379:^
2363:^
2342:.
2327:^
2286:^
2261:^
2218:^
2144:,
2140:,
1914:.
1849:.
1785:.
1766:.
1746:,
1606:,
1567:,
1499:,
1403:.
3153:e
3146:t
3139:v
3070:.
3046:.
3015:.
2990:.
2957:.
2933:.
2874:.
2855:.
2794:.
2755:.
2728:.
2692:.
2639:.
2611:.
2568:.
2499:.
2437:.
2404:.
2357:.
1817:.
1365:(
211:e
204:t
197:v
156:)
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
