142:
878:, as put by himself. At the beginning of the fourth century, Calagurris is still cited as a Vascon town. During the fifth and sixth centuries, the gap between town and the rural milieu widened, with the former falling much in decay. Between 581-7, chronicles start to mention the Vascones again, this time hailing from the wilderness, as opposed to the towns, which remained attached to Roman culture or were under Germanic influence. By the seventh to eighth centuries, Vascones were not confined to their ancient boundaries, but covered a much larger territory, from Álava in the west to the
1258:
fontes Hiberi XM passuum portus
Blendium, Orgonomesci e Cantabri. portus eorum Vereasueca, regio Asturum, Noega oppidum, in poeninsula Paesici, et deinde conuentus Lucensis, a flumine Nauialbione Gibarci, Egiuarri cognomine Namarini, Iadoui, Arroni, Arrotrebae, pronunturium Celticum, amnes Florius Nelo. Celtici cognomine Neri et super Tamarici 9 quorum in paeninsula tres arae Sestianae Augusto dicatae, Copori, oppidum Noeta...
130:
362:
25:
518:
203:
122:
667:
or Auch do not reveal instability or destruction during the alleged expanding period up to the mid-7th century. Another theory suggests a contemporary identification made by the Goths and the Franks of the
Vascones (the most dynamic tribe) with all Basque speaking, Basque-related, or non-Romanized tribes.
666:
However, research during last decades has called into question the possibility of an expansion northwards (J. J. Larrea). The inroad of the
Vascones onto the plains of Aquitaine in 587 seems to be short-lived—they make their way back to the mountains—and archaeological findings in Eauze
1257:
Proxima ora citerioris est eiusdemque
Tarraconensis situus a Pyrenaeo per oceanum Vasconum saltus, Oiarso, Vardulorum oppida, Morogi, Menosca, Vesperies, Amanum portus, ubi nunc Flauiobrica colonia 8. Ciuitatium VIIII regio Cantabrorum, flumen Sauga, portus Victoriae Iuliobricensium. ac eo loco
1660:
The inscription in the funerary stele of Lerga has been studied since the 19th
Century by Achille Luchaire, Koldo Mitxelena and Joaquín Gorrochategui as a part of different researches about the Aquitanian language, as it includes the Aquitanian anthroponym of
1073:
The epigraphic and archaeological testimonies have allowed experts to determine some of the religious practices that were present among the
Vascones since the Roman arrival and the introduction of writing. According to research done on this topic, religious
1040:
The study of epigraphic documents has been of greater interest, as some of them date the introduction of writing among the
Vascones in the 2nd century. Among them, the oldest are the numismatic evidence coming from both Vasconic
1006:
argues that an "in-situ" origin is the most likely, and thus explains the current dialectical classification while other theories advocate for a proposed kinship between the Basque language and other language families, like the
567:(1870–1960) proposed the theory according to which, at some point between the mid-2nd century and late 4th century, an enlargement of the territory of the Vascones took place, first in the west, occupying the lands of the
238:. Although these texts have been studied as sources of reference, some authors have pointed out the apparent lack of uniformity and also the existence of contradictions within the texts, in particular with Strabo.
966:) come to be more closely identified in the records with the current territory of Gascony, at the time still a Basque-speaking territory but progressively being replaced by the new rising Romance language,
1089:
Vasconic theonyms have been found on tombstones and altars, which further proves the syncretism between the pre-Christian Roman systems of beliefs and the
Vasconic religions. Two altars have been found in
1018:
Another problem that arises in the study of the language of the
Vascones is the lack of direct classic records regarding the language spoken by this people, with the exception of a vague description by
943:(781), but taken over by the Franks in 806, who assigned its government to a pro-Frankish local Belasko ("al-Galashki"), probably a Basque hailing from present-day Gascony. Some decades later, in 824,
1725:
983:
Several authors point out that prior to the Roman arrival and alike other peoples that inhabited the near region, the
Vascones spoke a language that linguists identify as the precursor of the modern
797:
The Vasconian area presents indications of upheaval (burnt villas, an abundance of mints to pay the garrisons) during the 4th and 5th centuries that have been linked by many historians to the
1331:
Les Gascons descendirent de leurs montagnes dans la plaine, dévastèrent les villes, les champs... le duc Austrovald marcha souvent contre eux, mais ne parvint guères à en tirer vengeance
1992:
1272:(...after, above the Lacetani, on north direction, is located the nation of the Vascones, who have for main city Pompelon, the "city of Pómpeios".). Text according to F. Lasserre,
1053:
until an inscription from the 1st century BC was found in 2022. It is also believed that the Iberian language has left some traces on the Basque language, as with the Iberian term
1983:
2707:
904:
are Vascones by another name. The concept underlying the medieval name points to a much wider reality than Strabo's former tribal definition, this time encompassing all
1228:("...after taking his (Sertorius) army through the territory of the Vascones, he installed his camp on a border area of the Berones,..."). Text according to P. Jal,
2712:
1619:. p. 190. José Ignacio Hualde, Joseba Andoni Lakarra, Robert Lawrence Trask, Koldo Mitxelena, etc. John Benjamins publishing company. Amsterdam/Philadelphia. 1997
267:. Comparing other sections of this same document, it is deduced that this border was located to the west, while the southern neighbors of the Vascones were the
1715:
141:
1955:
1123:
1976:
604:
805:, but also to the depredations of migrating Germanic and Asian tribes—Vandals, Alans, Sueves, Visigoths, possibly Heruls—into Hispania.
1476:
700:
1969:
1636:
1941:
1909:
1892:
1861:
1773:
1592:
1455:
108:
619:) published in 1972 expanded upon this hypothesis, relying on linguistic analysis: when invading the territories of what today is
161:
tribe who, on the arrival of the Romans in the 1st century, inhabited a territory that spanned between the upper course of the
1404:
955:). However, the 824 Carolingian expedition itself included two different columns made up of Frankish and Vascones (Gascons).
944:
46:
874:
After chronicler Hydatius´s death in 469, no contemporary source exists reporting on the social and political situation in
1551:(Gil Zubillaga 2006),(Fatás Cabeza 1972), (Knörr 2004), (Gorrochategui 1999), J. Caro Baroja sourced in (Blázquez 1966:10)
1033:
737:
1675:
Um.me, Sa.har(i) fi(lius), / Nar.hun.ge.si Abi- / sun.ha.ri fi.lio, / ann(orum) XXV. T(itulum) p(osuit) s(umptu) s(uo).
89:
1045:
and others located nearby. A great importance is given to a funerary stele found in the Hermitage of Santa Bárbara in
632:
61:
35:
1008:
1002:
is still a mystery and an object of research. There are several theories about its origin; the Basque linguistic
42:
68:
932:
1270:...Ύπέρκειται δε τής Ίακκητανιίας πρός άρκτον τό τών Ούασκώνων έθνος, έν ώ πόλις Πομπέλων, ώς άν Πομπηιόπολις.
1251:
951:, founded with Eneko Arista as head of the new polity, presented by Arab sources as leader of the Vascones (
782:, where evidence of Roman civilization appears only in mining places, harbours, roads, and milestones, e.g.
598:
283:
860:
450:
75:
506:
During this period, after the time of Ptolemy and contemporary to the times of instability caused by the
2240:
2235:
2008:
1050:
999:
988:
563:
during the year 587. From these extracts and being the neighboring tribes absent in the historiography,
463:
The territory of the Vascones during the Roman republic and Roman empire corresponded with present-day
1226:...dimissis eis ipse profectus per Vasconum agrum ducto exercitu in confinio Beronum posuit castra,...
695:. Schulten interprets that by this time the Vascones had already retreated from their territories in
476:
57:
1585:
Nueva Síntesis de la Historia del País Vasco: Desde la Prehistoria hasta el gobierno de Garaikoetxea
2648:
2177:
1784:
1103:
992:
940:
656:
456:
222:
appears in texts of classical authors, between the 1st century BC and the 2nd century AD, such as
2594:
1919:
1338:
948:
818:
522:
480:
828:
794:, who took good care to station detachments in different spots of the main communication lines.
1633:
851:
toward Hispania went unhindered. The Roman reaction to this invasion and unrest related to the
2717:
2683:
2474:
2055:
1996:
1937:
1905:
1888:
1857:
1769:
1588:
1451:
1400:
1107:
684:
650:
511:
501:
182:
1961:
514:
are scarce, and as a result there is little information about the Vascones during this time.
380:, chapter 6, he relates the names of 15 cities inside the territory of the Vascones, besides
2612:
2479:
2265:
1160:
1012:
912:
856:
844:
814:
741:
552:
507:
472:
420:
178:
1854:
Historia de España 2 - colonizaciones y formación de los pueblos prerromanos (1200-218 a.C)
1816:
1174:
351:, in the border of the Ocean, to Pompélon and Oiáson, city built above the very same Ocean.
2484:
1640:
1560:
1083:
1015:. So far, possible connections between Basque and other languages have remained unproven.
1003:
984:
967:
931:
after a failed attempt to conquer Zaragoza, the Vascones annihilated his rearguard in the
905:
660:
539:
537:(c. 540 – after 621) mentions the Vascones in a story about the foundation of the city of
534:
278:
231:
219:
1177:, article by Alicia M. Canto (1997), includes map with cities and archeological remains (
911:
The independent Vascones stabilised their first polity under the Merovingian Franks: the
887:
2675:
2447:
1178:
1024:
896:
786:. The territory was also important for Romans as a communication knot between northern
745:
564:
146:
134:
1716:"Hand of Irulegi: ancient bronze artefact could help trace origins of Basque language"
347:,... This same region is crossed by the road that comes from Terrakon and goes to the
287:, mentioned a text prior to 50 BC that located the Vascones at the western end of the
129:
82:
2701:
1028:
763:
318:
302:
246:
2679:
2653:
2129:
1720:
1079:
1061:
with the meaning of town or city, and present in the Vasconic name for the city of
759:
696:
268:
158:
2430:
915:, whose borders to the south remained unclear. This duchy would eventually become
699:
times and started occupying lands in the north, what in the future would make the
1604:
1182:
1078:
lasted until the 1st Century; from that moment onwards and until the adoption of
2525:
2459:
2172:
2085:
1564:
1042:
924:
361:
24:
1186:
719:
to define the people living in the former territories of the Vascones near the
2547:
2398:
2388:
2378:
2285:
2280:
2182:
2070:
2050:
1703:
1632:, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea - Filología. Artículo en Guipuzkoakultura.net
1075:
848:
644:
576:
647:, who took refuge in the mountains; the ones who had not been displaced were
2643:
2574:
2564:
2554:
2491:
2464:
2420:
2340:
2147:
2095:
2090:
2080:
2065:
2045:
1502:
1148:
939:" by Frankish chroniclers. Pamplona was later captured by the Cordovan emir
864:
802:
692:
608:
580:
560:
548:
544:
426:
408:
255:
883:
1923:
202:
2687:
2617:
2542:
2435:
2415:
2410:
2355:
2325:
2315:
2255:
2205:
2197:
2152:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2060:
2040:
2032:
2017:
2004:
1335:
De l'année 587 à l'année 589. Gontran, Childebert II et Clotaire II, Rois
1314:
Leovigildus rex partem Vasconiae occupat et civitatem quae Victoriacum...
1154:
928:
852:
798:
787:
771:
755:
751:
680:
636:
628:
624:
568:
468:
432:
390:
381:
331:
314:
297:
288:
166:
145:
Coins of Arsaos, Navarre, 150-100 BC, showing Roman stylistic influence.
1688:
Los nombres indígenas de la inscripción hispanoromana de Lerga (Navarra)
583:. Schulten considers this to be the reason for the adoption of the name
2667:
2627:
2622:
2559:
2530:
2501:
2496:
2469:
2425:
2405:
2383:
2335:
2320:
2310:
2305:
2260:
2245:
2225:
2215:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2137:
2075:
1091:
1049:, which was considered to be the oldest known written testimony of the
920:
916:
832:
824:
708:
704:
640:
585:
572:
526:
517:
464:
373:
365:
292:
264:
235:
186:
170:
1925:
The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050
823:
In AD 407 Vascon troops fought on the orders of Roman commanders
2671:
2604:
2569:
2535:
2452:
2393:
2360:
2350:
2345:
2300:
2290:
2275:
2270:
2250:
2230:
2210:
1020:
783:
767:
620:
310:
227:
218:
The description of the territory which the Vascones inhabited during
174:
510:, the documents about the Vascones and other tribes of the northern
245:(59 BC – AD 17), who in a brief passage of his work about the 76 BC
121:
1198:(Schulten 1927), (Blázquez 1966),(Canto 1997),(Gómez Fraile 2001).
655:, while perhaps the Caristii, Varduli and Autrigones already spoke
2516:
2440:
2330:
2295:
2220:
2187:
2142:
2120:
1046:
879:
840:
836:
516:
140:
128:
120:
1175:
La Tierra del Toro. Ensayo de identificación de ciudades vasconas
185:. The Vascones are often considered ancestors of the present-day
1749:
Algunas consideraciones sobre la cristianización de los Vascones
1143:
1106:, although it has not been possible to date them. In Lerate and
791:
720:
597:, and used to denominate a region that includes the present-day
414:
250:
242:
223:
207:
162:
1965:
871:). The Visigoths soon managed to expel the Vandals to Africa.
675:
Starting in the 7th century, historians differentiate between
18:
1399:(2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell. pp. 53–56.
758:, the Vascones seemed to have negotiated their status in the
1274:
Strabon, Géographie II. Livres III et IV. Les Belles Lettres
376:, who lived during the 1st and 2nd Century AD. In his book,
263:
until reaching the border of their immediate neighbors, the
137:. It has been proposed that the word is related to Vascones.
2682:. The Madeira and Azores islands were unoccupied until the
1333:, editor J.-L.-L. Brière, Paris 1823. Volume II, Book IX,
1230:
Tite-Live. Histoire Romaine XXXIII. Livre XLV et Fragments
1183:"Ptolomeo y las ciudades vasconas. Ensayo de localización"
1065:: "Iruña", as well as in other names of cities and towns.
770:
established his headquarters in their territory, founding
715:, dated in 810, where for the first time is used the term
1958:
in the Auñamendi Encyclopedia, by Bernardo Estornés Lasa.
774:. Romanization was rather intense in the area known as
343:
Both cities, Kalágouris, one of the main cities of the
1766:
Orígenes del Cristianismo en la tierra de los vascones
1630:
La romanización del País Vasco: Aspectos lingüísticos.
998:
However, as pointed out by Henrike Knörr (1947-2008)
1884:
Law, Culture and Regionalism in Early Medieval Spain
1801:
Coelii Te- / sphoros / et Festa / et Telesi- / nus,
2636:
2603:
2587:
2514:
2369:
2196:
2128:
2119:
2031:
2003:
1367:
España un enigma histórico. Barcelona 1973. 451-452
210:, the author of the first known document about the
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1110:two tombstones have been found, both dedicated to
867:in return for their services as allies by treaty (
16:Pre-Roman tribe, namesake ancestors of the Basques
778:(the Ebro valley) but limited in the mountainous
259:, they crossed the flatlands of the Vascones, or
1450:. San Sebastian: Editorial Txertoa. p. 89.
947:took place that led to the establishment of the
372:This information is found again in the works of
1882:. Salamanca, 1988. Reprinted in Roger Collins,
1031:on the language of the Aquitanians in his work
341:
1673:, old); "umme sahar" =ume zahar = oldest son:
1187:"Ciudades vasconas_Propuestas de localización"
919:. During the reincorporation of Vasconia into
2686:in the 15th century; the Canary islands, the
1977:
1011:or a relation between Basque and the extinct
1000:the origin and kinship of the Basque language
617:The Vascones "basquize" the Basque depression
368:, who listed the main cities of the Vascones.
125:Location of the tribe of the Vascones in red.
8:
2690:occupied the territory until the Castilians.
613:"Los vascones vasconizan la depresión vasca"
165:river and the southern basin of the western
1475:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFCollins1992 (
1337:page 8. Available on November 16h, 2006 in
317:(63 BC – AD 14) refers to the Vascones (in
169:, a region that coincides with present-day
2708:Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula
2125:
1984:
1970:
1962:
1124:Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula
707:. Schulten also quotes the chronicle from
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1617:Towards a History of the Basque Language
360:
201:
1807:- Tesphoros, Festa and Tesesinus Coeli-
1694:magazine, XXII, 82-83, pp 65-74, (1961)
1539:
1527:
1489:
1470:
1431:
1419:
1135:
1312:John of Biclaro (Chron. Min. II, 216):
1216:(Schulten 1927:226),(Blázquez 1966:2).
2713:Ancient history of the Basque Country
1587:, Ed. TTartalo, San Sebastián, 2004.
958:After the 9th century, the Vascones (
555:(538–594) mentions the incursions of
7:
1934:Historia de Navarra, el Estado Vasco
1928:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
1285:(Schulten 1927: 230-232)(Canto 1997)
894:"Vacetian Islands" according to the
809:Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages
47:adding citations to reliable sources
1755:magazine, XLVI, 174, pp 35-56, 1985
1605:Koldo Zuazo and the Basque dialects
1207:(Arce,1999),(Gómez Fraile 2001:28).
1082:between the 4th and 5th centuries,
691:, northwestern of the Pyrenees, in
611:historian (1893–1984), on his work
241:The oldest document corresponds to
1856:, Editorial Gredos, Madrid (1989)
1833:V(otum) s(olvit) l(ibens) m(erito)
1232:. Paris, 1990 (1979), page 214-218
14:
1817:"Peremustae" teonimoaren inguruan
295:and extended to the mountains of
1728:from the original on 2023-06-21.
23:
1904:. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
249:relates how after crossing the
34:needs additional citations for
1768:, Ed. Pamiela, Pamplona, 2003.
1738:Irun (Gipuzkoa), Iruña (Alava)
1114:and dated in the 1st century.
679:, located southwestern of the
325:) placing their main city, or
189:to whom they left their name.
1:
1747:Juan José Sayas Abengoechea,
1102:and another one dedicated to
1027:, or the description made by
843:. In 409, the passage of the
1034:Commentarii de Bello Gallico
945:a second battle of Roncevaux
882:in the north. The island of
738:History of the Basque people
657:languages similar or related
579:, and later in the north in
525:circa 560. The Vascones and
1444:Caro Baroja, Julio (1985).
1185:, and map of the territory
1142:Classical authors, such as
987:, sometimes referred to as
467:, the northeast extreme of
301:and into the coasts of the
2734:
1447:Los vascones y sus vecinos
935:in 778—referred as "
812:
735:
499:
2678:were not occupied by the
2664:
1009:languages of the Caucasus
831:, repelling an attack by
133:A coin with BARSCUNES in
1829:Semprini- / us Betunus,
933:Battle of Roncevaux Pass
605:Claudio Sánchez Albornoz
483:, including the city of
1900:Collins, Roger (1990).
1628:Joaquín Gorrochategui,
1507:Auñamendi Entziklopedia
1395:Collins, Roger (1990).
1057:, adopted in Basque as
927:destroyed the walls of
701:Southern Basque Country
599:Northern Basque Country
309:. The Greek geographer
305:, in an area he called
1509:. EuskoMedia Fundazioa
1503:"Iñigo Iñiguez Arista"
1303:(Gómez Fraile 2001:58)
1179:see electronic edition
1100:God of the lower world
861:Hispania Tarraconensis
530:
378:Geōgraphikḕ Hyphḗgēsis
369:
359:
215:
150:
138:
126:
2241:Celtici Supertamarici
2236:Celtici Praestamarici
1936:. Pamiela Ed., 1998.
1866:Collins, Roger. "The
1051:Proto-Basque language
989:Proto-Basque language
813:Further information:
736:Further information:
589:, which derives from
520:
491:3rd and 4th centuries
364:
205:
144:
132:
124:
1651:(Gil Zubillaga 2006)
1098:, identified as the
979:Language and writing
937:wasconicam perfidiam
43:improve this article
1920:Lewis, Archibald R.
1880:Studia Historica VI
1669:, young child, and
1385:(Schulten 1927:238)
1376:(Schulten 1927:240)
1358:(Schulten 1927:235)
1349:(Schulten 1927:234)
1327:Histoire des Francs
1325:Grégoire de Tours,
1316:(Schulten 1927:234)
1094:, one dedicated to
993:Aquitanian language
949:Kingdom of Pamplona
801:rebellions against
593:, which comes from
291:, neighbors of the
271:, with their city,
2595:Germani (Oretania)
1886:. Variorum, 1992.
1874:, and the rise of
1785:Epigraphic catalog
1704:La mano de Irulegi
1639:2008-12-02 at the
1492:, p. 124-126.
1294:(Blázquez 1966:11)
819:Kingdom of Navarre
531:
523:Visigothic Kingdom
508:Germanic invasions
370:
313:, in the times of
216:
151:
139:
127:
2695:
2694:
2588:Germanic peoples?
2510:
2509:
1997:Iberian Peninsula
1993:Pre-Roman peoples
1932:Sorauren, Mikel.
1896:
1848:Ángel Montenegro
1827:The altars read:
1753:Príncipe de Viana
1692:Príncipe de Viana
1434:, pp. 75–76.
1241:(Blázquez 1966:3)
1164:as Vascon cities.
1146:, name cities as
1086:was predominant.
913:Duchy of Vasconia
886:, along with the
790:and southwestern
713:Vita Karoli Magni
685:Iberian Peninsula
512:Iberian Peninsula
502:Late Basquisation
496:Late Basquisation
273:Contrebia Leucade
256:Calagurris Nasica
183:Iberian Peninsula
177:and northeastern
119:
118:
111:
93:
2725:
2575:Turdetani Proper
2126:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1963:
1929:
1915:
1887:
1835:
1825:
1819:
1814:
1808:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1762:
1756:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1712:
1706:
1701:
1695:
1686:Koldo Mitxelena,
1684:
1678:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1582:
1576:
1573:
1567:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1514:
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1013:Iberian language
941:'Abd al-Rahman I
857:Gallia Aquitania
845:Germanic peoples
815:Duchy of Gascony
742:Gallia Aquitania
553:Gregory of Tours
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253:and the city of
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2637:Semitic peoples
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1999:
1990:
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1947:
1918:
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1795:
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1764:Roldán Jimeno,
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1561:Koldo Mitxelena
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1252:Natural History
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1189:) (in Spanish).
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1084:Roman mythology
1071:
1004:Koldo Mitxelena
985:Basque language
981:
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906:Basque-speaking
892:Vacetae Insulae
821:
811:
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661:Basque language
535:John of Biclaro
533:The chronicler
504:
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471:, and parts of
358:
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307:Vasconum saltus
284:Natural History
279:Pliny the Elder
232:Pliny the Elder
200:
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5:
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2020:
2014:
2012:
2001:
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1991:
1989:
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1981:
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1966:
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1950:External links
1948:
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1724:. 2022-11-15.
1707:
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1653:
1644:
1621:
1609:
1597:
1577:
1568:
1553:
1544:
1542:, p. 179.
1540:Collins (1990)
1532:
1530:, p. 139.
1528:Collins (1990)
1520:
1494:
1490:Collins (1990)
1482:
1473:, p. 214.
1471:Collins (1992)
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746:Novempopulania
733:
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677:Spagnovasconia
672:
669:
565:Adolf Schulten
500:Main article:
497:
494:
492:
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353:
281:, on his work
261:Vasconum agrum
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147:British Museum
135:Iberian script
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2649:Carthaginians
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2448:Eastern Celts
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2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:Proto-Basques
2006:
2002:
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1994:
1987:
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1453:
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1425:
1422:, p. 51.
1421:
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1279:
1276:. Paris 1966.
1275:
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1255:, 4,110-111:
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1029:Julius Caesar
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890:, formed the
889:
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876:the Vasconias
872:
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803:feudalization
800:
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776:Ager Vasconum
773:
769:
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764:Sertorian War
761:
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753:
747:
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739:
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726:
724:
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718:
714:
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703:and northern
702:
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683:, inside the
682:
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631:displaced to
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541:
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529:in the north.
528:
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379:
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367:
363:
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350:
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338:
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328:
324:
320:
319:Ancient Greek
316:
312:
308:
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303:Bay of Biscay
300:
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294:
290:
286:
285:
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247:Sertorian War
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229:
225:
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220:ancient times
213:
209:
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84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2370:Other Celtic
2130:Celtiberians
2022:
1933:
1924:
1901:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1853:
1849:
1831:Se- / latse.
1830:
1828:
1823:
1812:
1803:Lacu- / begi
1802:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1780:
1765:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1734:
1721:The Guardian
1719:
1710:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1647:
1629:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1600:
1584:
1580:
1575:(Knörr 2004)
1571:
1556:
1547:
1535:
1523:
1511:. Retrieved
1506:
1497:
1485:
1466:
1448:
1445:
1439:
1427:
1415:
1396:
1390:
1381:
1372:
1363:
1354:
1345:
1334:
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1326:
1321:
1313:
1308:
1299:
1290:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1256:
1250:
1246:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1212:
1203:
1194:
1169:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1138:
1111:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1080:Christianity
1072:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1039:
1032:
1017:
997:
982:
963:
959:
957:
953:al-Baskunisi
952:
936:
910:
901:
897:Cosmographia
895:
891:
875:
873:
868:
855:was to give
822:
796:
779:
775:
760:Roman Empire
749:
732:Roman period
716:
712:
688:
676:
674:
665:
648:
635:part of the
616:
612:
603:
594:
590:
584:
556:
538:
532:
505:
484:
462:
455:
449:
445:
441:
437:
431:
425:
419:
413:
407:
404:Nemanturissa
403:
399:
395:
389:
385:
377:
371:
348:
344:
342:
336:
335:and as well
330:
326:
322:
306:
296:
282:
277:
272:
269:Celtiberians
260:
254:
240:
217:
211:
206:Portrait of
198:Roman period
154:
152:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2644:Phoenicians
2526:Lusitanians
2460:Oestriminis
2173:Pellendones
2086:Ilercavones
1902:The Basques
1787:(in Basque)
1634:Ed. digital
1607:on Hiru.com
1565:Koldo Zuazo
1397:The Basques
925:Charlemagne
923:after 769,
756:Cantabrians
752:Aquitanians
750:Unlike the
671:7th century
540:Victoriacum
337:Callagurris
157:were a pre-
2702:Categories
2684:Portuguese
2548:Bletonesii
2399:Suessetani
2389:Autrigones
2379:Allotriges
2286:Lapatianci
2281:Interamici
2183:Turboletae
2071:Contestani
2056:Castellani
2051:Bergistani
1842:References
1805:. Ex voto.
1406:0631175652
1161:Graccurris
1149:Calagurris
1076:syncretism
849:Sarmatians
829:Verinianus
645:Autrigones
577:Autrigones
485:Calagurris
427:Calagurris
421:Graccurris
173:, western
69:newspapers
58:"Vascones"
2565:Turdetani
2555:Tartessos
2492:Turmodigi
2465:Plentauri
2421:Carpetani
2341:Quaquerni
2148:Cratistii
2096:Indigetes
2091:Ilergetes
2081:Indigetes
2066:Cessetani
2046:Bastetani
1797:Lacubegis
1663:Vmmesahar
1513:15 August
1181:and also
1155:Cascantum
1112:Stelaitse
964:Guascones
888:Île de Ré
869:foederati
865:Visigoths
762:. In the
717:navarrese
693:Aquitaine
689:Guasconia
651:Basquized
581:Aquitaine
561:Aquitaine
549:Liuvigild
433:Cascantum
409:Curnonium
349:ouáskones
345:ouáskones
323:Ούασκώνων
193:Territory
181:, in the
99:July 2019
2718:Vascones
2688:Guanches
2618:Aeolians
2613:Achaeans
2570:Mastieni
2543:Vettones
2519:peoples?
2480:Oppidani
2416:Caristii
2411:Cantabri
2356:Tamagani
2326:Nemetati
2316:Namarini
2266:Gallaeci
2256:Coelerni
2206:Albiones
2198:Gallaeci
2153:Lobetani
2111:Sedetani
2106:Laietani
2101:Lacetani
2061:Ceretani
2041:Ausetani
2033:Iberians
2023:Vascones
2018:Iacetani
2005:Aquitani
1956:Vascones
1922:(1965).
1876:Vasconia
1726:Archived
1637:Archived
1118:See also
1108:Barbarin
1096:Lacubegi
1069:Religion
1063:Pompaelo
960:Wascones
929:Pamplona
908:tribes.
900:, where
853:Bagaudae
799:Bagaudae
788:Hispania
772:Pompaelo
681:Pyrenees
637:Caristii
625:Gipuzkoa
569:Caristii
557:Wascones
545:Visigoth
477:Zaragoza
473:La Rioja
469:Gipuzkoa
446:Muscaria
438:Ercavica
391:Pompaelo
386:Iturissa
354:—
332:Pompaelo
315:Augustus
289:Pyrenees
212:Vascones
179:La Rioja
167:Pyrenees
155:Vascones
2668:Madeira
2628:Ionians
2623:Dorians
2560:Cynetes
2531:Paesuri
2502:Varduli
2497:Vaccaei
2485:Veteres
2475:Bardili
2470:Turduli
2426:Celtici
2406:Berones
2384:Astures
2372:peoples
2336:Poemani
2321:Narbasi
2311:Luanqui
2306:Louguei
2261:Equaesi
2246:Cibarci
2226:Bracari
2216:Artabri
2168:Oretani
2163:Olcades
2158:Lusones
2138:Arevaci
2076:Edetani
1995:of the
1868:Vaccaei
1850:et alii
1104:Jupiter
974:Culture
921:Francia
917:Gascony
863:to the
833:Vandals
825:Didimus
727:History
709:Einhard
705:Navarre
659:to the
641:Varduli
633:Castile
609:Spanish
586:Gascony
573:Varduli
543:by the
527:Varduli
465:Navarre
457:Alavona
442:Tarraga
400:Andelos
396:Bituris
374:Ptolemy
366:Ptolemy
293:Varduli
265:Berones
236:Ptolemy
187:Basques
171:Navarre
83:scholar
2680:Romans
2674:, and
2672:Azores
2654:Punics
2605:Greeks
2536:Tapoli
2517:Celtic
2453:Volcae
2394:Belgae
2361:Turodi
2351:Seurri
2346:Seurbi
2301:Limici
2291:Lemavi
2276:Iadovi
2271:Grovii
2251:Cileni
2231:Capori
2211:Arroni
1940:
1908:
1891:
1872:Vaceti
1870:, the
1860:
1772:
1665:(from
1591:
1454:
1403:
1339:bnf.fr
1021:Strabo
968:Gascon
902:Vaceti
884:Oléron
792:Gallia
784:Oiasso
780:Saltus
768:Pompey
744:, and
621:Biscay
595:Vascon
591:Gascon
481:Huesca
451:Seguia
382:Oiarso
356:Strabo
311:Strabo
298:Oiarso
228:Strabo
175:Aragon
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2515:Para-
2441:Sefes
2331:Nerii
2296:Leuni
2221:Baedi
2188:Uraci
2178:Titii
2143:Belli
2121:Celts
1671:zahar
1130:Notes
1047:Lerga
1043:mints
880:Loire
841:Suebi
837:Alans
697:Roman
629:Álava
547:king
415:Iacca
329:, in
327:polis
159:Roman
90:JSTOR
76:books
2666:The
2436:Ophi
1938:ISBN
1906:ISBN
1889:ISBN
1858:ISBN
1770:ISBN
1589:ISBN
1515:2013
1477:help
1452:ISBN
1401:ISBN
1158:and
1144:Livy
1092:Ujué
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