62:. It also permitted longer sentences for first-time offenders, denied parole to inmates who had used firearms in the commission of their crimes, and mandated that prisoners could not begin receiving credit for good behavior for parole purposes until they had served the minimum sentence for their offense. By 1930, twenty-three states had adopted similar standards, all of which were commonly referred to as "Baumes laws".
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as the technique of choice in the 1920s. Law enforcement officials felt that the new methods enabled them to more efficiently and reliably distinguish recalcitrant criminals from reformed ones. By 1931, two hundred four-time offenders in New York had been given life sentences under the Baumes law.
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The unfortunates in prisons felt that there was no chance for regaining liberty once the prison doors closed upon them. This hopelessness kindled prison revolts, which led to fearful slaughter, to the destruction of all that the years of earnest work had done to modify conditions by building up
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in
December 1929. St. Clair had three prior convictions of a similar nature in 1920, 1924, and 1926, for stealing items such as coats and dresses from stores. When she was convicted of the 1929 offense, the Baumes law imposed a life sentence, the first given to a woman since its enactment. St.
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has a bit of dialogue referring to "Baumes rush" in reference to a hoodlum who had left New York for San
Francisco, the implication being that he had been chased out by the police, so perhaps the "Baumes" variant was back-fit to the existing one given the assonance of the name.
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issued a number of recommended changes, the majority of which became policy. Among these was a shift from the mandatory sentences of the Baumes law to a more open-ended sentencing and parole system, focused on rehabilitation and vocational training.
118:. In addition to a negative effect on prison conditions, the Baumes law also decreased prisoner morale, since it greatly decreased inmates' ability to achieve parole. Commenting on the Baumes law in his autobiography,
167:". However, this phrase was in common use before the passage of the Baumes law, and it is derived from the practice of evicting tramps or vagrants from bars and other public places.
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While the Baumes law seemed to remove authority from judges and parole boards by mandating sentences, they gradually began to work around it through the increased use of
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Remington, Frank J. (1993). The
Decision to Charge, the Decision to Convict on a Plea of Guilty, and the Impact of Sentence Structure on Prosecution Practices. In
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The Baumes law increased prison populations as persons who would formerly have been paroled remained incarcerated, placing a strain on
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upheld her sentence in 1930. St. Clair eventually spent eight years in prison, before her sentence was commuted to time served.
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humane prisons, caring for juvenile offenders, and giving the condemned hope or opportunity once more to be free.
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In response to the riots, New York appointed a committee to investigate the state's prison system. Led by
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Some people mistakenly believe that a corrupted version of "Baumes law" was the origin for the idiom "
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named Ruth St. Clair, who was arrested for the fourth time after stealing items from a
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The laws are two amendments (Chap. 457, Laws 1926, sections 1941 & 1943) to the
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as a method of identification by police departments, which began to replace
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Suspect
Identities: A History of Fingerprinting and Criminal Identification
139:, with nine prisoners and a guard losing their lives during the former.
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The law was made possible by the growing adoption and acceptance of
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A serious challenge to the Baumes law concerned the case of a
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charges, which would not trigger portions of the statute.
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of any criminal convicted of more than three separate
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Clair's case attracted much media attention, but the
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Kirkpatrick, Jane and C.M. Schwartz (Eds.) (1995). "
146:, who would ultimately become the president of the
357:". Alfred A. Knopf, Vintage Books Edition, p. 94.
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317:. Houghton Mifflin Reference Books, p. 88.
315:The American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms
212:". Harvard University Press, pp. 217-18.
50:, the sections called for the automatic
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23:was an anti-crime statute adopted by
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131:The Baumes law led to 1929 riots at
335:The Wordsworth Dictionary of Idioms
297:". Transaction Publishers, p. 306.
42:Written by and named after Senator
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293:Rollins, Jr., Alfred B. (2001). "
232:". McFarland and Company, p. 35.
395:U.S. state criminal legislation
337:". Wordsworth Editions, p. 43.
252:and Frank J. Remington (Eds.) "
48:New York State Crime Commission
254:Discretion in Criminal Justice
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230:Shoplifting: A Social History
273:Darrow, Clarence S. (1996)."
353:Hammett, Dashiell (1989). "
148:American Prison Association
93:United States Supreme Court
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313:Ammer, Christine (1997). "
277:". Da Capo Press, p. 336.
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390:New York (state) statutes
208:Cole, Simon A. (2002). "
99:Effects of the Baumes law
385:1926 in New York (state)
228:Segrave, Kerry (2001). "
60:attendant circumstances
256:". SUNY Press, p. 84.
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46:, the chairman of the
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380:1926 in American law
275:The Story of My Life
152:Lewisohn Commission
355:The Maltese Falcon
295:Roosevelt and Howe
174:The Maltese Falcon
16:Anti-crime statute
400:Life imprisonment
188:Three strikes law
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109:misdemeanor
31:Description
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165:bum's rush
84:shoplifter
21:Baumes law
137:Dannemora
27:in 1926.
182:See also
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56:felonies
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19:The
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