137:(2007) proposed a six-stage behavioral change model (pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination) which can be applied in educational uses of a BCSS, as it appears in an ideal environment for making the first step (contemplation) after a long period of resistance (pre-contemplation). BCSSes affect the physical world and help people experiment with an alternative behavioral pattern without thinking of possible coincidences (such as social exposure). The virtual activities performed in a BCSS help in the next step (preparation) where the user makes a transition from a passive to an active state in a safe environment. The user-monitoring and reward system of a BCSS helps users complete the rest of the stages of the behavior change (action, maintenance, and termination) and avoid regression to the previous unwanted behavior. Schmied (2017) proposes a similar seven-step process: the Designing for Behaviour Change (DBC) framework. Overall, a positive behavioral change in education settings is facilitated by technology through digital intervention strategies, where a teacher or educator makes adjustments to personalize the interventions to the student's profiles and performance. Although ICT tools may not be necessary to change behavior in schools, when used in the form of serious game-assisted learning, they can provide a more in-depth perception of important concepts in a field of study despite some disadvantages.
154:(2017). A systematic review of the application of game elements to behavioural change in domestic energy consumption can be found in Johnson et al. (2017) An example from the Industry 4.0 domain is SATISFACTORY, which proposes a gamified social collaboration platform that is integrated into the shop-floor of industries to improve productivity, safety and workers' engagement. In the marketing context, behavioural change techniques do not aim to change the way people think, but how they consume products and services. In politics, behavioural change interventions are delivered in the form of mass-media campaigns on existing social media platforms rather than standalone applications.
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physical-digital approach. The devices used to access a BCSS are usually internet-connected mobile devices like smartphones, tablets, or smartwatches. The success in this category of BCSS applications lies in monitoring and notifying the users constantly in regards to daily activities. On the other hand, there are BCSSes which are less intrusive and rely on less frequent access to the system. Another way to distinguish BCSSes is by the knowledge domain they refer to. Theoretically, a BCSS can be built in any knowledge domain.
171:
behavior. According to some researchers (Kollmus & Agyeman, 2002), there is a gap between attitude and intention, and target behavior. Thus, it is difficult to find a widely accepted model that can take all relevant behavioral parameters into account. Additionally, even if BCSSes help to effect a change in a targeted user's behavior, the user usually fails to maintain the target behavior. This could be the result of underestimating the long-term influence that environmental factors have on behavior.
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personal goals. In most cases, the general objective can be split into more than one objective or step, before the desired behavior is adopted by the users and becomes a routine. The positive feedback introduces self-management in BCSS applications since it is particularly helpful for people to take responsibility for their own actions and do things to the best of their ability. BCSS is very often equipped with additional features like game elements to foster user engagement leading to
97:(IoT) devices (e.g., cameras), and social collaboration to help the members of a user community to support each other. Occasionally, some BCSS allow professionals (trainers, educators, medical personnel and social professionals) to participate in the BCSS activities. This can be done by giving advice and support and also by making decisions and alterations to the treatment plan according to the observed performance and the personal needs of the targeted users.
76:, as most BCSS systems implement metacognitive strategies for goal attainment. These strategies help users understand the cause of their resistance to adopting the desired behavior. It requires that they monitor themselves whenever the targeted behavior can be observed to understand their progress towards the desired behavior, and record evidence (usually objective but also subjective measurements) of their behavioral changes.
71:
Applications of BCSS may include game and training elements in several market domains which can range from Health and
Education and Quality of Life (QoL), to professional development and workability. Virtually any concept designed to cause a shift in a person's behavior can be considered a BCSS, even
51:
A supporting model is the Fogg
Behaviour Model (FBM), which states that a user must be motivated first before having the ability to perform the change in their behavior, which is triggered by either intrinsic or extrinsic factors (The term "trigger" was changed by the author in late 2017 and the term
174:
There is currently an open discussion on how intrusive a BCSS should be, but this appears to be dependent upon the physical and social context of the environment in which the BCSS is being used. As BCSS makes use of personal data coming from users' profiles and the user-monitoring system, the use of
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Lithoxoidou, E.; Doumpoulakis, S.; Tsakiris, A.; Ziogou, C.; Krinidis, S.; Paliokas, I.; Ioannidis, D.; Votis, K.; Voutetakis, S.; Elmasllari, E.; Tzovaras, D. (2020). "A novel social gamified collaboration platform enriched with shop-floor data and feedback for the improvement of the productivity,
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Behavior Change
Support Systems have been criticized for a lack of grounding in independent behavioral theory, as well as the lack of industry standards to measure performance or effect. Another source of criticism refers to the dominant behavioral change models as products of the theory of planned
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to identify the computer-mediated communication between humans or human-computer interaction technologies used to deliver persuasive evidence. A BCSS should be treated as a more complex ICT-based construct which may use persuasive technologies, but also supports the full life-cycle of behavioral
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As
Arlinghaus and Johnston implied, “Although not sufficient, education is a necessary component for behaviour change” (2018). BCSSes are used in education less for imparting knowledge and testing knowledge gained, and more for teaching a difficult subject like "responsible sexual behaviour" in
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Examples of BCSS applied in eHealth domains include CAREGIVERSPRO-MMD, which is a community-based intervention to support people living with dementia and their caregivers using game elements to engage users in non-pharmacological interventions; iLift, which trains nurses in lifting and transfer
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There can be a positive impact on people who have difficulties in changing their behavior by considering behaviors and the distance to the desired behavior. This can be achieved by helping them develop a personalized plan for reaching the targeted behavior and learning the ways to achieve their
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Kuipers, Derek A.; Wartena, Bard O.; Dijkstra, Boudewijn H.; Terlouw, Gijs; van t Veer, Job T.B.; van Dijk, Hylke W.; Prins, Jelle T.; Pierie, Jean Pierre E.N. (December 2016). "iLift: A health behavior change support system for lifting and transfer techniques to prevent lower-back injuries in
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footprints and energy consumption. Examples include applications designed to raise water-saving awareness, apps used by drivers to reduce fuel consumption by adopting an eco-friendly driving style, and educational games for simulating energy consumption in domestic environments like in Casals
105:
Most BCSSes work on a single profile (targeted user), while some can monitor and report progress made by a group of people. There are BCSS applications purely made using software, while others include hardware components like sensors and IoT devices to introduce physical computing in a hybrid
132:
Adopting new behavioral patterns is difficult and people are not motivated to change their behavior if they do not recognize the blocking issue. Gamification is used to help recognition by providing rewards, competition, and motivational cues of a BCSS. Prochaska
47:
and models for behavioral change over time. The theory of planned behavior describes the relationship between attitudes, intentions, and the desired behavior. It is considered to be one of the most influential determinant models.
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techniques to prevent lower-back injuries, and We4Fit which is more like a game environment. A more extensive review of health BCSS can be found on the work of Alahäivälä & Oinas-Kukkonen (2016) and Bridle et al. (2005).
702:
Bridle, C.; Riemsma, R. P.; Pattenden, J.; Sowden, A. J.; Mather, L.; Watt, I. S.; Walker, A. (1 June 2005). "Systematic review of the effectiveness of health behavior interventions based on the transtheoretical model".
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if this change is not directly observed by the users. When users are aware of this intention and choose to work within the system, the chances of favorable results from this system increase. This effect is attributed to
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techniques to predict the future behavior of users based on their past performance. The evidence of the achieved change in behavior, as well as important notifications during self-evaluation, are communicated with
666:
Alahäivälä, Tuomas; Oinas-Kukkonen, Harri (December 2016). "Understanding persuasion contexts in health gamification: A systematic analysis of gamified health behavior change support systems literature".
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Overall, there is a continually growing number of domains in which ICT tools are introduced as tools to implement and deliver behavioral change campaigns in a systematic way. Some researchers refer to
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Novak, J.; Melenhorst, M.; Micheel, I.; Pasini, C.; Fraternali, P.; Rizzoli, A.E. (April 2018). "Integrating behavioural change and gamified incentive modelling for stimulating water saving".
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tools such as performance graphs. Additional tools frequently found in BCSS include checklists and questionnaires to collect users' feedback, hardware sensing components like the
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Casals, M.; Gangolells, M.; Macarulla, M.; Fuertes, A.; Vimont, V.; Pinho, L. M. (2017). "A serious game enhancing social tenants' behavioral change towards energy efficiency".
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Lalos, A.; Gardelis, K.; Spathis-Papadiotis, A.; Moustakas, K. "Gamification of EcoDriving
Behaviours through Intelligent Management of dynamic car and driver information".
52:"prompt" is now being used). BCSS makes use of extrinsic (perceptual) prompts like alarms, messages with offers or calls to action, ads, requests, and more.
28:
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change interventions (from authoring to publishing), implements various campaigns to achieve its goals, and is adaptive to specific user profiles.
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Changing for good: the revolutionary program that explains the six stages of change and teaches you how to free yourself from bad habits
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Behaviour change toolkit : for international development practitioners : enabling people to practice positive behaviours
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Pereira, C. V.; Figueiredo, G.; Esteves, M. G. P.; Souza, J. M. de (2014). "We4Fit: A game with a purpose for behavior change".
59:(SLT), which studies the interactions between a user and the environment, and the theory of planned behavior (initiated as the
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environment which targets behavioral changes in its end-users. BCSS are built upon persuasive systems design techniques.
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BCSS has been applied in other knowledge and study areas, including workers' behaviour, consumers' brand-loyalty, and CO
433:
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44:
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1329:"Mind the Gap: Why do people act environmentally and what are the barriers to pro-environmental behavior?"
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Fraternali, P.; Baroffio, G.; Pasini, C.; Galli, L.; Micheel, I.; Novak, J.; Rizzoli, A. (December 2015).
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1019:"Integrating Real and Digital Games with Data Analytics for Water Consumption Behavioral Change: A Demo"
501:"Integrating Real and Digital Games with Data Analytics for Water Consumption Behavioral Change: A Demo"
462:"Persuading to Reflect: Role of Reflection and Insight in Persuasive Systems Design for Physical Health"
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1114:"Gamification and serious games within the domain of domestic energy consumption: A systematic review"
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middle-school students, or for changing attitudes and beliefs about a topic of interest.
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International Conference on Bioinformatics and Bioengineering (BIBE)
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International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing (UCC)
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Other theories that aid in the design and mechanisms behind a BCSS include the
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The design of these systems and their contents are based on
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Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes
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Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes
175:BCSSes in everyday life may be legally restricted.
953:International Journal of Computer Games Technology
748:"Advocating for Behavior Change With Education"
1327:Kollmuss, Anja; Agyeman, Julian (July 2010).
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84:applications. Moreover, they implement
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982:Environmental Modelling & Software
752:American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine
1155:safety and engagement in factories".
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387:. New York: General Learning Press.
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947:Zhonggen, Yu (3 February 2019).
21:Behavioral Change Support System
1194:. Meson Press. pp. 21–45.
435:Social Behavior and Personality
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863:. People in Need. p. 60.
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362:. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.
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383:Bandura, Albert (1971).
1192:Rethinking gamification
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243:"Persuasive technology"
67:Techniques and elements
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507:. pp. 408–409.
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