805:. Theoretical knowledge can either be acquired beforehand or imparted during the game, which can then be tested in a virtual practice. There is an educational policy interest in the professionalisation of such offers. With the research project NetEnquiry, the Federal Ministry of Education and Research supports a corresponding research project for education and training, implemented here with the focus on mobile learning. In addition, there is an increasing incorporation of serious games within university curricula which students can use to consolidate learning or enhance knowledge.
94:
2594:
984:. In this work, Campbell developed a virtual pharmaceutical manufacturing plant and used the flexibility of video games to develop various real-life scenarios. The scenarios were then played by humans under different motivating objectives through a series of experiments. The results allowed Campbell to gather useful information on what might be the next threat to the pharmaceutical supply chain. The results showed promise for video games' future as a scientific data collection tool and was featured in a Bloomberg Prognosis Article.
758:
937:
43:
993:
benefit from them. Scenarios such as natural disasters, acts of terrorism, danger prevention and emergency care are simulated. Challenges such as acting under time and pressure to succeed can thus be realistically tested with fewer resources and costs. This area formed the second focal point. An example of serious games from this sector is the
775:, which are exchangeable for US currency. In 2015, Project Discovery was launched as a serious game. Project Discovery was launched as a vehicle by which geneticists and astronomers with the University of Geneva could access the cataloging efforts of the gaming public via a mini-game contained within the
1010:
The user is given tasks and missions that they can only solve with the knowledge that they will gradually discover during the game. The theoretical aspects of the game are always taught in small quantities at the right time to be able to solve the next task and thus test the theoretical approaches in
908:
and his cartel while the other one plays as law enforcement agencies who aim to capture Guzmán. During a lesson, students play the game twice, once as law enforcement, once as the cartel, and the instructor periodically gives each player useful information. Due to time constraints, the games the CIA
700:
teaching movement. (The Back to Basics teaching movement is a change in teaching style that started in the 1970s after student scores declined on standardized tests and students were alleged to be exploring too many electives. This movement wanted to focus students on reading, writing and arithmetic
949:
Persuasive games are developed for advertisers, policy makers, news organizations and cultural institutions. They are politically and socially motivated games that serve social communication. They cover areas such as politics, religion, environment, urban planning and tourism. The aim is to lead to
705:
is credited for coining the term "serious games" in the 1970s, defined as games that have an "explicit and carefully thought-out educational purpose and are not intended to be played primarily for amusement." Abt also recognized that this "does not mean that serious games are not, or should not be,
862:
On the one hand, the health sector includes digital games for the professional area of doctor training, e.g. to train an operation or to impart specialist knowledge, and on the other hand they address the private end user who uses them, for example, as motivation tools for a healthier lifestyle,
997:
game series or the possibility to explore the response of communities in a game in disaster management. Psychological effect that exist in real life-threatening situation are not realistic in a serious game but the training in a serious game and exposure to the requirements and constraints in
992:
Serious games in the field of security are aimed at disaster control, the defense sector and recruitment. Public, private and municipal institutions, such as fire brigades, police, Federal Agency for
Technical Relief (Technisches Hilfswerk - Germany THW), DRK as well as crisis centres and NGOs
971:
try to present and profile themselves through such games in order to attract apprentices and applicants. Future tasks will be presented and carried out in a large context, for example "TechForce", in which various technical areas are combined into an end product with the aim of winning a race.
825:
uses the medium of computer games to create interactive and multimedia art. For the first time, the term was described scientifically in 2002 to emphasize games that attach more importance to art than to game mechanics. Mostly they convince by a special aesthetics and atmosphere and use the
646:
used by industries like defense, education, scientific exploration, health care, emergency management, city planning, engineering, politics and art. Serious games are a subgenre of serious storytelling, where storytelling is applied "outside the context of entertainment, where the narration
863:
nutrition or for rehabilitation purposes. In addition, Serious Games can be used as a training measure for patients who acquire knowledge about their clinical pictures and possible therapy options. There is also an increasing use of serious games in health education programs.
709:
The early 2000s saw a surge in different types of educational games, especially those designed for the younger learner. Many of these games were not computer-based but took on the model of other traditional gaming systems both in the console and hand-held formats. In 1999,
958:
The aim here is to give the user an understanding of a company's products. The user can test the products in a simulation under real conditions and convince themselves of their functionality. Technical basics, handling and security risks can be taught to the user.
921:
are training simulations that are used in the training and recruitment of soldiers. The games try to represent warfare as realistically as possible in order to familiarize users with the dangers, strategies, weapons, tactics and vehicles.
880:. It can be downloaded with a prescription onto a mobile device, and is intended for use in tandem with other treatments. Patients play it for 30 minutes a day, 5 days a week, over a month-long treatment plan.
2139:
Thompson D, Baranowski T, Buday R et al. Serious Video Games for Health: How
Behavioral Science Guided the Development of a Serious Video Game. Simulation Gaming August 2010 vol. 41 no. 4 587–606.
788:
categorize and assess actual genetic samples or astronomical data. This data was then utilized and warehoused by researchers. Any data flagged as atypical was further investigated by scientists.
854:
games can have an educational purpose, depending on the user. They are partly used in rehabilitation therapies to restore the user's finger mobility, reaction speed and eye-finger coordination.
718:, which combined an interactive book with a cartridge and allowed kids to play games and interact with a paper-based book. Based on the popularity of traditional hand-held gaming systems like
2046:
Lang, F., Pueschel, T. and
Neumann, D. (2009). "Serious Gaming for the Evaluation of Market Mechanisms", Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS) 2009.
909:
uses are not always designed to played in their entirety. Instead, the goal is to teach the prospective analysts how to figure out which information is useful and when to act on it.
2018:
Jalink, Maarten B.; Goris, Jetse; Heineman, Erik; Pierie, Jean-Pierre E.N.; Ten Cate
Hoedemaker, Henk O. (2014). "The effects of video games on laparoscopic simulator skills".
1493:
1129:
1779:"A Video Game Only A Pharmacist Could Love Ferrets Out Drug Fraud: Health professionals build a tool inspired from war-gaming technology to predict drug company behavior"
1204:
Lugmayr, Artur; Suhonen, Jarkko; Hlavacs, Helmut; Montero, Calkin; Suutinen, Erkki; Sedano, Carolina (2016). "Serious storytelling - a first definition and review".
801:
Real simulations and simulation games provide the user with the opportunity to gain experience. Actions generated from knowledge can be tested here according to the
1926:
1086:
368:
2761:
781:
893:
613:
69:
53:
2379:
2164:
1778:
1934:
1463:
950:
create a demand for product due to a generated positive exposure to the product in the game or introduce new ways of thinking through experience.
1240:
1893:
2840:
308:
175:
1820:
1302:
826:
interactivity for creativity and the thought stimulation of the player. Art created by or through computer games are also called art games.
1111:
394:
1941:
575:
1836:, VAST-STAR, Short and Project Proceedings, 10th VAST International Symposium on Virtual Reality, Archaeology and Cultural Heritage (
57:
3266:
1331:
606:
647:
progresses as a sequence of patterns impressive in quality ... and is part of a thoughtful progress". The idea shares aspects with
1831:
3464:
348:
318:
1756:
Towards a
Holistic Risk Model For Safeguarding the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain: Capturing the Human-Induced Risk to Drug Quality
1578:
1501:
982:
Towards a
Holistic Risk Model For Safeguarding the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain: Capturing the Human-Induced Risk to Drug Quality
3398:
2996:
2921:
2641:
1729:
1275:
1101:
3474:
2372:
3194:
2916:
2691:
2265:
2157:
570:
563:
558:
224:
3469:
2926:
2911:
2776:
2684:
1610:
1051:
967:
This type of serious games is intended to bring the user closer to tasks that would otherwise be less in the limelight.
867:
599:
585:
1081:
897:
580:
432:
93:
1404:. Website of the project coordinator cevet - centre for vocational education and training. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
980:
In 2021, Heather R. Campbell, a graduate student at the
University of Kentucky, published her doctoral dissertation,
2593:
1703:
3479:
3218:
3018:
2858:
2783:
811:, with 100 headlines and stories, you guess if real or fake news, testing deduction and current affairs knowledge.
504:
328:
61:
3388:
3294:
3233:
2399:
2365:
489:
410:
373:
3278:
2848:
2739:
2721:
2574:
2150:
1066:
1031:
931:
679:
The use of games in educational circles has been practiced since at least the twentieth century. For example,
2100:
Shanahan, Dr (December 2012). "Winners and
Learners: Classroom Discourse Surrounding Educational Game-Play".
3213:
2903:
2731:
2207:
1801:: um Serious Game como ferramenta de auxĂlio no processo de alfabetização de crianças do ensino fundamental.
1155:
734:
398:
338:
3459:
3261:
3256:
3172:
3050:
2825:
2636:
2610:
2564:
2260:
1036:
772:
685:
254:
165:
115:
2094:
Why Games Are Good For
Business: How to Leverage the Power of Serious Games, Gamification and Simulations
2052:"Serious Games as a Means for Scientific Knowledge Transfer—A Case from Engineering Management Education"
1471:
3208:
3167:
2943:
2793:
2671:
2602:
697:
540:
343:
301:
239:
143:
3177:
3271:
3162:
3006:
2802:
2496:
2454:
2300:
2250:
2219:
2093:
2087:
Total
Engagement: Using Games and Virtual Worlds to Change the Way People Work and Businesses Compete
1902:
1116:
905:
747:
730:
in 2003. This system was cartridge-based and integrated arcade–style games with educational content.
711:
437:
323:
313:
286:
127:
3028:
2978:
2933:
2766:
2646:
2280:
1841:
1286:
1134:
1071:
999:
889:
740:
Other directions for serious video games beyond education began to emerge in the early 2000s, with
510:
420:
182:
158:
122:
106:
1830:
Anderson, E. F.; McLoughlin, L.; Liarokapis, F.; Peters, C.; Petridis, P.; de Freitas, S. (2009),
3429:
3371:
3033:
3001:
2876:
2853:
2709:
2679:
2514:
2484:
2074:
1979:
1920:
1798:
1381:
1364:
1221:
1046:
751:
656:
445:
281:
2133:
771:, in which users can create actual businesses that provide virtual commodities and services for
696:
Use of paper-based educational games became popular in the 1960s and 1970s, but waned under the
3434:
3347:
3342:
3013:
2959:
2868:
2701:
2661:
2464:
2341:
2310:
2224:
2113:
2105:
2101:
2035:
1971:
1880:
1816:
1684:
1676:
1618:
1445:
1437:
1327:
1298:
1096:
918:
742:
465:
358:
276:
234:
153:
133:
870:
approved the first video game treatment, a game for children aged 8–12 with certain types of
844:
and movement. For example, hand-eye coordination and upper body muscles can be trained using
3424:
3335:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3095:
3090:
3045:
2886:
2651:
2552:
2491:
2431:
2388:
2270:
2192:
2066:
2027:
2004:
1961:
1870:
1862:
1759:
1666:
1427:
1373:
1290:
1213:
1056:
737:
with titles such as Learning Sustainable Development in 2000 and Climate Challenge in 2006.
652:
470:
363:
187:
3393:
3083:
2938:
2559:
2519:
2197:
2126:
1091:
1076:
802:
785:
757:
690:
378:
138:
3155:
2469:
1524:
2051:
3038:
2744:
2628:
2540:
2535:
2426:
2336:
2331:
2173:
1950:"Systematic review of serious games for medical education and surgical skills training"
1875:
1850:
1550:
1106:
415:
31:
3453:
3182:
3023:
2964:
2815:
2756:
2547:
2506:
2449:
2290:
1585:
1555:
1323:
1225:
1026:
1021:
639:
2078:
1983:
1385:
1348:
3419:
3381:
3073:
2991:
2656:
2618:
2579:
2479:
2459:
2441:
2326:
2202:
2187:
1837:
1804:
1121:
1061:
702:
680:
535:
460:
450:
427:
192:
2031:
1179:
754:
as a recruitment tool, and later used as an early training tool for new recruits.
2009:
1992:
1866:
1274:
Djaouti, Damien; Alvarez, Julian; Jessel, Jean-Pierre; Rampnoux, Olivier (2011).
1264:"Education Update"; Back To Basics; Dr. Carole G. Hankin and Randi T. Sachs; 2002
850:, regardless of age and physical disabilities, alone or with others. Even simple
3330:
3304:
3127:
3100:
3078:
2881:
2830:
2474:
2409:
2255:
1640:
1318:
Gray, J. H.; Bulat, J.; Jaynes, C.; Cunningham, A. (2009). "LeapFrog learning".
1294:
1041:
936:
767:
668:
494:
405:
219:
170:
3376:
3352:
3299:
3187:
2891:
2810:
2418:
2229:
2214:
1851:"Playing for real: video games and stories for health-related behavior change"
1217:
876:
851:
846:
835:
777:
648:
643:
482:
259:
229:
210:
2070:
1680:
1622:
1441:
1432:
1415:
17:
3150:
3068:
2771:
2749:
2305:
2275:
2234:
1362:
Zyda, Michael (2005). "From visual simulation to virtual reality to games".
998:
disaster management can prepare to a better response of the teams in a real
515:
2039:
1975:
1884:
1688:
1449:
1991:
Mouaheb, Houda; Fahli, Ahmed; Moussetad, Mohammed; Eljamali, Said (2012).
1763:
1416:"Utilizing serious games for physiology and anatomy learning and revision"
3414:
3366:
3312:
3238:
3228:
3107:
2820:
2285:
821:
727:
723:
719:
660:
477:
266:
249:
1377:
765:
By 2010, serious games had evolved to incorporate actual economies like
2714:
1671:
1654:
968:
941:
715:
1655:"Enhancing variety through gamified, interactive learning experiences"
1320:
Mobile Technology for Children: Designing for Interaction and Learning
2346:
1966:
1949:
1849:
Baranowski, T; Buday, R; Thompson, DI; Baranowski, J (January 2008).
2357:
1414:
Moro, Christian; Phelps, Charlotte; Stromberga, Zane (2020-08-14).
3359:
3200:
2142:
2086:
935:
841:
756:
1704:"Children with ADHD can now be prescribed a video game, FDA says"
1579:"Arcade Classics Spawn Art? Current Trends in the Art Game Genre"
904:, a two-player game where one player represents drug trafficker
871:
726:, they also introduced their hand-held gaming system called the
635:
2361:
2146:
1351:. Wsc '12. Winter Simulation Conference. pp. 136:1–136:13.
664:
36:
2136:, a scientific Open Access Journal, first issue January 2014.
642:. The "serious" adjective is generally prepended to refer to
2986:
1942:
Overview of research on the educational use of video games
1948:
Graafland, M.; Schraagen, J. M.; Schijven, M. P. (2012).
1398:
1002:
case and lead to an improved risk mitigation strategies.
733:
Also in the 2000s, educational games saw an expanse into
1154:
Djaouti, Damien; Alvarez, Julian; Jessel, Jean-Pierre.
840:
These include serious games that animate the player to
1349:"A survey of serious games on sustainable development"
1730:"The art and craft of making board games for the CIA"
1347:
Katsaliaki, Korina; Mustafee, Navonil (2012-12-09).
3407:
3323:
3287:
3249:
3143:
3136:
3061:
2977:
2952:
2902:
2867:
2839:
2801:
2792:
2730:
2700:
2670:
2627:
2601:
2528:
2505:
2440:
2417:
2408:
2319:
2243:
2180:
1813:
The Complete Guide to Simulations and Serious Games
945:, a game that simulates running a railroad business
1807:(1970). Serious Games. New York: The Viking Press.
888:Board games have been used to train employees of
30:Not to be confused with professional gaming team
1935:The basic learning approach behind Serious Games
1241:"Assessing higher order thinking in video games"
1087:International Simulation and Gaming Association
638:designed for a primary purpose other than pure
1993:"The Serious Game: What Educational Benefits?"
1702:Naomi Thomas and Amy Woodyatt (16 June 2020).
782:massively multiplayer online role-playing game
2373:
2158:
2089:. Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing.
894:Sherman Kent School for Intelligence Analysis
607:
8:
1758:(PhD dissertation). University of Kentucky.
1156:"Classifying Serious Games: the G/P/S model"
746:in 2002 as an early example. The game was a
216:Specialized / alternative-paradigmatic types
2059:IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management
1925:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1248:Journal of Technology and Teacher Education
761:Coventry University Serious Games Institute
3140:
2798:
2414:
2380:
2366:
2358:
2165:
2151:
2143:
2134:The International Journal on Serious Games
1653:Moro, Christian; Stromberga, Zane (2020).
1283:Serious Games and Edutainment Applications
614:
600:
88:
2085:Reeves, Byron; Reed, J. Leighton (2009).
2008:
1997:Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences
1965:
1874:
1670:
1431:
2050:Mettler, Tobias; Pinto, Roberto (2015).
56:: vague phrasing that often accompanies
1855:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
1146:
105:
2122:
2111:
1918:
659:, but explicitly emphasizes the added
7:
1523:Parrish, James (14 September 2017).
1112:Serious Games Showcase and Challenge
1130:Technology and mental health issues
1833:Serious Games in Cultural Heritage
1500:. 14 December 2022. Archived from
576:List of video game industry people
25:
1494:"The News Game Political Edition"
1206:Multimedia Tools and Applications
1126:State of Play (conference series)
926:Politics, culture and advertising
2592:
2291:Augmented reality tabletop games
1901:. pp. 24–25. Archived from
1420:Advances in Physiology Education
1326:. Morgan Kaufmann. p. 171.
369:Intellectual property protection
92:
41:
2020:The American Journal of Surgery
1777:Edney, Anna (7 November 2021).
1102:List of educational video games
701:and intensify the curriculum.)
2266:Live action role-playing games
1728:Hall, Charlie (22 June 2017).
1609:Chris Schilling (2009-07-23),
902:Kingpin: The Hunt for El Chapo
1:
2032:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2013.11.006
1754:Campbell, Heather R. (2021).
571:List of video game publishers
559:List of video game developers
2010:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.465
1867:10.1016/j.amepre.2007.09.027
868:Food and Drug Administration
784:(MMORPG). Players acting as
586:List of video game magazines
1892:Digitalarti Mag #0 (2009).
1840:VAST '09), Faculty of ICT,
1295:10.1007/978-1-4471-2161-9_3
1082:Intelligent tutoring system
898:Central Intelligence Agency
581:List of video game websites
3496:
2590:
2092:Routledge, Helen (2015). "
1954:British Journal of Surgery
1940:Egenfeldt-Nielsen, Simon.
1933:Egenfeldt-Nielsen, Simon.
1276:"Origins of Serious Games"
929:
833:
505:Advertising in video games
68:Such statements should be
29:
2400:List of video game genres
2395:
1815:. Pfeiffer. p. 576.
1218:10.1007/s11042-016-3865-5
803:trial and error principle
374:Digital rights management
2692:Digital collectible card
2071:10.1109/TEM.2015.2413494
1433:10.1152/advan.00074.2020
1067:Gamification of learning
1032:Business simulation game
932:Business simulation game
3465:Health and video gaming
2777:Roguelike deck-building
2685:Roguelike deck-building
2261:Alternate reality games
1811:Aldrich, Clark (2009).
1641:The Seriousness of Life
1611:"Art house video games"
735:sustainable development
101:Part of a series on the
2096:". Palgrave Macmillan.
1037:Educational video game
954:Product creation games
946:
762:
683:created a game called
3475:The arts and politics
3019:Tactical role-playing
2784:Tactical role-playing
1764:10.13023/etd.2021.374
939:
890:intelligence agencies
866:On 15 June 2020, the
760:
651:generally, including
3399:Vertically scrolling
2281:Location-based games
2220:Ubiquitous computing
1239:Rice, J. W. (2007).
748:first-person shooter
712:LeapFrog Enterprises
438:Downloadable content
70:clarified or removed
3470:Science and culture
3029:Turn-based strategy
2934:Submarine simulator
2740:Action role-playing
2647:Interactive fiction
1842:University of Malta
1468:I Want One Of Those
1378:10.1109/MC.2005.297
1212:(14): 15707–15733.
1135:Transreality gaming
1072:Global warming game
1052:Game with a purpose
1000:disaster management
892:. For example, the
689:, a predecessor of
686:The Landlord's Game
421:Episodic video game
107:Video game industry
3430:Video game modding
3372:Nonlinear gameplay
3034:Turn-based tactics
3002:Real-time strategy
1799:Joy e as Letrinhas
1672:10.1111/medu.14251
1525:"Autumn Fair 2017"
1289:. pp. 25–43.
1047:Games and learning
947:
786:citizen scientists
763:
752:United States Army
657:medical simulation
446:Games as a service
3480:Video game genres
3447:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3435:Video game remake
3343:Emergent gameplay
3014:Real-time tactics
2973:
2972:
2912:Flight simulation
2642:Graphic adventure
2588:
2587:
2389:Video game genres
2355:
2354:
2311:Transreality game
2225:Context awareness
2121:Missing or empty
1960:(10): 1322–1330.
1822:978-0-470-46273-7
1665:(12): 1180–1181.
1659:Medical Education
1577:Holmes, Tiffany.
1304:978-1-4471-2160-2
1097:Lego Serious Play
963:Recruitment games
750:developed by the
653:flight simulation
624:
623:
466:Microtransactions
235:Interactive movie
87:
86:
16:(Redirected from
3487:
3425:Video game clone
3141:
3137:Related concepts
2944:Vehicular combat
2799:
2672:Digital tabletop
2652:Interactive film
2612:Grand Theft Auto
2603:Action-adventure
2596:
2553:Platform fighter
2432:Platform fighter
2415:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2359:
2271:Affective gaming
2251:Ubiquitous games
2167:
2160:
2153:
2144:
2130:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2109:
2082:
2056:
2043:
2014:
2012:
1987:
1969:
1967:10.1002/bjs.8819
1930:
1924:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1907:
1900:
1888:
1878:
1845:
1844:, pp. 29–48
1826:
1787:
1786:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1674:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1590:
1584:. Archived from
1583:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1470:. Archived from
1460:
1454:
1453:
1435:
1411:
1405:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1280:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1245:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1160:
1151:
1092:Learning objects
1057:Games for Change
896:, an arm of the
830:Exercise therapy
616:
609:
602:
471:In-game currency
96:
89:
82:
79:
73:
45:
44:
37:
27:Video game genre
21:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3439:
3403:
3394:Twitch gameplay
3319:
3283:
3245:
3132:
3084:Survival horror
3057:
3007:Time management
2969:
2948:
2939:Train simulator
2898:
2863:
2835:
2788:
2726:
2696:
2666:
2623:
2597:
2584:
2524:
2520:Survival horror
2501:
2436:
2404:
2391:
2386:
2356:
2351:
2315:
2239:
2198:Performing arts
2176:
2174:Pervasive games
2171:
2120:
2110:
2099:
2054:
2049:
2017:
1990:
1947:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1848:
1829:
1823:
1810:
1795:
1793:Further reading
1790:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1736:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1710:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1627:
1625:
1615:Daily Telegraph
1608:
1607:
1603:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1559:
1551:"The News Game"
1549:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1532:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1507:
1505:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1464:"The News Game"
1462:
1461:
1457:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1397:
1393:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1243:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1186:
1180:"Serious Games"
1178:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1117:Serious Leisure
1077:Innovation game
1017:
1008:
1006:Youth education
990:
978:
976:Scientific tool
965:
956:
934:
928:
915:
886:
860:
838:
832:
817:
799:
797:Adult education
794:
714:introduced the
706:entertaining."
677:
620:
591:
590:
554:
546:
545:
541:Game journalism
531:
523:
522:
507:
501:
457:
442:
401:
387:
386:
385:
379:Copy protection
355:
335:
304:
294:
293:
273:
206:
198:
197:
150:
130:
118:
83:
77:
74:
67:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3493:
3491:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3452:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3389:Side-scrolling
3386:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3369:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3297:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3234:Climate change
3231:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3192:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3153:
3147:
3145:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3093:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3076:
3071:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3051:Grand strategy
3043:
3042:
3041:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3010:
3009:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2983:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2908:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2879:
2873:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2807:
2805:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2769:
2767:Monster-taming
2764:
2759:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2745:Looter shooter
2736:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2712:
2706:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2676:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2633:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2607:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2541:Hack and slash
2532:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2427:Endless runner
2423:
2421:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2362:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2337:Jane McGonigal
2334:
2332:Eric Zimmerman
2329:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2301:Treasure hunts
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2131:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2065:(2): 256–265.
2047:
2044:
2026:(1): 151–156.
2015:
1988:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1889:
1846:
1827:
1821:
1808:
1802:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1769:
1746:
1720:
1694:
1645:
1633:
1601:
1569:
1542:
1515:
1485:
1455:
1426:(3): 505–507.
1406:
1391:
1354:
1339:
1332:
1310:
1303:
1266:
1257:
1231:
1196:
1171:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1107:Reacting games
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1007:
1004:
989:
986:
977:
974:
964:
961:
955:
952:
927:
924:
919:America's Army
914:
913:Military games
911:
906:JoaquĂn Guzmán
885:
882:
859:
856:
834:Main article:
831:
828:
816:
813:
798:
795:
793:
790:
773:Linden dollars
743:America's Army
698:Back to Basics
676:
673:
622:
621:
619:
618:
611:
604:
596:
593:
592:
589:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
567:
566:
555:
552:
551:
548:
547:
544:
543:
538:
532:
529:
528:
525:
524:
521:
520:
519:
518:
513:
500:
499:
498:
497:
487:
486:
485:
475:
474:
473:
463:
456:
455:
454:
453:
441:
440:
435:
430:
425:
424:
423:
418:
416:Expansion pack
413:
402:
393:
392:
389:
388:
384:
383:
382:
381:
376:
366:
361:
354:
353:
352:
351:
349:Content rating
341:
334:
333:
332:
331:
326:
321:
316:
305:
300:
299:
296:
295:
292:
291:
290:
289:
279:
277:Arcade cabinet
272:
271:
270:
269:
264:
263:
262:
257:
252:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
207:
204:
203:
200:
199:
196:
195:
190:
185:
180:
179:
178:
173:
163:
162:
161:
149:
148:
147:
146:
141:
136:
125:
119:
114:
113:
110:
109:
103:
102:
98:
97:
85:
84:
49:
47:
40:
32:Serious Gaming
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3492:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3460:Serious games
3458:
3457:
3455:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3279:Single-player
3277:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3024:Tower defense
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2966:
2965:Immersive sim
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2854:City-building
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2757:Dungeon crawl
2755:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2722:Tile-matching
2720:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2711:
2710:Hidden object
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2680:Deck-building
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2515:Battle royale
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2378:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2296:Serious games
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2163:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2003:: 5502–5508.
2002:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1908:on 2011-07-10
1904:
1897:
1896:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1747:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1721:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1634:
1624:
1620:
1617:(in German),
1616:
1612:
1605:
1602:
1591:on 2013-04-20
1587:
1580:
1573:
1570:
1558:
1557:
1556:BoardGameGeek
1552:
1546:
1543:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1504:on 2022-12-14
1503:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1474:on 2022-05-17
1473:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1358:
1355:
1350:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1333:9780080954097
1329:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1197:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1157:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1027:Business game
1025:
1023:
1022:Brain fitness
1020:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1005:
1003:
1001:
996:
987:
985:
983:
975:
973:
970:
962:
960:
953:
951:
944:
943:
938:
933:
925:
923:
920:
912:
910:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
883:
881:
879:
878:
873:
869:
864:
857:
855:
853:
849:
848:
843:
837:
829:
827:
824:
823:
814:
812:
810:
809:The News Game
806:
804:
796:
791:
789:
787:
783:
780:
779:
774:
770:
769:
759:
755:
753:
749:
745:
744:
738:
736:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
707:
704:
699:
694:
692:
688:
687:
682:
674:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
645:
641:
640:entertainment
637:
633:
629:
617:
612:
610:
605:
603:
598:
597:
595:
594:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
565:
562:
561:
560:
557:
556:
550:
549:
542:
539:
537:
534:
533:
527:
526:
517:
514:
512:
509:
508:
506:
503:
502:
496:
493:
492:
491:
488:
484:
481:
480:
479:
476:
472:
469:
468:
467:
464:
462:
459:
458:
452:
449:
448:
447:
444:
443:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
408:
407:
404:
403:
400:
396:
391:
390:
380:
377:
375:
372:
371:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
356:
350:
347:
346:
345:
342:
340:
337:
336:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
311:
310:
307:
306:
303:
298:
297:
288:
285:
284:
283:
280:
278:
275:
274:
268:
265:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
247:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
217:
214:
213:
212:
209:
208:
202:
201:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
177:
174:
172:
169:
168:
167:
164:
160:
157:
156:
155:
152:
151:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
120:
117:
112:
111:
108:
104:
100:
99:
95:
91:
90:
81:
71:
65:
63:
59:
55:
50:This article
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
18:Serious Games
3420:Toys-to-life
3360:
3353:
3305:
3250:Player modes
3223:
3214:Personalized
3199:
3188:
3156:
3062:Other genres
2992:Auto battler
2960:Falling-sand
2922:Lunar Lander
2732:Role-playing
2715:
2657:Visual novel
2619:Metroidvania
2611:
2565:
2497:Third-person
2470:Shoot 'em up
2455:First-person
2327:Blast Theory
2295:
2256:Mobile games
2203:Storytelling
2188:Role-playing
2062:
2058:
2023:
2019:
2000:
1996:
1957:
1953:
1944:. March 2006
1937:. April 2005
1910:. Retrieved
1903:the original
1895:Serious Game
1894:
1861:(1): 74–82.
1858:
1854:
1838:Eurographics
1832:
1812:
1782:
1772:
1755:
1749:
1737:. Retrieved
1733:
1723:
1711:. Retrieved
1707:
1697:
1662:
1658:
1648:
1636:
1626:, retrieved
1614:
1604:
1593:. Retrieved
1586:the original
1572:
1560:. Retrieved
1554:
1545:
1533:. Retrieved
1528:
1518:
1506:. Retrieved
1502:the original
1497:
1488:
1476:. Retrieved
1472:the original
1467:
1458:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1400:project page
1399:
1394:
1372:(9): 25–32.
1369:
1363:
1357:
1342:
1319:
1313:
1282:
1269:
1260:
1251:
1247:
1234:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1187:. Retrieved
1183:
1174:
1162:. Retrieved
1149:
1122:Serious play
1062:Gamification
1009:
994:
991:
981:
979:
966:
957:
948:
940:
916:
901:
887:
884:Intelligence
875:
865:
861:
852:Jump-'n'-Run
845:
839:
820:
818:
808:
807:
800:
792:Applications
776:
766:
764:
741:
739:
732:
708:
703:Clark C. Abt
695:
693:, in 1903.
684:
681:Lizzie Magie
678:
632:applied game
631:
628:serious game
627:
625:
536:Game studies
461:Free-to-play
451:Cloud gaming
433:Crowdfunding
428:Early access
399:monetization
395:Distribution
339:Localization
244:
215:
159:Level design
75:
62:unverifiable
54:weasel words
51:
3336:Hypercasual
3257:Multiplayer
3173:Educational
3123:Programming
3118:Photography
3091:Incremental
2887:Kart racing
2831:Virtual pet
2662:Walking sim
2637:Escape room
2536:Beat 'em up
2475:Bullet hell
2193:Persistence
1562:15 December
1535:15 December
1508:15 December
1478:15 December
1042:Edutainment
917:Games like
768:Second Life
669:competition
661:pedagogical
644:video games
495:Battle pass
490:Season pass
406:Buy-to-play
329:South Korea
166:Programming
116:Development
64:information
3454:Categories
3377:Open world
3288:Production
3209:Nonviolent
2892:Sim racing
2859:Government
2794:Simulation
2485:Twin-stick
2419:Platformer
2320:Developers
2306:Flash mobs
2276:Smart toys
2230:Crossmedia
2215:Gamemaster
2208:transmedia
2123:|url=
1912:2010-01-13
1628:2019-03-08
1595:2019-03-08
1531:. Paladone
1402:Netenquiry
1184:cs.gmu.edu
1142:References
1011:practice.
930:See also:
877:EndeavorRx
847:Wii Sports
836:Exergaming
778:Eve Online
649:simulation
344:Censorship
302:Publishing
240:Nonviolent
211:Video game
144:Programmer
78:April 2022
3163:Christian
3151:Advergame
3039:Artillery
2772:Roguelike
2750:Soulslike
2629:Adventure
2465:Light gun
2286:Exergames
2235:Emergence
1921:cite book
1783:Bloomberg
1739:29 August
1681:1365-2923
1623:0307-1235
1442:1043-4046
1226:207219982
995:Emergency
969:Companies
815:Art games
663:value of
516:Advergame
287:Accessory
128:Developer
52:contains
3415:Minigame
3367:Masocore
3313:Fan game
3183:Licensed
3108:Non-game
2979:Strategy
2849:Business
2548:Fighting
2507:Survival
2492:Tactical
2181:Concepts
2114:cite web
2079:36568500
2040:24814309
1984:36126192
1976:22961509
1885:18083454
1689:32438478
1450:32795126
1386:19105209
1365:Computer
1324:A. Druin
1287:Springer
1254:(1): 87.
1015:See also
988:Security
822:art game
728:Leapster
724:Game Boy
720:Nintendo
691:Monopoly
478:Loot box
411:AAA game
267:Non-game
260:Exergame
250:Art game
205:Products
183:Graphics
134:Designer
123:Producer
3382:Sandbox
3224:Serious
3157:BishĹŤjo
3074:Fitness
3046:Wargame
2904:Vehicle
2877:Fishing
2816:Farming
2716:Sokoban
2580:Stealth
2566:Pac-Man
2442:Shooter
2342:Niantic
2106:2393509
1876:2189579
1805:Abt, C.
1734:Polygon
1713:18 June
1189:26 June
1164:26 June
942:OpenTTD
900:, uses
874:called
716:LeapPad
675:History
530:Related
511:in-game
309:Markets
282:Console
255:Edugame
245:Serious
193:Testing
3331:Casual
3324:Design
3306:Doujin
3219:Sci-fi
3195:Sexual
3168:Comedy
3144:Themes
3128:Typing
3101:Rhythm
3079:Horror
2917:Combat
2882:Racing
2869:Sports
2826:Social
2811:Dating
2762:MMORPG
2702:Puzzle
2410:Action
2347:Mojang
2244:Genres
2104:
2077:
2038:
1982:
1974:
1883:
1873:
1819:
1687:
1679:
1621:
1448:
1440:
1384:
1330:
1301:
1224:
858:Health
359:Piracy
225:Erotic
220:Casual
171:Engine
154:Design
139:Artist
58:biased
3408:Other
3361:Kaizo
3354:Gacha
3300:Indie
3262:Co-op
3201:Eroge
3189:Otome
3178:Girls
3113:Party
3096:Music
2953:Other
2927:Space
2614:clone
2575:Snake
2568:clone
2529:Other
2450:Arena
2075:S2CID
2055:(PDF)
1980:S2CID
1906:(PDF)
1899:(PDF)
1589:(PDF)
1582:(PDF)
1498:SOWIA
1382:S2CID
1322:. By
1279:(PDF)
1244:(PDF)
1222:S2CID
1159:(PDF)
842:sport
634:is a
564:Indie
553:Lists
483:gacha
364:Clone
324:Japan
314:China
230:Indie
188:Music
3308:soft
3239:News
3069:Cozy
2997:MOBA
2803:Life
2560:Maze
2480:Rail
2460:Hero
2127:help
2102:SSRN
2036:PMID
1972:PMID
1927:link
1881:PMID
1817:ISBN
1741:2024
1715:2020
1685:PMID
1677:ISSN
1619:ISSN
1564:2022
1537:2022
1529:Blog
1510:2022
1480:2022
1446:PMID
1438:ISSN
1328:ISBN
1299:ISBN
1191:2015
1166:2015
872:ADHD
667:and
655:and
636:game
397:and
319:U.S.
3348:FMV
3295:AAA
3272:PVP
3267:MMO
3229:Art
2841:CMS
2821:God
2067:doi
2028:doi
2024:208
2005:doi
1962:doi
1871:PMC
1863:doi
1760:doi
1708:CNN
1667:doi
1428:doi
1374:doi
1291:doi
1214:doi
819:An
722:'s
665:fun
630:or
626:A
60:or
3456::
2987:4X
2118::
2116:}}
2112:{{
2073:.
2063:62
2061:.
2057:.
2034:.
2022:.
2001:46
1999:.
1995:.
1978:.
1970:.
1958:99
1956:.
1952:.
1923:}}
1919:{{
1879:.
1869:.
1859:34
1857:.
1853:.
1781:.
1732:.
1706:.
1683:.
1675:.
1663:54
1661:.
1657:.
1613:,
1553:.
1527:.
1496:.
1466:.
1444:.
1436:.
1424:44
1422:.
1418:.
1380:.
1370:38
1368:.
1297:.
1285:.
1281:.
1252:15
1250:.
1246:.
1220:.
1210:76
1208:.
1182:.
671:.
218::
176:AI
2381:e
2374:t
2367:v
2166:e
2159:t
2152:v
2129:)
2125:(
2108:.
2081:.
2069::
2042:.
2030::
2013:.
2007::
1986:.
1964::
1929:)
1915:.
1887:.
1865::
1825:.
1785:.
1766:.
1762::
1743:.
1717:.
1691:.
1669::
1643:.
1598:.
1566:.
1539:.
1512:.
1482:.
1452:.
1430::
1388:.
1376::
1336:.
1307:.
1293::
1228:.
1216::
1193:.
1168:.
615:e
608:t
601:v
80:)
76:(
72:.
66:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
