462:
in the constitutional sense, to those available at
Claymont High to white children, similarly situated? The answer to this question is often much more difficult than appears, because many of the factors to be compared are just not susceptible of mathematical evaluation, e. g., aesthetic considerations. Moreover, and of real importance, the United States Supreme Court has not decided what should be done if a Negro school being compared with a white school is inferior in some respects and superior in others. It is easy, as some courts do, to talk about the necessity for finding substantial equality. But, under this approach, how is one to deal with a situation where, as here, the mental and physical health services at the Negro school are superior to those offered at the white school while the teacher load at the Negro school is not only substantially heavier than that at the white school, but often exceeds the State announced educationally desirable maximum teacher-pupil ratio. The answer, it seems to me is this: Where the facilities or educational opportunities available to the Negro are, as to any substantial factor, inferior to those available to white children similarly situated, the constitutional principle of "separate but equal" is violated, even though the State may point to other factors as to which the Negro school is superior. I reach this conclusion because I do not believe a court can say that the substantial factor as to which the Negro school is inferior will not adversely affect the educational progress of at least some of those concerned. Moreover, evaluating unlike factors is unrealistic. If this be a harsh test, then I answer that a State which divides its citizens should pay the price.
475:
No. 29 who, except for color, are in the same situation as this infant plaintiff. Yet neither school bus transportation, nor its equivalent is provided this plaintiff even to attend No. 107. In fact, the State Board of
Education refused to authorize the transportation of this then seven-year-old plaintiff to the Negro school, even though the bus for white children went right past her home, and even though the two schools are no more than a mile apart. Moreover, there is no public transportation available from or near plaintiff's home to or near the Negro school. The State Board ruled that because of the State constitutional provision for separate schools, a Negro child may not ride in a bus serving a white school. If we assume that this is so, then this practice in and of itself, is another reason why the facilities offered this plaintiff at No. 107 are inferior to those provided at No. 29. To suggest, under the facts here presented, that there are not enough Negroes to warrant the cost of a school bus for them is only another way of saying that they are not entitled to equal services because they are Negroes. Such an excuse will not do here. I conclude that the facilities and educational opportunities at No. 107 are substantially inferior in a constitutional sense, to those at No. 29. For the reasons stated in connection with Claymont I do not believe the relief should merely be an order to make equal. An injunction will issue preventing the defendants and their agents from refusing these plaintiffs, and those similarly situated, admission to School No. 29 because of their color.
164:
310:. Mrs. Bulah's daughter, Shirley, had been denied admission to the modern, whites-only Hockessin School No. 29, and instead was compelled to attend a one-room "colored" school, Hockessin School No. 107, which, though very near School No. 29, had vastly inferior facilities and construction. Moreover, Shirley Bulah was required to walk to school every day, even though a school bus serving the nearby whites-only school passed by her house every day. Mrs. Bulah had attempted to obtain transportation for Shirley on that bus, but she was told they would never transport a black student.
480:
The
Claymont High Board of Education met on September 3, 1952, and decided they would enroll the black students even without a mandate. At the last minute the State Board of Education called and gave a verbal mandate for the children to attend. On the morning of September 4, 1952, eleven black students got on their bus and came to Claymont High School and there were no incidents. The next day, Delaware Attorney Young called and told Claymont Superintendent Stahl to "send the children home" because the cases were being appealed and eventually became part of the
485:
Claymont administrators were willing to defy the state. After many meetings, the State School Board agreed to allow the students remain in
Claymont, Hockessin and Arden. Arden had an elementary school which fed into the Claymont High School. Recently moved into Ardencroft was a family that had three students which were now attending Claymont High School and three children that were elementary school aged. Arden had voted to allow these younger children to attend their school. The State Board of Education decided to allow these children to remain in Arden.
38:
293:. Howard High School was Delaware's sole business and college-preparatory school for black students and served the entire state of Delaware. Related concerns involved class size, teacher qualifications, and curriculum; indeed, Howard students interested in vocational training were required to walk several blocks to a nearby annex to attend classes offered only after the conclusion of the normal school day.
522:
3242:
589:, where 116 of the 146 pupils in the local elementary school boycotted in solidarity. Mass protests continued in Milford; the school board eventually ceded to the protestors, expelling the black students. Several weeks later, Bowles was arrested for "conspiring to violate the state education law by leading a boycott at Milford’s integrated high school". The
461:
I now consider whether the facilities of the institutions are separate but equal, within the requirements of the
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Are the separate facilities and educational opportunities offered to these Negro plaintiffs, and those similarly situated, "equal"
379:
litigation, Seitz had given a graduation speech at a local
Catholic boys' high school, in which he discussed the courage that would be required to address "a subject that was one of Delaware's great taboos -- the subjugated state of its Negroes. How can we say that we deeply revere the principles of
220:
The schools provided shall be of two kinds; those for white children and those for colored children. The schools for white children shall be free for all white children between the ages of six and twenty-one years, inclusive; and the schools for colored children shall be free to all colored children
474:
Another factor connected with these two schools demands separate attention, because it is a consequence of segregation so outlandish that the
Attorney General, with commendable candor, has in effect refused to defend it. I refer to the fact that school bus transportation is provided those attending
407:
valuations prepared by the State of
Delaware in 1941, which featured photographs of all Delaware public schools as well as their assessed value. For example, the "colored" school in Hockessin was valued at only $ 6,250.00, while the whites-only Hockessin school was valued almost seven times higher.
484:
case. Superintendent Stahl and the School Board refused to send the children home, because they wanted the school to be integrated and had worked hard to have integration occur through the court systems. Even the high school teachers signed a letter stating that they wanted the students to remain.
479:
On August 28, 1952, the
Supreme Court of Delaware unanimously affirmed the Chancery Court's ruling. Despite this, the two schools of Hockessin Elementary and Claymont High School did not integrate in 1952 because the State Board of Education did not give these schools an official mandate to do so.
536:
affirmed the
Supreme Court of Delaware's order to allow black students to enrolled in previously all-white schools. This was the only case the Supreme Court affirmed in part. The Supreme Court then reversed the Delaware Supreme Court on the constitutional issues and remanded the cases for further
631:
For his efforts in defeating segregation, Louis Redding was honored with a life-size bronze statue of him embracing a young black schoolboy and a young white schoolgirl outside the City-County government complex in downtown Wilmington, which is also named for him. Redding was also honored by the
580:
requesting the presence of state police officers "adequate to assure personal safety of eleven children whose admittance to that school last night was confirmed by state board of education." Redding closed his telegram with an optimistic line: "Hope also no occasion for powers of the police will
383:
The plaintiffs presented evidence throughout the course of the trial demonstrating the patently inferior conditions of the Wilmington and Hockessin schools, consisting of testimony and documentary evidence of the schools' infrastructures. In addition, the plaintiffs offered expert testimony from
445:
and that he did not feel able, as a judge of an inferior court, to "reject a principle of United States constitutional law which has been adopted by fair implication by the highest court of the land." For this reason, the Court refused to find that the segregated schools violated the Fourteenth
549:. The result of this ruling was that Delaware became fully integrated, albeit with time and much effort. The state Department of Public Instruction agreed to integrate all Delaware schools in light of the Supreme Court's order. In Northern and Central Delaware, most were willing to accept the
347:
Redding was the first black attorney in the history of Delaware and had developed a notable civil-rights practice in his years before the bar. Frequently, he would be sought out by families unable to afford his services, offering his assistance anyway. Over the years, Redding had developed a
215:
persisted in the state well into the 1960s, and its educational system was segregated by operation of law. In fact, Delaware's segregation was written into the state constitution, which, while providing at Article X, Section 2, that "no distinction shall be made on account of race or color",
408:
The most powerful evidence, however, probably came from the plaintiffs themselves, who described the conditions in their segregated schools and the hardship they were forced to endure to attend those schools in lieu of the much nicer, and more convenient, whites-only schools.
504:
to the Delaware Supreme Court. The plaintiffs, believing the Court of Chancery had not gone far enough in overturning the concept of "separate but equal", cross-appealed. The Supreme Court affirmed the decision in a relatively short opinion, relying on
5696:
159:
cases, all of which were filed in federal rather than state court, federal district courts all found continued segregation constitutional, though some judges questioned its effects on black students, and instead ordered some lesser remedy.
5549:
513:
was unconstitutional, while ordering integration and leaving open the possibility of resegregation in the future. From there, the school-district defendants appealed to the United States Supreme Court, where the consolidation with
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Amendment, but not by any means on the merits of the system; as the Court observed, "I believe the 'separate but equal' doctrine in education should be rejected, but I also believe its rejection must come from ourt."
225:
Despite this optimistic language, black schools in Delaware were generally decrepit, with poor facilities, substandard curricula, and shoddy construction. Without substantial financial support provided by Wilmington's
561:
3679:
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That, however, did not end the Court's analysis. The Court found that the separate "colored" facilities were in no way equal to the whites-only facilities, and, exercising the broad powers of a court of
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arose in large part because of Delaware's unique legal and historical position. At the time of the litigation, Delaware was one of 17 states with a segregated school system. Delaware is considered a
400:—none of which was rebutted by the defense—demonstrating that the inadequate educational facilities and curricula found in segregated schools were harmful to the mental health of black children.
257:, "regards as done that which ought to be done." As a result, cases brought in equity generally seek relief which cannot be awarded as a sum of money, but rather "that which ought to be done".
3477:
572:. On September 27, 1954, as eleven black students were preparing to enroll at the school, unrest from angry townspeople was feared to be imminent. In response, Louis Redding issued an urgent
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opinion the prior year. In 1946, at the age of 35, Seitz had been appointed to the Court of Chancery, making him the youngest judge in the history of Delaware. Just prior to the
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to protest the integration of Delaware schools. Only 456 out of 1562 Milford High School students attended the next day, and the movement gained traction in the nearby town of
5248:
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285:. Despite the existence of a well-maintained, spacious high school in Claymont, segregation forced the parents to send their children on a public bus to attend the run-down
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between the ages of six and twenty-one years, inclusive. ... The State Board of Education shall establish schools for children of people called Moors or Indians.
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624:. Delaware's response to the Wilmington riots was heavy-handed in the opinion of some, involving the virtual occupation of the city for over one year by the
380:
our Declaration and our Constitution and yet refuse to recognize these principles when they are applied to the American Negro in a down-to-earth fashion?"
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The separate facilities and educational opportunities offered to black children were not equal to those furnished to white children similarly situated.
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nonetheless required that "separate schools for white and colored children shall be maintained." Furthermore, a 1935 state education law required:
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893:
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81:
59:
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778:
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286:
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818:
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Public School Insurance Evaluation Reports, 1941: Insurance evaluations of public schools recorded and photographed in 1941.
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in most of Southern Delaware being delayed for another ten years. School segregation in the state would not end until 1967.
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The State Board of Education declared that no other public schools in Delaware were permitted to integrate until after the
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which had previously expressed an opinion prohibiting racial segregation was clearly attractive to Greenberg and Redding.
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arise." A mass meeting in Milford held in October of that year attracted a crowd of 3,000 people. Bowles encouraged a
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from Louis L. Redding to Governor J. Caleb Boggs requesting assistance to integrate Milford High School in 1954
52:
46:
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1188:
352:, 75 A.2d 225 (Del. Ch. 1950), which resulted in a ruling from the Court of Chancery that segregation at the
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564:(NAAWP) to oppose the ruling. Bowles briefly attracted nationwide attention for leading a pro-segregation
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was brought by Ethel Louise Belton and six other parents of eight black high school students who lived in
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ruling, but there was much opposition from white residents in the southern portion of the state.
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100:
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2014:
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Chancellor Seitz decried the unequal conditions of the plaintiffs' schools in strong terms:
368:
337:
333:
254:
188:
148:
134:
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423:, in that they did not offer black children equal protection of the law; but, if not, then:
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1959:
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was unconstitutional. The prospect of Southern-style segregation being adjudicated by a
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227:
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2159:
2149:
2109:
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1934:
1884:
1759:
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598:
557:
212:
810:
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2419:
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2224:
2209:
2124:
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2019:
2009:
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1969:
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1834:
1814:
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1789:
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1734:
1689:
1659:
1037:
451:
393:
389:
385:
242:
608:
Some argue that while the state of race relations was dramatically improving post-
4714:
Northeastern Fla. Chapter, Associated Gen. Contractors of America v. Jacksonville
268:
involved two separate actions which were consolidated for the purposes of trial.
230:
of chemical fame, segregated schools would likely have been in even worse shape.
17:
4338:
3615:
3530:
3402:
3197:
3167:
2789:
2753:
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2689:
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2599:
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2314:
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2084:
1949:
1829:
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1739:
1704:
960:
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that broke out in Wilmington in April 1968 in the wake of the assassination of
521:
470:, the Court noted similar disparities demonstrating a lack of equal treatment:
4884:
2816:
2474:
2404:
2374:
2244:
2219:
2164:
2064:
1679:
1649:
5550:
Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank
2794:
2264:
2249:
784:
397:
151:
children be admitted to the state's segregated whites-only schools, and the
5697:
African-American history between emancipation and the civil rights movement
2154:
750:
573:
542:
525:
4794:
Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College
249:. As opposed to legal remedies, which usually involve awarding money as
2743:
582:
565:
546:
403:
Dramatically illustrating the disparate conditions in the schools were
250:
4762:
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1
4618:
Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.
348:
reputation as a skilled advocate for racial equality, most notably in
2811:
783:
American Bar Association, National Conference of State Trial Judges.
326:
237:, Delaware had developed a judicial system which included a separate
3680:
Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists
785:
Hon. Collins J. Seitz: A Profile in Courage of a State Trial Judge.
439:
law had already been adopted by the United States Supreme Court in
1546:
520:
500:
The State Attorney General appealed Chancellor Seitz' decision in
341:
233:
At the same time, as a remnant of its days as one of the original
162:
613:
5624:
5495:
4285:
3886:
Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York
3388:
3299:
3260:
814:
597:
in September 1955. However, the ensuing unrest, which included
3940:
Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community
714:
Rabble Rousers: the American Far Right in the Civil Rights Era
601:, rallies, and pro-segregation demonstrations, contributed to
246:
31:
306:
was brought by Sarah Bulah, a resident of the rural town of
342:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
5574:
Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett
3478:
O'Gorman & Young, Inc. v. Hartford Fire Insurance Co.
454:, ordered that black students be immediately integrated.
4371:
Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma
804:
Delaware Department of State, Delaware Public Archives.
562:
National Association for the Advancement of White People
3784:
Box v. Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky, Inc.
2996:
Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
2774:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
541:
ruling, a sea change occurred in American and Delaware
4466:
Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
3020:
African American founding fathers of the United States
1368:
Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
1233:
John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
751:"In Delaware, school segregation persisted until 1967"
155:
affirmed the trial court's decision. In the remaining
4530:
United States v. Montgomery County Board of Education
3672:
City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health
107:, 91 A.2d 137 (Del. 1952), was a case decided by the
5361:
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
4426:
Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
3752:
Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England
5249:
Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Co.
5232:
5197:
5018:
4983:
4804:
4298:
3990:
3810:
3597:
3496:
3401:
3138:
3068:
Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument
3035:
2849:
2782:
2724:
2703:
1632:
1438:
1268:
1051:
909:
862:
849:
4909:Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney
4778:Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action
3632:Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth
4546:Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
4223:Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health
466:With regard to the Hockessin schools at issue in
147:cases in that the state trial court ordered that
5425:City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc.
4634:Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
1604:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
612:, any progress was destroyed in the wake of the
4506:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
4031:Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co.
1594:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
1527:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
1413:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
3073:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
5582:Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs
4933:Michael M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County
4690:Board of Education of Oklahoma City v. Dowell
4538:Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education
4331:Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education
3272:
2981:List of lynching victims in the United States
1314:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
826:
8:
3800:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
3704:Ohio v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health
3587:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
5677:United States school desegregation case law
5385:Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia
5297:Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections
3924:Will v. Michigan Department of State Police
1448:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
774:Decision by the Delaware Court of Chancery.
435:Initially, Chancellor Seitz noted that the
167:Educational segregation in the US prior to
5621:
5492:
4650:Crawford v. Los Angeles Board of Education
4295:
4282:
4183:Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill
3398:
3385:
3296:
3279:
3265:
3257:
1497:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
859:
833:
819:
811:
5409:New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer
4941:Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan
3956:Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee
3053:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
632:naming of Louis Redding Middle School in
82:Learn how and when to remove this message
5692:Education in New Castle County, Delaware
4642:Washington v. Seattle School Dist. No. 1
3088:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
1123:University of Georgia desegregation riot
593:later took action to revoke the NAAWP's
411:In summary, the plaintiffs argued that:
119:was one of the five cases combined into
45:This article includes a list of general
5353:Lehnhausen v. Lake Shore Auto Parts Co.
5222:Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. Ward
4087:Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur
3688:Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
3555:Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
3002:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
2739:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
2734:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
779:Decision by the Delaware Supreme Court.
649:
4594:Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver
2916:African-American women in the movement
1363:White House Conference on Civil Rights
1194:"Segregation now, segregation forever"
716:. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
3948:City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams
1352:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
800:Delaware: Conflict in a Border State.
658:"Chapter - Delaware General Assembly"
509:to reject arguments that segregation
7:
4674:Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education
3815:Section 1979 of the Revised Statutes
3125:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
1589:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
1537:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
1483:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
955:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
880:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
727:
725:
723:
707:
705:
684:
682:
680:
678:
5441:Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools
5257:Quaker City Cab Co. v. Commonwealth
4682:City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.
3792:June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo
3768:Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt
3579:Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt
1532:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
1468:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
1133:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
5214:Arlington County Board v. Richards
5139:Examining Board v. Flores de Otero
4917:Wengler v. Druggists Mut. Ins. Co.
4403:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
3288:United States Fourteenth Amendment
2976:African-American churches attacked
1542:Montgomery Improvement Association
1517:Georgia Council on Human Relations
1502:Council of Federated Organizations
1473:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
1226:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
1184:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
990:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
894:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
51:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
5558:Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents
5099:Takahashi v. Fish and Game Comm'n
3048:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
2921:Jews in the civil rights movement
733:"White Supremacy Leader Arrested"
5377:Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas
4786:Fisher v. University of Texas II
4247:Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co.
3247:Civil rights movement portal
3240:
3083:Freedom Riders National Monument
2825:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
1426:1968 Olympics Black Power salute
1332:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
1291:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
1178:Second Emancipation Proclamation
532:The Supreme Court's decision in
415:Segregated schools violated the
350:Parker v. University of Delaware
235:thirteen former British colonies
36:
27:United States Supreme Court case
5091:Ohio ex rel. Clark v. Deckebach
4770:Fisher v. University of Texas I
4127:Moore v. City of East Cleveland
3972:Los Angeles County v. Humphries
3486:West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish
3110:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
3098:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
1574:National Council of Negro Women
1512:Deacons for Defense and Justice
560:raised $ 6,000 and founded the
336:under a strategy formulated by
5702:Civil rights movement case law
5682:1952 in United States case law
4957:J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B.
985:Mansfield school desegregation
790:Historical Society of Delaware
253:, equity— as expressed in the
1:
4626:Dayton Bd. of Ed. v. Brinkman
3831:McNeese v. Board of Education
3338:United States v. Wong Kim Ark
3120:National Voting Rights Museum
3063:Civil Rights Movement Archive
2862:Lynching in the United States
2749:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
1199:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
1172:University of Chicago sit-ins
939:Davis v. Prince Edward County
241:, hearing matters arising in
129:which found unconstitutional
4355:Hirabayashi v. United States
4207:DeShaney v. Winnebago County
4159:Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co.
3900:Owen v. City of Independence
3515:Pierce v. Society of Sisters
3115:National Civil Rights Museum
2971:March on Washington Movement
2956:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
1420:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
690:"Education: Racial Flare-Up"
111:in 1952 and affirmed by the
5241:United States v. Cruikshank
4411:Brown v. Board of Education
3712:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
3563:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
2759:"This Little Light of Mine"
1507:Dallas County Voters League
1453:Atlanta Negro Voters League
1211:Letter from Birmingham Jail
918:Brown v. Board of Education
127:United States Supreme Court
125:, the 1954 decision of the
122:Brown v. Board of Education
5718:
4363:Korematsu v. United States
3130:Olympic Black Power Statue
3093:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
2961:Holt Street Baptist Church
2931:16th Street Baptist Church
1915:Annie Bell Robinson Devine
1559:Nashville Student Movement
1489:An Appeal for Human Rights
618:Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
421:United States Constitution
323:Delaware Court of Chancery
203:. It nonetheless was both
195:that remained part of the
109:Delaware Court of Chancery
5631:
5620:
5566:United States v. Morrison
5504:
5491:
4973:United States v. Skrmetti
4965:United States v. Virginia
4578:Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson
4294:
4281:
3999:Jacobson v. Massachusetts
3932:Gonzaga University v. Doe
3397:
3384:
3308:
3295:
3236:
2590:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
2560:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
1624:Women's Political Council
1619:Wednesdays in Mississippi
1614:United Auto Workers (UAW)
1599:Southern Regional Council
1569:Northern Student Movement
1478:Committee for Freedom Now
1380:Memphis sanitation strike
1346:Voting Rights Act of 1965
1089:Savannah Protest Movement
870:Journey of Reconciliation
798:Smithsonian Institution.
321:was filed in 1951 in the
143:is unique among the five
5598:United States v. Georgia
5542:City of Boerne v. Flores
4706:United States v. Fordice
4263:Williams v. Pennsylvania
4231:Washington v. Glucksberg
1458:Atlanta Student Movement
1402:Civil Rights Act of 1968
1327:1964–1965 Scripto strike
1308:Civil Rights Act of 1964
1206:1963 Birmingham campaign
1099:Civil Rights Act of 1960
1023:Civil Rights Act of 1957
568:of previously all-white
5672:Delaware state case law
5606:Shelby County v. Holder
5171:Cabell v. Chavez-Salido
5027:Patsone v. Pennsylvania
4288:Equal Protection Clause
4215:Michael H. v. Gerald D.
3608:United States v. Vuitch
3523:Griswold v. Connecticut
3010:Voter Education Project
2764:"We Shall Not Be Moved"
2425:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
1860:Josephine Dobbs Clement
1281:Chester school protests
1276:Twenty-fourth Amendment
1238:Detroit Walk to Freedom
980:Tallahassee bus boycott
901:Baton Rouge bus boycott
626:Delaware National Guard
537:proceedings. After the
66:more precise citations.
5473:Armour v. Indianapolis
4837:Moritz v. Commissioner
3893:Procunier v. Navarette
3811:Civil rights liability
3599:Abortion jurisprudence
3228:Movement photographers
2465:Bernice Johnson Reagon
2185:Martin Luther King Sr.
2180:Martin Luther King Jr.
1750:William Holmes Borders
1522:Highlander Folk School
1407:Poor People's Campaign
1260:St. Augustine movement
1110:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
1033:Katz Drug Store sit-in
1004:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
966:Montgomery bus boycott
556:The white supremacist
529:
492:decision was decided.
477:
464:
354:University of Delaware
223:
179:The unusual status of
171:
113:Delaware Supreme Court
99:, 33 Del. Ch. 144, 87
5526:Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer
5369:Richardson v. Ramirez
5337:Boddie v. Connecticut
4925:Kirchberg v. Feenstra
4754:Johnson v. California
4474:McLaughlin v. Florida
3862:O'Connor v. Donaldson
3422:Allgeyer v. Louisiana
3314:Slaughter-House Cases
3058:Civil Rights Memorial
2946:Bethel Baptist Church
2595:Charles Kenzie Steele
2040:Audrey Faye Hendricks
1945:Myrlie Evers-Williams
1925:Patricia Stephens Due
1895:Abraham Lincoln Davis
1830:Colia Lafayette Clark
1584:Operation Breadbasket
1579:National Urban League
1321:Katzenbach v. McClung
1189:Atlanta's Berlin Wall
842:Civil rights movement
737:Indianapolis Recorder
576:to Delaware Governor
524:
472:
459:
371:, who had issued the
367:trial was Chancellor
218:
166:
103:862 (Del. Ch. 1952),
5518:Katzenbach v. Morgan
5265:Breedlove v. Suttles
5115:Graham v. Richardson
5008:Obergefell v. Hodges
4813:Breedlove v. Suttles
4746:Grutter v. Bollinger
4586:Jefferson v. Hackney
4255:Obergefell v. Hodges
4191:Edwards v. Aguillard
4071:Epperson v. Arkansas
3908:Harlow v. Fitzgerald
3843:Jenkins v. McKeithen
3736:Mazurek v. Armstrong
3696:Hodgson v. Minnesota
3656:Bellotti v. Baird II
3648:Colautti v. Franklin
3403:Economic substantive
3103:other King memorials
3078:Freedom Rides Museum
3015:1960s counterculture
2966:Edmund Pettus Bridge
2645:Walter Francis White
2550:Alexander D. Shimkin
1059:New Year's Day March
1028:Ministers' Manifesto
875:Executive Order 9981
712:Webb, Clive (2010).
417:Fourteenth Amendment
5449:Gregory v. Ashcroft
5417:Mills v. Habluetzel
5401:Zablocki v. Redhail
5345:Eisenstadt v. Baird
5281:Oyama v. California
5273:Skinner v. Oklahoma
5206:Shapiro v. Thompson
5123:Sugarman v. Dougall
5067:Porterfield v. Webb
5059:Terrace v. Thompson
4722:Missouri v. Jenkins
4666:Hunter v. Underwood
4610:Milliken v. Bradley
4602:Norwood v. Harrison
4554:McDaniel v. Barresi
4239:Troxel v. Granville
4119:Mathews v. Eldridge
4103:Taylor v. Louisiana
3980:Connick v. Thompson
3760:Gonzales v. Carhart
3744:Stenberg v. Carhart
3728:Lambert v. Wicklund
3640:Bellotti v. Baird I
3438:Lochner v. New York
3322:Minor v. Happersett
2841:Mary McLeod Bethune
2802:Sermon on the Mount
2769:"We Shall Overcome"
2350:William Lewis Moore
2130:Frank Minis Johnson
2105:Richie Jean Jackson
2060:Donald L. Hollowell
1865:Charles E. Cobb Jr.
1670:Gwendolyn Armstrong
1665:William G. Anderson
1645:Victoria Gray Adams
1609:The Freedom Singers
1463:Black Panther Party
1243:March on Washington
1156:Garner v. Louisiana
1117:Boynton v. Virginia
739:. October 16, 1954.
698:. October 11, 1954.
570:Milford High School
363:Presiding over the
308:Hockessin, Delaware
153:state Supreme Court
5510:Civil Rights Cases
5498:Enforcement Clause
5329:Oregon v. Mitchell
5321:Williams v. Rhodes
5147:Nyquist v. Mauclet
5107:Hernandez v. Texas
4992:Bowers v. Hardwick
4984:Sexual orientation
4861:Stanton v. Stanton
4853:Geduldig v. Aiello
4821:Goesaert v. Cleary
4738:Gratz v. Bollinger
4562:Palmer v. Thompson
4514:Hunter v. Erickson
4490:Loving v. Virginia
4458:Anderson v. Martin
4379:Shelley v. Kraemer
4323:Plessy v. Ferguson
4315:Yick Wo v. Hopkins
4167:Kolender v. Lawson
4063:Loving v. Virginia
3878:Imbler v. Pachtman
3855:Wood v. Strickland
3720:Leavitt v. Jane L.
3547:Bowers v. Hardwick
3462:Buchanan v. Warley
3391:Due Process Clause
3302:Citizenship Clause
3163:Michael Eric Dyson
3043:In popular culture
2926:Fifth Circuit Four
2910:Loving v. Virginia
2903:Hernandez v. Texas
2882:Buchanan v. Warley
2874:Separate but equal
2868:Plessy v. Ferguson
2831:Frederick Douglass
2665:Robert F. Williams
2575:Kelly Miller Smith
2555:Fred Shuttlesworth
2480:Frederick D. Reese
2460:George Raymond Jr.
2450:A. Philip Randolph
2430:Fay Bellamy Powell
2345:Queen Mother Moore
2230:Z. Alexander Looby
2175:Coretta Scott King
2120:Barbara Rose Johns
2100:Jimmie Lee Jackson
2025:William E. Harbour
1805:Stokely Carmichael
1720:Randolph Blackwell
1385:King assassination
1374:Loving v. Virginia
1358:March Against Fear
1338:How Long, Not Long
1216:Children's Crusade
1167:Cambridge movement
1104:Ax Handle Saturday
1069:Greensboro sit-ins
996:Give Us the Ballot
662:legis.delaware.gov
530:
442:Plessy v. Ferguson
437:separate but equal
287:Howard High School
283:Claymont, Delaware
172:
131:racial segregation
115:in the same year.
5659:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5645:Trump v. Anderson
5637:Gold Clause Cases
5616:
5615:
5590:Tennessee v. Lane
5487:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5393:Trimble v. Gordon
5313:Levy v. Louisiana
5305:Rinaldi v. Yeager
5187:Bernal v. Fainter
5163:Ambach v. Norwick
5155:Foley v. Connelie
5051:Crane v. New York
4949:Lehr v. Robertson
4901:Caban v. Mohammed
4658:Palmore v. Sidoti
4498:Lee v. Washington
4482:Reitman v. Mulkey
4433:Gebhart v. Belton
4419:Briggs v. Elliott
4395:Sweatt v. Painter
4277:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4151:Parratt v. Taylor
4135:Duren v. Missouri
4095:Arnett v. Kennedy
4023:Powell v. Alabama
3964:Ashcroft v. Iqbal
3849:Scheuer v. Rhodes
3664:H. L. v. Matheson
3571:Lawrence v. Texas
3507:Meyer v. Nebraska
3454:Coppage v. Kansas
3380:
3379:
3346:Perez v. Brownell
3254:
3253:
3026:Eyes on the Prize
2941:A.G. Gaston Motel
2936:Kelly Ingram Park
2896:Sweatt v. Painter
2580:Mary Louise Smith
2540:Cleveland Sellers
2525:Michael Schwerner
2490:Gloria Richardson
2270:Thurgood Marshall
2190:Bernard Lafayette
1920:John Wesley Dobbs
1434:
1433:
1148:Birmingham attack
1128:Rock Hill sit-ins
1079:Sibley Commission
1074:Nashville sit-ins
946:Gebhart v. Belton
932:Briggs v. Elliott
925:Bolling v. Sharpe
886:Sweatt v. Painter
794:Louis L. Redding.
638:New Castle County
595:corporate charter
279:Belton v. Gebhart
273:Belton v. Gebhart
239:Court of Chancery
133:in United States
96:Gebhart v. Belton
92:
91:
84:
18:Belton v. Gebhart
16:(Redirected from
5709:
5687:1952 in Delaware
5622:
5534:Dellmuth v. Muth
5493:
4893:Parham v. Hughes
4869:Edwards v. Healy
4698:Freeman v. Pitts
4453:(M.D. Ala. 1956)
4450:Browder v. Gayle
4296:
4283:
4199:Turner v. Safley
4175:Hudson v. Palmer
4039:NAACP v. Alabama
3498:Right to privacy
3446:Muller v. Oregon
3414:Mugler v. Kansas
3399:
3386:
3362:Rogers v. Bellei
3297:
3281:
3274:
3267:
3258:
3245:
3244:
3208:Charles M. Payne
3193:Steven F. Lawson
3183:David Halberstam
3153:Clayborne Carson
2889:Hocutt v. Wilson
2836:W. E. B. Du Bois
2685:Sammy Younge Jr.
2670:Q. V. Williamson
2635:Wyatt Tee Walker
2500:Bernice Robinson
2445:Lincoln Ragsdale
2435:Rodney N. Powell
2330:Douglas E. Moore
2205:Sanford R. Leigh
2140:J. Charles Jones
2015:Fannie Lou Hamer
1930:Joseph Ellwanger
1890:Jonathan Daniels
1880:Claudette Colvin
1870:Annie Lee Cooper
1855:Kathleen Cleaver
1850:Eldridge Cleaver
1825:Shirley Chisholm
1715:Gloria Blackwell
1301:workers' murders
1248:"I Have a Dream"
1143:Anniston bombing
1094:Greenville Eight
1009:Little Rock Nine
972:Browder v. Gayle
860:
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591:Attorney General
369:Collins J. Seitz
338:Robert L. Carter
334:Louis L. Redding
304:Bulah v. Gebhart
298:Bulah v. Gebhart
255:maxims of equity
189:US Census Bureau
87:
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62:this article by
53:inline citations
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5131:In re Griffiths
5075:Webb v. O'Brien
5014:
4979:
4800:
4730:Texas v. Lesage
4522:Hadnott v. Amos
4307:Pace v. Alabama
4290:
4269:
4047:Hoyt v. Florida
3986:
3916:Felder v. Casey
3812:
3806:
3593:
3492:
3470:Adams v. Tanner
3430:Holden v. Hardy
3404:
3393:
3376:
3354:Afroyim v. Rusk
3304:
3291:
3285:
3255:
3250:
3239:
3232:
3213:Thomas E. Ricks
3203:Diane McWhorter
3188:Vincent Harding
3173:Adam Fairclough
3140:
3134:
3031:
2986:Freedom Schools
2845:
2778:
2726:
2720:
2711:Omaha, Nebraska
2699:
2615:Hartman Turnbow
2605:Dorothy Tillman
2565:Glenn E. Smiley
2545:Charles Sherrod
2505:Jo Ann Robinson
2380:Charles Neblett
2370:Elijah Muhammad
2335:Harriette Moore
2295:Floyd McKissick
2280:Franklin McCain
2215:Stanley Levison
2080:T. R. M. Howard
2030:Vincent Harding
1960:Walter Fauntroy
1845:Xernona Clayton
1795:John H. Calhoun
1780:Aurelia Browder
1770:Stanley Branche
1765:Raylawni Branch
1745:Joseph E. Boone
1730:Ezell Blair Jr.
1725:Unita Blackwell
1700:Harry Belafonte
1640:Ralph Abernathy
1628:
1564:Nation of Islam
1440:
1430:
1264:
1221:Birmingham riot
1162:Albany Movement
1084:Atlanta sit-ins
1064:Sit-in movement
1047:
1043:Biloxi wade-ins
1015:Cooper v. Aaron
905:
851:
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394:anthropologists
358:court of equity
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245:rather than in
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5457:Vacco v. Quill
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5433:Clark v. Jeter
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5289:Oyler v. Boles
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5229:
5227:
5226:
5218:
5210:
5201:
5199:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5191:
5183:
5175:
5167:
5159:
5151:
5143:
5135:
5127:
5119:
5111:
5103:
5095:
5087:
5079:
5071:
5063:
5055:
5047:
5043:Heim v. McCall
5039:
5035:Truax v. Raich
5031:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5004:
5000:Romer v. Evans
4996:
4987:
4985:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4969:
4961:
4953:
4945:
4937:
4929:
4921:
4913:
4905:
4897:
4889:
4881:
4877:Craig v. Boren
4873:
4865:
4857:
4849:
4845:Kahn v. Shevin
4841:
4833:
4825:
4817:
4808:
4806:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4790:
4782:
4774:
4766:
4758:
4750:
4742:
4734:
4726:
4718:
4710:
4702:
4694:
4686:
4678:
4670:
4662:
4654:
4646:
4638:
4630:
4622:
4614:
4606:
4598:
4590:
4582:
4574:
4566:
4558:
4550:
4542:
4534:
4526:
4518:
4510:
4502:
4494:
4486:
4478:
4470:
4462:
4454:
4446:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4429:
4422:
4407:
4399:
4391:
4387:Perez v. Sharp
4383:
4375:
4367:
4359:
4351:
4347:Smith v. Texas
4343:
4335:
4327:
4319:
4311:
4302:
4300:
4292:
4291:
4286:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4259:
4251:
4243:
4235:
4227:
4219:
4211:
4203:
4195:
4187:
4179:
4171:
4163:
4155:
4147:
4143:Parham v. J.R.
4139:
4131:
4123:
4115:
4107:
4099:
4091:
4083:
4075:
4067:
4059:
4055:Oyler v. Boles
4051:
4043:
4035:
4027:
4019:
4011:
4003:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3976:
3968:
3960:
3952:
3944:
3936:
3928:
3920:
3912:
3904:
3896:
3890:
3882:
3874:
3866:
3858:
3852:
3846:
3840:
3837:Pierson v. Ray
3834:
3828:
3824:Monroe v. Pape
3819:
3817:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3796:
3788:
3780:
3772:
3764:
3756:
3748:
3740:
3732:
3724:
3716:
3708:
3700:
3692:
3684:
3676:
3668:
3660:
3652:
3644:
3636:
3628:
3620:
3612:
3603:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3583:
3575:
3567:
3559:
3551:
3543:
3535:
3527:
3519:
3511:
3502:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3482:
3474:
3466:
3458:
3450:
3442:
3434:
3426:
3418:
3409:
3407:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3366:
3358:
3350:
3342:
3334:
3330:Elk v. Wilkins
3326:
3318:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3293:
3292:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3261:
3252:
3251:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3223:Akinyele Umoja
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3144:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3006:
3005:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2807:Mahatma Gandhi
2804:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2716:South Carolina
2713:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2655:Hosea Williams
2652:
2647:
2642:
2640:Hollis Watkins
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2570:A. Maceo Smith
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2520:Bernie Sanders
2517:
2512:
2510:Angela Russell
2507:
2502:
2497:
2495:David Richmond
2492:
2487:
2485:Walter Reuther
2482:
2477:
2472:
2470:Cordell Reagon
2467:
2462:
2457:
2455:George Raymond
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2415:Charles Person
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2385:Huey P. Newton
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2340:Harry T. Moore
2337:
2332:
2327:
2325:Cecil B. Moore
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2305:James Meredith
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2135:Clarence Jones
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2075:Zilphia Horton
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2045:Lola Hendricks
2042:
2037:
2035:Dorothy Height
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2005:Lawrence Guyot
2002:
1997:
1995:Jack Greenberg
1992:
1987:
1982:
1980:Andrew Goodman
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1905:Joseph DeLaine
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1875:Dorothy Cotton
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1820:J. L. Chestnut
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1755:Amelia Boynton
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1675:Arnold Aronson
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1382:
1377:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1329:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1296:Freedom Summer
1293:
1288:
1286:Bloody Tuesday
1283:
1278:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1006:
1001:
1000:
999:
987:
982:
977:
976:
975:
963:
958:
951:
950:
949:
942:
935:
928:
913:
911:
907:
906:
904:
903:
898:
890:
882:
877:
872:
866:
864:
857:
847:
846:
840:
838:
837:
830:
823:
815:
809:
808:
802:
796:
787:
781:
776:
768:
767:
742:
719:
701:
674:
648:
647:
645:
642:
599:cross burnings
578:J. Caleb Boggs
497:
494:
490:Brown v. Board
482:Brown v. Board
432:
429:
428:
427:
424:
405:fire insurance
330:Jack Greenberg
315:
312:
300:
295:
275:
270:
262:
259:
228:Du Pont family
176:
173:
135:public schools
90:
89:
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5714:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5647:
5646:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5634:
5633:
5630:
5623:
5619:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5507:
5506:
5503:
5499:
5494:
5490:
5475:
5474:
5470:
5467:
5466:
5462:
5459:
5458:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5294:
5291:
5290:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5231:
5224:
5223:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5196:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5179:Plyler v. Doe
5176:
5173:
5172:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5083:Frick v. Webb
5080:
5077:
5076:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5010:
5009:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4570:Coit v. Green
4567:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4442:Lucy v. Adams
4439:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4284:
4280:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4111:Goss v. Lopez
4108:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4079:In re Winship
4076:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4007:Zucht v. King
4004:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3870:Paul v. Davis
3867:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3776:Azar v. Garza
3773:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3624:Doe v. Bolton
3621:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3539:Doe v. Bolton
3536:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3282:
3277:
3275:
3270:
3268:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3218:Timothy Tyson
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3148:Taylor Branch
3146:
3145:
3143:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2991:Freedom songs
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2857:Jim Crow laws
2855:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2754:"Oh, Freedom"
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2680:Whitney Young
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2660:Kale Williams
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2620:Albert Turner
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2610:A. P. Tureaud
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2515:Bayard Rustin
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2365:William Moyer
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2300:Joseph McNeil
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2285:Charles McDew
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2275:Benjamin Mays
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2260:Vivian Malone
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2235:Joseph Lowery
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2160:Clyde Kennard
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2150:Vernon Jordan
2148:
2146:
2145:Matthew Jones
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2110:T. J. Jemison
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2095:Jesse Jackson
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1985:Robert Graetz
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1975:Golden Frinks
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1935:Charles Evers
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1885:Vernon Dahmer
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1840:Septima Clark
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1760:Bruce Boynton
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1685:James Baldwin
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1655:Mathew Ahmann
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1552:Youth Council
1550:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1437:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1138:Freedom Rides
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
997:
993:
992:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
974:
973:
969:
968:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
956:
952:
948:
947:
943:
941:
940:
936:
934:
933:
929:
927:
926:
922:
921:
920:
919:
915:
914:
912:
908:
902:
899:
896:
895:
891:
888:
887:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
867:
865:
863:Prior to 1954
861:
858:
855:
848:
843:
836:
831:
829:
824:
822:
817:
816:
813:
807:
803:
801:
797:
795:
791:
788:
786:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
771:
756:
752:
746:
743:
738:
734:
728:
726:
724:
720:
715:
708:
706:
702:
697:
696:
691:
685:
683:
681:
679:
675:
663:
659:
653:
650:
643:
641:
639:
635:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
606:
604:
603:desegregation
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:Bryant Bowles
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
535:
527:
523:
519:
517:
512:
508:
503:
496:The aftermath
495:
493:
491:
486:
483:
476:
471:
469:
463:
458:
455:
453:
447:
444:
443:
438:
430:
425:
422:
418:
414:
413:
412:
409:
406:
401:
399:
395:
391:
390:psychiatrists
387:
386:psychologists
381:
378:
374:
370:
366:
361:
359:
355:
351:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
328:
324:
320:
313:
311:
309:
305:
299:
296:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
274:
271:
269:
267:
260:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
231:
229:
222:
217:
214:
213:Jim Crow laws
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
187:state by the
186:
182:
174:
170:
165:
161:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
97:
86:
83:
75:
65:
61:
55:
54:
48:
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
5643:
5635:
5604:
5596:
5588:
5580:
5572:
5564:
5556:
5548:
5540:
5532:
5524:
5516:
5508:
5471:
5465:Bush v. Gore
5463:
5455:
5447:
5439:
5431:
5423:
5415:
5407:
5399:
5391:
5383:
5375:
5367:
5359:
5351:
5343:
5335:
5327:
5319:
5311:
5303:
5295:
5287:
5279:
5271:
5263:
5255:
5247:
5239:
5220:
5212:
5204:
5185:
5177:
5169:
5161:
5153:
5145:
5137:
5129:
5121:
5113:
5105:
5097:
5089:
5081:
5073:
5065:
5057:
5049:
5041:
5033:
5025:
5006:
4998:
4990:
4971:
4963:
4955:
4947:
4939:
4931:
4923:
4915:
4907:
4899:
4891:
4883:
4875:
4867:
4859:
4851:
4843:
4835:
4829:Reed v. Reed
4827:
4819:
4811:
4792:
4784:
4776:
4768:
4760:
4752:
4744:
4736:
4728:
4720:
4712:
4704:
4696:
4688:
4680:
4672:
4664:
4656:
4648:
4640:
4632:
4624:
4616:
4608:
4600:
4592:
4584:
4576:
4568:
4560:
4552:
4544:
4536:
4528:
4520:
4512:
4504:
4496:
4488:
4480:
4472:
4464:
4456:
4448:
4440:
4432:
4431:
4424:
4417:
4409:
4401:
4393:
4385:
4377:
4369:
4361:
4353:
4345:
4337:
4329:
4321:
4313:
4305:
4261:
4253:
4245:
4237:
4229:
4221:
4213:
4205:
4197:
4189:
4181:
4173:
4165:
4157:
4149:
4141:
4133:
4125:
4117:
4109:
4101:
4093:
4085:
4077:
4069:
4061:
4053:
4045:
4037:
4029:
4021:
4015:Buck v. Bell
4013:
4005:
3997:
3978:
3970:
3962:
3954:
3946:
3938:
3930:
3922:
3914:
3906:
3898:
3892:
3884:
3876:
3868:
3860:
3854:
3848:
3842:
3836:
3830:
3822:
3798:
3790:
3782:
3774:
3766:
3758:
3750:
3742:
3734:
3726:
3718:
3710:
3702:
3694:
3686:
3678:
3670:
3662:
3654:
3646:
3638:
3630:
3622:
3614:
3606:
3585:
3577:
3569:
3561:
3553:
3545:
3537:
3529:
3521:
3513:
3505:
3484:
3476:
3468:
3460:
3452:
3444:
3436:
3428:
3420:
3412:
3370:Saenz v. Roe
3368:
3360:
3352:
3344:
3336:
3328:
3320:
3312:
3238:
3178:David Garrow
3158:John Dittmer
3024:
2951:Brown Chapel
2908:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2866:
2823:
2675:Andrew Young
2630:A. T. Walden
2625:C. T. Vivian
2585:Maxine Smith
2420:Homer Plessy
2400:James Orange
2355:Irene Morgan
2310:William Ming
2290:Ralph McGill
2225:Viola Liuzzo
2210:Jim Letherer
2195:James Lawson
2125:Vernon Johns
2115:Esau Jenkins
2070:Myles Horton
2020:Fred Hampton
2010:Prathia Hall
2000:Dick Gregory
1970:Marie Foster
1965:James Forman
1955:James Farmer
1940:Medgar Evers
1900:Angela Davis
1835:Ramsey Clark
1815:James Chaney
1810:Johnnie Carr
1790:Ralph Bunche
1785:H. Rap Brown
1775:Ruby Bridges
1735:Joanne Bland
1710:Claude Black
1690:Marion Barry
1660:Muhammad Ali
1487:
1418:
1411:
1372:
1350:
1319:
1312:
1154:
1115:
1108:
1038:Kissing Case
1013:
970:
953:
945:
944:
937:
930:
923:
916:
892:
884:
758:. Retrieved
755:Cape Gazette
754:
745:
736:
713:
693:
665:. Retrieved
661:
652:
630:
609:
607:
555:
550:
538:
533:
531:
515:
510:
506:
501:
499:
489:
487:
481:
478:
473:
467:
465:
460:
456:
448:
440:
434:
431:The decision
410:
402:
398:sociologists
382:
376:
372:
364:
362:
349:
346:
318:
317:
303:
302:
297:
289:in downtown
278:
277:
272:
265:
264:
261:The disputes
232:
224:
219:
211:segregated;
208:
204:
193:border state
180:
178:
168:
156:
144:
140:
139:
120:
116:
104:
95:
94:
93:
78:
72:October 2019
69:
50:
29:
4390:(Cal. 1948)
4339:Lum v. Rice
3616:Roe v. Wade
3531:Roe v. Wade
3405:due process
3198:Doug McAdam
3168:Chuck Fager
2790:Nonviolence
2695:James Zwerg
2690:Bob Zellner
2650:Roy Wilkins
2600:Hank Thomas
2535:Pete Seeger
2530:Bobby Seale
2395:Jack O'Dell
2390:Edgar Nixon
2320:Amzie Moore
2315:Jack Minnis
2255:Mae Mallory
2240:Clara Luper
2200:Bernard Lee
2090:Cecil Ivory
2085:Ruby Hurley
2055:Oliver Hill
2050:Aaron Henry
1950:Chuck Fager
1910:Dave Dennis
1800:Guy Carawan
1740:Julian Bond
1705:James Bevel
1695:Daisy Bates
961:Emmett Till
844:(1954–1968)
199:during the
64:introducing
5666:Categories
4885:Orr v. Orr
3141:historians
2817:Satyagraha
2783:Influences
2475:James Reeb
2410:James Peck
2405:Rosa Parks
2375:Diane Nash
2245:Danny Lyon
2220:John Lewis
2165:A. D. King
2065:James Hood
1680:Ella Baker
1650:Zev Aelony
644:References
634:Middletown
518:occurred.
291:Wilmington
191:yet was a
175:Background
47:references
5198:Residency
2795:Padayatra
2744:"Kumbaya"
2704:By region
2360:Bob Moses
2265:Bob Mants
2250:Malcolm X
2170:C.B. King
1990:Fred Gray
1633:Activists
1269:1964–1968
1052:1960–1963
910:1954–1959
760:March 11,
314:The trial
201:Civil War
5019:Alienage
3290:case law
2725:Movement
2155:Tom Kahn
1439:Activist
854:timeline
667:June 29,
574:telegram
543:politics
526:Telegram
205:de facto
185:Southern
4414:(1954)
2850:Related
2440:Al Raby
1390:funeral
1253:Big Six
622:Memphis
614:rioting
587:Lincoln
583:boycott
566:boycott
547:society
502:Gebhart
419:of the
377:Gebhart
365:Gebhart
340:of the
327:lawyers
319:Gebhart
266:Gebhart
251:damages
209:de jure
181:Gebhart
141:Gebhart
117:Gebhart
60:improve
5648:(2024)
5640:(1935)
5609:(2013)
5601:(2006)
5593:(2004)
5585:(2003)
5577:(2001)
5569:(2000)
5561:(2000)
5553:(1999)
5545:(1997)
5537:(1989)
5529:(1976)
5521:(1966)
5513:(1883)
5476:(2012)
5468:(2000)
5460:(1997)
5452:(1991)
5444:(1988)
5436:(1988)
5428:(1985)
5420:(1982)
5412:(1979)
5404:(1978)
5396:(1977)
5388:(1976)
5380:(1974)
5372:(1974)
5364:(1973)
5356:(1973)
5348:(1972)
5340:(1971)
5332:(1970)
5324:(1968)
5316:(1968)
5308:(1966)
5300:(1966)
5292:(1962)
5284:(1948)
5276:(1942)
5268:(1937)
5260:(1928)
5252:(1886)
5244:(1876)
5225:(1985)
5217:(1977)
5209:(1969)
5190:(1984)
5182:(1982)
5174:(1982)
5166:(1979)
5158:(1978)
5150:(1977)
5142:(1976)
5134:(1973)
5126:(1973)
5118:(1971)
5110:(1954)
5102:(1948)
5094:(1927)
5086:(1923)
5078:(1923)
5070:(1923)
5062:(1923)
5054:(1915)
5046:(1915)
5038:(1915)
5030:(1914)
5011:(2015)
5003:(1996)
4995:(1986)
4976:(2024)
4968:(1996)
4960:(1994)
4952:(1983)
4944:(1982)
4936:(1981)
4928:(1981)
4920:(1980)
4912:(1979)
4904:(1979)
4896:(1979)
4888:(1979)
4880:(1976)
4872:(1975)
4864:(1975)
4856:(1974)
4848:(1974)
4840:(1972)
4832:(1971)
4824:(1948)
4816:(1937)
4797:(2023)
4789:(2016)
4781:(2014)
4773:(2013)
4765:(2007)
4757:(2005)
4749:(2003)
4741:(2003)
4733:(1999)
4725:(1995)
4717:(1993)
4709:(1992)
4701:(1992)
4693:(1991)
4685:(1989)
4677:(1986)
4669:(1985)
4661:(1984)
4653:(1982)
4645:(1982)
4637:(1978)
4629:(1977)
4621:(1977)
4613:(1974)
4605:(1973)
4597:(1973)
4589:(1972)
4581:(1971)
4573:(1971)
4565:(1971)
4557:(1971)
4549:(1971)
4541:(1969)
4533:(1969)
4525:(1969)
4517:(1969)
4509:(1968)
4501:(1968)
4493:(1967)
4485:(1967)
4477:(1964)
4469:(1964)
4461:(1964)
4445:(1955)
4406:(1950)
4398:(1950)
4382:(1948)
4374:(1948)
4366:(1944)
4358:(1943)
4350:(1940)
4342:(1927)
4334:(1899)
4326:(1896)
4318:(1886)
4310:(1883)
4266:(2016)
4258:(2015)
4250:(2009)
4242:(2000)
4234:(1997)
4226:(1990)
4218:(1989)
4210:(1989)
4202:(1987)
4194:(1987)
4186:(1985)
4178:(1984)
4170:(1983)
4162:(1982)
4154:(1981)
4146:(1979)
4138:(1979)
4130:(1977)
4122:(1976)
4114:(1975)
4106:(1975)
4098:(1974)
4090:(1974)
4082:(1971)
4074:(1968)
4066:(1967)
4058:(1962)
4050:(1961)
4042:(1958)
4034:(1950)
4026:(1932)
4018:(1927)
4010:(1922)
4002:(1905)
3983:(2011)
3975:(2010)
3967:(2009)
3959:(2009)
3951:(2005)
3943:(2003)
3935:(2002)
3927:(1989)
3919:(1988)
3911:(1982)
3903:(1980)
3895:(1978)
3889:(1978)
3881:(1976)
3873:(1976)
3865:(1975)
3857:(1975)
3851:(1974)
3845:(1969)
3839:(1967)
3833:(1963)
3827:(1961)
3813:under
3803:(2022)
3795:(2020)
3787:(2019)
3779:(2018)
3771:(2016)
3763:(2007)
3755:(2006)
3747:(2000)
3739:(1997)
3731:(1997)
3723:(1996)
3715:(1992)
3707:(1990)
3699:(1990)
3691:(1989)
3683:(1986)
3675:(1983)
3667:(1981)
3659:(1979)
3651:(1979)
3643:(1976)
3635:(1976)
3627:(1973)
3619:(1973)
3611:(1971)
3590:(2022)
3582:(2016)
3574:(2003)
3566:(1992)
3558:(1989)
3550:(1986)
3542:(1973)
3534:(1973)
3526:(1965)
3518:(1925)
3510:(1923)
3489:(1937)
3481:(1931)
3473:(1917)
3465:(1917)
3457:(1915)
3449:(1908)
3441:(1905)
3433:(1898)
3425:(1897)
3417:(1887)
3373:(1999)
3365:(1971)
3357:(1967)
3349:(1958)
3341:(1898)
3333:(1884)
3325:(1875)
3317:(1873)
3036:Legacy
2812:Ahimsa
1441:groups
897:(1950)
889:(1950)
850:Events
511:per se
507:Plessy
452:equity
396:, and
373:Parker
243:equity
49:, but
5626:Other
5233:Other
3991:Other
3139:Noted
2727:songs
1547:NAACP
1395:riots
610:Brown
551:Brown
539:Brown
534:Brown
516:Brown
468:Bulah
197:Union
169:Brown
157:Brown
149:black
145:Brown
105:aff'd
4299:Race
762:2023
695:Time
669:2024
545:and
332:and
207:and
101:A.2d
4805:Sex
620:in
325:by
247:law
5668::
792:.
753:.
735:.
722:^
704:^
692:.
677:^
660:.
640:.
636:,
628:.
392:,
388:,
344:.
137:.
3280:e
3273:t
3266:v
3004:"
3000:"
1340:"
1336:"
1180:"
1176:"
998:"
994:"
856:)
852:(
834:e
827:t
820:v
764:.
671:.
85:)
79:(
74:)
70:(
56:.
20:)
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