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Brahmins namely Gaur and Sarsut (Saraswat) Brahmins. The Gaur
Brahmins lived on the banks of the river Ganges on the eastern side of the Saraswati River (now Ghagar) in the Ganga-Jamna divide, while the Sarsut Brahmins lived on the western side of the Saraswati river in the Punjab. The Bhatts are a sub-sect of the Sarsut Brahmins. In the pre-modem times they inhabited numerous villages in the Punjab along the banks of Saraswati River in and around Pehowa, in Karnal district. Some of the Bhatts came to Guru's Darbar during the pontificate of Guru Arjan Dev soon after the demise of Guru Ram Dass and their hymns are found recorded in Guru Granth Sahib, under the heading, "Bhattan Dey Sawayye". A Bhatt Vahee related with the events in the ...
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In other words, they were well fitted to assume the role of pedlars in the
British situation. No evidence seems to exist concerning their actual numbers in Britain nor how the first ones actually reached the country, but chain migration was established and in the 1920s and 1930s they were the more conspicuous of the few Sikhs in Britain, going from door to door hawking clothing and spices from suitcases. Most of them lived in small groups situated in ports and in the major industrial cities. Between 1939 and 1945 further immigration effectively ceased, but as soon as the Second World War was over the situation changed dramatically.
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area (now in
Pakistan). Pioneering Bhatra Sikhs settled in London, in the seaports of Belfast, Bristol, Cardiff, Glasgow, London, Portsmouth, Southampton, and Swansea, and inland in Birmingham, Edinburgh, Manchester, and Nottingham. From working as door-to-door salesmen Bhatra men moved into shopkeeping, letting property, and, in more recent generations, into a wide range of occupations and professions. By the end of the 20th century, moves were afoot to replace the stigmatized name 'Bhatra' with the title 'Bhat'.
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At home in the Punjab the
Bhatras were an extremely small caste, limited in origin to a few villages in Sialkot and Gurdaspur districts. In status they verged on the Outcaste. They had, however, one significant advantage, which was that they were by traditional occupation fortune-tellers and hawkers.
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As for their origin, the academicians hold that the term Bhatra is a diminutive of the
Sanskrit word bhat which literally means bard or panegyrist. They used to recite poetry, lauding the grandeur of the ruler or the gallantry of warrior who happened to be their patron. In the Sikh tradition, Bhatts
1320:
Between the First and Second World War, the Bhatra Sikhs migrated to
Britain. They settled mostly in Bristol, Cardiff, Glasgow, Liverpool, London, Portsmouth, Southampton and Swansea with small populations of theirs also settling in Birmingham, Edinburgh, Manchester and Nottingham. They also settled
1676:
In 1921, as has been pointed out previously, many untouchables were being absorbed into
Sikhism and there were reform movements as well. This process continued on to 1931 and we find that there had been considerable conversion to Sikhism among the Chuhras. We are also informed that there had been a
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This fact has sometimes been interpreted in terms of Kabir's influence on
Sikhism or even on Guru Nanak. It may be pointed out that though Kabir's verses are the largest in number, he is one among many. The proportion of all their compositions put together remains rather small and they are nowhere
1720:
who served the Gurus are also included in the Granth. It may be suggested that Guru Arjan's decision to include the compositions of devotional theists in his compilation was an attempt to assimilate that tradition to
Sikhism. His decision becomes easily understandable in the light of Guru Nanak's
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From World War I until the 1950s the vast majority of Sikh settlers in
Britain were from a much less privileged background, however. In India Bhatras (as their caste was known) were perceived by others as low-status, itinerant fortune-tellers. Many UK Bhatras' families originated from the Sialkot
1620:
The Bhatts are Brahmins, who sang praises of their patrons (Jajmans) and maintained the registers called Vahees, mentioning accounts of various happenings in different parts of the Punjab including birth and death records of their Jajmans, since ancient times. There are two major subdivisions of
532:
In the book, the Making of Sikh Scripture, Gurinder Singh Mann writes that a large number of the bards who contributed to the Guru Granth Sahib were upper-caste Hindus who came to the Sikh court in the sixteenth century in praise of the Guru and their court.
1775:
So, for example, Bhatra Sikhs settled between World War I and World War II in Britain's portsâGlasgow, London, Liverpool, Cardiff, Swansea, Bristol, Southampton, and Portsmouthâwith only a few inland settlements in Edinburgh, Birmingham, Manchester and
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Ethne K. Marenco claimed that in Punjab, after their conversion to Sikhism, several castes including the Bhats largely abandoned their "traditional occupation" in favor of other professions, particularly in the "industry, trade and transport" sectors.
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Bhatras, a group ranked very low in the Hindu spectrum of caste (from which Sikhs, Christians and members of other religions derive their status), were among the first Sikhs to come to Britain, as pedlars between the wars. They established
487:". Dharam Singh writes that in the Sikh tradition Bhatts are poets with the personal experience and vision of the spirituality of the Sikh Gurus whom they eulogize and celebrate in their verses, he suggests that Bhat is not an
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are poets with the personal experience and vision of the spirituality of the Sikh Gurus whom they eulogize and celebrate in their verses. According to another myth prevalent in India, Bhat is an epithet for a learned Brahman.
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Nesbitt states that in the UK, the Bhatra men initially worked as "door-to-door salesmen" and later as shopkeepers and property renters. She suggests that in the recent times, they have started working in diverse fields.
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great decrease in the traditional occupation for castes like the Chamars, Bhats, Jhinwars and others and that, after agriculture, alternate occupations were preferred in industry, trade and transport.
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Hakikat-Rah-Muqaam-Shivnabh-Raje-Ki, description of the meeting of Guru nanak and Raja Shivnabh of an early 18th Century handwritten copy of Bhai Bannuâs Bir, the start of the Sikh Bhat Sangat.
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Bhatt is a family of bards. Their main professions were writing poetry and recording the genealogy of the prominent families. Bhatts belong to Kaushish sub-group of Gaur Brahmin caste.
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confirmed that the Bhat bards who contributed to the Guru Granth Sahib were descended from the Brahmins in his book, Bhatt Te Uhnah Di Rachna. They originated from the
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in Belfast, Northern Ireland. According to William Owen Cole, the Bhatra Sikhs were among the earliest Sikhs to arrive in Britain and they arrived as pedlars.
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Migration,Remittances, Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction: Reflections on the basis of South Asian Experience
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McLeod stated that the Bhatra Sikhs have an "extremely small" population and they are from some villages of the
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included in those parts of the Granth which are used for liturgical purposes. The compositions of some of the
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in the post-war period wherever they lived, in ports such as Portsmouth, or Manchester, and Cardiff.
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Nesbitt, Eleanor (2016) . "Sikh Diversity in the UK: Contexts and Evolution". In Myrvold, Kristina;
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Many academics suggests that the word Bhatra is a diminutive form of the word Bhat which comes from
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Bhatra.co.uk â includes unique content on the early decades in the UK â collection of photographs
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notes that the "compositions" by some Bhatra Sikhs who were in service of the
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A Place for Our Gods: The Construction of an Edinburgh Hindu Temple Community
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The South Asian Religious Diaspora in Britain, Canada, and the United States
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1570:. Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre, Denmark. p. 308.
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Cole, William Owen (1994). "Sikhs in the United Kingdom". In Gill, Sean;
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After the end of the Second World War, the Bhatra Sikhs established
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The Growth and Changing Character of the Sikh Presence in Britain
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The Sikhs: the development of South Asian settlements in Britain
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Bhattra Sikhs in Cardiff: Family and Kinship Organization.
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Sikhs in Europe: Migration, Identities and Representations
1600:. Chandigarh, India: Unistar Books. pp. 245â46.
1416:Nesbitt, Eleanor (2016) . "Sikhism Outside India".
72:
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1594:Singh, Jagraj (2009). "The Bhatts of the Punjab".
1936:Nesbitt, E. M. (1981). "A note on Bhatra Sikhs".
517:Brahmin lineage and started associating with the
1689:Grewal, Jagtar Singh (1996). "The Nanak-Panth".
1847:Differentiation and Disjunction among the Sikhs
21:"Bhatra" redirects here. For the village, see
1802:Religion in Europe: Contemporary Perspectives
1666:. Portland, Oregon: HaPi Press. p. 281.
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1939:Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies
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gha (1997).
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1509:"Bhatras: Ambassadors of Sikh Faith"
1332:in the regions where they resided.
1695:. New Delhi: Manohar. p. 28.
1663:The Transformation of Sikh Society
1419:Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction
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1989:Social groups of Punjab, Pakistan
1969:Immigration to the United Kingdom
1931:Bhatra in the UK before Partition
1851:South Asian Experience in Britain
1470:(illustrated ed.). London:
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1984:Social groups of Punjab, India
1513:The Sikh Courier International
1464:McLeod, William Hewat (1997).
1342:List of Sikhism-related topics
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1952:10.1080/1369183X.1981.9975663
1633:Mann, Gurinder Singh (2001).
1636:The Making of Sikh Scripture
1546:Giani Gurdit, Singh (1961).
1597:A complete guide to Sikhism
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1188:Sikhism and other religions
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1853:(1994) ed. Roger Ballard
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1507:Singh, Dharam (1993).
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1887:ed. JL Watson (1977)
1885:Between Two Cultures
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1751:. London; New York:
1195:Sikhism and Hinduism
495:". However the late
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468:Eleanor Nesbitt and
1743:Jacobsen, Knut Axel
1302:Jagtar Singh Grewal
1225:Religion portal
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23:Bhatra, Bangladesh
1898:Marie Gillespie,
1879:R and C Ballard,
1646:978-0-19-802987-8
1607:978-81-7142-754-3
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27:
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1866:Harold Coward
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1357:Brahmin Sikhs
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739:Bhagat Surdas
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729:Bhagat Dhanna
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296:
294:
293:Khalsa Akhbar
291:
289:
286:
285:
277:
276:
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266:
264:
261:
259:
258:Hanuman Natak
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159:
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146:
139:
136:
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133:Suraj Parkash
131:
129:
126:
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117:
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108:
107:
104:
98:
94:
88:
87:
80:
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68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
47:
40:
35:
24:
19:
1946:(1): 70â72.
1943:
1937:
1907:
1906:Malory Nye,
1899:
1891:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1864:(2000), ed.
1861:
1857:
1850:
1846:
1827:
1824:
1801:
1797:King, Ursula
1774:
1747:
1736:
1726:
1722:
1721:approval of
1717:
1714:
1691:
1684:
1675:
1662:
1655:
1635:
1628:
1619:
1596:
1589:
1581:
1566:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1532:
1512:
1502:
1493:
1466:
1445:
1418:
1392:. Retrieved
1380:
1371:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1298:
1287:
1267:
1027:
1020:
1015:Dasam Granth
1013:
1006:
914:Prohibitions
887:Five Virtues
882:Five Thieves
874:
868:Charhdi KalÄ
840:
774:Bhatt Gayand
689:Bhagat Farid
679:Bhagat Kabir
637:Guru Har Rai
622:Guru Ram Das
531:
514:
510:
505:
501:
478:
467:
449:
446:Bhatra Sikhs
445:
443:
348:Bhatra Sikhs
347:
32:Bhatra Sikhs
28:Ethnic group
18:
1776:Nottingham.
1729:in general.
1088:Hazur Sahib
1083:Patna Sahib
980:Anand Karaj
939:The Five Ks
859:Vand ChakkÅ
819:Balvand Rai
809:Baba Sundar
789:Bhatt Kirat
784:Bhatt Jalap
769:Bhatt Bhika
764:Bhatt Bhalh
734:Bhagat Pipa
724:Bhagat Sain
699:Bhagat Beni
521:during the
383:Sumer Singh
353:Kavi Darbar
281:Periodicals
253:Gobind Gita
1963:Categories
1890:P Ghuman,
1821:1120392621
1394:8 February
1363:References
1347:Bhat Vahis
1306:Sikh Gurus
1140:Literature
1125:Panj Pyare
1068:Akal Takht
1029:Five Banis
970:Naam Karan
929:Amrit VelÄ
850:Kirat KarÅ
833:Philosophy
814:Satta Doom
804:Bhatt Salh
799:Bhatt Nalh
759:Bhatt Balh
627:Guru Arjan
612:Guru Angad
607:Guru Nanak
599:Sikh gurus
527:Guru Arjan
519:Sikh Gurus
515:(Saraswat)
485:panegyrist
458:Guru Nanak
450:Bhat Sikhs
203:Bhat Vahis
178:Rehatnamas
158:Mahan Kosh
128:Janamsakhi
16:Sikh group
1828:gurdwaras
1771:950004925
1616:319683249
1521:0037-511X
1442:967264232
1330:gurdwaras
1270:Gurdaspur
1160:Criticism
999:Scripture
901:Practices
842:Naam Japo
388:Vir Singh
328:Hukamnama
226:Rebuttals
138:Sau Sakhi
49:Languages
1799:(eds.).
1745:(eds.).
1711:36051569
1529:34121403
1490:38452341
1336:See also
1120:Waheguru
1110:Ik Onkar
1058:Gurdwara
966:(Turban)
587:Glossary
541:a series
539:Part of
523:guruship
481:Sanskrit
246:Exegeses
92:a series
89:Part of
73:Religion
1672:1047326
1472:Penguin
1467:Sikhism
1294:hawkers
1284:Sikhism
1274:Sialkot
934:Dasvand
582:History
577:Outline
549:Sikhism
493:Brahman
489:epithet
464:Origins
341:Authors
321:Letters
63:Panjabi
55:English
1910:(1995)
1819:
1809:
1769:
1759:
1709:
1699:
1670:
1643:
1614:
1604:
1574:
1527:
1519:
1488:
1478:
1440:
1430:
1388:Eduqas
1135:Khanda
1115:Khalsa
1050:Takhts
1044:Places
964:Dastar
959:Nitnem
954:Simran
944:Langar
924:Kirtan
572:Topics
567:People
511:Sarsut
506:(Gaud)
171:Praxis
1727:sants
1723:sÄdhs
1718:bhats
1175:Sects
1150:Names
1145:Music
919:ArdÄs
474:caste
454:Sikhs
151:Lexis
79:Sikhi
59:Hindi
1817:OCLC
1807:ISBN
1767:OCLC
1757:ISBN
1725:and
1707:OCLC
1697:ISBN
1668:OCLC
1641:ISBN
1612:OCLC
1602:ISBN
1572:ISBN
1525:OCLC
1517:ISSN
1486:OCLC
1476:ISBN
1438:OCLC
1428:ISBN
1396:2021
1385:GCSE
1292:and
1272:and
1047:and
949:Sewa
502:Gaur
444:The
67:Urdu
1948:doi
1883:in
1860:in
1849:in
1382:BBC
1296:".
1170:War
525:of
508:or
1965::
1942:.
1823:.
1815:.
1795:;
1783:^
1773:.
1765:.
1755:.
1713:.
1705:.
1674:.
1618:.
1610:.
1580:.
1531:.
1523:.
1511:.
1492:.
1484:.
1454:^
1444:.
1436:.
1426:.
1404:^
1379:.
1312:.
1280:.
543:on
529:.
476:.
460:.
406:âĒ
95:on
65:,
61:,
57:,
1954:.
1950::
1944:9
1649:.
1398:.
1252:e
1245:t
1238:v
433:e
426:t
419:v
25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
