71:) in certain Hindu and Buddhist texts. A potential user of the system had a multitude of words to choose from for denoting the same number. The mapping from "words" to "numbers" is many-to-one. This has facilitated the embedding of numbers in verses in Indian treatises on mathematics and astronomy. This helped in memorising large tables of numbers required by astronomers and astrologers.
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For example, the number "two" was associated with the word "eye" as every human being has two eyes. Thus every
Sanskrit word having the meaning "eye" was used to denote "two". All words synonymous with the meaning "earth" could be used to signify the number "one" as there is only one earth, etc.
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has been used to signify "eight" as it is the name of a meter with eight syllables in a foot. Any
Sanskrit word for "tooth" could be used to denote 32 as a grown-up man has a full set of 32 teeth. Terms implying "the gods" were used to indicate 33, as there is a tradition of "thirty-three gods"
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Single words indicating smaller numbers were strung together to form phrases and sentences for representing arbitrary large numbers. This formation of large numbers was accomplished by incorporating the decimal place value system into the scheme, where digits are named in ascending order. As an
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using common nouns having connotations of numerical values. The method was introduced already in astronomical texts in antiquity, but it was expanded and developed during the medieval period. A kind of
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In the more expansive examples of application, concepts, ideas and objects from all parts of the
Sanskrit lexicon were harvested to generate number-connoting words, resulting in a kind of
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which means "In the Śāka year enumerated by arrow , sky , mountain and moon ", that is, "Śāka 5-0-7-1" = Śāka 1705 = AD 1783.
294:) in whose body are contained all three-and-thirty Deities"), with references in various Upanishadic, Puranic and Sutra texts.
90:, a versification of a Greek astronomical text dated to the early centuries CE. Limited use of Bhutasamkhya is seen in some
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128:
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58:, the Hindu deity of love, is traditionally depicted as a warrior carrying five arrows of flowers. The term
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Indian epigraphy: a guide to the study of inscriptions in
Sanskrit, Prakrit and other Indo-Aryan languages
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system for numbers. Thus, every
Sanskrit word indicating an "arrow" has been used to denote "five" as
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102:"mountain" is used as a synonym of "seven" (because of the "seven principal mountains" or
421:(1 ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited. pp. 228–234.
162:(1 ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited. pp. 228–234.
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185:"The logic of non-Western science: mathematical discoveries in medieval India"
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The mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: a sourcebook
335:. Harvard Oriental Series. Vol. 48 (2 vols). Harvard University Press.
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system, bhūtasaṃkhyā has also been called the "concrete number notation".
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For a list of words commonly used for the representation of numbers in
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94:, for example Bhagavata Mahatmya of Padma Purana (6.66) uses the word '
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91:
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Kim
Plofker (2007). "Mathematics in India". In Victor J Katz (ed.).
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238:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 47–48.
106:), a usage already found in medieval recensions of the
195:(4). American Academy of Arts & Sciences: 45–53.
86:The earliest evidence of this system is found in
450:Sanskrit Prosody and Numerical Symbols Explained
263:. Princeton University Press. pp. 420–421.
110:. It is found throughout the Indian Buddhist
75:example, in an 18th-century inscription from
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235:Mathematics in India: 500 BCE–1800 CE
378:, a Bhūtasaṅkhyā encoding-decoding system
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310:. Oxford University Press. p. 173.
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439:History of Dharmaśāstra Volume 5 part 1
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27:Method of recording numbers using words
81:bāṇa-vyoma-dharādhar-indu-gaṇite śāke
34:is a method of recording numbers in
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183:David Pingree (September 22, 2003).
346:Mahatmya, Bhagavata (8 July 2021).
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403:Sanskrit Activities at IIT Kanpur
360:from the original on 2021-07-09.
333:The Yavanajātaka of Sphujidhvaja
98:to refer to "seven days", i.e.
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202:10.1162/001152603771338779
304:Richard Solomon (1998).
397:Terdalkar, Hrishikesh.
331:David Pingree (1978).
79:, a year is given as
447:C. P. Brown (1869).
417:D.C. Sircar (1965).
348:"Bhagavata Mahatmya"
232:Kim Plofker (2009).
158:D.C. Sircar (1965).
129:Āryabhaṭa numeration
442:. pp. 701–703.
436:P. V. Kane (1968).
32:Bhūtasaṃkhyā system
475:Indian mathematics
453:. pp. 49–54.
317:978-0-19-509984-3
270:978-0-691-11485-9
245:978-0-691-12067-6
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118:See also
61:anuṣṭubh
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92:Puranas
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