209:
the exact number of biennials in existence at any given time. Furthermore, while Venice was a unique agent in the presentation of contemporary art, since the 1960s several museums devoted to contemporary art are exhibiting the contemporary scene on a regular basis. Another point of difference concerns 19th century internationalism in the arts, that was brought into question by post-colonial debates and criticism of the contemporary art "ethnic marketing", and also challenged the
Venetian and World Fair's national representation system. As a consequence of this, Eurocentric tendency to implode the whole word in an exhibition space, which characterises both the Crystal Palace and the Venice Biennale, is affected by the expansion of the artistic geographical map to scenes traditionally considered as marginal. The birth of the Havana Biennial in 1984 is widely considered an important counterpoint to the Venetian model for its prioritization of artists working in the Global South and curatorial rejection of the national pavilion model.
136:
159:, the Crystal Palace is the first attempt to condense the representation of the world in a unitary exhibition space, where the main exhibit is society itself in an a-historical, spectacular condition. The Crystal Palace main motives were the affirmation of British economic and national leadership and the creation of moments of spectacle. In this respect, 19th century World fairs provided a visual crystallization of colonial culture and were, at the same time, forerunners of contemporary theme parks.
168:
33:
187:, the Venice Biennale used as a pretext the wedding anniversary of the Italian king and followed up to several national exhibitions organised after Italy unification in 1861. The Biennale immediately put forth issues of city marketing, cultural tourism and urban regeneration, as it was meant to reposition Venice on the international cultural map after the crisis due to the end of the
880:
208:
The situation of biennials has changed in the contemporary context: while at its origin in 1895 Venice was a unique cultural event, but since the 1990s hundreds of biennials have been organized across the globe. Given the ephemeral and irregular nature of some biennials, there is little consensus on
191:
model and the weakening of the
Venetian school of painting. Furthermore, the Gardens where the Biennale takes place were an abandoned city area that needed to be re-functionalised. In cultural terms, the Biennale was meant to provide on a biennial basis a platform for discussing contemporary art
127:
According to author
Federica Martini, what is at stake in contemporary biennales is the diplomatic and international relations potential as well as urban regeneration plans. Besides being mainly focused on the present (the "here and now" where the cultural event takes place and their effect of
192:
practices that were not represented in fine arts museums at the time. The early
Biennale model already included some key points that are still constitutive of large-scale international art exhibitions today: a mix of
745:
442:
1839:
285:
2933:
2712:
128:"spectacularisation of the everyday"), because of their site-specificity cultural events may refer back to, produce or frame the history of the site and communities'
2662:
2462:
734:
1813:
1571:
1286:
1063:
88:
Although typically used to refer to art festivals or exhibitions which occur every two years, the term is not always applied strictly. Since the 1990s, the terms
2005:
899:
2717:
309:
1869:
1256:
513:
2425:
2102:
1598:
1093:
1039:
658:
81:, which was first held in 1895, but the concept of such a large scale, and intentionally international event goes back to at least the 1851
2739:
1221:
1152:
2861:
2177:
1784:
852:
244:
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135:
2871:
2761:
1935:
1859:
581:
491:
112:
108:
37:
2929:
2695:
1721:
1698:
1623:
1590:
1085:
2925:
2896:
2839:
1734:
781:
2013:
1960:
917:
875:
610:
143:
in Hyde Park, London, in 1851, the first attempt to condense the representation of the world within a unitary exhibition space.
451:
1808:
946:
627:
276:
96:
have both been used to refer to large-scale international survey shows of contemporary art that recur at regular intervals (
2849:
2538:
2061:
1453:
2866:
2700:
2502:
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1140:
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101:
958:
729:
2856:
2834:
2655:
1661:
Niemojewski, Rafal (2014) "Turning the Tide: the oppositional past and uncertain future of the contemporary biennial"
179:, a periodical large-scale cultural event founded in 1895, served as an archetype of the biennales. Meant to become a
1654:
Niemojewski, Rafal (2006) "Whence Come You, and
Whither Are you Going? On the Memory and Identity of Biennials"
1548:(Spanish) Niemojewski, Rafal (2013) "Venecia o La Habana: Una polémica sobre la génesis de la bienal contemporánea."
671:
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645:
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The structure of the Venice
Biennale in 2005 with an international exhibition and the national pavilions.
147:
A strong and influent symbol of biennales and of large-scale international exhibitions in general is the
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2734:
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2107:
1965:
1925:
1915:
1889:
1834:
1770:
1116:"In Guatemala, the Bienal de Arte Paiz Offers an Object Lesson in Community-Based Art Done Right"
1057:
894:
822:
807:
616:
525:
388:
381:
148:
140:
1689:
The
Manifesta Decade: Debates on Contemporary Art Exhibitions and Biennials in Post-Wall Europe
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32:
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2595:
2310:
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2030:
2018:
2000:
1980:
1975:
1910:
1905:
1735:"Contemporary Art and Globalisation: Biennials and the Emergence of the De-Centred Artist"
911:
698:
692:
470:
293:
250:
176:
78:
41:
993:
335:
Online biennial exhibition of contemporary art from the most promising emerging artists.
107:
The term has also derived a suffix for other creative events, as in "Berlinale" for the
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1818:
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417:
332:
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167:
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343:
Biennale de la Biche, the smallest biennale in the world held at deserted island near
2971:
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2389:
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1955:
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2186:
2155:
933:
903:
866:
45:
1668:
Niemojewski, Rafal (2018) "Contemporary Art
Biennials: Decline or Resurgence?"
977:
The
International Biennale of Performance, Collaborative and Participatory Arts
200:
issues and destination culture, and the spectacular, large scale of the event.
2783:
2678:
2533:
2521:
2487:
2442:
2432:
2335:
2330:
1049:
965:
344:
188:
180:
2452:
2342:
2259:
2190:
1970:
1940:
1794:
1738:
1725:
1153:"Welcome to the world's smallest art fair – on a disappearing speck of sand"
724:
720:
639:
423:
398:
368:
Biennale of Luanda : Pan-African Forum for the
Culture of Peace, Angola
317:
297:
97:
53:
1029:
649:
448:
Göteborg International Biennial for Contemporary Art, in Gothenburg, Sweden
2683:
2320:
2305:
2276:
2229:
844:
761:
Riga International Biennial of Contemporary Art (RIBOCA), in Riga, Latvia
545:
486:
313:
236:
17:
1517:
1333:
2437:
2347:
2224:
2209:
1990:
889:
801:
676:(formerly known as Le Mois de la Photo à Montréal), in Montreal, Canada
633:
554:
541:
495:
431:
306:(triennial for contemporary art in Bergen, Norway)www.bergenassembly.no
257:
2405:
2357:
2352:
2271:
937:
848:
835:
831:
810:, held in various locations across the city-state island of Singapore
653:
598:
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575:
558:
459:
455:
427:
240:
116:
73:
for "biennial" or "every other year", is a large-scale international
1714:
642:, European Biennale of contemporary art in different European cities
1415:
1392:"RIBOCA - Riga International Biennial of Contemporary Art (Latvia)"
1141:
ArtReview: World's 'smallest' biennial on Ilet la Biche, Guadeloupe
2266:
1478:
900:
Visayas Islands Visual Arts Exhibition and Conference (VIVA ExCon)
604:
571:
567:
166:
151:, the gigantic and futuristic London architecture that hosted the
134:
31:
1373:
119:'s international film festival, both of which are held annually.
1540:
Filipovic, Elena (2010). Marieke van Hal, Solveig Øvsteø (ed.).
280:
2159:
1766:
1722:"Global Exhibitions: Contemporary Art and the African Diaspora"
1202:
1685:
Vanderlinden, Barbara (June 2, 2006). Elena Filipovic (ed.).
1184:
467:, Asia's first and most prestigious contemporary art biennale
1583:
Just another exhibition. Histories and politics of biennials
1078:
Just another exhibition. Histories and politics of biennials
715:, contemporary art exhibition held every three years at the
217:
In the term's most commonly used context of major recurrent
1656:
Manifesta Journal, MJ – Journal of Contemporary Curatorship
1616:
Manifesta Journal No 2 Winter 2003/ Spring 2004 - Biennials
48:
is awarded to the best film screening at the competition.
955:, produced with teams from Athens, Berlin and Istanbul.
426:, contemporary art exhibition held every five years in
1672:, Duke University Press, Volume 14, Issue 1, (Spring).
1222:"Art and island-hopping in Finland's cultural capital"
296:(contemporary art biennale, to be distinguished from
1840:
Bat-Yam International Biennale of Landscape Urbanism
1454:"Thessaloniki Biennale of Contemporary Art (Greece)"
701:, new opera and music-theatre in even-numbered years
286:
Bat-Yam International Biennale of Landscape Urbanism
2802:
2671:
2609:
2473:
2398:
2197:
2132:
2116:
2095:
2049:
1898:
1827:
1801:
908:Venice Biennale, in Venice, Italy, which includes:
1686:
1279:"Lofoten International Art Festival LIAF (Norway)"
819:String Quartet Biennale Amsterdam, the Netherlands
773:Christchurch Biennial in Christchurch, New Zealand
753:OSTEN Biennial of Drawing Skopje, North Macedonia
420:, also called Dak'Art, biennale in Dakar, Senegal
329:Biënnale van België, Biennial of Belgium, Belgium
266:Bienal de Arte Paiz, in Guatemala City, Guatemala
1635:"Why is the Venice Biennale still so important?"
1031:Biennials : the exhibitions we love to hate
269:Arts in Marrakech (AiM) International Biennale (
2663:Timeline of 20th century printmaking in America
1560:, Institute national d'histoire de l'art, Paris
888:Dream city, produced by ART Rue Association in
1814:Arts in Marrakech (AiM) International Biennale
439:, biennale in Nantes and Saint-Nazaire, France
374:, international music and culture festival in
2171:
2006:International Architecture Biennale Rotterdam
1778:
1544:. Bergen, Norway: Bergen Biennial Conference.
8:
1717:site dedicated to biennales around the world
77:exhibition. The term was popularised by the
782:Seoul Biennale of Architecture and Urbanism
445:, biennial in Limerick, Republic of Ireland
2178:
2164:
2156:
1785:
1771:
1763:
1678:Biennials: The Exhibitions We Love to Hate
1570:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1062:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1663:Seismopolite: Journal of Art and Politics
876:Thessaloniki Biennale of Contemporary Art
310:Bi-City Biennale of Urbanism\Architecture
1870:International Roaming Biennial of Tehran
1793:Major international art exhibitions and
514:International Roaming Biennial of Tehran
452:Greater Taipei Contemporary Art Biennial
394:Canakkale Biennial, in Canakkale, Turkey
1693:(illustrated ed.). The MIT Press.
1550:Denken Pensée Thought Mysl... Criterios
1020:
979:, Nomadic, International, Scotland, UK.
1563:
1055:
663:Mediterranean Biennale in Sakhnin 2013
256:Diriyah Contemporary Art Biennale, in
2103:Melbourne International Biennial 1999
1581:Vittoria Martini e Federica Martini,
1171:"Home | Biennale of Luanda 2021"
1076:Vittoria Martini e Federica Martini,
659:Melbourne International Biennial 1999
404:Cerveira International Art Biennial,
64:
7:
1681:, Lund Humphries. ISBN 9781848223882
1479:"About Us – VIVA ExCon Organization"
1105:Im Weltinnenraum des Kapitals, 2005.
1618:. Artimo Foundation. June 1, 2003.
1493:"West Africa Architecture Biennale"
1259:from the original on April 24, 2017
1220:Dunmall, Giovanna (July 26, 2023).
853:National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts
245:National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts
227:Adelaide Biennial of Australian Art
163:The Venice Biennale as an archetype
2762:Index of painting-related articles
1936:Courtray Design Biennale Interieur
1556:Jones, Caroline (March 29, 2006),
623:Lofoten International Art Festival
582:Kortrijk Design Biennale Interieur
155:in 1851. According to philosopher
109:Berlin International Film Festival
38:Venice International Film Festival
25:
1289:from the original on June 7, 2013
959:West Africa Architecture Biennale
730:October Salon – Belgrade Biennale
1665:, Volume 1, Issue 6, (February).
2014:Venice Biennale of Architecture
1961:Light Art Biennale Austria 2010
1860:Incheon Women Artists' Biennale
918:Venice Biennale of Architecture
492:Incheon Women Artists' Biennale
279:, a biennale of photography in
27:Event occurring every two years
1809:African Photography Encounters
947:Whitney Museum of American Art
100:is held every five years, and
1:
2062:Chicago Architecture Biennial
2701:Museum collection management
2624:Art history (academic study)
2503:alternative exhibition space
1633:Morris, Jane (May 1, 2019).
1609:Mobile A2K Methodology guide
961:, Virtual in Lagos, Nigeria.
717:National Gallery of Victoria
566:, largest art exhibition in
2862:Colossal sculptures in situ
2566:Artist-in-residence program
1334:"ENGLISH｜NAKANOJO BIENNALE"
1028:Niemojewski, Rafal (2021).
741:Cultural Center of Belgrade
667:MOMENTA Biennale de l'image
412:Changwon Sculpture Biennale
300:, which is a film festival)
2994:
2872:Contemporary art galleries
2767:Outline of the visual arts
2057:Biennial of Hawaii Artists
1675:Niemojewski, Rafal (2021)
1249:"Lagos Biennial (Nigeria)"
949:, in New York City, NY, US
611:Light Art Biennale Austria
534:, in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
339:Biennial of Hawaii Artists
271:Arts in Marrakech Festival
2942:
1418:. Retrieved July 7, 2016.
885:, in Thessaloniki, Greece
485:For Contemporary Art, in
204:Biennials after the 1990s
102:Skulptur Projekte Münster
2926:Most expensive paintings
2713:Conservation-restoration
2515:Contemporary art gallery
1585:, Postmedia Books, 2011
1579:(in English and Italian)
1348:"October Salon (Serbia)"
1227:The National (Abu Dhabi)
1080:, Postmedia Books, 2011
516:, in Tehran and Istanbul
414:in Changwon, South Korea
347:, French overseas region
139:The Great Exhibition in
2934:works by living artists
2696:Classificatory disputes
1921:Brighton Photo Biennial
1743:University of Cambridge
1009:Art biennials in Africa
789:, in Reykjavík, Iceland
551:Keelung Harbor Biennale
522:, in Jakarta, Indonesia
364:La Biennale de Montreal
324:Bienal de Arte de Ponce
213:International biennales
2124:São Paulo Art Biennial
1875:Kochi-Muziris Biennale
982:Yerevan Print Biennale
816:, in Stavanger, Norway
767:, in São Paulo, Brazil
765:São Paulo Art Biennial
584:, in Kortrijk, Belgium
564:Kochi-Muziris Biennale
528:, in Jerusalem, Israel
479:, in Helsinki, Finland
387:Bushwick Biennial, in
172:
144:
49:
2571:Artist-run initiative
2458:Visual arts education
2041:Music Biennale Zagreb
1552:, Issue 47 (October).
1429:"Sequences (Iceland)"
972:Music Biennale Zagreb
750:, in Belgrade, Serbia
510:, in Istanbul, Turkey
406:Vila Nova de Cerveira
384:in Bucharest, Romania
326:in Ponce, Puerto Rico
170:
138:
66:[bi.enˈnaːle]
35:
2867:Contemporary artists
2730:Destination painting
2527:Single-artist museum
2416:Conservator-restorer
2087:Visual Collaborative
2036:Vladivostok biennale
2024:Venice Film Festival
1749:on September 1, 2007
1733:Byrne, John (2005).
1728:. February 19, 2010.
1658:, N°6 Winter 2005/06
1524:. November 24, 2009.
1185:"Bienal de Cerveira"
930:Vladivostok biennale
923:Venice Film Festival
859:Taiwan Film Biennale
841:Taiwan Arts Biennale
814:Screen City Biennial
777:Prospect New Orleans
593:Kuandu Biennale, in
196:, internationalism,
2857:Art reference books
2651:History of painting
2235:Fine-art photograph
1715:Biennial Foundation
1542:The Biennial Reader
1458:Biennial Foundation
1433:Biennial Foundation
1396:Biennial Foundation
1352:Biennial Foundation
1313:Biennial Foundation
1309:"Momentum (Norway)"
1283:Biennial Foundation
1253:Biennial Foundation
1159:. January 24, 2017.
1122:. September 7, 2018
932:of Visual Arts, in
914:of Contemporary Art
739:, organised by the
695:, in Moscow, Russia
646:Mediations Biennale
634:Lofoten archipelago
603:Lagos Biennial, in
437:Estuaire (biennale)
253:, in Athens, Greece
2952:Visual arts portal
2882:National galleries
2735:Eclecticism in art
2690:Catalogue raisonné
2561:Artist cooperative
2108:Biennale of Sydney
1966:Liverpool Biennial
1926:Bucharest Biennale
1916:Biennale of Design
1890:Singapore Biennale
1835:Asian Art Biennial
1603:Federica Martini,
1416:"Scape Public Art"
1189:Bienal de Cerveira
895:Vancouver Biennale
823:Biennale of Sydney
808:Singapore Biennale
619:, in Liverpool, UK
617:Liverpool Biennial
526:Jerusalem Biennale
389:Bushwick, Brooklyn
382:Bucharest Biennale
233:Asian Art Biennale
173:
145:
141:The Crystal Palace
50:
2965:
2964:
2556:Artist collective
2370:Site-specific art
2220:Cultural artifact
2153:
2152:
1996:Biennale de Paris
1951:Florence Biennale
1885:Shanghai Biennale
1865:Istanbul Biennial
1855:Herzliya Biennial
1670:Cultural Politics
1640:The Art Newspaper
1599:978-88-7490-060-2
1094:978-88-7490-060-2
1041:978-1-84822-388-2
964:WRO Biennale, in
793:Shanghai Biennale
757:Biennale de Paris
709:Nakanojo Biennale
689:, in Moss, Norway
508:Istanbul Biennial
483:Herzliya Biennial
477:Helsinki Biennial
473:, in Havana, Cuba
443:EVA International
401:, the Netherlands
360:, in Shiga, Japan
277:Bamako Encounters
229:, South Australia
130:collective memory
16:(Redirected from
2985:
2921:Stolen paintings
2789:Sociology of art
2740:Economics of art
2591:Sculpture garden
2576:Artist-run space
2375:Social sculpture
2245:Installation art
2180:
2173:
2166:
2157:
2082:Whitney Biennial
1986:Mykonos Biennale
1931:Coruche Biennial
1880:Nanjing Biennale
1850:Gwangju Biennale
1845:Chengdu Biennale
1787:
1780:
1773:
1764:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1745:. Archived from
1729:
1704:
1692:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1629:
1580:
1575:
1569:
1561:
1558:Biennial Culture
1545:
1526:
1525:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1475:
1469:
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1464:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1372:Gallery, Osten.
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1336:. June 12, 2013.
1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1245:
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1238:
1236:
1234:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1167:
1161:
1160:
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1143:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1097:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1061:
1053:
1025:
945:, hosted by the
943:Whitney Biennial
884:
798:Sharjah Biennale
771:SCAPE Public Art
749:
738:
705:Mykonos Biennale
688:
675:
631:
538:Karachi Biennale
520:Jakarta Biennale
487:Herzliya, Israel
465:Gwangju Biennale
397:Cello Biennale,
359:
290:Beijing Biennale
185:contemporary art
157:Peter Sloterdijk
153:Great Exhibition
83:Great Exhibition
75:contemporary art
68:
63:
21:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2947:Painting portal
2938:
2845:sculpture parks
2798:
2757:Elements of art
2725:Cultural policy
2667:
2619:Timeline of art
2605:
2596:Sculpture trail
2475:
2469:
2394:
2311:Performance art
2193:
2184:
2154:
2149:
2128:
2112:
2091:
2072:Havana Biennial
2045:
2031:Vienna Biennale
2019:Venice Biennale
2001:Prague Biennale
1981:Munich Biennale
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994:World's fair
976:
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613:, in Austria
262:Saudi Arabia
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2830:Art museums
2745:art finance
2546:Arts centre
2510:Art gallery
2493:Art commune
2483:Art auction
2326:Printmaking
2255:Mixed media
2250:Kinetic art
2187:Visual arts
1120:artnet News
934:Vladivostok
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2784:Provenance
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2476:and events
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2331:Public art
1050:1205590577
1034:. London.
1015:References
590:, in Japan
391:, New York
378:, Portugal
345:Guadeloupe
189:Grand Tour
181:World Fair
2909:Sculptors
2815:Art media
2777:sculpture
2718:paintings
2639:Criticism
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2411:Collector
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2260:bricolage
2191:art world
1971:Manifesta
1941:Documenta
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1739:Cambridge
1726:Liverpool
1497:A3 Africa
1401:August 3,
1374:"Drawing"
1357:August 2,
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1058:cite book
787:Sequences
725:Australia
721:Melbourne
640:Manifesta
607:, Nigeria
424:Documenta
399:Amsterdam
318:Hong Kong
298:Berlinale
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54:art world
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2972:Category
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1566:citation
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2363:tallest
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2299:virtual
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2289:history
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2096:Oceania
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1991:Netmage
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1611:, 2002.
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2133:Online
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460:Taiwan
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