559:) introduced biodefense legislation called the Pandemic and All Hazards Preparedness and Advancing Innovation Act (PAHPA) (H.R. 6378). The bill strengthens the federal government's preparedness to deal with a wide range of public health emergencies, whether created through an act of bioterrorism or occurring through a natural disaster. The bill reauthorizes funding to improve bioterrorism and other public health emergency preparedness and response activities such as the Hospital Preparedness Program, the Public Health Emergency Preparedness Cooperative Agreement, Project BioShield, and BARDA for the advanced research and development of medical countermeasures (MCMs).
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Aghanouri(Iran)). These programs are designed to prepare students and officers to serve as scholars and professionals in the fields of biodefense and biosecurity. These programs integrates knowledge of natural and man-made biological threats with the skills to develop and analyze policies and strategies for enhancing biosecurity. Other areas of biodefense, including nonproliferation, intelligence and threat assessment, and medical and public health preparedness are integral parts of these programs.
262:(NIAID) also participates in the identification and prevention of biowarfare and first released a strategy for biodefense in 2002, periodically releasing updates as new pathogens are becoming topics of discussion. Within this list of strategies, responses for specific infectious agents are provided, along with the classification of these agents. NIAID provides countermeasures after the U.S. Department of Homeland Security details which pathogens hold the most threat.
146:
365:. RODS is designed to draw collect data from many data sources and use them to perform signal detection, that is, to detect a possible bioterrorism event at the earliest possible moment. RODS, and other systems like it, collect data from sources including clinic data, laboratory data, and data from over-the-counter drug sales. In 2000, Michael Wagner, the codirector of the RODS laboratory, and
231:, medical, public health, intelligence, diplomatic, and police communities. Health care providers and public health officers are among the first lines of defense. In some countries private, local, and provincial (state) capabilities are being augmented by and coordinated with federal assets, to provide layered defenses against biological weapons attacks. During the
494:
of the art isolation capabilities with a unique airflow system. This unit is also being trained to care for patients who are ill due to a highly infectious pathogen outbreak, such as ebola. The doctors work closely with USAMRIID, NBACC and IRF. Special trainings take place regularly in order to maintain a high level of confidence to care for these patients.
519:
8.91 billion of revenue this year, due to immense funding and government reinforcements. The biodefense market in Europe is predicted to register a CAGR of 11.41% by the forecast timeline. The United
Kingdom's Ministry of Defense granted $ 75.67 million designated for defense & civilian research, making it the highest regional industry share for 2012.
502:
In 2015, global biodefense market was estimated at $ 9.8 billion. Experts correlated the large marketplace to an increase in government attention and support as a result of rising bioterrorism threats worldwide. Government's heightened interest is anticipated expand the industry into the foreseeable
493:
victims exposed to bioterror agents. There are four hospitals capable of caring for anyone with an exposure to a BSL3 or BSL4 pathogen, the special clinical studies unit at
National Institutes of Health is one of them. National Institutes of Health built a facility in April 2010. This unit has state
415:
systems, school attendance recording, and physiologic monitors, among others. Intuitively, one would expect systems which collect more than one type of data to be more useful than systems which collect only one type of information (such as single-purpose laboratory or 911 call-center based systems),
369:, a subcontractor, conceived the idea of obtaining live data feeds from "non-traditional" (non-health-care) data sources. The RODS laboratory's first efforts eventually led to the establishment of the National Retail Data Monitor, a system which collects data from 20,000 retail locations nationwide.
344:
The U.S. government had a comprehensive defense strategy against bioterror attacks in 2004, when then-President George W. Bush signed a
Homeland Security Presidential Directive 10. The directive laid out the country's 21st Century biodefense system and assigned various tasks to federal agencies that
242:
The traditional approach toward protecting agriculture, food, and water: focusing on the natural or unintentional introduction of a disease is being strengthened by focused efforts to address current and anticipated future biological weapons threats that may be deliberate, multiple, and repetitive.
213:
For example, in the case of anthrax, it is likely that by 24–36 hours after an attack, some small percentage of individuals (those with compromised immune system or who had received a large dose of the organism due to proximity to the release point) will become ill with classical symptoms and signs
218:
finding, often recognized by public health officials if they receive timely reports). By making these data available to local public health officials in real time, most models of anthrax epidemics indicate that more than 80% of an exposed population can receive antibiotic treatment before becoming
518:
The global biodefense market is divided into geographical locations such as APAC, Latin
America, Europe, MEA, and North America. The biodefense industry in North America lead the global industry by a large margin, making it the highest regional revenue share for 2015, contributing approximately $
514:
Project
Bioshield offers accessible biological countermeasures targeting various strains of smallpox and anthrax. "Main goal of the project is creating funding authority to build next generation counter measures, make innovative research & development programs and create a body like FDA (Food
460:
offer the high gain, reliability and robustness needed to detect anthrax and other bioterrorism agents in the air. The fabrication methods and device characteristics were described at the 50th
Electronic Materials Conference in Santa Barbara on June 25, 2008. Details of the photodiodes were also
186:
It's extremely important to note that all of the classical and modern biological weapons organisms are animal diseases, the only exception being smallpox. Thus, in any use of biological weapons, it is highly likely that animals will become ill either simultaneously with, or perhaps earlier than
291:
To date, several endangered countries have designed various training programs at their universities to train specialized personnel to deal with biological threats(for example: George Mason
University Biodefense PhD program (USA) or Biodefense Strategic Studies PhD program designated by Dr Reza
270:
Planning may involve the training human resources specialist and development of biological identification systems. Until recently in the United States, most biological defense strategies have been geared to protecting soldiers on the battlefield rather than ordinary people in cities. Financial
472:
Government agencies which would be called on to respond to a bioterrorism incident would include law enforcement, hazardous materials/decontamination units and emergency medical units. The US military has specialized units, which can respond to a bioterrorism event; among them are the
1744:
515:& Drug Administration) that can effectively use treatments in case of emergencies." Increased funding, in addition to public health organizations' elevated consideration in biodefense technology investments, could trigger growth in the global biodefense market.
305:
and populations at risk, and to facilitate prompt treatment. Methods for predicting the use of biological agents in urban areas as well as assessing the area for the hazards associated with a biological attack are being established in major cities. In addition,
39:, reduce biological risks, and prepare for, respond to, and recover from bioincidents, whether naturally occurring, accidental, or deliberate in origin and whether impacting human, animal, plant, or environmental health. Biodefense measures often aim to improve
209:
Thus, a robust surveillance system involving human clinicians and veterinarians may identify a bioweapons attack early in the course of an epidemic, permitting the prophylaxis of disease in the vast majority of people (and/or animals) exposed but not yet ill.
246:
The growing threat of biowarfare agents and bioterrorism has led to the development of specific field tools that perform on-the-spot analysis and identification of encountered suspect materials. One such technology, being developed by researchers from the
1260:
531:, Ichor Medical Systems Incorporation, PharmaAthene, Cleveland BioLabs Incorporation, Achaogen (bankrupt in 2019), Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Avertis, Xoma Corporation, Dynavax Technologies Incorporation, Elusys Therapeutics, DynPort Vaccine Company LLC,
2078:
310:
technologies are working on identifying biological agents, their geographical origins and/or their initial son. Efforts include decontamination technologies to restore facilities without causing additional environmental concerns.
395:, edited by Michael Wagner, Andrew Moore and Ron Aryel, and published in 2006. Biosurveillance is the science of real-time disease outbreak detection. Its principles apply to both natural and man-made epidemics (bioterrorism).
427:, disease surveillance is beginning to be organized on the continent-wide scale needed to track a biological emergency. The system not only monitors infected persons, but attempts to discern the origin of the outbreak.
398:
Data which potentially could assist in early detection of a bioterrorism event include many categories of information. Health-related data such as that from hospital computer systems, clinical laboratories, electronic
62:
Biodefense applies to two distinct target populations: civilian non-combatants and military combatants (troops in the field). Protection of water supplies and food supplies are often a critical part of biodefense.
588:
110:(DoD) has focused since at least 1998 on the development and application of vaccine-based biodefenses. In a July 2001 report commissioned by the DoD, the "DoD-critical products" were stated as vaccines against
522:
In 2016, Global Market
Insights released a report covering the new trends in the biodefense market backed by detailed, scientific data. Industry leaders in biodefense market include the following corporations:
1972:
2051:
2017:
1275:
2034:
300:
Biological agents are relatively easy to obtain by terrorists and are becoming more threatening in the U.S., and laboratories are working on advanced detection systems to provide early warning, identify
1227:
318:
authorities and law enforcement; however, such cooperation is currently lacking. National detection assets and vaccine stockpiles are not useful if local and state officials do not have access to them.
1343:
403:, medical examiner record-keeping systems, 911 call center computers, and veterinary medical record systems could be of help; researchers are also considering the utility of data generated by
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would prevent, protect and mitigate biological attacks against our homeland and global interests. Until 2018, however, the federal government did not have a comprehensive biodefense strategy.
1312:
1795:
1597:
1180:
577:
1398:
1326:
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published the "National
Biodefense Strategy and Implementation Plan for Countering Biological Threats, Enhancing Pandemic Preparedness, and Achieving Global Health." It updates the
1392:
1382:
259:
198:
in 1979, sheep became ill with anthrax as far as 200 kilometers from the release point of the organism from a military facility in the southeastern portion of the city (known as
736:
464:
The United States
Department of Defense conducts global biosurveillance through several programs, including the Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System.
92:
1124:
2083:
2039:
1242:
1995:
1408:
1165:
925:
773:
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2000:
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1499:
478:
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published in the February 14, 2008 issue of the journal Electronics Letters and the November 2007 issue of the journal IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.
1513:
1424:
1236:
1219:
714:
619:
2045:
1519:
2158:
1557:
1281:
1133:
716:
National Biodefense Strategy and Implementation Plan for Countering Biological Threats, Enhancing Pandemic Preparedness, and Achieving Global Health
621:
National Biodefense Strategy and Implementation Plan for Countering Biological Threats, Enhancing Pandemic Preparedness, and Achieving Global Health
594:
76:
1066:
Giving Full Measure to Countermeasures: Addressing Problems in the DoD Program to Develop Medical Countermeasures Against Biological Warfare Agents
1817:
1418:
583:
362:
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1316:
1185:
820:
248:
1007:
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1905:
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1821:
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107:
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1157:
2073:
1717:
1582:
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1414:
1200:
1073:
1734:
896:
733:
1572:
801:
Wagner, Michael M.; Espino, Jeremy; et al. (2004), "The role of clinical information systems in public health surveillance",
2203:
2109:
1939:
1831:
1722:
1110:
854:
2258:
2153:
1679:
1473:
1265:
80:
562:
H.R. 6378 has 24 cosponsors from both political parties. On September 25, 2018, the House of Representatives passed the bill.
1030:"Actions - H.R.6378 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness and Advancing Innovation Act of 2018"
1587:
2114:
1978:
1861:
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1509:
1374:
1190:
1058:
1837:
1738:
1404:
1170:
571:
486:
328:
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300 million spending proposal to equip all 50 states with biosurveillance systems. In a speech delivered at the nearby
2284:
1813:
1627:
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The principles and practices of biosurveillance, a new interdisciplinary science, were defined and described in the
2168:
1092:
474:
338:
1388:
933:
1683:
1087:
2135:
1468:
1452:
1252:
354:
138:. Note that two of these targets are toxins (botulinum and ricin) while the remainder are infectious agents.
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coupled to light-emitting molecules (identification of specific pathogens, such as anthrax, botulinum, ricin)
2248:
1825:
1606:
1591:
1562:
956:
753:
334:
203:
822:
Availability and Comparative Value of Data Elements Required for an Effective Bioterrorism Detection System
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1617:
2243:
2238:
2124:
2028:
2005:
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524:
504:
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251:(LLNL), employs a "sandwich immunoassay", in which fluorescent dye-labeled antibodies aimed at specific
1029:
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cutbacks have limited the tracking of disease outbreaks. Some outbreaks, such as food poisoning due to
1637:
1583:
Middle-Atlantic Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research
2119:
1787:
1770:
1694:
829:
99:, as opposed to weapons development.) The USAMU was disestablished in 1969 and succeeded by today's
135:
2279:
2218:
2130:
482:
435:
236:
199:
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Indeed, in the largest biological weapons accident known–the anthrax outbreak in Sverdlovsk (now
56:
48:
543:
During the 115th Congress in July 2018, four Members of Congress, both Republican and Democrat (
366:
2213:
1934:
1805:
1699:
1632:
1069:
528:
228:
1097:
95:, also at Fort Detrick, the USAMU's mission was purely to develop defensive measures against
2208:
2163:
1900:
1576:
690:
689:, Monterey, California, United States: Naval Postgraduate School, p. 21, archived from
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36:
1102:
2223:
1966:
1929:
1709:
1689:
900:
740:
532:
490:
732:
National Biodefense Strategy (8 September 2018). White House, National Security Council.
639:"Physorg.com, "Encoded Metallic Nanowires Reveal Bioweapons", 12:50 EST, August 10, 2006"
893:
2193:
1921:
1064:
Institute of Medicine and National Research Council of the National Academies (2004).
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381:
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314:
Early detection and rapid response to bioterrorism depend on close cooperation between
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145:
2273:
1065:
860:
552:
315:
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652:
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2233:
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1320:
774:"RAND's Gerstein: U.S. needs biodefense strategy to protect against terror threats"
548:
508:
417:
195:
84:
52:
2079:
Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction
442:
to warn of the presence of bacterial toxins (identification of broad range toxins)
667:"If we backed down on nuclear energy, they would come to nanotechnology tomorrow"
227:
The goal of biodefense is to integrate the sustained efforts of the national and
2011:
1895:
1879:
1761:
1642:
1059:
Report on Biological Warfare Defense Vaccine Research & Development Programs
556:
445:
430:
Researchers are experimenting with devices to detect the existence of a threat:
215:
40:
814:
812:
361:
Informatics deployed the first automated bioterrorism detection system, called
239:, to respond to any potential use of weapons of mass destruction on civilians.
101:
United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID)
544:
358:
279:
96:
880:
127:
123:
44:
638:
388:" line (referring to the Cold War ballistic missile early warning system).
1558:
Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security (formerly Center for Biosecurity)
796:
794:
666:
219:
symptomatic, and thus avoid the moderately high mortality of the disease.
17:
1874:
1728:
1174:
449:
404:
307:
252:
232:
115:
100:
88:
828:, Real-time Outbreak and Disease Surveillance Laboratory, archived from
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future. According to Medgadget.com, "Many government legislations like
408:
111:
235:
the United Nations activated a biological and chemical response team,
683:
US Biodefense and Homeland Security: Toward Detection and Attribution
439:
424:
589:
United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
1973:
Statement on Chemical and Biological Defense Policies and Programs
1348:
1008:"Eshoo, Brooks Introduce Legislation to Combat Biodefense Threats"
131:
2052:
Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Reauthorization Act of 2013
2018:
Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness Response Act
1276:
Joint Program Executive Office of Chemical and Biological Defense
819:
Wagner, Michael M.; Aryel, Ron; et al. (November 28, 2001),
2035:
Biodefense and Pandemic Vaccine and Drug Development Act of 2005
1503:
1493:
1489:
1327:
Integrated National Biodefense Medical Countermeasures Portfolio
1228:
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response
1106:
1490:
National Medical Response Team/National Pharmacy Response Team
385:
377:
140:
1911:
Joint Biological Agent Identification and Diagnostic System
1526:
Bioterror Rapid Response and Advanced Technology Laboratory
1344:
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
1271:
Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System
1313:
National Interagency Confederation for Biological Research
489:, which can detect, identify, and neutralize threats, and
805:(3 ed.), New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 513–539
376:
visited the RODS laboratory and used it as a model for a
1796:
National Intelligence Assessments on Infectious Diseases
957:"Crisis Looms in Antibiotics as Drug Makers Go Bankrupt"
761:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 2004. pp. 57–65.
1598:
Johns Hopkins Center for Civilian Biodefense Strategies
1181:
National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center
1088:
A biodefense digital library and learning collaboratory
981:
578:
National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center
157:
47:. Biodefense is frequently discussed in the context of
27:
Measures to restore biosecurity to a group of organisms
1603:
National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases
1399:
Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority
509:
chemical, radiological, nuclear and biological attack
260:
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
894:"Global Nature of Terrorism Drives Biosurveillance."
2186:
2144:
2100:
2093:
2064:
1988:
1959:
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1920:
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1851:
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1303:
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1251:
1218:
1199:
1156:
1147:
1140:
283:, could be of either natural or deliberate origin.
2024:Agricultural Bioterrorism Protection Act of 2002
881:Avalanche Photodiodes Target Bioterrorism Agents
2084:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540
2040:Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act
1676:Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program
1243:National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity
1568:Center for Advancing Microbial Risk Assessment
1173:(National Biosurvelliance Integration Center,
1068:. National Academy Press (Washington, D.C.).
363:RODS (Real-Time Outbreak Disease Surveillance)
182:Role of public health and disease surveillance
1996:Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989
1735:Global Bio-Surveillance Technology Initiative
1118:
926:"Biodefense Market size worth $ 17bn by 2024"
755:Homeland Security Presidential Directive - 10
507:offers nations with counter measures against
384:, Bush compared the RODS system to a modern "
8:
1573:Center for Biodefense and Emerging Pathogens
1166:DHS Chemical and Biological Defense Division
202:and still off limits to visitors today, see
55:, and is generally considered a military or
2001:Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991
1500:Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
479:Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
468:Response to bioterrorism incident or threat
255:are attached to silver and gold nanowires.
2097:
1956:
1857:
1665:
1545:
1442:
1425:Foreign Disease Weed Science Research Unit
1300:
1153:
1144:
1125:
1111:
1103:
859:, University of Pittsburgh, archived from
2046:Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act
1520:Aeromedical Biological Containment System
1474:Nebraska Biocontainment Patient Care Unit
1349:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
1261:Assistant SECDEF for NCB Defense Programs
803:Healthcare Information Management Systems
93:U.S. Army Biological Warfare Laboratories
2159:United States biological weapons program
1282:National Center for Medical Intelligence
1134:United States biological defense program
595:United States biological defense program
77:Military biodefense in the United States
1818:National Strategy for Homeland Security
611:
584:Sensing of phage-triggered ion cascades
1317:National Interagency Biodefense Campus
1186:National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility
341:'s 2018 National Biodefense Strategy.
249:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
1588:Center for Biodefense Immune Modeling
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
883:Newswise, Retrieved on June 25, 2008.
7:
1906:Autonomous Pathogen Detection System
1233:Division of Select Agents and Toxins
1211:(Advisory Committee on Bioterrorism)
1209:National Counterproliferation Center
1191:National Bioforensic Analysis Center
1028:Susan, Brooks (September 26, 2018).
955:Jacobs, Andrew (December 25, 2019).
932:. September 26, 2016. Archived from
535:and Nanotherapeutics Incorporation.
456:New research shows that ultraviolet
1354:Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
772:Rozens, Tracy (September 2, 2016).
680:Bernett, Brian C. (December 2006),
420:, and this appears to be the case.
1739:Bio-Surveillance Management Office
1405:Homeland Security Research Program
25:
2074:Global Health Security Initiative
1718:National Biosurveillance Strategy
1415:Plum Island Animal Disease Center
574:of biological and chemical agents
2204:Biosecurity in the United States
2110:1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack
1940:Positive pressure personnel suit
1832:National Disaster Medical System
287:Human Resource Training Programs
144:
2259:Smallpox virus retention debate
2154:United States Army Medical Unit
1680:Defense Threat Reduction Agency
1266:Defense Threat Reduction Agency
1057:Department of Defense (2001).
856:Pitt Magazine: Airborne Defense
669:(in Persian). January 14, 2008.
91:, in 1956. (In contrast to the
81:United States Army Medical Unit
214:(including a virtually unique
35:refers to measures to counter
1:
2115:1989 California medfly attack
1979:Biological Weapons Convention
1777:Personnel Reliability Program
1510:Epidemic Intelligence Service
1375:Galveston National Laboratory
904:American Forces Press Service
411:operations, food processors,
1838:Strategic National Stockpile
1389:Integrated Research Facility
1171:DHS Office of Health Affairs
982:"Next Generation Biodefense"
722:. White House. October 2022.
627:. White House. October 2022.
572:Fluctuation-enhanced sensing
487:20th Support Command (CBRNE)
329:National Biodefense Strategy
223:Identification of bioweapons
1901:Biological Materials MASINT
1814:National Response Framework
1723:Laboratory Response Network
1684:Biological Threat Reduction
1628:Battelle Memorial Institute
853:Togyer, Jason (June 2002),
393:Handbook of Biosurveillance
114:(AVA and Next Generation),
2301:
2169:Aeromedical Isolation Team
1086:BiodefenseEducation.org -
778:Homeland Preparedness News
475:United States Marine Corps
438:that would contain living
326:
108:U.S. Department of Defense
1093:NIAID Biodefense Research
899:January 12, 2013, at the
1741:(BMO) (part of JPEO-CBD)
1469:State Health Departments
1453:Local Health Departments
1061:. Retrieved 2005-02-25.
743:Retrieved 20 March 2020.
355:University of Pittsburgh
2249:Isolation (health care)
2219:Biological warfare (BW)
1592:University of Rochester
1563:Henry L. Stimson Center
204:Sverdlovsk anthrax leak
323:United States strategy
2244:Entomological warfare
2145:Defunct organizations
2125:Wood Green ricin plot
2029:Project Bioshield Act
2006:Executive Order 13139
1359:Dugway Proving Ground
525:Emergent Biosolutions
458:avalanche photodiodes
416:and be less prone to
401:health record systems
372:On February 5, 2002,
333:In October 2022, the
266:Planning and response
2120:2001 anthrax attacks
1788:Medical intelligence
1771:Select Agent Program
1695:Project Clear Vision
1098:The Biodefense Field
696:on February 29, 2008
339:Trump Administration
335:Biden Administration
988:. February 20, 2021
734:White House website
136:equine encephalitis
72:Troops in the field
2285:Biological warfare
2136:2013 ricin letters
2131:2003 ricin letters
1678:, implemented the
1607:George Mason Univ.
961:The New York Times
936:on October 5, 2016
906:, 27 October 2011.
892:Pellerin, Cheryl.
739:2021-01-20 at the
303:contaminated areas
237:Task Force Scorpio
156:. You can help by
57:emergency response
49:biological warfare
37:biological threats
2267:
2266:
2214:Biological hazard
2182:
2181:
2060:
2059:
1948:
1947:
1935:Biosafety cabinet
1847:
1846:
1806:Disaster response
1700:Project Jefferson
1655:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1633:SRI International
1535:
1534:
1434:
1433:
1290:
1289:
529:SIGA Technologies
505:Project Bioshield
498:Biodefense market
448:tubes lined with
229:homeland security
174:
173:
16:(Redirected from
2292:
2209:Biological agent
2164:Sunshine Project
2098:
1957:
1858:
1820:(DHS; including
1669:Threat reduction
1666:
1638:Idaho Technology
1577:Brown University
1549:Academic centers
1546:
1443:
1301:
1154:
1145:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1104:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1034:www.congress.gov
1025:
1019:
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978:
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946:
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943:
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884:
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868:
863:on June 16, 2010
850:
844:
843:
842:
840:
835:on March 3, 2011
834:
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382:Masonic temple
374:George W. Bush
357:'s Center for
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192:Yekaterinburg
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152:This section
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38:
34:
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19:
2254:Select agent
2234:CBRN defense
2229:Bioterrorism
2198:
2147:and programs
1969:(1925, 1975)
1662:and projects
1542:governmental
1321:Fort Detrick
1306:departmental
1076:(paperback).
1039:November 30,
1037:. Retrieved
1033:
1023:
1013:November 30,
1011:. Retrieved
1002:
992:February 20,
990:. Retrieved
985:
976:
966:November 23,
964:. Retrieved
960:
950:
938:. Retrieved
934:the original
929:
903:
888:
876:
865:, retrieved
861:the original
855:
848:
837:, retrieved
830:the original
821:
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781:. Retrieved
777:
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748:
728:
715:
709:
698:, retrieved
691:the original
682:
675:
661:
647:
633:
620:
614:
561:
553:Frank Palone
549:Susan Brooks
542:
521:
517:
513:
501:
471:
463:
455:
429:
422:
418:false alarms
397:
392:
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371:
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296:Preparedness
295:
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285:
278:
272:
269:
257:
245:
241:
226:
212:
208:
196:Soviet Union
189:
185:
162:
158:adding to it
153:
105:
85:Fort Detrick
75:
61:
53:bioterrorism
32:
31:
29:
2012:Patriot Act
1989:Legislation
1896:Cell CANARY
1880:Respirators
1762:Biosecurity
1643:Phoenix Air
1620:contractors
783:December 2,
557:Greg Walden
539:Legislation
446:Fiber-optic
440:nerve cells
216:chest X-ray
200:Compound 19
83:(USAMU) at
41:biosecurity
2274:Categories
2199:Biodefense
1862:Protection
1852:Technology
1840:(CDC, DHS)
1764:/Biosurety
1753:(Civilian)
1731:(EPA, CDC)
1686:(DoD) plus
1618:Government
1329:(DHHS/DoD)
1278:(JPEO-CBD)
940:October 3,
601:References
591:(USAMRIID)
545:Anna Eshoo
450:antibodies
359:Biomedical
280:Salmonella
165:April 2011
97:bio-agents
33:Biodefense
18:Biodefence
2280:Bioethics
2103:incidents
1889:Detection
606:Citations
483:U.S. Army
367:Ron Aryel
258:The U.S.
253:pathogens
194:) in the
128:botulinum
124:tularemia
45:biosafety
1960:Treaties
1913:(JBAIDS)
1875:NBC suit
1737:(GBTI),
1729:BioWatch
1660:Programs
1605:(NCBID;
1439:Response
1368:Civilian
1337:Military
1297:research
1175:BioWatch
897:Archived
737:Archived
566:See also
481:and the
405:ranching
308:forensic
187:humans.
177:Civilian
116:smallpox
89:Maryland
67:Military
2094:History
1816:of the
1745:ESSENCE
1483:Federal
1295:Federal
1148:Federal
867:May 22,
839:May 22,
700:May 24,
580:(NBACC)
409:feedlot
274:E. coli
112:anthrax
2127:(2002)
2086:(2004)
2048:(2006)
2042:(2005)
2031:(2004)
2020:(2002)
2014:(2001)
2008:(1999)
1981:(1972)
1975:(1969)
1834:(DHHS)
1496:, HHS)
1427:(USDA)
1304:Trans-
1072:
425:Europe
134:, and
120:plague
59:term.
1779:(DoD)
1773:(CDC)
1747:(DoD)
1725:(CDC)
1528:(CDC)
1522:(CDC)
1462:State
1446:Local
1411:/DHS)
1401:(HHS)
1393:NIAID
1391:(HHS/
1383:NIAID
833:(PDF)
826:(PDF)
759:(PDF)
720:(PDF)
694:(PDF)
687:(PDF)
625:(PDF)
434:Tiny
132:ricin
1870:MOPP
1824:and
1822:NIMS
1751:RODS
1682:and
1540:Non-
1504:USMC
1494:NDMS
1419:USDA
1379:UTMB
1220:DHHS
1070:ISBN
1041:2018
1015:2018
994:2021
968:2022
942:2016
869:2009
841:2009
785:2016
702:2009
555:and
407:and
106:The
2173:DoD
1953:Law
1826:ICS
1514:CDC
1409:EPA
1253:DoD
1237:CDC
1201:DNI
1158:DHS
511:."
485:'s
423:In
386:DEW
277:or
206:).
160:.
51:or
43:or
2276::
1319:,
1032:.
984:.
959:.
928:.
911:^
811:^
793:^
776:.
551:,
547:,
527:,
477:'
378:$
130:,
126:,
122:,
118:,
103:.
87:,
2175:)
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1590:(
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1492:(
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1407:(
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1377:(
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1315:(
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1235:(
1177:)
1126:e
1119:t
1112:v
1043:.
1017:.
996:.
970:.
944:.
787:.
655:.
641:.
167:)
163:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
