157:, the diversity of the landscape, has been shown to be associated with species diversity. For example, butterfly abundance has been found to increase with heterogeneity. Land that is not cropped, such as fallow land, grass margins in the spaces between different fields, and strips of scrub along field boundaries increase heterogeneity and thus the biodiversity of a farm. Plants attract insects, which will attract certain species of birds, and those birds will attract their natural predators. The cover provided by non-cropped land allows species to move across the landscape. In Asian rice, one study showed crop diversification by growing flowering crops in strips beside rice fields could reduce pests so that insecticide spraying was reduced by 70%, yields increase by 5%, together resulting in an economic advantage of 7.5%.
195:
203:
services in the agricultural industry. For example, low crop diversity can increase pests and their resistance to pesticides, resulting in large ecological disturbances and economical losses. This can be mitigated with increased crop rotation, which contributes to more diverse soil microbiota and insects that provide ecosystem services. Another example is the conservation of pollinators such as honeybees that can contribute to the agricultural industry, where contributing to the increase of pollinators is reciprocated with increased crop production.
31:
122:
177:, which allows for increased yield, pest resistance, and improved crop varieties. These advancements also led to increased global geographical spread of 52 agricultural crops with cereals such as wheat, rice, and maize showing the greatest increase in the past 50 years. The loss of agricultural heterogeneity decreases local food security due to a loss in crop diversity, despite its accommodation of global food demands.
1496:
186:
species richness. The area of an agricultural field is associated with organisms accessibility to the edges of the field, which usually allow access for fields with different biophysical and geophysical features. Increased accessibility to a diverse ecological features increases heterogeneity and reduces edge effects on populations inhabiting agricultural fields.
185:
Heterogeneity is essential in increasing species heterogeneity, which maintain stable ecological structures essential to providing ecosystem services. Of the features associated with species diversity is land size, where a study proved a relationship between smaller agricultural fields and increased
113:
is recognized as the driving force in biodiversity loss. A decline in farmland biodiversity can be traced to changes in farming practices and increased agricultural intensity. Nonetheless, according to the FAO, "biodiversity is just as important on farms and in fields as it is in deep river valleys
202:
Agriculture is a transformative process to any habitat, with a main focus on cultivating crops for human consumption. Views on ecosystem services can be presented through viewpoints that benefit humans environmentally, economically, and culturally to motivate the practices that support ecosystem
76:
Biodiversity is the measure of biotic and abiotic diversity in an ecosystem, described by heterogeneity. The loss of biodiversity in agriculture has been an increasing issue since the global increase of food demands and success of popular crops. This loss of heterogeneity declines species
49:. It is characterized by heterogeneous habitats that support the diverse ecological structure. In agricultural areas, biodiversity decreases as varying landscapes are lost and native plants are replaced with cultivated
664:
Banaszek A, Jadwiszczak KA, Ziomek J (November 2011). "Genetic variability and differentiation in the Polish common hamster (Cricetus cricetus L.): Genetic consequences of agricultural habitat fragmentation".
106:
173:
enhanced agricultural productivity through technological, economical, and political advancements in an effort to increase food security globally. This includes the introduction of
77:
biodiversity on agricultural lands. Biodiversity in agriculture is essential in providing ecosystem services, which conserves biodiversity while providing agricultural services.
736:
Gurr GM, Lu Z, Zheng X, Xu H, Zhu P, Chen G, et al. (February 2016). "Multi-country evidence that crop diversification promotes ecological intensification of agriculture".
854:
Boulinier T, Nichols JD, Sauer JR, Hines JE, Pollock KH (April 1998). "Estimating species richness: the importance of heterogeneity in species detectability".
711:
Geffen E, Luikart G, Waples RS (2007). "Chapter 4: Impacts of modern molecular genetic techniques on conservation biology". In
Macdonald DW, Service K (eds.).
1541:
905:
Swinton SM, Lupi F, Robertson GP, Hamilton SK (2007-12-15). "Ecosystem services and agriculture: Cultivating agricultural ecosystems for diverse benefits".
1536:
1002:
Fiedler AK, Landis DA, Wratten SD (May 2008). "Maximizing ecosystem services from conservation biological control: the role of habitat management".
1106:
Shannon D, Sen AM, Johnson DB (September 2002). "A comparative study of the microbiology of soils managed under organic and conventional regimes".
109:
estimates that more than 40% of Earth's land surface is currently used for agriculture. Because so much land has been converted to agriculture,
114:
or mountain cloud forests". In recent years, the world has acknowledged the value of biodiversity through treaties formed, such as in the 1992
133:
in agricultural areas threatens biodiversity, as it decreases population sizes and restricts its access to external resources. Species facing
992:
973:
720:
612:
584:
559:
252:
631:
1198:
115:
46:
1551:
1531:
1258:
194:
550:
Feber RE, Asteraki EJ, Firbank LG (2007). "Chapter 16: Can
Farming and Wildlife Coexist?". In Macdonald DW, Service K (eds.).
1031:
Hole DG, Perkins AJ, Wilson JD, Alexander IH, Grice PV, Evans AD (March 2005). "Does organic farming benefit biodiversity?".
1469:
438:"Effects of farmland heterogeneity on biodiversity are similar to—or even larger than—the effects of farming practices"
1246:
65:
that aid in regulating agricultural lands. Biodiversity in agriculture can be increased through the process of agro
1341:
1077:
Schmidt MH, Tscharntke T (January 2005). "The role of perennial habitats for
Central European farmland spiders".
174:
867:
242:
603:
Jackson LL (2002). "Chapter 10: Restoring
Prairie Processes to Farmlands". In Jackson DL, Jackson LL (eds.).
1474:
1367:
1191:
326:
Benton TG, Vickery JA, Wilson JD (April 2003). "Farmland biodiversity: is habitat heterogeneity the key?".
1329:
1312:
66:
1526:
1374:
374:
Khoury CK, Bjorkman AD, Dempewolf H, Ramirez-Villegas J, Guarino L, Jarvis A, et al. (March 2014).
241:
Harlan JR, Gepts P, Famula TR, Bettinger RL, Brush SB, Damania AB, McGuire PE, Qualset CO (2012-02-23).
142:
134:
130:
125:
Monoculture results in the loss of biodiversity, as it prioritizes cultivated crops over native plants.
436:
Martin AE, Collins SJ, Crowe S, Girard J, Naujokaitis-Lewis I, Smith AC, et al. (February 2020).
1521:
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1307:
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1156:
1115:
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1011:
914:
803:
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449:
387:
335:
1297:
1280:
1415:
1362:
1322:
1131:
769:
475:
299:
138:
153:. While monoculture produces optimum yields, it has implications for the biodiversity of farms.
268:
Duru M, Therond O, Martin G, Martin-Clouaire R, Magne M, Justes E, et al. (October 2015).
1500:
1302:
1236:
1231:
1184:
1056:
988:
985:
Organic
Agriculture Sustainability, Markets and Policies: Sustainability, Markets and Policies
969:
930:
871:
831:
761:
716:
690:
608:
580:
555:
529:
467:
415:
351:
291:
248:
90:
62:
639:
498:
Robertson GP, Gross KL, Hamilton SK, Landis DA, Schmidt TM, Snapp SS, Swinton SM (May 2014).
1546:
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1292:
1270:
1226:
1221:
1164:
1123:
1094:
1048:
1019:
961:
922:
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811:
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682:
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170:
17:
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between wildlife and humans. Land use for agriculture has been a driving force in creating
30:
1410:
1241:
121:
270:"How to implement biodiversity-based agriculture to enhance ecosystem services: a review"
1160:
1119:
1090:
1068:
Leopold A (1939). "The Farmer as a
Conservationist". In Flader SL, Callicott JB (eds.).
1044:
1015:
918:
807:
749:
678:
453:
391:
339:
165:
One of the issues facing biodiversity in areas of industrial agriculture is the loss of
1447:
1442:
1427:
1384:
1317:
1127:
965:
953:
826:
791:
524:
499:
410:
376:"Increasing homogeneity in global food supplies and the implications for food security"
375:
58:
347:
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479:
303:
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154:
150:
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888:
1464:
1405:
1168:
983:
Dabbert S (2003). "Organic agriculture and sustainability: Environmental aspects".
926:
110:
54:
42:
500:"Farming for Ecosystem Services: An Ecological Approach to Production Agriculture"
1052:
686:
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1420:
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212:
146:
98:
70:
1098:
796:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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380:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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is the practice of producing a single crop on a given piece of land, including
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934:
875:
694:
471:
355:
295:
145:, where the less advantageous populations lowers the species survival rates.
1432:
1275:
816:
757:
515:
400:
835:
765:
638:. Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). 15 October 2004. Archived from
533:
419:
169:, described by the loss of a biotic and abiotic diversity. Since 1966, the
956:(January 1999). "The Ecological Role of Biodiversity in Agroecosystems.".
1357:
1207:
244:
Biodiversity in
Agriculture: Domestication, Evolution, and Sustainability
86:
34:
Agricultural lands with large areas of monoculture lacking heterogeneity.
102:
94:
1143:
Zhang W, Ricketts TH, Kremen C, Carney K, Swinton SM (December 2007).
101:
over the last few hundred years has led to the rapid loss of natural
958:
Invertebrate
Biodiversity as Bioindicators of Sustainable Landscapes
193:
141:
The decreased gene pool threatens species through factors such as
120:
29:
1400:
50:
1180:
1072:. Madison WI: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 255–265.
45:
is the total diversity of species present in an area at all
1176:
868:
10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[1018:ESRTIO]2.0.CO;2
41:
is the measure of biodiversity found on agricultural land.
909:. Special Section - Ecosystem Services and Agriculture.
792:"Green revolution: impacts, limits, and the path ahead"
107:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
1145:"Ecosystem services and dis-services to agriculture"
1393:
1350:
1214:
632:"The future of agriculture depends on biodiversity"
849:
847:
845:
198:Pollinators provide essential ecosystem services.
659:
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900:
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575:Jackson DL, Jackson LL (2002). "Introduction".
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8:
987:. Paris, France: OECD Publications Service.
545:
543:
129:The loss of habitat connectivity caused by
1199:
1185:
1177:
1079:Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
825:
815:
523:
461:
442:Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
409:
399:
285:
247:. Cambridge University Press. p. 5.
85:Agriculture creates a conflict over the
224:
69:, as farm biodiversity is an aspect of
626:
624:
27:Increasing biodiversity in agriculture
7:
274:Agronomy for Sustainable Development
61:of farms through the restoration of
1542:Environmental impact of agriculture
1128:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2002.tb00269.x
966:10.1016/B978-0-444-50019-9.50005-4
713:Key Topics in Conservation Biology
552:Key Topics in Conservation Biology
116:Convention on Biological Diversity
25:
328:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
47:levels of biological organization
1495:
1494:
1024:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2007.12.009
715:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
554:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
57:in agriculture can increase the
1537:Agriculture and the environment
1259:Integrated landscape management
1169:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.02.024
1070:The River of the Mother of God
927:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.09.020
1:
1470:Drainage system (agriculture)
348:10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00011-9
93:An increase in the amount of
1053:10.1016/j.biocon.2004.07.018
960:. Elsevier. pp. 19–31.
687:10.1016/j.mambio.2010.10.014
607:. Washington: Island Press.
579:. Washington: Island Press.
18:Biodiverisity in agriculture
1247:Sustainable land management
605:The Farm as Natural Habitat
577:The Farm as Natural Habitat
39:Biodiversity in agriculture
1568:
1099:10.1016/j.agee.2004.03.009
889:Regenerative Farming Guide
463:10.1016/j.agee.2019.106698
175:genetically modified crops
1490:
1342:Locally unwanted land use
287:10.1007/s13593-015-0306-1
790:Pingali PL (July 2012).
1552:Sustainable agriculture
1475:Sustainable agriculture
1368:Real estate development
1108:Soil Use and Management
1033:Biological Conservation
817:10.1073/pnas.0912953109
758:10.1038/nplants.2016.14
401:10.1073/pnas.1313490111
1532:Ecological restoration
1330:Developed environments
1313:Environmental planning
1227:Development/Conversion
199:
126:
67:ecological restoration
35:
1375:Land development bank
516:10.1093/biosci/biu037
197:
143:inbreeding depression
135:habitat fragmentation
124:
33:
1480:Land change modeling
1308:Rangeland management
1288:Illegal construction
1149:Ecological Economics
907:Ecological Economics
161:The Green Revolution
1298:Land rehabilitation
1281:Habitat destruction
1161:2007EcoEc..64..253Z
1120:2002SUMan..18S.274S
1091:2005AgEE..105..235S
1045:2005BCons.122..113H
1016:2008BiolC..45..254F
919:2007EcoEc..64..245S
808:2012PNAS..10912302P
802:(31): 12302–12308.
750:2016NatPl...216014G
679:2011MamBi..76..665B
454:2020AgEE..28806698M
392:2014PNAS..111.4001K
340:2003TEcoE..18..182B
1416:Soil contamination
1363:Subdivision (land)
1323:Watertable control
1004:Biological Control
642:on 17 January 2018
200:
190:Ecosystem services
139:genetic bottleneck
137:can also create a
127:
63:ecosystem services
36:
1509:
1508:
1303:Landscape ecology
994:978-9-264-10151-7
975:978-0-444-50019-9
722:978-1-4051-2249-8
667:Mammalian Biology
614:978-1-59726-269-9
586:978-1-59726-269-9
561:978-1-4051-2249-8
386:(11): 4001–4006.
254:978-0-521-76459-9
91:biodiversity loss
81:Biodiversity loss
16:(Redirected from
1559:
1498:
1497:
1380:Land (economics)
1293:Land reclamation
1271:Land consumption
1201:
1194:
1187:
1178:
1172:
1139:
1102:
1085:(1–2): 235–242.
1073:
1064:
1027:
998:
979:
939:
938:
902:
891:
886:
880:
879:
862:(3): 1018–1028.
851:
840:
839:
829:
819:
787:
778:
777:
733:
727:
726:
708:
699:
698:
661:
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628:
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547:
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527:
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484:
483:
465:
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371:
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323:
308:
307:
289:
280:(4): 1259–1281.
265:
259:
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171:Green Revolution
21:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1556:
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1505:
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1411:Soil compaction
1389:
1346:
1242:Land management
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946:Further reading
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1448:Infrastructure
1443:Urban planning
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1428:Overpopulation
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1318:Leopold matrix
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1155:(2): 253–260.
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1103:
1074:
1065:
1039:(1): 113–130.
1028:
1010:(2): 254–271.
999:
993:
980:
974:
949:
947:
944:
941:
940:
913:(2): 245–252.
892:
881:
841:
779:
728:
721:
700:
673:(6): 665–671.
653:
620:
613:
592:
585:
567:
560:
539:
510:(5): 404–415.
485:
425:
361:
334:(4): 182–188.
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59:sustainability
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1453:Urban renewal
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1438:Deforestation
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738:Nature Plants
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1421:Alkali soil
1254:Landscaping
1222:Degradation
1114:: 274–283.
646:28 December
213:Agroecology
147:Monoculture
87:use of land
71:agroecology
1516:Categories
954:Altieri MA
504:BioScience
448:: 106698.
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1276:Land loss
1061:0006-3207
935:0921-8009
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1232:Planning
1208:Land use
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420:24591623
207:See also
103:habitats
1547:Habitat
1215:General
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1401:Soil
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