39:
2050:
2060:
31:
114:(Germany), Neanderthals did not make tar with this method but rather employed a technically more demanding underground production method. A find from the Dutch North Sea and two tools from the Italian site Campitello show that Neanderthals used birch bark tar as a backing on small 'domestic' stone tools.
690:
Rageot, M., Lepère, C., Henry, A., Binder, D., Davtian, G., Filippi, J.-J., Fernandez, X., Guilaine, J., Jallet, F., Radi, G., Thirault, E., Terradas, X., Regert, M., 2021. Management systems of adhesive materials throughout the
Neolithic in the North-West Mediterranean. Journal of Archaeological
210:
from seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Russia, as the availability of birch bark oil limited its geographical production. The oil impregnation also deterred insect attack and gave a distinctive and pleasant aroma that was seen as a mark of quality in leather.
85:, which are also present in birch bark. Some of these molecules degrade into other lupane and oleanane skeleton triperpenes. The most commonly found additional molecules are lupenone, betulone, lupa-2,20(29)-dien-28-ol, lupa-2,20(29)-diene and allobetulin.
595:
Jensen, Theis Z. T.; Niemann, Jonas; Iversen, Katrine Højholt; Fotakis, Anna K.; Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Vågene, Åshild J.; Pedersen, Mikkel
Winther; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Ellegaard, Martin R.; Allentoft, Morten E.; Lanigan, Liam T. (2019-12-17).
501:
Niekus, Marcel J. L. Th.; Kozowyk, Paul R. B.; Langejans, Geeske H. J.; Ngan-Tillard, Dominique; van Keulen, Henk; van der Plicht, Johannes; Cohen, Kim M.; van
Wingerden, Willy; van Os, Bertil; Smit, Bjørn I.; Amkreutz, Luc W. S. W. (2019-10-21).
109:
as early as 200,000 years ago. A 2019 study demonstrated that birch bark tar production can be a simpler, more discoverable process by directly burning birch bark under overhanging stone surfaces in open-air conditions. However, at
323:
Rageot, M., 2015. Les substances naturelles en Méditerranée nord-occidentale (VIe-Ie Millénaire BCE) : chimie et archéologie des matériaux exploités pour leurs propriétés adhésives et hydrophobes (Doctorat). Université Nice Sophia
671:
Urem-Kotsou, D., Mitkidou, S., Dimitrakoudi, E., Kokkinos, N., Ntinou, M., 2018. Following their tears: Production and use of plant exudates in the
Neolithic of North Aegean and the Balkans. Quaternary International. 496,
187:. For example, birch bark tar was identified to serve as an adhesive to repair and decorate/paint ceramic vessels, as a sealing/waterproofing agent. A well-known example of birch bark tar hafting during the copper age is
747:
Courel, B., Schaeffer, P., FĂ©liu, C., Thomas, Y., Adam, P., 2018. Birch bark tar and jewellery: The case study of a necklace from the Iron Age (Eckwersheim, NE France). Journal of
Archaeological Science: Reports. 20,
700:
Morandi, L.F., Porta, S.N., Ribechini, E., 2018. Evidence for Birch Bark Tar Use as an
Adhesive and Decorative Element in Early Iron Age Central Italy: Technological and Socio-Economic Implications. Archaeometry. 60,
191:
hafted arrow points and copper axe. Multiple discoveries show that birch bark tar was also used to assemble metal artefacts, such as pendants and other ornaments, on both a functional and decorative level. During the
775:
Regert, M., Rodet-Belarbi, I., Mazuy, A., Dantec, G., Dessì, R.M., Henry, A., Rageot, M., Briz, S., 2019. Birch bark tar in the Roman world: the persistence of an ancient craft tradition. Antiquity. 93.
728:
Sauter, F., Ulrich, J., Graf, A., Werther, W., Varmuza, K., 2000. Studies in organic archaeometry I: identification of the prehistoric adhesive used by "Tyrolean Icemen" to fix his weapons. Arkivoc. V,
719:
Regert, M., Vacher, S., Moulherat, C., Decavallas, O., 2003. Adhesive
Production and Pottery Function During the Iron Age at the Site of Grand Aunay (Sarthe, France)*. Archaeometry. 45, 101–120.
662:
Bosquet, D., Regert, M., DUBOIS, N., Jadin, I., 2001. Identification de brai de bouleau sur quatre vases du site rubané de Fexhe-le-Haut-Clocher «Podrî l’Cortri». Premiers résultats.
710:
Hayek, E.W.H., Krenmayr, P., Lohninger, H., 1990. Identification of
Archaeological and Recent Wood Tar Pitches Using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and Pattern Recognition.
296:
Hayek, E.W.H., Krenmayr, P., Lohninger, H., 1990. Identification of
Archaeological and Recent Wood Tar Pitches Using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and Pattern Recognition.
967:
136:, Finland. Genetic material left in the gum enabled novel research to identify population movements, types of food consumed, and types of oral bacteria found on their teeth.
42:
Modern way of producing birch bark tar in a single pot: the birch bark is heated under airtight conditions; the final product consists of tar and the ashes of the bark.
738:
Regert, M., Rolando, C., 2002. Identification of
Archaeological Adhesives Using Direct Inlet Electron Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Analytical chemistry. 74, 965–75.
151:
was sequenced from chewed birch bark tar. Researchers identified that the individual who chewed the gum was a female who was closely related genetically to
336:"Experimental methods for the Palaeolithic dry distillation of birch bark: implications for the origin and development of Neandertal adhesive technology"
34:
Birch bark pitch made in a single pot: The birch bark is heated under airtight conditions, the final product consists of tar and the ashes of the bark.
314:
Regert, M., 2004. Investigating the history of prehistoric glues by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. journal of separation science. 27, 244–254.
267:
perfumes and fragrance bases, typically together with castoreum and isobutyl quinoline. It is used as an ingredient in some soaps, i.e. the scent of
960:
77:
and oleanane family, which can be used as biomarkers to identify birch bark tar in the archaeological record. The most characteristic molecules are
271:
soap, though other tars (i.e. from pine, coal) with an equally phenolic and smoky odour are more commonly used in soaps as a medicating agent.
196:, birch bark tar is mostly replaced by wood tar, but birch bark tar is still used, for example, to decorate hinges and other bone objects.
2064:
2091:
2053:
953:
259:
as a base note to impart a leathery, smoky note in fragrances, especially from the leather and tobacco genre, and to a lesser extent in
681:
Urem-Kotsou, D., Stern, B., Heron, C., Kotsakis, K., 2002. Birch-bark tar at Neolithic Makriyalos, Greece. Antiquity. 76, 962–967.
240:
Birch bark tar oil has strong antiseptic properties, owing to a large amount of phenol derivatives and terpenoid derivatives.
1477:
766:
Trintignac, A., 2003. La production de poix dans la cité des gabales (Lozère) à l’époque gallo-romaine. RAP. n°1/2, 239–248.
305:
Aveling, E., Heron, C., 1998. Identification of Birch Bark Tar at the Mesolithic Site of Star Carr. Ancient Biomolecules. 2.
399:
Schmidt, P.; Blessing, M.; Rageot, M.; Iovita, R.; Pfleging, J.; Nickel, K. G.; Righetti, L. & Tennie, C. (2019).
203:
757:
Balsan, L., 1951. L’industrie de la résine dans les Causses et son extension dans l’empire romain. Gallia. 9, 53–55.
1864:
886:
976:
450:
Schmidt, P.; Koch, T.; Blessing, M.; Karakostis, F.A.; Harvati, K.; Dresely, V. & Charrié-Duhaut, A. (2023).
287:
Hayek, E.W.H., Jordis, U., Moche, W., Sauter, F., 1989. A bicentennial of betulin. Phytochemistry. 28, 2229–2242.
785:
818:"Vishnevsky liniment and ichthammol: on the perspectives of application in military medicine and other fields"
1584:
1132:
872:
Lindqvist, I.; Lindqvist, B.; Tiilikkala, K.; Hagner, M.; Penttinen, O.-P.; Pasanen, T.; Setälä, H. (2010).
2010:
1467:
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255:. At the turn of the twentieth century, birch bark tar had become a specialty fragrance material in
233:. The repellent effect lasts about two weeks. The repellent effect of birch bark tar oil mixed with
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1304:
1294:
215:
582:
2086:
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504:"Middle Paleolithic complex technology and a Neandertal tar-backed tool from the Dutch North Sea"
169:
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452:"Production method of the Königsaue birch tar documents cumulative culture in Neanderthals"
1965:
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1563:
1403:
1245:
1164:
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152:
874:"Birch tar oil is an effective mollusc repellent: field and laboratory experiments using
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Birch bark tar was more frequently discovered in archaeological contexts dating from the
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1087:
207:
139:
A different chewing gum sample, dated to 5,700 years old, was found in southern
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98:
900:
873:
622:
468:
359:
334:
Kozowyk, P. R. B.; Soressi, M.; Pomstra, D.; Langejans, G. H. J. (2017-08-31).
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598:"A 5700 year-old human genome and oral microbiome from chewed birch pitch"
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1413:
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1117:
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133:
132:
made from birch bark tar, and still bearing tooth imprints, was found in
94:
17:
1943:
1938:
1928:
1901:
1821:
1721:
1686:
1676:
1661:
1418:
1329:
1198:
1193:
1072:
822:
401:"Birch tar extraction does not prove Neanderthal behavioral complexity"
260:
188:
140:
122:
78:
30:
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1933:
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1077:
1037:
251:
and many other aromatic substances to scent the fine Spanish leather
82:
792:
1916:
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1352:
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1022:
997:
244:
162:
58:
37:
29:
1923:
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1136:
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Birch bark tar oil was used in the eighteenth century alongside
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1731:
1436:
992:
222:
173:
206:
with birch bark oil after tanning. This leather was a major
791:. The Honourable Cordwainers' Company. 1807. Archived from
237:
and applied to a fence can last up to several months.
1979:
1842:
1730:
1642:
1427:
1343:
1244:
1131:
1018:
983:
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863:
585:, Science, The New York Times, December 17, 2019
214:Birch bark tar is also one of the components of
508:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
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8:
456:Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
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105:produced tar through dry distillation of
570:"Student dig unearths ancient gum, 2007"
53:) is a substance that is synthesized by
280:
165:were fastened with birch bark tar, and
117:Birch bark tar also has been used as a
27:Substance derived from birch tree bark
916:"Birch Tar Oil A Powerful Antiseptic"
69:Birch bark tar is mainly composed of
49:(sometimes referred to as birch bark
7:
2059:
172:and birch bark tar were used to fix
25:
176:blades in the Mesolithic period.
2058:
2049:
2048:
941:Treating Leather With Birch Tar
786:"Production of Russia Leather"
202:is a water-resistant leather,
1:
887:Agricultural and Food Science
878:(Gastropoda: Helicidae) and
816:Charman, C. (12 June 1999).
125:dressing, and in medicine.
2108:
2092:Non-timber forest products
977:Non-timber forest products
901:10.2137/145960610791015050
623:10.1038/s41467-019-13549-9
469:10.1007/s12520-023-01789-2
360:10.1038/s41598-017-08106-7
128:A piece of 5,000-year-old
2044:
836:10.1136/bmj.318.7198.1600
93:Birch bark tar use as an
882:(Gastropoda: Arionidae)"
936:Non-video demonstration
529:10.1073/pnas.1907828116
418:10.1073/pnas.1911137116
89:Ancient and modern uses
1991:(Iberian agroforestry)
1229:Pacific mountain onion
155:from mainland Europe.
43:
35:
2011:Indian forest produce
1482:Hydnocarpus wightiana
691:Science. 126, 105309.
602:Nature Communications
41:
33:
1254:Bare-toothed russula
97:began in the Middle
65:Chemical composition
1865:musical instruments
1123:Woodland strawberry
830:(7198): 1600–1604.
614:2019NatCo..10.5520J
520:2019PNAS..11622081N
514:(44): 22081–22087.
411:(36): 17707–17711.
352:2017NatSR...7.8033K
216:Vishnevsky liniment
876:Arianta arbustorum
340:Scientific Reports
44:
36:
2074:
2073:
880:Arion lusitanicus
572:. 20 August 2007.
73:compounds of the
16:(Redirected from
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2026:Resin extraction
2016:Mushroom hunting
1992:
1738: / etc.
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1310:Parasol mushroom
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1295:Meadow mushroom
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253:Peau d'Espagne
200:Russia leather
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1762:Coconut sugar
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1335:Yellow knight
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1325:Slippery jack
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1133:Edible plants
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1098:Juniper berry
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798:on 2016-03-04
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146:
143:. A complete
142:
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52:
48:
40:
32:
19:
2063:
2036:Wildcrafting
2021:Naval stores
1999: /
1987:
1956:Tendu leaves
1912:Natural dyes
1782:Gutta-percha
1734: /
1672:Frankincense
1632:
1588:
1545:Mango butter
1490:Cocoa butter
1481:
1478:Chaulmoogra
1448:Allanblackia
1379:Black pepper
1264:Birch bolete
1214:Canada onion
1199:Wild ginseng
1194:Saw palmetto
1135: /
1025: /
922:, 2020-04-01
919:
910:
891:
885:
879:
875:
827:
821:
811:
800:. Retrieved
793:the original
780:
771:
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343:
339:
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292:
283:
242:
239:
220:
213:
198:
178:
157:
145:human genome
138:
127:
119:disinfectant
116:
103:Neanderthals
92:
71:triterpenoid
68:
46:
45:
1971:Willow bark
1802:Maple syrup
1797:Maple sugar
1772:Fruit syrup
1755:chewing gum
1745:Birch syrup
1602:Shea butter
1274:Chanterelle
1219:Crow garlic
1209:Bear garlic
1204:Wild onions
1182:filé powder
1103:Lingonberry
1088:Huckleberry
894:(1): 1–12.
608:(1): 5520.
346:(1): 8033.
208:export good
130:chewing gum
99:Paleolithic
61:tree bark.
2081:Categories
1882:Birch beer
1877:Birch bark
1834:Spruce gum
1817:akpeteshie
1807:Palm sugar
1777:Gum arabic
1767:Date sugar
1717:Turpentine
1597:Sandalwood
1500:Eucalyptus
1495:Eucalyptol
1384:Brazil nut
1259:Bay bolete
1113:Strawberry
1068:Cocoa bean
1063:Breadfruit
1053:Blackberry
1027:tree fruit
920:OtzisPouch
802:2013-10-04
701:1077–1087.
324:Antipolis.
275:References
231:gastropods
149:microbiome
107:birch bark
2087:Adhesives
2001:gardening
1961:Thatching
1812:Palm wine
1657:Birch tar
1585:Sal-seed
1510:Japan wax
1463:Candlenut
1404:Malva nut
1369:Areca nut
1290:Matsutake
1246:Mushrooms
1187:root beer
1177:Sassafras
1165:Sago palm
1108:Raspberry
1093:Jackfruit
1058:Blueberry
1010:Wild game
632:2041-1723
538:0027-8424
462:(6): 84.
368:2045-2322
257:perfumery
249:castoreum
227:repellent
194:Roman Era
181:Neolithic
159:Fletching
147:and oral
112:Königsaue
18:Birch tar
2054:Category
1870:textiles
1702:Pine tar
1667:Creosote
1617:Tea-tree
1612:Tea-seed
1580:Pongamia
1570:Phulwara
1555:Nagkesar
1550:Murumuru
1525:Kpangnan
1473:Carnauba
1414:Pine nut
1399:Hazelnut
1389:Cinnamon
1374:Bay leaf
1364:Allspice
1286:(reishi)
1118:Tamarind
1083:Gambooge
1043:Bilberry
854:10364122
729:735–747.
650:31848342
556:31636186
488:37228449
479:10202989
437:31427508
386:28860591
185:Iron Age
134:Kierikki
95:adhesive
2065:Commons
1980:Related
1944:Tanbark
1939:Shellac
1929:Quinine
1902:Gambier
1822:ogogoro
1722:Varnish
1687:Lacquer
1677:Gamboge
1662:Camphor
1652:Benzoin
1562: (
1468:Capuacu
1453:Babassu
1419:Vanilla
1330:Truffle
1315:Red cap
1284:Lingzhi
1073:Coconut
1048:Binukaw
1023:Berries
845:1115970
823:The BMJ
641:6917805
610:Bibcode
547:6825292
516:Bibcode
428:6731756
377:5579016
348:Bibcode
261:Chypres
183:to the
170:lashing
167:rawhide
141:Denmark
123:leather
79:betulin
1988:Dehesa
1949:tannin
1934:Rattan
1897:Forage
1860:edible
1855:Bamboo
1850:Amadou
1829:Rubber
1750:Chicle
1692:Mastic
1644:Resins
1627:Ucuuba
1622:Tucuma
1607:Tamanu
1564:kernel
1535:Mafura
1505:Illipe
1458:Bacuri
1409:Nutmeg
1353:spices
1078:Durian
1038:Banana
852:
842:
748:72–79.
672:68–79.
648:
638:
630:
554:
544:
536:
486:
476:
435:
425:
384:
374:
366:
189:Ötzi’s
163:arrows
83:lupeol
75:lupane
1917:henna
1892:Ferns
1843:Other
1792:Latex
1712:Rosin
1707:Pitch
1697:Myrrh
1682:Kauri
1540:Mahua
1530:Kusum
1520:Kombo
1515:Kokum
1437:waxes
1394:Clove
1300:Morel
1234:Ramps
1170:queen
1145:Betel
1137:roots
998:Honey
796:(PDF)
789:(PDF)
245:civet
204:oiled
121:, in
59:birch
51:pitch
1924:Peat
1907:Moss
1887:Cork
1787:Kino
1575:Pilu
1560:Palm
1348:Nuts
1003:pine
993:Furs
850:PMID
646:PMID
628:ISSN
552:PMID
534:ISSN
484:PMID
433:PMID
405:PNAS
382:PMID
364:ISSN
247:and
81:and
1736:gum
1732:Sap
1432:Oil
1269:Cep
896:doi
840:PMC
832:doi
828:318
636:PMC
618:doi
542:PMC
524:doi
512:116
474:PMC
464:doi
423:PMC
413:doi
409:116
372:PMC
356:doi
229:of
223:oil
174:axe
161:on
57:of
2083::
918:,
892:19
890:.
884:.
862:^
848:.
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606:10
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1591:)
1587:(
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1480:(
969:e
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652:.
620::
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526::
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415::
388:.
358::
350::
344:7
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
