913:
insects, frogs, other small vertebrates, and grain. They forage mainly in dry open land and stubbly fields, sometimes joining egrets and other birds on land being tilled to feed on exposed earthworms, disturbed insects and dig for beetle grubs. They walk and like other tactile-feeding ibises, probe in the soft ground. The rarely wade in water but have been observed seeking out frogs hiding in crab holes. They feed commonly at garbage dumps eating mammal and bird carcasses. In small towns, red-naped ibis hunt adult Rock
Pigeons and predate their eggs from nests on buildings. Near towns, ibises ate road kills and pulled out marrow of bones of cattle dead from collisions with traffic. During droughts they were seen feeding on carrion and insect larvae that were feeding on meat. They also feed on groundnut and other crops. In British India, indigo planters considered them useful as they appeared to consume a large number of
941:
1130:
provide them with nesting trees, especially in arid and semi-arid areas where tall trees for nesting are sparse on the countryside, and people continue not to persecute the birds. Expanding cereal agriculture has led to decline of trees across large areas, but red-naped ibis continue to proliferate in such areas using artificial nesting substrates such as electricity powerline towers and cell phone towers. The studies collectively suggest that the red-naped ibis may be increasing in numbers due to their behavioural plasticity, especially their ability to use a range of human-modified habitats and areas.
1126:
the population estimate at 20,81,800 (95% CI: 17,45,340 - 25,41,460), and this makes the red-naped ibis among the most populous endemic waterbird species anywhere. The widely varying seasonal numbers of the species makes it a challenging species to monitor. Though most ibises forage in upland and other dry habitats, more of them occur in places with more wetlands on the landscape. Red-naped ibis do not appear to have preferences for particular sized wetlands, thought having a few large wetlands on the landscape benefits populations in semi-arid areas where all the smaller wetlands dry up in the summer.
268:. Unlike other ibises in the region it is not found very often in waterbodies and is often found in dry fields, but are attracted more to areas that have more wetlands. It is usually seen in pairs or loose groups and can be identified by the nearly all dark body with a white patch on the shoulder and a bare dark head with a patch of crimson red warty skin on the crown and nape. It has a loud call and is noisy when breeding. It builds its nest most often on the top of a large tree or palm, and an increasing number of pairs are building on cell phone towers and electricity pillion towers.
905:
42:
969:) in an institutional campus in Andhra Pradesh. A small but expanding colony of 20 nests spread over two large trees in a village is being monitored in Gujarat. In some towns, cities and agricultural areas with few trees, red-naped ibis built most nests on artificial structures such as electricity pillion towers, cell phone towers, and light poles. The habit of using artificial structures for nesting was not observed in studies conducted in the 1990s and seems to be recently learnt, but has been observed widely in Gujarat, Telangana and Rajasthan.
1046:
91:
877:, riverbeds, irrigated farmlands, dry fallow fields, villages, towns and cities. More wetlands on the landscape attract a greater number of red-naped ibises, but birds forage largely in dry fields increasing use of wetlands for foraging during summer. In semi-arid areas, it is commonly seen in small flocks of 2-4, which could be family groups, with larger groups being relatively rare. Fewer ibises were counted in wetter locations and seasons.
213:
66:
888:, Rajasthan and the Gangetic plains. It extends into southern India but is not found in the forested regions or the arid zone of the extreme southeast of the peninsula or Sri Lanka. In lowland Nepal, most foraging red-naped ibis were seen in agricultural fields, but most nests were seen in forests. Red-naped ibis commonly use villages, towns and mega-cities seeking food, nesting and roosting.
296:, is a triangular patch with the apex at the crown and the base of the triangle behind the nape that develops in adult birds. The iris is orange red. Both sexes are identical and young birds are browner and initially lack the bare head and crown. The bills and legs are grey but turn reddish during the breeding season. The toes have a fringing membrane and are slightly webbed at the base.
1103:
277:
985:) trees, often close to human habitation. Ibis pairs copulate mainly when perched on trees. The eggs are 2β4 in number and pale bluish green in colour. They are sparsely flecked and have pale reddish blotches. Both male and female red-naped ibis incubate the eggs which hatch after 33 days. Several pairs nested within city limits in Udaipur preferring to nest on
972:
The breeding season is variable but most often between March and
October and tending to precede the monsoons. When pair-bonding, females beg for food from the males at foraging grounds. Males also trumpet from the nest site. The nests are mainly large stick platforms that are 35-60 cm in diameter and
1129:
Studies in urban areas are showing the ability of Red-naped ibis to exploit city-based foods, and nest on artificial structures such as lighting poles even if these are located in busy marketplaces. Red-naped ibises may be benefitting from expanding urban areas as long as urban greening continues to
1125:
Estimates of population density of red-naped are mostly derived from volunteer counts at wetlands. These estimates are not useful since the majority of red-naped ibis populations use upland and more dry habitats. The only robust field-based monitoring exercise for the species conservatively provides
964:
Red-naped ibises usually nest individually and not in mixed species heronries. There are a few observations of colonial breeding by red-naped ibis. A small colony of 3-5 nests was reported from Sind, Pakistan. Two nests on a single tree was observed in Nepal. Two pairs were seen nesting on
Palmyra
291:
The red-naped ibis is a large black bird with long legs and a long downcurved bill. The wing feathers and tail are black with blue-green gloss while the neck and body are brown and without gloss. A white patch on the shoulders stands out and the top of the featherless head is a patch of bright red
912:
Early observers and investigations of stomach contents showed their diet to include crustaceans (prawns, crabs), insects (beetles, grasshoppers, crickets), scorpions, carrion and frogs. Subsequent additional observations have shown the red-naped ibis to be more omnivorous, feeding on carrion,
784:
has a bare pale blue middle hindcrown that extends to the upper hindneck and forms a complete collar around the upper neck. Using nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, the species has been placed within the subfamily
Threskiornithinae in a clade that includes both New and Old World members.
895:
in its foraging and other activities, at night roosting communally on trees or on islands. Nocturnal activities such as loud calling is rare. In semi-arid areas, they avoid potential competitive interactions with other sympatric ibis species by foraging largely in upland habitats.
1121:
due to hunting and habitat loss. The species has been largely unaffected in India and they are traditionally tolerated by farmers and people in cities. DDT levels in blood plasma was 19 ng/mL in red-naped ibis - the lowest among 13 bird species sampled in a project in India.
973:
about 10-15 cm deep. Old nests are reused as are those of kites and vultures. The nests are loosely lined with straw and fresh material to the nest is added even when the eggs are being incubated. The nests are usually at a height of 6β12 metres above ground, on banyan (
299:
They are usually silent but call at dawn and dusk and more often when nesting. The calls are a series of loud braying, squealing screams that descend in loudness. Nocturnal calling is rare and has been observed in urban settings.
1086:
A number of names in
Sanskrit literature including "kΔlakaαΉαΉak" have been identified as referring to this species. Jerdon noted the local names of "karankal" and "nella kankanam" in Telugu and "buza" or "kΔlΔ buza" in Hindi.
1083:. Sangam poetry also mentions that the birds mated for life and always walked about in pairs, one of the leading reasons for others to assume that this was the sarus crane, a species that is not found in southern India.
1001:) in Surendranagar district, Gujarat. In Telangana, an old nest of red-naped ibis was used by Red-necked Falcon above which was an active nest of red-naped ibis, both located on electricity pillion tower.
1811:
1641:"Is the Red-naped Ibis Pseudibis papillosa a "waterbird"? Distribution, abundance and habitat use in landscapes with two different dominant land uses in Udaipur district, Rajasthan, India"
1094:). They would race and soar to escape falcons. Cultivators referred to the species as "planter's friend" based on the large number of crickets the ibises consumed on indigo plantations.
768:
from 1970s but that is now treated as a full, although closely related species. The main morphological difference between the two species is seen in the crown and the upper neck. While
1090:
In
British India, sportsmen referred to the species as the "king curlew", "king ibis" or "black curlew" and it was considered good eating as well as sport for falconers (using the
1133:
A few zoos including the ones at
Frankfurt, Singapore (Jurong park) have successfully bred the species in captivity. An individual lived in captivity at Berlin zoo for 30 years.
3549:
997:(a native tree protected by religious beliefs in India). After successful fledging of chicks, Red-naped ibis nests were taken over by pairs of Red-necked Falcons (
3667:
307:
when seen at a distance but the glossy ibis is smaller, more gregarious, associated with wetlands and lacks the white on the wing and has a fully feathered head.
3588:
2371:
3642:
2603:
2260:
Faltynkova, Anna; Gibson, David I.; Kostadinova, Aneta (2008). "A revision of
Patagifer Dietz, 1909 (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) and a key to its species".
1608:"Effect of wetland extent on seasonal abundance and behaviour of Red-naped Ibis Pseudibis papillosa in the semi-arid Dungarpur district, Rajasthan, India"
1079:
at dusk and calling from atop palmyra palms. He also pointed out ibises to locals and asked them for the name and noted that a few did refer to it as
3523:
3562:
2576:
1013:
has been identified from the small intestines of the species while the feathers of ibises are host to specific species of bird lice in the genus
1953:"The birds of the Madhubani sub-division of the Darbhanga district, Tirhut, with notes on species noticed elsewhere in the district. Part 6"
1548:"Can you nest where you roost? Waterbirds use different sites but similar cues to locate roosting and breeding sites in a small Indian city"
1511:"Red-naped Ibis Pseudibis papillosa density across time and space in south Asian farmlands: the influence of location, season, and rainfall"
745:
2087:
2064:
Ali, M. S.; Kumar, S. R.; Arun, P. R. (2013). "Black Ibis
Pseudibis papillosa nesting on power transmission line pylons, Gujarat, India".
1510:
1812:"Is Three a Crowd? Three Indian Ibis Species Vary Strategies to Achieve Sympatry Depending on Different Seasons, Landscapes and Habitats"
1707:
1607:
2542:
Brouwer, Koen; Schifter, Herbert; Jones, Marvin L. (1994). "Longevity and breeding records of ibises and spoonbills in captivity".
1768:"Observations of colonially-nesting Red-naped Ibis Pseudibis papillosa at Amla, Gujarat: nest tree preference and breeding success"
1767:
1738:
3662:
2016:
1640:
2596:
1708:"Natural history and behavioural observations of Red-naped ibis Pseudibis papillosa in Dhariawad and Sikar cities, Rajasthan"
3567:
2581:
2223:
3657:
1666:
1585:
904:
3179:
3593:
41:
3647:
2589:
90:
917:
in the fields earning them the moniker "planter's friend". Adult and juveniles birds in Delhi dig into flowers of
1989:
Sangha, H. S. (2013). "Nesting of Black Ibis
Pseudibis papillosa on electricity pylons near Bikaner, Rajasthan".
572:
382:
3426:
3348:
2017:"Nesting substrates of Red-Naped Ibis Pseudibis papillosa in human dominated landscapes of Telangana, India"
293:
285:
202:
2456:
2422:
2140:
1868:
3461:
3388:
1323:
753:
1301:
3318:
2793:
2740:
2158:"Reproductive Rate of the Red-Headed Falcon (Falco chicquera) in Surendranagar District, Gujarat, India"
1579:
1071:
identified the bird positively as the black ibis and ruled out contemporary suggestions that this was a
761:
757:
613:
185:
2439:
1465:"Molecular phylogeny of Threskionithidae (Aves: Pelecaniformes) based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA"
1415:
2405:
1173:
3510:
3453:
3435:
3190:
2709:
2500:
1559:
1392:
1063:
748:
and this was followed by several major works including the Fauna of British India although the genus
596:
415:
365:
2489:"Levels of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Blood Plasma of Various Species of Birds from India"
1196:
3075:
2748:
2699:
923:
seemingly drinking nectar. Fishing by red-naped ibis is rare and has been observed in reservoirs.
862:
555:
265:
55:
2896:
1706:
Charan, Manish Singh; Sharma, Pradeep; Singh, Mahindra; Kittur, Swati; Sundar, K. S. Gopi (2022).
3308:
2906:
2838:
2828:
2320:
2285:
1068:
1029:
flatworm has been found in the intestines of specimens from Allahabad. In captivity, a trematode
975:
225:
85:
1045:
3554:
1606:
Asawra, Krishna; Mitra, Anshuk; Mehta, Kanishka; Koli, Vijay Kumar; Sundar, K. S. Gopi (2022).
736:
The species was first given its scientific name by Temminck in 1824. He placed it in the genus
3580:
3484:
3358:
3328:
3004:
2758:
2730:
2625:
2524:
2516:
2277:
2177:
1907:
1831:
1484:
1054:
261:
152:
3440:
3120:
2971:
2961:
2621:
2551:
2508:
2312:
2269:
2242:
2204:
2169:
1897:
1823:
1567:
1476:
1438:
1373:
1361:
1346:. Washington, D.C. and Barcelona: Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. pp. 65β66.
1225:
1168:
914:
843:
831:
819:
807:
3466:
1902:
1885:
926:
Ibises roost in groups and fly to and from the regularly used roost site in "V" formation.
3652:
3601:
3338:
3153:
3050:
981:
780:
have a narrow, bright red mid-crown that becomes broader on the hindcrown, whereas, adult
681:
664:
2720:
1793:"Indian black ibis / Oriental black ibis / Red naped ibis (Pseudibis papillosa Temminck)"
2571:
2504:
1563:
1150:
212:
2951:
2555:
2246:
1091:
866:
432:
142:
1667:"Status of the Red-naped Ibis Pseudibis papillosa in agricultural landscapes of Nepal"
3636:
3619:
3575:
3214:
2376:. Tirunelveli: The South India Saiva Siddhanta Works Publishing Society. p. 260.
1159:
954:
75:
70:
2289:
1792:
3489:
3085:
2926:
2861:
2690:
2338:
Chauhan P. P. S, Bhatia B. B. (1970). "Eimerian oozysts from Pseudibis papillosa".
2324:
1061:" which was described as having a curved bill and calling from atop palmyra palms (
940:
919:
3476:
2195:
Inglis, William G. (1954). "On some nematodes from Indian vertebrates. I. Birds".
2303:
Odening, Klaus (1962). "Trematoden aus indischen VΓΆgeln des Berliner Tierparks".
3536:
3420:
3110:
2981:
2942:
2916:
2224:"Mallophagan parasites from Indian birds-Part V. Species belonging to the genus
2113:
2088:"Special Section Editorial: Spotlight on the Red-naped Ibis Pseudibis papillosa"
1926:
1107:
1072:
304:
1952:
1571:
1102:
3614:
3027:
2886:
2877:
2819:
2803:
2512:
2273:
2208:
1976:
The nidification of birds of the Indian empire Pandionidae-Podicepidae. Vol IV
892:
869:
but entirely avoids using the trees on the mountains. The red-naped ibis uses
492:
458:
3411:
2520:
2181:
1911:
1835:
1547:
3297:
3244:
3169:
3130:
3066:
2774:
2617:
2488:
1639:
Ameta, Hitesh; Koli, Vijay Kumar; Kittur, Swati; Sundar, K. S. Gopi (2022).
1480:
1464:
1377:
276:
162:
102:
2528:
2281:
2114:"Laboratory observations on the incubation period of the Indian Black Ibis
1546:
Mehta, Kanishka; Koli, Vijay K.; Kittur, Swati; Sundar, K. S. Gopi (2024).
1488:
1230:
1213:
281:
17:
3606:
3405:
3101:
1827:
1118:
1033:
has been described from a red-naped ibis host. Protist parasites include
475:
341:
122:
3528:
3448:
3283:
2676:
2671:
2316:
1303:
The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 6
1198:
The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 4
1026:
881:
2360:(2000) edited by Ramachandra Guha. Oxford University Press. pp. 93-95.
2173:
1286:(2nd ed.). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 112β113.
1075:. He based his identification on a line that mentions the arrival of
885:
112:
3541:
3502:
3382:
2157:
1873:. Imperial Department of Agriculture in India. pp. 280β280β282.
1439:"Head and sex-size dimorphism in Pseudibis papillosa and P.davisoni"
2441:
Indian Birds being a key to the common birds of the plains of India
2356:
Krishnan, M. (1986) The Anril. Reprinted without source details in
3497:
3272:
2660:
1101:
1044:
989:(a tree species native to India, but introduced to Udaipur city),
903:
874:
275:
3515:
1927:"Black ibis Pseudibis papillosa feeding on frogs from crab holes"
2641:
2613:
1111:
870:
132:
3386:
3240:
2637:
2585:
1739:"Nectar in the diet of the Red-naped Ibis Pseudibis papillosa"
861:
The red-naped ibis is widely distributed in the plains of the
2041:
Ali, A.H.M.S.; Kumar, Ramesh; Arun, P.R. (2013). "Black ibis
1810:
Ameta, Hitesh; Koli, Vijay Kumar; Sundar, K. S. Gopi (2024).
1328:(4th ed.). London: Gurney and Jackson. pp. 497β498.
1306:(2nd ed.). London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 316β317.
1258:
Hancock, James A.; Kushlan, James A.; Kahl, M.Philip (1992).
2427:(4th ed.). London: W. Thacker and Co. pp. 183β184.
2045:
nesting on power transmission line pylons, Gujarat, India".
1214:"The integumentary morphology of modern birds - an overview"
2472:
Hancock, James; Kushlan, James A.; Kahl, M. Philip (2010).
2487:
Dhananjayan, Venugopal; Muralidharan, Subramanian (2010).
1886:"Indian Black Ibis Pseudibis papillosa feeding on carrion"
1393:"Inocotis Reichenbach to be replaced by Pseudibis Hodgson"
1362:"A nocturnal call of the black ibis (Pseudibis papillosa)"
264:
found in the plains, agriculture fields and cities of the
2235:
Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London
2410:. Calcutta: George Wyman and Co. 1864. pp. 769β770.
1416:"Comments on the classification of the Old World Ibises"
2577:
Media on the Handbook of the Birds of the World website
1463:
Ramirez, J. L.; Miyaki, C. Y.; del Lama, S. N. (2013).
772:
has a patch of red tubercles on the back of the crown,
726:
Position within the Threskiornithidae based on Ramirez
2493:
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
2145:(2nd ed.). London: R.H. Porter. pp. 228β231.
280:
Close up of the head of a sub-adult showing the red
3395:
3295:
3271:
3204:
3167:
3144:
3099:
3064:
3041:
3018:
2995:
2940:
2875:
2852:
2817:
2772:
2688:
2659:
1853:. Wyman and Co., Calcutta, India. pp. 769β770.
797:
790:
756:had placed the species had precedence based on the
1360:Shekhawat, Deependra Singh; Bhatnagar, C. (2015).
1174:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697528A93619283.en
934:
1344:Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Volume 2
1201:. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 362β363.
2391:. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 384.
1867:Mason, C.W. (1911). Maxwell-Lefroy, H. (ed.).
1665:Katuwal, Hem Bahadur; Quan, Rui-Chang (2022).
1366:Taprobanica: The Journal of Asian Biodiversity
993:sp. (an introduced tree species to India) and
2597:
1957:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
1890:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
1851:Birds of India: A natural history. Volume III
1017:. The species found in the red-naped ibis is
8:
2373:The Treatment of Nature in Sangam Literature
1420:Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club
1342:Rasmussen, P.C. & J.C. Anderton (2005).
2142:The nest and eggs of Indian Birds. Volume 3
1437:Collar J, Nigel; Eames C, Jonathan (2008).
1284:Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan
292:warty skin. The warty patch, technically a
3383:
3277:
3268:
3237:
2665:
2656:
2634:
2604:
2590:
2582:
2474:Storks, Ibises and Spoonbills of the World
2461:. London: John Van Voorst. pp. 57β58.
2086:Tiwary, Nawin; Sundar, K. S. Gopi (2022).
1509:Kittur, Swati; Sundar, K. S. Gopi (2022).
1317:
1315:
1313:
1260:Storks, ibises and spoonbills of the world
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211:
64:
40:
31:
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1901:
1229:
1172:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1141:
865:. In Rajasthan, it is common along the
2197:Annals and Magazine of Natural History
1862:
1860:
1761:
1759:
1577:
1295:
1293:
1282:Ali, Salim; Ripley, S. Dillon (1978).
955:Listen to Red-naped ibis on xeno-canto
826:365β400 mm (14.4β15.7 in)
303:This species can be confused with the
3668:Taxa named by Coenraad Jacob Temminck
2424:Game, Shore, and Water Birds of India
2081:
2079:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1946:
1944:
1732:
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1701:
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1337:
1335:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
7:
1355:
1353:
1117:The species has declined greatly in
880:It is a common breeding resident in
838:165β194 mm (6.5β7.6 in)
814:138β158 mm (5.4β6.2 in)
740:but it was separated into the genus
3643:IUCN Red List least concern species
2458:Falconry in the valley of the Indus
2112:Salimkumar, C.; Soni, V.C. (1984).
1978:. Taylor & Francis, London, UK.
1262:. Academic Press. pp. 241β244.
1160:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
656:
588:
547:
540:
533:
407:
357:
333:
326:
319:
2556:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1994.tb03561.x
2476:. A&C Black. pp. 241β244.
2247:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1958.tb00379.x
850:75β85 mm (3.0β3.3 in)
25:
2444:. London: John Lane. p. 217.
1903:10.17087/jbnhs/2015/v112i1/92323
1325:Popular Handbook of Indian Birds
939:
89:
2370:Varadarajan, Munuswamy (1957).
1469:Genetics and Molecular Research
1149:BirdLife International (2016).
220:Approximate distribution range
2340:Indian Journal of Microbiology
2305:Zeitschrift fΓΌr Parasitenkunde
1925:Johnson, J. Mangalraj (2003).
1212:Stettenheim, Peter R. (2000).
1106:A pair of Red Naped Ibises at
891:The red-naped ibis is largely
1:
1391:Oberholser, Harry C. (1922).
2646:subfamily: Threskiornithinae
2407:The birds of India. Volume 3
2389:Birds in Sanskrit literature
2228:Cummings, 1916 (Ischnocera)"
1057:mentions a bird called the "
2455:Burton, Richard F. (1852).
2015:Juvvadi, Pranay S. (2022).
1300:Baker, E.C. Stuart (1929).
760:. The species included the
3684:
2544:International Zoo Yearbook
2162:Journal of Raptor Research
1870:The food of birds in India
1572:10.1007/s11252-023-01454-5
529:New World clade
3280:
3267:
3236:
2668:
2655:
2633:
2513:10.1007/s00128-010-0045-6
2421:Le Messurier, A. (1904).
2274:10.1007/s11230-008-9136-8
2209:10.1080/00222935408651795
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191:
184:
86:Scientific classification
84:
62:
53:
48:
39:
34:
3180:Moloka'i flightless ibis
2122:J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc
1974:Baker, E. C. S. (1935).
1931:J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc
1195:Blandford, W.T. (1898).
1167:: e.T22697528A93619283.
1031:Diplostomum ardeiformium
857:Distribution and habitat
573:Theristicus caerulescens
383:Threskiornis aethiopicus
3663:Birds described in 1824
3349:Yellow-billed spoonbill
2612:Traditional listing of
2438:Dewar, Douglas (1920).
2262:Systematic Parasitology
1584:: CS1 maint: bibcode (
1481:10.4238/2013.July.30.11
1414:Holyoak, David (1970).
1378:10.4038/tapro.v7i1.7192
1322:Whistler, Hugh (1949).
1098:Status and conservation
2747:) and supporting page
1884:Khan, Asif N. (2015).
1849:Jerdon, T. C. (1864).
1397:Proceedings of Biology
1114:
1050:
909:
776:lacks it. Also, adult
288:
3319:Black-faced spoonbill
2794:White-shouldered ibis
2741:Australian white ibis
2222:Tandan, B.K. (1958).
2156:Bhatt, Nirav (2022).
1951:Inglis, C.M. (1903).
1105:
1048:
1023:Patagifer chandrapuri
907:
766:P. papillosa davisoni
762:white-shouldered ibis
758:principle of priority
614:Theristicus melanopis
279:
3191:Maui flightless ibis
2753:T. moluccus pygmaeus
2710:Malagasy sacred ibis
2675:(prefix β indicates
1828:10.1675/063.047.0109
1231:10.1093/icb/40.4.461
1064:Borassus flabellifer
967:Borassus flabellifer
597:Theristicus caudatus
416:Plegadis falcinellus
366:Threskiornis molucca
252:) also known as the
3658:Birds of South Asia
3620:Pseudibis-papillosa
3441:Pseudibis_papillosa
3427:Pseudibis papillosa
3397:Pseudibis papillosa
3076:American white ibis
2749:Solomons white ibis
2700:African sacred ibis
2505:2010BuECT..85..129D
2387:Dave, K.N. (1985).
2139:Hume, A.O. (1890).
2116:Pseudibis papillosa
2043:Pseudibis papillosa
1564:2024UrbEc.tmp...13M
1153:Pseudibis papillosa
1019:Ibdidoecus dennelli
863:Indian Subcontinent
556:Phimosus infuscatus
509:Pseudibis papillosa
266:Indian Subcontinent
249:Pseudibis papillosa
234:Inocotis papillosus
195:Pseudibis papillosa
56:Conservation status
3309:Eurasian spoonbill
2907:Spot-breasted ibis
2839:Southern bald ibis
2829:Northern bald ibis
2358:Nature's Spokesman
2317:10.1007/BF00260995
1737:Sinha, N. (2022).
1218:American Zoologist
1115:
1069:Madhaviah Krishnan
1051:
1049:An adult in flight
1011:Belanisakis ibidis
987:Azadirachta indica
976:Ficus benghalensis
910:
867:Aravalli mountains
289:
3648:Threskiornithidae
3630:
3629:
3389:Taxon identifiers
3380:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3359:Roseate spoonbill
3329:African spoonbill
3291:
3290:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3005:Sharp-tailed ibis
2759:Straw-necked ibis
2735:T. melanocephalus
2731:Black-headed ibis
2684:
2683:
2626:Threskiornithidae
2174:10.3356/JRR-21-73
1766:Tere, A. (2022).
1055:Sangam literature
1037:-like organisms.
961:
960:
900:Food and foraging
854:
853:
734:
733:
720:
719:
711:
710:
702:
701:
693:
692:
643:
642:
634:
633:
625:
624:
519:
518:
444:
443:
394:
393:
254:Indian black ibis
240:
239:
177:P. papillosa
153:Threskiornithidae
79:
16:(Redirected from
3675:
3623:
3622:
3610:
3609:
3597:
3596:
3584:
3583:
3571:
3570:
3558:
3557:
3545:
3544:
3532:
3531:
3519:
3518:
3506:
3505:
3493:
3492:
3480:
3479:
3470:
3469:
3457:
3456:
3454:2B954EC3FB1485E0
3444:
3443:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3384:
3278:
3269:
3238:
3121:White-faced ibis
2972:Black-faced ibis
2962:Buff-necked ibis
2666:
2657:
2635:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2583:
2560:
2559:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2402:
2393:
2392:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2367:
2361:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2232:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2095:SIS Conservation
2092:
2083:
2074:
2073:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2024:SIS Conservation
2021:
2012:
1999:
1998:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1948:
1939:
1938:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1905:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1864:
1855:
1854:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1775:SIS Conservation
1772:
1763:
1754:
1753:
1746:SIS Conservation
1743:
1734:
1723:
1722:
1715:SIS Conservation
1712:
1703:
1682:
1681:
1674:SIS Conservation
1671:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1648:SIS Conservation
1645:
1636:
1623:
1622:
1615:SIS Conservation
1612:
1603:
1590:
1589:
1583:
1575:
1558:(4): 1279β1290.
1552:Urban Ecosystems
1543:
1526:
1525:
1518:SIS Conservation
1515:
1506:
1493:
1492:
1475:(3): 2740β2750.
1460:
1454:
1453:
1443:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1357:
1348:
1347:
1339:
1330:
1329:
1319:
1308:
1307:
1297:
1288:
1287:
1279:
1264:
1263:
1255:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1176:
1146:
943:
935:
793:
788:
764:as a subspecies
657:
589:
548:
541:
534:
408:
358:
334:
327:
320:
315:
314:
260:is a species of
215:
197:
94:
93:
73:
68:
67:
44:
32:
21:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3618:
3613:
3605:
3602:Observation.org
3600:
3592:
3587:
3579:
3574:
3566:
3561:
3553:
3548:
3540:
3535:
3527:
3522:
3514:
3509:
3501:
3496:
3488:
3483:
3475:
3473:
3465:
3460:
3452:
3447:
3439:
3434:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3391:
3381:
3368:
3339:Royal spoonbill
3301:
3287:
3263:
3224:
3200:
3163:
3154:Madagascar ibis
3140:
3095:
3060:
3051:Bare-faced ibis
3037:
3014:
2991:
2956:T. caerulescens
2936:
2871:
2848:
2813:
2768:
2680:
2651:
2629:
2610:
2572:Call recordings
2568:
2563:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2404:
2403:
2396:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2355:
2351:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2241:(14): 393β410.
2230:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2203:(83): 821β826.
2194:
2193:
2189:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2019:
2014:
2013:
2002:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1950:
1949:
1942:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1866:
1865:
1858:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1726:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1685:
1669:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1626:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1593:
1576:
1545:
1544:
1529:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1496:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1441:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1359:
1358:
1351:
1341:
1340:
1333:
1321:
1320:
1311:
1299:
1298:
1291:
1281:
1280:
1267:
1257:
1256:
1239:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1100:
1043:
1025:, a species of
1007:
999:Falco chicquera
995:Ficus religiosa
982:Ficus religiosa
962:
957:
952:
951:
949:Songs and calls
932:
902:
859:
791:
721:
712:
703:
694:
682:Eudocimus albus
665:Eudocimus ruber
644:
635:
626:
520:
445:
395:
313:
274:
206:
199:
193:
180:
88:
80:
69:
65:
58:
35:Red-naped ibis
28:
27:Species of bird
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3681:
3679:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3635:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3611:
3598:
3585:
3572:
3559:
3546:
3533:
3520:
3507:
3494:
3481:
3471:
3458:
3445:
3432:
3417:
3401:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3356:
3346:
3336:
3326:
3316:
3305:
3303:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3281:
3275:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3253:
3241:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3219:X. xympithecus
3210:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3187:
3175:
3173:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3150:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3128:
3118:
3115:P. falcinellus
3107:
3105:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3083:
3072:
3070:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3047:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3032:M. cayennensis
3024:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3001:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2979:
2969:
2959:
2952:Plumbeous ibis
2948:
2946:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2931:B. carunculata
2924:
2914:
2904:
2894:
2883:
2881:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2858:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2836:
2825:
2823:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2801:
2791:
2784:Red-naped ibis
2780:
2778:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2763:T. spinicollis
2756:
2738:
2728:
2717:
2707:
2704:T. aethiopicus
2696:
2694:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2669:
2663:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2638:
2631:
2630:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2567:
2566:External links
2564:
2562:
2561:
2534:
2499:(2): 129β136.
2479:
2464:
2447:
2430:
2413:
2394:
2379:
2362:
2349:
2330:
2311:(5): 381β425.
2295:
2268:(3): 159β183.
2252:
2214:
2187:
2148:
2131:
2104:
2075:
2056:
2033:
2000:
1981:
1966:
1940:
1917:
1876:
1856:
1841:
1802:
1784:
1755:
1724:
1683:
1657:
1624:
1591:
1527:
1494:
1455:
1429:
1406:
1383:
1349:
1331:
1309:
1289:
1265:
1237:
1224:(4): 461β477.
1204:
1187:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1099:
1096:
1092:Shaheen falcon
1042:
1039:
1006:
1003:
959:
958:
953:
947:
945:
933:
931:
928:
901:
898:
858:
855:
852:
851:
848:
846:
840:
839:
836:
834:
828:
827:
824:
822:
816:
815:
812:
810:
804:
803:
800:
799:
795:
794:
732:
731:
723:
722:
718:
717:
714:
713:
709:
708:
705:
704:
700:
699:
696:
695:
691:
690:
687:
686:
677:
674:
673:
670:
669:
660:
655:
653:
650:
649:
646:
645:
641:
640:
637:
636:
632:
631:
628:
627:
623:
622:
619:
618:
609:
606:
605:
602:
601:
592:
587:
585:
582:
581:
578:
577:
568:
565:
564:
561:
560:
551:
546:
544:
539:
537:
532:
530:
526:
525:
522:
521:
517:
516:
513:
512:
505:
502:
501:
498:
497:
488:
485:
484:
481:
480:
471:
468:
467:
464:
463:
454:
451:
450:
447:
446:
442:
441:
438:
437:
433:Plegadis chihi
428:
425:
424:
421:
420:
411:
406:
404:
401:
400:
397:
396:
392:
391:
388:
387:
378:
375:
374:
371:
370:
361:
356:
354:
351:
350:
347:
346:
337:
332:
330:
325:
323:
318:
312:
309:
284:that give the
273:
270:
244:red-naped ibis
238:
237:
229:
228:
222:
221:
217:
216:
208:
207:
200:
189:
188:
182:
181:
174:
172:
168:
167:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
143:Pelecaniformes
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
82:
81:
63:
60:
59:
54:
51:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3680:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3621:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3313:P. leucorodia
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3286:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3258:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3220:
3216:
3215:Jamaican ibis
3212:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3056:
3055:P. infuscatus
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3020:Mesembrinibis
3017:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2897:SΓ£o TomΓ© ibis
2895:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2725:T. solitarius
2722:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2607:
2602:
2600:
2595:
2593:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2480:
2475:
2468:
2465:
2460:
2459:
2451:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2434:
2431:
2426:
2425:
2417:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2383:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2307:(in German).
2306:
2299:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2227:
2218:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2135:
2132:
2128:(1): 189β191.
2127:
2123:
2119:
2117:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1982:
1977:
1970:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1937:(1): 111β112.
1936:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1304:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1191:
1188:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1047:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1009:The nematode
1004:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
983:
979:) or peepal (
978:
977:
970:
968:
956:
950:
946:
944:
942:
937:
936:
929:
927:
924:
922:
921:
916:
906:
899:
897:
894:
889:
887:
883:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
856:
849:
847:
845:
842:
841:
837:
835:
833:
830:
829:
825:
823:
821:
818:
817:
813:
811:
809:
806:
805:
801:
796:
789:
786:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
729:
725:
724:
716:
715:
707:
706:
698:
697:
689:
688:
685:
684:
683:
676:
675:
672:
671:
668:
667:
666:
659:
658:
652:
651:
648:
647:
639:
638:
630:
629:
621:
620:
617:
616:
615:
608:
607:
604:
603:
600:
599:
598:
591:
590:
584:
583:
580:
579:
576:
575:
574:
567:
566:
563:
562:
559:
558:
557:
550:
549:
543:
542:
536:
535:
528:
527:
524:
523:
515:
514:
511:
510:
504:
503:
500:
499:
496:
495:
494:
487:
486:
483:
482:
479:
478:
477:
470:
469:
466:
465:
462:
461:
460:
453:
452:
449:
448:
440:
439:
436:
435:
434:
427:
426:
423:
422:
419:
418:
417:
410:
409:
403:
402:
399:
398:
390:
389:
386:
385:
384:
377:
376:
373:
372:
369:
368:
367:
360:
359:
353:
352:
349:
348:
345:
344:
343:
336:
335:
329:
328:
322:
321:
317:
316:
310:
308:
306:
301:
297:
295:
287:
283:
278:
271:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
250:
245:
236:
235:
230:
227:
223:
218:
214:
209:
204:
198:
196:
190:
187:
186:Binomial name
183:
179:
178:
173:
170:
169:
166:
165:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
97:
92:
87:
83:
77:
72:
71:Least Concern
61:
57:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3396:
3362:
3352:
3342:
3332:
3322:
3312:
3302:(spoonbills)
3296:
3282:
3256:
3250:
3218:
3205:
3194:
3183:
3168:
3157:
3145:
3134:
3124:
3114:
3100:
3089:
3086:Scarlet ibis
3079:
3065:
3054:
3042:
3031:
3019:
3008:
2996:
2986:T. branickii
2985:
2976:T. melanopis
2975:
2965:
2955:
2941:
2930:
2927:Wattled ibis
2920:
2910:
2900:
2890:
2876:
2865:
2862:Crested ibis
2853:
2842:
2832:
2818:
2807:
2797:
2788:P. papillosa
2787:
2783:
2773:
2762:
2752:
2744:
2734:
2724:
2721:RΓ©union ibis
2713:
2703:
2691:Threskiornis
2689:
2670:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2496:
2492:
2482:
2473:
2467:
2457:
2450:
2440:
2433:
2423:
2416:
2406:
2388:
2382:
2372:
2365:
2357:
2352:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2238:
2234:
2225:
2217:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2168:(1): 75β80.
2165:
2161:
2151:
2141:
2134:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2107:
2098:
2094:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2027:
2023:
1994:
1991:Indian BIRDS
1990:
1984:
1975:
1969:
1960:
1956:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1869:
1850:
1844:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1796:
1787:
1778:
1774:
1749:
1745:
1718:
1714:
1677:
1673:
1660:
1651:
1647:
1618:
1614:
1580:cite journal
1555:
1551:
1521:
1517:
1472:
1468:
1458:
1449:
1445:
1432:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1400:
1396:
1386:
1369:
1365:
1343:
1324:
1302:
1283:
1259:
1221:
1217:
1207:
1197:
1190:
1178:. Retrieved
1164:
1158:
1152:
1144:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1116:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1008:
998:
994:
990:
986:
980:
974:
971:
966:
963:
948:
938:
925:
920:Bombax ceiba
918:
911:
890:
879:
860:
792:Measurements
781:
778:P. papillosa
777:
773:
770:P. papillosa
769:
765:
749:
741:
737:
735:
727:
680:
679:
663:
662:
612:
611:
595:
594:
571:
570:
554:
553:
508:
507:
491:
490:
474:
473:
457:
456:
431:
430:
414:
413:
381:
380:
364:
363:
340:
339:
302:
298:
290:
286:species name
257:
253:
248:
247:
243:
241:
233:
232:
194:
192:
176:
175:
163:
29:
3537:iNaturalist
3421:Wikispecies
3353:P. flavipes
3251:Plataleinae
3249:subfamily:
3158:L. cristata
3135:P. ridgwayi
3111:Glossy ibis
3009:C. oxycerca
2982:Andean ibis
2966:T. caudatus
2943:Theristicus
2921:B. hagedash
2917:Hadada ibis
2891:B. olivacea
2808:P. gigantea
2798:P. davisoni
2745:T. moluccus
2714:T. bernieri
2346:(2): 53β54.
2118:(Temminck)"
2066:BirdingAsia
2047:BirdingAsia
1997:(1): 10β11.
1963:(1): 70β77.
1446:BirdingASIA
1426:(3): 67β73.
1180:19 November
1108:Mehtab Bagh
1073:sarus crane
782:P. davisoni
774:P. davisoni
746:Reichenbach
744:created by
305:glossy ibis
272:Description
3637:Categories
3615:Xeno-canto
3245:Spoonbills
3146:Lophotibis
3028:Green ibis
2901:B. bocagei
2887:Olive ibis
2878:Bostrychia
2833:G. eremita
2820:Geronticus
2804:Giant ibis
2618:spoonbills
2550:: 94β102.
2072:: 104β106.
2053:: 104β106.
1816:Waterbirds
1137:References
1053:The Tamil
1041:In culture
991:Eucalyptus
908:A juvenile
493:Bostrychia
459:Geronticus
258:black ibis
18:Black Ibis
3206:Xenicibis
3195:A. brevis
3184:A. glenos
3170:Apteribis
3131:Puna ibis
3067:Eudocimus
2866:N. nippon
2843:G. calvus
2775:Pseudibis
2521:1432-0800
2226:Ibidoecus
2182:0892-1016
1912:0006-6982
1896:(1): 28.
1836:1524-4695
1372:(1): 56.
1015:Ibidoecus
1005:Parasites
752:in which
750:Pseudibis
171:Species:
164:Pseudibis
109:Kingdom:
103:Eukaryota
3581:22697528
3555:10586334
3516:45516060
3467:22697528
3462:BirdLife
3406:Wikidata
3363:P. ajaja
3343:P. regia
3323:P. minor
3298:Platalea
3257:Platalea
3125:P. chihi
3102:Plegadis
3090:E. ruber
3080:E. albus
3043:Phimosus
2997:Cercibis
2854:Nipponia
2679:species)
2529:20571760
2290:20578624
2282:18535788
2101:: 15β23.
2030:: 48β54.
1797:Ibisring
1781:: 40β47.
1752:: 78β81.
1721:: 55β59.
1680:: 24β29.
1654:: 30β39.
1621:: 60β68.
1524:: 69β77.
1489:23979898
1119:Pakistan
930:Breeding
915:crickets
742:Inocotis
476:Nipponia
342:Platalea
311:Taxonomy
294:caruncle
282:papillae
226:Synonyms
203:Temminck
149:Family:
123:Chordata
119:Phylum:
113:Animalia
99:Domain:
76:IUCN 3.1
3594:1281445
3529:2480778
3503:renibi1
3477:renibi1
3449:Avibase
3412:Q845946
3333:P. alba
3284:Species
3255:genus:
2911:B. rara
2677:extinct
2672:Species
2501:Bibcode
2325:9506473
1560:Bibcode
1403:. : 79.
1035:Eimeria
1027:Digenea
965:palms (
893:diurnal
882:Haryana
875:marshes
754:Hodgson
205:, 1824)
159:Genus:
139:Order:
129:Class:
74: (
49:A pair
3653:Ibises
3568:174950
2642:Ibises
2622:family
2614:ibises
2527:
2519:
2323:
2288:
2280:
2199:. 12.
2180:
1910:
1834:
1487:
1081:anrils
1077:anrils
886:Punjab
844:Tarsus
808:Culmen
728:et al.
3607:73521
3550:IRMNG
3498:eBird
3490:4NNDH
3474:BOW:
3273:Genus
2661:Genus
2321:S2CID
2286:S2CID
2231:(PDF)
2091:(PDF)
2020:(PDF)
1822:(1).
1771:(PDF)
1742:(PDF)
1711:(PDF)
1670:(PDF)
1644:(PDF)
1611:(PDF)
1514:(PDF)
1452:: 36.
1442:(PDF)
1059:anril
871:lakes
798:India
730:2013
3589:NCBI
3576:IUCN
3563:ITIS
3542:3763
3524:GBIF
2616:and
2525:PMID
2517:ISSN
2278:PMID
2178:ISSN
1908:ISSN
1832:ISSN
1586:link
1485:PMID
1182:2021
1165:2016
1112:Agra
832:Tail
820:Wing
738:Ibis
262:ibis
242:The
133:Aves
3511:EoL
3485:CoL
3436:ADW
2552:doi
2509:doi
2313:doi
2270:doi
2243:doi
2239:110
2205:doi
2170:doi
1935:100
1898:doi
1894:112
1824:doi
1568:doi
1477:doi
1374:doi
1226:doi
1169:doi
1067:).
256:or
3639::
3617::
3604::
3591::
3578::
3565::
3552::
3539::
3526::
3513::
3500::
3487::
3464::
3451::
3438::
3423::
3408::
2624::
2548:33
2546:.
2523:.
2515:.
2507:.
2497:85
2495:.
2491:.
2397:^
2344:10
2342:.
2319:.
2309:21
2284:.
2276:.
2266:70
2264:.
2237:.
2233:.
2176:.
2166:57
2164:.
2160:.
2126:81
2124:.
2120:.
2097:.
2093:.
2078:^
2070:19
2068:.
2051:19
2049:.
2026:.
2022:.
2003:^
1993:.
1961:15
1959:.
1955:.
1943:^
1933:.
1929:.
1906:.
1892:.
1888:.
1859:^
1830:.
1820:47
1818:.
1814:.
1795:.
1777:.
1773:.
1758:^
1748:.
1744:.
1727:^
1717:.
1713:.
1686:^
1676:.
1672:.
1650:.
1646:.
1627:^
1617:.
1613:.
1594:^
1582:}}
1578:{{
1566:.
1556:27
1554:.
1550:.
1530:^
1520:.
1516:.
1497:^
1483:.
1473:12
1471:.
1467:.
1450:10
1448:.
1444:.
1424:90
1422:.
1418:.
1401:35
1399:.
1395:.
1368:.
1364:.
1352:^
1334:^
1312:^
1292:^
1268:^
1240:^
1222:40
1220:.
1216:.
1163:.
1157:.
1110:,
1021:.
884:,
873:,
3365:)
3361:(
3355:)
3351:(
3345:)
3341:(
3335:)
3331:(
3325:)
3321:(
3315:)
3311:(
3221:)
3217:(
3213:β
3197:)
3193:(
3189:β
3186:)
3182:(
3178:β
3160:)
3156:(
3137:)
3133:(
3127:)
3123:(
3117:)
3113:(
3092:)
3088:(
3082:)
3078:(
3057:)
3053:(
3034:)
3030:(
3011:)
3007:(
2988:)
2984:(
2978:)
2974:(
2968:)
2964:(
2958:)
2954:(
2933:)
2929:(
2923:)
2919:(
2913:)
2909:(
2903:)
2899:(
2893:)
2889:(
2868:)
2864:(
2845:)
2841:(
2835:)
2831:(
2810:)
2806:(
2800:)
2796:(
2790:)
2786:(
2765:)
2761:(
2755:)
2751:(
2743:(
2737:)
2733:(
2727:)
2723:(
2719:β
2716:)
2712:(
2706:)
2702:(
2628:)
2620:(
2605:e
2598:t
2591:v
2558:.
2554::
2531:.
2511::
2503::
2327:.
2315::
2292:.
2272::
2249:.
2245::
2211:.
2207::
2201:7
2184:.
2172::
2099:4
2028:4
1995:8
1914:.
1900::
1838:.
1826::
1799:.
1779:4
1750:4
1719:4
1678:4
1652:4
1619:4
1588:)
1574:.
1570::
1562::
1522:4
1491:.
1479::
1380:.
1376::
1370:7
1234:.
1228::
1184:.
1171::
1155:"
1151:"
246:(
201:(
78:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
