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636:, and then the main detonating explosive charge. The primary hazard of pyrotechnic blasting caps is that for proper usage, the fuse must be inserted and then crimped into place by crushing the base of the cap around the fuse. If the tool used to crimp the cap is used too close to the explosives, the primary explosive compound can detonate during crimping. A common hazardous practice is crimping caps with one's teeth; an accidental detonation can cause serious injury to the mouth. Fuse type blasting caps are still in active use today. They are the safest type to use around certain types of electromagnetic interference, and they have a built in time delay as the fuse burns down.
621:
672:) to detonate, which in turn detonates a higher density secondary explosive (typically RDX or HMX) in many EBW designs. In addition to firing very quickly when properly initiated, EBW detonators are much safer than blasting caps from stray static electricity and other electric current. Enough current will melt the bridgewire, but it cannot detonate the initiator explosive without the full high-voltage high-current charge passing through the bridgewire. EBW detonators are used in many civilian applications where radio signals, static electricity, or other electrical hazards might cause accidents with conventional electric detonators.
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immune to most of the hazards associated with stray electric current. It consists of a small diameter, three-layer plastic tube coated on the innermost wall with a reactive explosive compound, which, when ignited, propagates a low energy signal, similar to a dust explosion. The reaction travels at approximately 6,500 ft/s (2,000 m/s) along the length of the tubing with minimal disturbance outside of the tube. Non-electric detonators were invented by the
Swedish company Nitro Nobel in the 1960s and 1970s, and launched to the demolitions market in 1973.
365:, although attempts along similar lines had earlier been attempted by the Italians Volta and Cavallo. Hare constructed his blasting cap by passing a multistrand wire through a charge of gunpowder inside a tin tube; he had cut all but one fine strand of the multistrand wire so that the fine strand would serve as the hot bridgewire. When a strong current from a large battery (which he called a "deflagrator" or "calorimotor") was passed through the fine strand, it became incandescent and ignited the charge of gunpowder.
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651:(insulating sheet with electrodes on both sides, a thin bridgewire soldered across the sides, all dipped in ignition and output mixes) to initiate the primary explosive, rather than direct contact between the bridgewire and the primary explosive. The match can be manufactured separately from the rest of the cap and only assembled at the end of the process. Match type caps are now the most common type found worldwide.
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in direct contact (hence solid pack) with a primary explosive, which is heated by electric current and causes the detonation of the primary explosive. That primary explosive then detonates a larger charge of secondary explosive. Some solid pack fuses incorporate a small pyrotechnic delay element, up
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While detonators make explosive handling safer, they are hazardous to handle since, despite their small size, they contain enough explosive to injure people; untrained personnel might not recognize them as explosives or wrongly deemed them not dangerous due to their appearance and handle them without
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A number 8 test blasting cap is one containing 2 grams of a mixture of 80 percent mercury fulminate and 20 percent potassium chlorate, or a blasting cap of equivalent strength. An equivalent strength cap comprises 0.40-0.45 grams of PETN base charge pressed in an aluminum shell with bottom thickness
597:
A non-electric detonator is a shock tube detonator designed to initiate explosions, generally for the purpose of demolition of buildings and for use in the blasting of rock in mines and quarries. Instead of electric wires, a hollow plastic tube delivers the firing impulse to the detonator, making it
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to develop nuclear weapons. The design goal was to produce a detonator which functioned very rapidly and predictably). Both Match and Solid Pack type electric caps take a few milliseconds to fire, as the bridgewire heats up and heats the explosive to the point of detonation. Exploding bridgewire
475:
It is possible to construct a “Non
Primary Explosive Detonator” (abbreviated to NPED) in which the primary explosive is replaced by a flammable but non-explosive mixture that propagates a shock wave along a tube into the secondary explosive. NPEDs are harder to accidentally trigger by shock and can
605:
Wireless electronic detonators are beginning to be available in the civil mining market. Encrypted radio signals are used to communicate the blast signal to each detonator at the correct time. While currently expensive, wireless detonators can enable new mining techniques as multiple blasts can be
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In 1875, Smith—and then in 1887, Perry G. Gardner of North Adams, Massachusetts—developed electric detonators that combined a hot wire detonator with mercury fulminate explosive. These were the first generally modern type blasting caps. Modern caps use different explosives and separate primary and
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is a device used to make an explosive or explosive device explode. Detonators come in a variety of types, depending on how they are initiated (chemically, mechanically, or electrically) and details of their inner working, which often involve several stages. Types of detonators include non-electric
693:
Laser initiation of explosives, propellants or pyrotechnics has been attempted in three different ways, (1) direct interaction with the HE or Direct
Optical Initiation (DOI); (2) rapid heating of a thin film in contact with a HE; and (3) ablating a thin metal foil to produce a high velocity flyer
601:
In civil mining, electronic detonators have a better precision for delays. Electronic detonators are designed to provide the precise control necessary to produce accurate and consistent blasting results in a variety of blasting applications in the mining, quarrying, and construction industries.
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down a circular hole in an additional disc of insulating material. At the far end of that hole is a pellet of high-density secondary explosive. Slapper detonators omit the low-density initiating explosive used in EBW designs and they require much greater energy density than EBW detonators to
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detonators use a higher voltage electric charge and a very thin bridgewire, .04 inch long, .0016 diameter, (1 mm long, 0.04 mm diameter). Instead of heating up the explosive, the EBW detonator wire is heated so quickly by the high firing current that the wire actually vaporizes and
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There are three categories of electrical detonators: instantaneous electrical detonators (IED), short period delay detonators (SPD) and long period delay detonators (LPD). SPDs are measured in milliseconds and LPDs are measured in seconds. In situations where nanosecond accuracy is required,
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503:
Ordinary detonators usually take the form of ignition-based explosives. While they are mainly used in commercial operations, ordinary detonators are still used in military operations. This form of detonator is most commonly initiated using a
544:, which uses thin plates accelerated by an electrically exploded wire or foil to deliver the initial shock. It is in use in some modern weapons systems. A variant of this concept is used in mining operations, when the foil is exploded by a
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are an improvement on EBW detonators. Slappers, instead of directly using the exploding foil to detonate the initiator explosive, use the electrical vaporization of the foil to drive a small circle of insulating material such as
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887:"But I can, at pleasure, fire gunpowder, and even discharge a musket, by the power of electricity, when the gunpowder has been ground with a little camphor, or with a few drops of some inflammable chemical oil."
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realized that although nitroglycerin could not be detonated by a fuse, it could be detonated by the explosion of a small charge of gunpowder, which in turn was ignited by a fuse. Within a year, he was adding
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and electric. Non-electric detonators are typically stab or pyrotechnic while electric are typically "hot wire" (low voltage), exploding bridge wire (high voltage) or explosive foil (very high voltage).
472:. Early blasting caps also used silver fulminate, but it has been replaced with cheaper and safer primary explosives. Silver azide is still used sometimes, but very rarely due to its high price.
452:, directly in contact with the primary, and called "base" or "output" explosive, able to carry out the detonation through the casing of the detonator to the main explosive device to activate it.
358:, with wires leading in both sides and wadding sealing up the ends. The two wires came close but did not touch, so a large electric spark discharge between the two wires would fire the cap.
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The oldest and simplest type of cap, fuse caps are a metal cylinder, closed at one end. From the open end inwards, there is first an empty space into which a pyrotechnic
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In 1868, Henry Julius Smith of Boston introduced a cap that combined a spark gap ignitor and mercury fulminate, the first electric cap able to detonate dynamite.
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to the gunpowder charges of his detonators, and by 1867 he was using small copper capsules of mercury fulminate, triggered by a fuse, to detonate nitroglycerin.
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not to exceed to 0.03 of an inch, to a specific gravity of not less than 1.4 g/cc, and primed with standard weights of primer depending on the manufacturer.
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are discharged, the electric flame leaping from the point of one wire to the point of the other, within the cartridge amongst the powder,
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Note: Robert Hare had constructed his large battery (or "deflagrator" or "calorimotor", as he called it) in 1821. See: Hare, R. (1821)
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explodes due to electric resistance heating. That electrically-driven explosion causes the low-density initiating explosive (usually
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at the first stage, the initiation mean (fire, electricity, etc.) provide enough energy (as heat or mechanical shock) to activate
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starting with the detonator. For safety, detonators and the main explosive device are typically only joined just before use.
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Electronic detonators may be programmed in millisecond or sub-millisecond increments using a dedicated programming device.
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969:"A memoir on some new modifications of galvanic apparatus, with observations in support of his new theory of galvanism,"
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295:. Around the turn of the century performance was enhanced in the Smith-Gardiner blasting cap by the addition of 10-20%
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detonator with 2 ms delay for chaining nonel tubes; middle: class B SPD detonator; bottom: class C SPD detonator
1299:(Report). California Univ., Livermore. Lawrence Livermore Lab.; Energy Research and Development Administration.
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Electric match caps were developed in the early 1900s in
Germany, and spread to the US in the 1950s when
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The original electric detonators invented in 1875 independently by Julius Smith and Perry
Gardiner used
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Yang, Zhi; Zhu, Peng; Chu, Qing-yun; Zhang, Qiu; Wang, Ke; Jian, Hao-tian; Shen, Rui-qi (2022-08-01).
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could ignite black powder, by way of igniting a flammable substance mixed in with the black powder.
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The first blasting cap or detonator was demonstrated in 1745 when
British physician and apothecary
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purchased Atlas Powder Co. These match caps have become the predominant world standard cap type.
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1013:, U.S. patent no. 78,317 (May 26, 1868). (See p. 2 for the description of the "percussion-cap".)
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Valancius, Cole Joseph; Bainbridge, Joe; Richardson, Duane Ross; Love, Cody Wade (2017-02-01).
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are employed. The initial shock wave is created by vaporizing a length of a thin wire by an
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secondary explosive charges, but are generally very similar to the
Gardner and Smith caps.
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912:, and the explosion of the powder is at the same instant with the crack of the discharge."
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History of Shock Waves, Explosions and Impact: A Chronological and
Biographical Reference
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Physical and
Electrical Measurements of Different Materials used in EBW Detonators
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in
Philadelphia made a commercial blasting cap consisting of a paper tube full of
1312:"A micro-chip exploding foil initiator based on printed circuit board technology"
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The need for detonators such as blasting caps came from the development of safer
810:(Report). Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States).
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The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of
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1356:"A review of the mechanism by which exploding bridge-wire detonators function"
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Patent for nitroglycerin: Nobel, A., British patent no. 1,813 (July 20, 1864).
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Modelling and Simulation of Burst Phenomenon in Electrically Exploded Foils
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Patent for dynamite: Nobel, Alfred, English patent no. 1,345 (May 7, 1867).
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loaded at once and fired in sequence without putting humans in harm's way.
1257:(Report). Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States).
724: – Sequence of events that results in the detonation of explosives
1413:"Laser Ignition of Explosives, Pyrotechnics and Propellants: A Review"
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Experiments and Observations on Electricity at Philadelphia in America
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422:. Secondary and tertiary explosives are typically initiated by an
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Cutaway diagram of various types of blasting caps and detonators
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Inserting plug and bridge wire into electric blasting caps, 1955
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A detonator is usually a multi stage device, with three parts:
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In 1832, a hot wire detonator was produced by American chemist
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Proceedings. Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
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is inserted and crimped, then a pyrotechnic ignition mix, a
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As secondary "base" or "output" explosive, you usually find
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Explosives commonly used as primary in detonators include
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
27:
Small explosive device used to trigger a larger explosion
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Oyler, Karl; Mehta, Neha; Cheng, Gartung (2015-11-01).
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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Trimming platinum wires for use in blasting caps, 1955
1422:. Defense Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO).
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to a few hundred milliseconds, before the cap fires.
1411:
Yong, Leo de; Nguyen, Tam; Waschl, John (May 1995).
949:"Application of galvanism to the blasting of rocks,"
808:
PETN Exploding Bridgewire (EBW) Detonators: A Review
108:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
923:"Standing Well Back - Home - Inventing detonators"
900:(London, England: Francis Newberg, 1769), p. 92.
508:, and used in non time-critical detonations e.g.
389:portable power supply for igniting blasting caps
1062:(New York, New York: Wiley-VHC, 1996), p. 339.
676:Exploding foil initiators (EFI), also known as
639:Solid pack electric blasting caps use a thin
8:
1194:’’. Orica UK Limited. 11/09/2023 rev. 1.0.
1172:U.S. Patent no. 534,289 (February 19, 1895).
1121:U.S. Patent no. 377,851 (February 14, 1888).
1085:U.S. Patent no. 173,681 (February 15, 1876).
1179:(Berlin, Germany: Springer, 2009), p. 365.
1158:U.S. Patent no. 353,827 (December 7, 1886).
1144:U.S. Patent no. 201,296 (January 17, 1878).
1135:"Improvement in magneto-electric machines,"
1021:Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry
706: – Detonator fired by electric current
387:Smith also invented the first satisfactory
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
299:. This compound was superseded by others:
1473:1956 safety film "Blasting Cap - Danger!"
1387:
1327:
877:
694:plate that impacts the HE (laser flyer).
658:was invented in the 1940s as part of the
528:specifically in the implosion charges in
244:Learn how and when to remove this message
226:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
1354:Rae, P. J.; Dickson, P. M. (July 2019).
1099:U.S. Patent no. 225,173 (March 2, 1880).
972:The American Journal of Science and Arts
690:function, making them inherently safer.
1049:U.S. Patent no. 79,268 (June 23, 1868).
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716:TM 31-210 Improvised Munitions Handbook
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1230:"Detonator Production | Organizations"
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1420:Defense Technical Information Center
779:Defense Technical Information Center
272:Inserting detonators into blocks of
106:adding citations to reliable sources
1205:"Improving safety and productivity"
1149:"Dynamo-electric igniting machine,"
311:, or other materials such as DDNP (
1297:New Kind of Detonator: The Slapper
1273:www.teledynedefenseelectronics.com
1192:Safety Data Sheet: Exel Neo (1.4S)
772:"Overview of Explosive Initiators"
712: – Sensitive explosive charge
448:a small amount of a more powerful
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1228:Laboratory, Los Alamos National.
718: – United States Army manual
52:This article has multiple issues.
1076:"Improvement in electric fuses,"
1040:"Improvement in electric fuses,"
1018:"The life-work of Alfred Nobel,"
647:Match type blasting caps use an
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788:from the original on 2022-04-02
548:pulse delivered to the foil by
534:exploding-bridgewire detonators
510:conventional munitions disposal
93:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
1454:. New York: Wiley-VCH, 1996.
1234:Los Alamos National Laboratory
704:Exploding-bridgewire detonator
656:exploding-bridgewire detonator
1:
1004:"Improved explosive compound"
845:: CS1 maint: date and year (
576:Production of blasting caps,
806:Neal, William (2020-09-18).
512:. Well known detonators are
1209:www.oricaminingservices.com
1016:de Mosenthal, Henry (1899)
825:. Wiley. pp. 337–339.
487:in military detonators and
323:in military detonators and
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1432:: CS1 maint: url-status (
491:in commercial detonators.
327:in commercial detonators.
32:Detonator (disambiguation)
29:
746:"Definition of DETONATOR"
540:. A new development is a
445:, which in turn detonates
1329:10.1016/j.dt.2021.06.008
927:www.standingwellback.com
860:Watson, William (1744).
1027:: 443–451; see p. 444.
952:The Mechanics' Magazine
750:www.merriam-webster.com
578:Hercules Powder Company
476:avoid the use of lead.
1519:Pyrotechnic initiators
1452:Explosives Engineering
1372:10.1098/rspa.2019.0120
1295:Stroud, J. R. (1976).
1060:Explosives Engineering
879:10.1098/rstl.1744.0094
823:Explosives Engineering
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1161:Smith, Henry Julius,
1147:Smith, Henry Julius,
1133:Smith, Henry Julius,
1088:Smith, Henry Julius,
1074:Smith, Henry Julius,
1038:Smith, Henry Julius,
821:Cooper, Paul (1996).
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395:that was driven by a
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1175:Krehl, Peter O. K.,
947:Hare, Robert (1832)
896:Franklin, Benjamin,
393:high-voltage magneto
313:diazo dinitro phenol
102:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
1110:Gardner, Perry G.,
722:Triggering sequence
495:the required care.
450:secondary explosive
420:tertiary explosives
1487:2016-04-24 at the
1477:Prelinger Archives
1366:(2227): 20190120.
1316:Defence Technology
1168:2022-05-05 at the
1163:"Art of blasting,"
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1117:2017-04-04 at the
1095:2021-08-31 at the
1081:2017-04-04 at the
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1009:2017-04-03 at the
929:. 18 November 2012
678:Slapper detonators
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538:electric discharge
441:an easy-to-ignite
297:potassium chlorate
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1058:Cooper, Paul W.,
710:Explosive booster
660:Manhattan Project
634:primary explosive
542:slapper detonator
522:mercury fulminate
443:primary explosive
404:ICI International
375:mercury fulminate
352:Benjamin Franklin
293:primary explosive
289:mercury fulminate
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100:Please help
95:verification
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18:Blasting cap
978:: 105–117.
958:: 266–267.
902:From p. 92:
506:safety fuse
363:Robert Hare
260:Top: small
117:"Detonator"
1514:Explosives
1504:Detonators
1498:Categories
1278:2024-08-21
1239:2024-08-21
1214:2019-05-16
792:2024-08-09
756:2024-08-10
732:References
641:bridgewire
514:lead azide
458:lead azide
301:lead azide
208:footnoting
128:newspapers
57:improve it
1380:1364-5021
1338:2214-9147
841:cite book
416:secondary
368:In 1863,
350:In 1750,
309:aluminium
281:detonator
158:June 2015
63:talk page
1485:Archived
1428:cite web
1398:31423094
1166:Archived
1152:Archived
1138:Archived
1115:Archived
1093:Archived
1079:Archived
1043:Archived
1007:Archived
933:22 March
910:fires it
783:Archived
698:See also
683:PET film
204:citation
1389:6694310
410:Purpose
331:History
307:, some
291:as the
142:scholar
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580:, 1955
485:tetryl
468:, and
466:tetryl
430:Design
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1475:from
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546:laser
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343:of a
262:nonel
149:JSTOR
135:books
1456:ISBN
1434:link
1394:PMID
1376:ISSN
1334:ISSN
935:2018
906:jars
847:link
827:ISBN
670:PETN
654:The
630:fuse
520:and
489:PETN
470:DDNP
418:and
391:: a
325:PETN
206:and
121:news
1384:PMC
1368:doi
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685:or
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663:or
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