643:). Embryos may be specifically created by using eggs and sperm from donors and these can then be transferred into the uterus of another woman. A surrogate may carry a baby produced by embryo transfer for another couple, even though neither she nor the 'commissioning' couple is biologically related to the child. Third party reproduction is controversial and regulated in many countries. Persons entering gestational surrogacy arrangements must make sense of an entirely new type of relationship that does not fit any of the traditional scripts we use to categorize relations as kinship, friendship, romantic partnership or market relations. Surrogates have the experience of carrying a baby that they conceptualize as not of their own kin, while intended mothers have the experience of waiting through nine months of pregnancy and transitioning to motherhood from outside of the pregnant body. This can lead to new conceptualizations of body and self.
359:, that is, making an abdominal ultrasound to ensure correct placement, which is 1–2 cm from the uterine fundus. There is evidence of a significant increase in clinical pregnancy using ultrasound guidance compared with only "clinical touch", as well as performing the transfer with hyaluronic acid enriched transfer media. Anesthesia is generally not required. Single embryo transfers in particular require accuracy and precision in placement within the uterine cavity. The optimal target for embryo placement, known as the maximal implantation potential (MIP) point, is identified using 3D/4D ultrasound. However, there is limited evidence that supports deposition of embryos in the midportion of the uterus.
776:, had adoption as the only path to parenthood. This set the stage to allow open and candid discussion of embryo donation and transfer. This breakthrough has given way to the donation of human embryos as a common practice similar to other donations such as blood and major organ donations. At the time of this announcement the event was captured by major news carriers and fueled healthy debate and discussion on this practice which impacted the future of reproductive medicine by creating a platform for further advancements in woman's health.
799:. The Cochrane study showed a small improvement in live birth rate per couple for blastocyst transfers. This would mean that for a typical rate of 31% in clinics that use early cleavage stage cycles, the rate would increase to 32% to 41% live births if clinics used blastocyst transfer. Recent systematic review showed that along with selection of embryo, the techniques followed during transfer procedure may result in successful pregnancy outcome. The following interventions are supported by the literature for improving pregnancy rates:
857:
834:. The general epidemiological aspects of embryo transfer indicates that the transfer of embryos provides the opportunity to introduce genetic material into populations of livestock while greatly reducing the risk for transmission of infectious diseases. Recent developments in the sexing of embryos before transfer and implanting has great potential in the dairy and other livestock industries.
657:
42:
614:
intravaginal route with an appropriate dose and dosing frequency is equivalent to daily intramuscular injections. In addition, a recent case-matched study comparing vaginal progesterone with PIO injections showed that live birth rates were nearly identical with both methods. A duration of progesterone administration of 11 days results in almost the same
379:
many countries, have issued guidelines or laws to curtail the practice. There is low to moderate evidence that making a double embryo transfer during one cycle achieves a higher live birth rate than a single embryo transfer; but making two single embryo transfers in two cycles has the same live birth rate and would avoid multiple pregnancies.
351:
The embryo transfer procedure starts by placing a speculum in the vagina to visualize the cervix, which is cleansed with saline solution or culture media. A transfer catheter is loaded with the embryos and handed to the clinician after confirmation of the patient's identity. The catheter is inserted
613:
Patients usually start progesterone medication after egg (also called oocyte) retrieval. While daily intramuscular injections of progesterone-in-oil (PIO) have been the standard route of administration, PIO injections are not FDA-approved for use in pregnancy. A recent meta-analysis showed that the
503:
necessity than DET. e-SET of embryos at the cleavage stage reduces the likelihood of live birth by 38% and multiple birth by 94%. Evidence from randomized, controlled trials suggests that increasing the number of e-SET attempts (fresh and/or frozen) results in a cumulative live birth rate similar to
498:
is not significantly less with eSBT than with 2BT. That is, the cumulative live birth rate associated with single fresh embryo transfer followed by a single frozen and thawed embryo transfer is comparable with that after one cycle of double fresh embryo transfer. Furthermore, SET has better outcomes
378:
A major issue is how many embryos should be transferred, since placement of multiple embryos carries a risk of multiple pregnancy. While the past physicians placed multiple embryos to increase the chance of pregnancy, this approach has fallen out of favor. Professional societies, and legislatures in
362:
After insertion of the catheter, the contents are expelled and the embryos are deposited. Limited evidence supports making trial transfers before performing the procedure with embryos. After expulsion, the duration that the catheter remains inside the uterus has no effect on pregnancy rates. Limited
768:
This scientific breakthrough established standards and became an agent of change for women with infertility and for women who did not want to pass on genetic disorders to their children. Donor embryo transfer has given women a mechanism to become pregnant and give birth to a child that will contain
299:
1.3) among births having reached the blastocyst stage compared with cleavage stage. Because of increased female embryo mortality due to epigenetic modifications induced by extended culture, blastocyst transfer leads to more male births (56.1% male) versus 2 or 3 day transfer (a normal sex ratio of
629:
It is not necessary that the embryo transfer be performed on the female who provided the eggs. Thus another female whose uterus is appropriately prepared can receive the embryo and become pregnant. Embryo transfer may be used where a woman who has eggs but no uterus and wants to have a biological
638:
IVF, in which case another woman would provide eggs for fertilization and the resulting embryos are placed into the uterus of the patient. Fertilization may be performed using the woman's partner's sperm or by using donor sperm. 'Spare' embryos which are created for another couple undergoing IVF
908:
immediately after thawing the frozen straw in water for the birth of this calf. In a study, in vivo produced crossbred bovine embryos stored frozen in ethylene glycol freeze media were transferred directly to recipients under tropical conditions and achieved a pregnancy rate of 50 percent. In a
334:
devices, with or without morphokinetic scoring systems, are compared against conventional embryo assessment for IVF, there is insufficient evidence of a difference in live-birth, pregnancy, stillbirth or miscarriage to choose between them. A small prospectively randomized study in 2016 reported
343:(ERICA), is a clear example. This Deep Learning software substitutes manual classifications with a ranking system based on an individual embryo's predicted genetic status in a non-invasive fashion. Studies on this area are still pending and current feasibility studies support its potential.
248:
Because in vivo, a cleavage stage embryo still resides in the fallopian tube and it is known that the nutritional environment of the uterus is different from that of the tube, it is postulated that this may cause stress on the embryo if transferred on day 3 resulting in reduced implantation
2590:
Khan N, Richter KS, Blake EJ, et al. Case-matched comparison of intramuscular versus vaginal progesterone for luteal phase support after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Presented at: 55th Annual
Meeting of the Pacific Coast Reproductive Society; 18–22 April 2007; Rancho Mirage,
189:
at a time where the lining is appropriately undeveloped in relation to the status of the present
Luteinizing Hormone. In a stimulated or cycle where a "frozen" embryo is transferred, the recipient woman could be given first estrogen preparations (about 2 weeks), then a combination of
511:
facilities, effective education about the risks of multiple pregnancy, and legislation appear to be the most important factors for regional usage of single embryo transfer. Also, personal choice plays a significant role as many subfertile couples have a strong preference for twins.
127:, and are thawed just prior to the transfer, which is then termed "frozen embryo transfer" (FET). The outcome from using cryopreserved embryos has uniformly been positive with no increase in birth defects or development abnormalities, also between fresh versus frozen eggs used for
753:
The first transfer of an embryo from one human to another resulting in pregnancy was reported in July 1983 and subsequently led to the announcement of the first human birth 3 February 1984. This procedure was performed at the Harbor UCLA Medical Center under the direction of Dr.
530:
as an adherence medium for the embryo may increase live birth rates. There may be little or no benefit in having a full bladder, removal of cervical mucus, or flushing of the endometrial or endocervical cavity at the time of embryo transfer. Adjunctive antibiotics in the form of
2830:
Penzias, Alan; Bendikson, Kristin; Butts, Samantha; Coutifaris, Christos; Falcone, Tommaso; Fossum, Gregory; Gitlin, Susan; Gracia, Clarisa; Hansen, Karl; La
Barbera, Andrew; Mersereau, Jennifer; Odem, Randall; Paulson, Richard; Pfeifer, Samantha; Pisarska, Margareta (2017).
1449:
Tan, Kun; An, Lei; Miao, Kai; Ren, Likun; Hou, Zhuocheng; Tao, Li; Zhang, Zhenni; Wang, Xiaodong; Xia, Wei; Liu, Jinghao; Wang, Zhuqing; Xi, Guangyin; Gao, Shuai; Sui, Linlin; Zhu, De-Sheng; Wang, Shumin; Wu, Zhonghong; Bach, Ingolf; Chen, Dong-bao; Tian, Jianhui (2016).
563:. There is some evidence that in cycles where the endometrium is artificially prepared by estrogen or progesterone, it may be beneficial to administer an additional drug that suppresses hormone production by the ovaries such as continuous administration of a
2195:
Fauque P, Jouannet P, Davy C, Guibert J, Viallon V, Epelboin S, Kunstmann JM, Patrat C (August 2010). "Cumulative results including obstetrical and neonatal outcome of fresh and frozen-thawed cycles in elective single versus double fresh embryo transfers".
352:
through the cervical canal and advanced into the uterine cavity. Several types of catheters are used for this process, however, there is good evidence that using a soft vs a hard transfer catheter can increase the chances of clinical pregnancy.
878:
improved embryo transfer technique considerably efficient technology, no longer depending on the immediate readiness of suitable recipients. Pregnancy rates are just slightly less than those achieved with fresh embryos. Recently, the use of
382:
The appropriate number of embryos to be transferred depends on the age of the woman, whether it is the first, second or third full IVF cycle attempt and whether there are top-quality embryos available. According to a guideline from The
1646:"Different effectiveness of closed embryo culture system with time-lapse imaging (EmbryoScope(TM)) in comparison to standard manual embryology in good and poor prognosis patients: a prospectively randomized pilot study"
769:
their husband's genetic makeup. Although donor embryo transfer as practiced today has evolved from the original non-surgical method, it now accounts for approximately 5% of in vitro fertilization recorded births.
539:
probably does not increase the clinical pregnancy rate compared with no antibiotics. The use of
Atosiban, G-CSF and hCG around the time of embryo transfer showed a trend towards increased clinical pregnancy rate.
1232:
Groenewoud ER, Cantineau AE, Kollen BJ, Macklon NS, Cohlen BJ (2013). "What is the optimal means of preparing the endometrium in frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles? A systematic review and meta-analysis".
930:
Cohen J, Simons RF, Fehilly CB, Fishel SB, Edwards RG, Hewitt J, Rowlant GF, Steptoe PC, Webster JM (March 1985). "Birth after replacement of hatching blastocyst cryopreserved at expanded blastocyst stage".
2234:
Gelbaya TA, Tsoumpou I, Nardo LG (August 2010). "The likelihood of live birth and multiple birth after single versus double embryo transfer at the cleavage stage: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
899:
in ethylene glycol freeze media was born on 23 June 1996. Dr. Binoy
Sebastian Vettical of Kerala Livestock Development Board Ltd has produced the embryo stored frozen in Ethylene Glycol freeze media by
551:
is required for the recipient before transfer, which can be performed in spontaneous ovulatory cycles. Still, various protocols exist for frozen-thawed embryo transfers as well, such as protocols with
158:
than those born from non-frozen blastocysts. When transferring a frozen-thawed oocyte, the chance of pregnancy is essentially the same whether it is transferred in a natural cycle or one with
3229:
147:
following ovarian hyperstimulation, and therefore frozen embryo transfer avails for a separate cycle to focus on optimizing the chances of successful implantation. Children born from
3584:
363:
evidence suggests avoiding negative pressure from the catheter after expulsion. After withdrawal, the catheter is handed to the embryologist, who inspects it for retained embryos.
339:
device compared to conventional embryology. Active efforts to develop a more accurate embryo selection analysis based on
Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning are underway.
1742:
Chavez-Badiola, Alejandro; Flores-Saiffe Farias, Adolfo; Mendizabal-Ruiz, Gerardo; Garcia-Sanchez, Rodolfo; Drakeley, Andrew J.; Garcia-Sandoval, Juan Paulo (10 March 2020).
340:
3610:
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494:(2BT), with a twinning rate of approximately 3.5% in sET compared with approximately 38% in DET, or 2% in eSBT compared with approximately 25% in 2BT. At the same time,
384:
206:
in 2013 came to the conclusion that it is not possible to identify one method of endometrium preparation in frozen embryo transfer as being more effective than another.
841:. For example, embryos of genetically modified strains that are difficult to breed or expensive to maintain may be stored frozen, and only thawed and implanted into a
830:
has allowed greater use of superior sires. ET also allows the continued use of animals such as competition mares to continue training and showing, while producing
3222:
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to another woman who gave birth to the infant 38 weeks later. The sperm used in the artificial insemination came from the husband of the woman who bore the baby.
1131:
Farquhar C, Rishworth JR, Brown J, Nelen WL, Marjoribanks J (December 2014). Brown J (ed.). "Assisted reproductive technology: an overview of
Cochrane reviews".
1552:"Embryo incubation and selection in a time-lapse monitoring system improves pregnancy outcome compared with a standard incubator: a retrospective cohort study"
848:
On
February 19, 2020, the first pair of Cheetah cubs to be conceived through embryo transfer from a surrogate cheetah mother was born at Columbus Zoo in Ohio.
523:
There is considerable evidence that prolonges bed rest (more than 20 minutes) after embryo transfer is associated with reduced chances of clinical pregnancy.
811:• Placement of embryo transfer tip in the upper or middle (central) area of the uterine cavity, greater than 1 cm from the fundus, for embryo expulsion
909:
survey of the North
American embryo transfer industry, embryo transfer success rates from direct transfer of embryos were as good as to those achieved with
597:. There are significantly improved outcomes when women are exposed to seminal plasma around the time of embryo transfer, with statistical significance for
1709:
Chavez-Badiola, Alejandro; Flores-Saiffe Farias, Adolfo; Mendizabal-Ruiz, Gerardo; Drakeley, Andrew J.; Garcia-Sánchez, Rodolfo; Zhang, John J. (2019).
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Patients are also given estrogen medication in some cases after the embryo transfer. Pregnancy testing is done typically two weeks after egg retrieval.
507:
The usage of single embryo transfer is highest in Sweden (69.4%), but as low as 2.8% in the USA. Access to public funding for ART, availability of good
165:
There is probably little or no difference between FET and fresh embryo transfers in terms of live birth rate and ongoing pregnancy rate and the risk of
571:, there is evidence of a lower pregnancy rate and a higher cycle cancellation rate when the progesterone supplementation in the recipient is commenced
3215:
322:, there is significant evidence that a morphological scoring system is the best strategy for the selection of embryos. Since 2009 where the first
3324:
564:
2751:
2718:
266:, so the cumulative clinical pregnancy rates are increased with cleavage stage transfer. It is uncertain whether there is any difference in
111:
Factors that can affect the success of embryo transfer include the endometrial receptivity, embryo quality, and embryo transfer technique.
3402:
2421:"Interventions to optimize embryo transfer in women undergoing assisted conception: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analyses"
2372:"Interventions to optimize embryo transfer in women undergoing assisted conception: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analyses"
1877:"Interventions to optimize embryo transfer in women undergoing assisted conception: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analyses"
1828:"Interventions to optimize embryo transfer in women undergoing assisted conception: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analyses"
1317:"Neonatal outcomes among singleton births after blastocyst versus cleavage stage embryo transfer: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
552:
548:
136:
169:
may be less using the "freeze all" strategy. The risk of having a large-for-gestational-age baby and higher birth rate, in addition to
2519:"The role of seminal plasma for improved outcomes during in vitro fertilization treatment: review of the literature and meta-analysis"
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255:
166:
148:
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3238:
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Hasler JF, Hurtgen PG, Jin ZQ, Stokes JE (1997). "Survival of IVF-derived bovine embryos frozen in glycerol or ethylene glycol".
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128:
82:
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In the procedure, an embryo that was just beginning to develop was transferred from one woman in whom it had been conceived by
254:
Embryos who reach the day 3 cell stage can be tested for chromosomal or specific genetic defects prior to possible transfer by
185:) needs to be appropriately prepared so that the embryo can implant. In a natural cycle the embryo transfer takes place in the
170:
721:
3475:
3422:
2153:"Comparison of pregnancy outcomes in elective single blastocyst transfer versus double blastocyst transfer stratified by age"
678:
367:
1410:"Monozygotic twinning is not increased after single blastocyst transfer compared with single cleavage-stage embryo transfer"
1175:
Zaat, Tjitske; Zagers, Miriam; Mol, Femke; Goddijn, Mariëtte; van Wely, Madelon; Mastenbroek, Sebastiaan (4 February 2021).
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370:(ZIFT), eggs are removed from the woman, fertilised, and then placed in the woman's fallopian tubes rather than the uterus.
3579:
3417:
3407:
2603:"Duration of progesterone-in-oil support after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer: a randomized, controlled trial"
974:
1744:"Predicting pregnancy test results after embryo transfer by image feature extraction and analysis using machine learning"
3341:
3319:
594:
500:
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are increased following FET, and perinatal outcomes are less affected, compared to embryo transfer in the same cycle as
2684:
1511:"Soluble HLA-G is an independent factor for the prediction of pregnancy outcome after ART: a German multi-centre study"
1452:"Impaired imprinted X chromosome inactivation is responsible for the skewed sex ratio following in vitro fertilization"
700:
3631:
1000:
Wennerholm UB, Söderström-Anttila V, Bergh C, Aittomäki K, Hazekamp J, Nygren KG, Selbing A, Loft A (September 2009).
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It is uncertain whether the use of mechanical closure of the cervical canal following embryo transfer has any effect.
199:
144:
1986:"Three dimensional/four dimensional ultrasound-guided embryo transfer using the maximal implantation potential point"
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Fresh blastocyst (day 5 to 6) stage transfer seems to be more effective than cleavage (day 2 or 3) stage transfer in
1408:
Papanikolaou EG, Fatemi H, Venetis C, Donoso P, Kolibianakis E, Tournaye H, Tarlatzis B, Devroey P (February 2010).
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potential. A blastocyst stage embryo does not have this problem as it is best suited for the uterine environment
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This work established the technical foundation and legal-ethical framework surrounding the clinical use of human
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336:
331:
2028:"Effect of delayed versus immediate embryo transfer catheter removal on pregnancy outcomes during fresh cycles"
490:. It significantly lowers the risk of multiple pregnancies, compared with e.g. Double Embryo Transfer (DET) or
250:
52:
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98:
2560:"Re-analysis of vaginal progesterone as luteal phase support (LPS) in assisted reproduction (ART) cycles"
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Evans J, Hannan NJ, Edgell TA, Vollenhoven BJ, Lutjen PJ, Osianlis T, Salamonsen LA, Rombauts LJ (2014).
2977:
598:
323:
277:
1046:"Fresh versus frozen embryo transfer: backing clinical decisions with scientific and clinical evidence"
2083:"Number of embryos for transfer following in vitro fertilisation or intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection"
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Tyler, B.; Walford, H.; Tamblyn, J.; Keay, S. D.; Mavrelos, D.; Yasmin, E.; Al Wattar, B. H. (2022).
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Tyler, B.; Walford, H.; Tamblyn, J.; Keay, S. D.; Mavrelos, D.; Yasmin, E.; Al Wattar, B. H. (2022).
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387:(NICE) in 2013, the number of embryos transferred in a cycle should be chosen as in following table:
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to have a greater influence on the genetic advancement of a herd or flock in much the same way that
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system for IVF was approved for clinical use, morphokinetic scoring systems has shown to improve to
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Stroud B (2012). "The year 2011 worldwide statistics of embryo transfer in domestic farm animals".
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Glujovsky D, Quinteiro
Retamar AM, Alvarez Sedo CR, Ciapponi A, Cornelisse S, Blake D (May 2022).
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1002:"Children born after cryopreservation of embryos or oocytes: a systematic review of outcome data"
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913:. Moreover, in 2011, more than 95% of frozen-thawed embryos were transferred by Direct Transfer.
2067:
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Wikland M, Hardarson T, Hillensjö T, Westin C, Westlander G, Wood M, Wennerholm UB (July 2010).
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2783:"Cleavage-stage versus blastocyst-stage embryo transfer in assisted reproductive technology"
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treatment but which are then surplus to that couple's needs may also be transferred (called
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or surrogate to carry the pregnancy. Also, a woman who has no eggs but a uterus may utilize
576:
508:
1640:
Wu YG, Lazzaroni-Tealdi E, Wang Q, Zhang L, Barad DH, Kushnir VA, Darmon SK, Albertini DF,
101:(IVF) - may be used in humans or in other animals, in which situations and goals may vary.
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Armstrong, S; Bhide, P; Jordan, V; Pacey, A; Marjoribanks, J; Farquhar, C (29 May 2019).
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in terms of mean gestational age at delivery, mode of delivery, birthweight, and risk of
1759:
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per transfer, but also confers a decreased number of embryos available for transfer and
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Mains L, Van Voorhis BJ (August 2010). "Optimizing the technique of embryo transfer".
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so that the lining becomes receptive for the embryo. The time of receptivity is the
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from the donor, as compared to commenced day of oocyte retrieval or the day after.
568:
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544:
195:
186:
123:, or "frozen", that is they have been generated in a preceding cycle and undergone
17:
1593:"Time-lapse systems for embryo incubation and assessment in assisted reproduction"
1984:
Gergely RZ, DeUgarte CM, Danzer H, Surrey M, Hill D, DeCherney AH (August 2005).
58:
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182:
155:
151:
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1767:
1696:"ERICA Embryo Ranking | Artificial Intelligence for Assisted Reproduction"
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Leibo SP, Mazur P. 1978. Methods for the preservation of mammalian embryos by
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The technique of selecting only one embryo to transfer to the woman is called
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258:(PGD). Transferring at the blastocyst stage confers a significant increase in
238:
105:
41:
3037:
Voelkel SA, Hu YX (1992). "Direct transfer of frozen-thawed bovine embryos".
2436:
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Mullin CM, Fino ME, Talebian S, Krey LC, Licciardi F, Grifo JA (April 2010).
1952:
1944:
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Meseguer M, Rubio I, Cruz M, Basile N, Marcos J, Requena A (December 2012).
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1316:
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1103:
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has permitted the direct transfer of bovine embryos. The world's first live
823:
787:, a mainstream clinical practice, which has evolved over the past 25 years.
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635:
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2011:
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1027:
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1711:"Artificial vision and machine learning designed to predict PGT-A results"
952:
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2953:
2026:
Sroga JM, Montville CP, Aubuchon M, Williams DB, Thomas MA (April 2010).
1928:
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896:
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191:
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Friedrich, Otto; Constable, Anne; Samghabadi, Raji (10 September 1984).
3149:
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3111:
3020:
2937:
2093:(8). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (published 21 August 2020): CD003416.
875:
814:• Immediate ambulation once the embryo transfer procedure is completed
681: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2130:
Fertility: assessment and treatment for people with fertility problems
1149:
486:) or, when embryos are at the blastocyst stage, it can also be called
68:
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3001:
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contains several proteins that interact with epithelial cells of the
315:
104:
Embryo transfer can be done at day two or day three, or later in the
90:
86:
2129:
758:
and the University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine.
119:
Embryos can be either "fresh" from fertilized egg cells of the same
3152:
in North America. In: Proceedings of the 17th Annual Convention of
3023:
in North America. In: Proceedings of the 17th Annual Convention of
2323:"Assisted reproductive technology: an overview of Cochrane Reviews"
1361:"Assisted reproductive technology: an overview of Cochrane Reviews"
173:
of pregnancy may be increased using a "freeze all" strategy.
3106:
Binoy Sebastian Vettical, Kuruvilla Varghese and K.Muraleedharan.
3007:
transfer. Anim. Reprod., v.10, n.3, p.168-173, Jul./Sept. 2013 173
855:
582:
472:
555:, protocols in which the endometrium is artificially prepared by
3157:
3153:
3024:
2938:"Experiments on the low-temperature preservation of cow embryos"
2081:
Kamath MS, Mascarenhas M, Kirubakaran R, Bhattacharya S (2020).
831:
314:
Laboratories have developed grading methods to judge oocyte and
3211:
3016:
Leibo SP, Mapletoft RJ. 1998. Direct transfer of cryopreserved
2068:"New Law regarding the number of embryos transferred in Greece"
1177:"Fresh versus frozen embryo transfers in assisted reproduction"
650:
270:
between transfer on day two or day three after fertilization.
1695:
543:
For frozen-thawed embryo transfer or transfer of embryo from
2646:
Birthing a Mother: the Surrogate Body and the Pregnant Self.
1087:"Obstetric outcomes after transfer of vitrified blastocysts"
229:. The main stages at which embryo transfer is performed are
221:
Embryo transfer can be performed after various durations of
3198:
The blastocyst transfer process – a form of embryo transfer
2275:"Global variations in the uptake of single embryo transfer"
3203:
One at a time website – benefits of Single Embryo Transfer
3027:, 1998, San Antonio, TX. San Antonio, TX: AETA. pp. 91-98.
1922:
1920:
471:"e-SET" redirects here. For the mathematical concept, see
335:
poorer embryo quality and more staff time in an automated
97:. This technique - which is often used in connection with
1509:
Rebmann V, Switala M, Eue I, Grosse-Wilde H (July 2010).
276:
is not increased after blastocyst transfer compared with
3193:
How embryo transfer works as part of fertility treatment
2911:"First Cheetah Cubs Born as Result of Embryo Transfer"
904:(SPF) technique and transferred directly to recipient
2517:
Crawford G, Ray A, Gudi A, Shah A, Homburg R (2014).
46:
8-cell embryo for transfer 3 days after fertilization
2468:
Ghobara, T; Gelbaya, TA; Ayeleke, RO (5 July 2017).
822:
Embryo transfer techniques allow top quality female
802:• Abdominal ultrasound guidance for embryo transfer
355:
There is good and consistent evidence of benefit in
3603:
3562:
3511:
3431:
3350:
3293:
3245:
341:
Embryo Ranking Intelligent Classification Algorithm
51:
34:
2660:"Infertile Woman Has Baby Through Embryo Transfer"
2470:"Cycle regimens for frozen-thawed embryo transfer"
2273:Maheshwari A, Griffiths S, Bhattacharya S (2010).
3611:Reproduction and pregnancy in speculative fiction
3142:Leibo SP, Mapletoft RJ. 1998. Direct transfer of
2268:
2266:
1039:
1037:
385:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2601:Goudge CS, Nagel TC, Damario MA (August 2010).
2321:Farquhar, C; Marjoribanks, J (17 August 2018).
1456:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1359:Farquhar, C; Marjoribanks, J (17 August 2018).
1310:
1308:
2640:
2638:
1126:
1124:
1122:
330:further. However, when all different types of
3223:
2982:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
2833:"Performing the embryo transfer: a guideline"
2746:
2744:
895:conditions by Direct Transfer (DT) of embryo
143:is believed to not be optimally prepared for
8:
3129:, Compendium: 9th International Congress on
2719:"Medicine: A Legal, Moral, Social Nightmare"
1315:Dar S, Lazer T, Shah PS, Librach CL (2014).
2712:
2710:
2474:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2327:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1597:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1181:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1133:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
772:Prior to this, thousands of women who were
93:of a female with the intent to establish a
3230:
3216:
3208:
3156:, 1998, San Antonio, TX. San Antonio, TX:
2229:
2227:
488:elective single blastocyst transfer (eSBT)
209:Limited evidence also supports removal of
108:stage, which was first performed in 1984.
40:
2848:
2806:
2648:Berkeley: University of California Press.
2618:
2575:
2534:
2493:
2444:
2395:
2346:
2290:
2190:
2188:
2168:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2106:
2043:
2001:
1960:
1900:
1851:
1775:
1726:
1671:
1661:
1616:
1567:
1526:
1485:
1475:
1425:
1384:
1332:
1208:
1148:
1102:
1061:
1017:
741:Learn how and when to remove this message
808:• Use of soft embryo transfer catheters
389:
283:There is a significantly higher odds of
2685:"HUMC – Celebrating 50 Years of Caring"
2087:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1365:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1354:
1352:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
922:
2975:
2070:. newlife-ivf.co.uk. 22 December 2014.
1650:Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology
867:The development of various methods of
630:baby; she would require the help of a
565:gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
31:
2658:Blakeslee, Sandra (4 February 1984).
1807:from the original on 13 December 2021
7:
3118:Freeze Media and Direct Transfer in
1170:
1168:
679:adding citations to reliable sources
2758:. 10 September 1984. Archived from
2558:Zarutskiea PW, Phillips JA (2007).
601:, but not for ongoing pregnancy or
81:refers to a step in the process of
64:
797:assisted reproductive technologies
181:In the human, the uterine lining (
25:
3413:Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
2045:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.07.1664
852:Frozen embryo transfer in animals
605:with the limited data available.
256:preimplantation genetic diagnosis
225:, conferring different stages in
167:ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
3393:Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
3368:Autologous endometrial coculture
3239:Assisted reproductive technology
2850:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.01.025
2620:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.05.003
2577:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.07.365
2249:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.04.003
2210:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.03.105
2170:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.12.137
2003:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.01.141
1728:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.07.715
1569:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.08.016
1427:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.12.088
1291:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.03.030
837:Embryo transfer is also used in
655:
129:intracytoplasmic sperm injection
666:needs additional citations for
480:elective-single embryo transfer
171:maternal hypertensive disorders
27:Method of assisted reproduction
3476:Gamete intrafallopian transfer
3423:Zygote intrafallopian transfer
2799:10.1002/14651858.CD002118.pub6
2486:10.1002/14651858.CD003414.pub3
2339:10.1002/14651858.CD010537.pub5
2099:10.1002/14651858.CD003416.pub5
1609:10.1002/14651858.CD011320.pub4
1377:10.1002/14651858.CD010537.pub5
1193:10.1002/14651858.CD011184.pub3
1141:10.1002/14651858.CD010537.pub3
975:"Genetics & IVF Institute"
368:zygote intrafallopian transfer
318:quality. In order to optimise
1:
3580:Genetic diagnosis of intersex
3408:Partner-assisted reproduction
3086:10.1016/s0093-691x(97)00274-4
3000:. In: Mapletoft. History and
2136:CG156 – Issued: February 2013
945:10.1016/s0140-6736(85)92194-4
3051:10.1016/0093-691x(92)90245-m
2936:Wilmut I, Rowson LE (1973).
2900:. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
2881:. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
1803:. Dr. John Jain on Youtube.
1799:Jain, John (25 March 2015).
805:• Removal of cervical mucus
595:gestational immune tolerance
501:neonatal intensive care unit
3418:Transvaginal ovum retrieval
891:bovine calf produced under
3668:
2956:(inactive 14 April 2024).
2915:Smithsonian's National Zoo
2787:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
1768:10.1038/s41598-020-61357-9
977:. Givf.com. Archived from
902:slow programmable freezing
818:Embryo transfer in animals
492:double blastocyst transfer
470:
307:
154:have significantly higher
3585:Religious response to ART
2872:Embryo Transfer in Cattle
2752:"The New Origins of Life"
2523:Human Reproduction Update
2425:Human Reproduction Update
2376:Human Reproduction Update
2279:Human Reproduction Update
1933:Human Reproduction Update
1929:"OUP accepted manuscript"
1881:Human Reproduction Update
1832:Human Reproduction Update
1663:10.1186/s12958-016-0181-x
1321:Human Reproduction Update
1235:Human Reproduction Update
1050:Human Reproduction Update
433:
430:
403:
337:time-lapse embryo imaging
332:time-lapse embryo imaging
65:
39:
3403:Ovarian hyperstimulation
2891:Embryo Sexing Technology
625:Third-party reproduction
553:ovarian hyperstimulation
549:ovarian hyperstimulation
241:stage (day 5 or 6 after
137:ovarian hyperstimulation
3439:Artificial insemination
3285:Male infertility crisis
2837:Fertility and Sterility
2607:Fertility and Sterility
2564:Fertility and Sterility
2237:Fertility and Sterility
2198:Fertility and Sterility
2157:Fertility and Sterility
2134:NICE clinical guideline
2032:Fertility and Sterility
1990:Fertility and Sterility
1715:Fertility and Sterility
1556:Fertility and Sterility
1477:10.1073/pnas.1523538113
1414:Fertility and Sterility
1279:Fertility and Sterility
828:artificial insemination
763:artificial insemination
264:embryo cryopreservation
125:embryo cryopreservation
3637:In vitro fertilisation
3590:Mitochondrial donation
3524:Donor Sibling Registry
3363:Assisted zona hatching
3352:In vitro fertilisation
3133:in Animal Reproduction
2570:(supplement 1): S113.
2437:10.1093/humupd/dmac009
2388:10.1093/humupd/dmac009
1945:10.1093/humupd/dmac009
1893:10.1093/humupd/dmac009
1844:10.1093/humupd/dmac009
864:
99:in vitro fertilization
2536:10.1093/humupd/dmu052
2292:10.1093/humupd/dmq028
1826:Tayler, Bede (2022).
1528:10.1093/humrep/deq120
1334:10.1093/humupd/dmu001
1247:10.1093/humupd/dmt030
1104:10.1093/humrep/deq117
1063:10.1093/humupd/dmu027
1019:10.1093/humrep/dep125
859:
618:as longer durations.
516:Adjunctive procedures
324:time-lapse microscopy
308:Further information:
278:cleavage-stage embryo
83:assisted reproduction
3481:Reproductive surgery
3373:Cytoplasmic transfer
3303:Estrogen antagonists
3295:Fertility medication
2954:10.1136/vr.92.26.686
2896:2 March 2009 at the
2419:Tyler, Bede (2022).
2370:Tyler, Bede (2022).
675:improve this article
442:2 if no top-quality
399:Embryos transferred
293:congenital anomalies
274:Monozygotic twinning
89:are placed into the
3493:Selective reduction
3444:Ovulation induction
3388:In vitro maturation
3383:Gestational carrier
3308:aromatase inhibitor
2877:14 May 2008 at the
2729:on 16 February 2009
2644:Teman, Elly. 2010.
1760:2020NatSR..10.4394C
1468:2016PNAS..113.3197T
632:gestational carrier
357:ultrasound guidance
200:implantation window
177:Uterine preparation
160:ovulation induction
139:was performed. The
115:Fresh versus frozen
35:Embryo transfer 123
18:Blastocyst transfer
3632:Fertility medicine
3519:Donor registration
3486:Vasectomy reversal
2917:. 24 February 2020
2762:on 14 January 2005
2664:The New York Times
1748:Scientific Reports
1515:Human Reproduction
1091:Human Reproduction
1006:Human Reproduction
981:on 6 December 2012
865:
599:clinical pregnancy
593:, inducing active
366:In the process of
233:(day 2 to 4 after
3619:
3618:
3570:Accidental incest
3280:Fertility tourism
3275:Fertility testing
1801:"Embryo Transfer"
1562:(6): 1481–9.e10.
1462:(12): 3197–3202.
845:dam when needed.
751:
750:
743:
725:
690:"Embryo transfer"
464:
463:
437:1 if top-quality
418:1 if top-quality
213:before transfer.
204:scientific review
131:(ICSI). In fact,
76:
75:
16:(Redirected from
3659:
3544:Semen collection
3449:Cryopreservation
3398:Oocyte selection
3270:Fertility clinic
3232:
3225:
3218:
3209:
3180:
3179:
3167:
3161:
3140:
3134:
3108:Cryopreservation
3104:
3098:
3097:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3034:
3028:
3014:
3008:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2981:
2973:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2907:
2901:
2888:
2882:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2852:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2810:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2748:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2725:. Archived from
2714:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2691:. Archived from
2681:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2655:
2649:
2642:
2633:
2632:
2622:
2598:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2538:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2497:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2448:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2399:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2350:
2318:
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2294:
2270:
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2231:
2222:
2221:
2192:
2183:
2182:
2172:
2148:
2137:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2110:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2047:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2005:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1964:
1924:
1915:
1914:
1904:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1855:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1779:
1739:
1733:
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1730:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1675:
1665:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1620:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1571:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1530:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1489:
1479:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1429:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1388:
1356:
1347:
1346:
1336:
1312:
1303:
1302:
1274:
1259:
1258:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1212:
1172:
1163:
1162:
1152:
1135:(12): CD010537.
1128:
1117:
1116:
1106:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1065:
1041:
1032:
1031:
1021:
997:
991:
990:
988:
986:
971:
965:
964:
927:
869:cryopreservation
746:
739:
735:
732:
726:
724:
683:
659:
651:
603:live birth rates
577:oocyte retrieval
509:cryopreservation
390:
304:Embryo selection
69:edit on Wikidata
61:
44:
32:
21:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3599:
3575:Fertility fraud
3558:
3507:
3427:
3378:Embryo transfer
3355:
3346:
3289:
3241:
3236:
3189:
3184:
3183:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3141:
3137:
3116:Ethylene Glycol
3105:
3101:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3015:
3011:
2995:
2991:
2974:
2948:(26): 686–690.
2935:
2934:
2930:
2920:
2918:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2898:Wayback Machine
2889:
2885:
2879:Wayback Machine
2870:
2866:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2793:(6): CD002118.
2780:
2779:
2775:
2765:
2763:
2750:
2749:
2742:
2732:
2730:
2716:
2715:
2708:
2698:
2696:
2695:on 3 March 2016
2683:
2682:
2678:
2668:
2666:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2643:
2636:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2585:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2480:(7): CD003414.
2467:
2466:
2462:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2333:(8): CD010537.
2320:
2319:
2308:
2272:
2271:
2264:
2233:
2232:
2225:
2194:
2193:
2186:
2150:
2149:
2140:
2128:
2124:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2025:
2024:
2020:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1926:
1925:
1918:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1644:(August 2016).
1639:
1638:
1634:
1603:(5): CD011320.
1590:
1589:
1585:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1371:(8): CD010537.
1358:
1357:
1350:
1314:
1313:
1306:
1276:
1275:
1262:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1187:(2): CD011184.
1174:
1173:
1166:
1130:
1129:
1120:
1097:(7): 1699–707.
1084:
1083:
1079:
1043:
1042:
1035:
999:
998:
994:
984:
982:
973:
972:
968:
929:
928:
924:
919:
885:ethylene glycol
881:cryoprotectants
860:Bovine embryos
854:
839:laboratory mice
820:
793:
785:embryo donation
747:
736:
730:
727:
684:
682:
672:
660:
649:
641:embryo donation
627:
611:
537:clavulanic acid
528:hyaluronic acid
518:
496:pregnancy rates
476:
469:
450:No more than 2
426:No more than 2
376:
349:
328:pregnancy rates
320:pregnancy rates
312:
306:
268:live birth rate
260:live birth rate
219:
179:
133:pregnancy rates
121:menstrual cycle
117:
79:Embryo transfer
72:
57:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3665:
3663:
3655:
3654:
3652:Theriogenology
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3624:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
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3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
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3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3478:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3464:ovarian tissue
3461:
3456:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3359:
3357:
3356:and expansions
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3299:
3297:
3291:
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3288:
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3249:
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3237:
3235:
3234:
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3206:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3188:
3187:External links
3185:
3182:
3181:
3162:
3135:
3099:
3080:(4): 563–579.
3074:Theriogenology
3064:
3039:Theriogenology
3029:
3009:
2989:
2928:
2902:
2883:
2864:
2843:(4): 882–896.
2822:
2773:
2740:
2706:
2676:
2650:
2634:
2593:
2583:
2550:
2509:
2460:
2431:(4): 480–500.
2411:
2382:(4): 480–500.
2362:
2306:
2262:
2223:
2184:
2163:(6): 1837–43.
2138:
2122:
2073:
2059:
2038:(6): 2088–90.
2018:
1976:
1939:(4): 480–500.
1916:
1887:(4): 480–500.
1867:
1838:(4): 480–500.
1818:
1791:
1734:
1701:
1687:
1632:
1583:
1542:
1501:
1441:
1400:
1348:
1304:
1260:
1224:
1164:
1118:
1077:
1033:
1012:(9): 2158–72.
992:
966:
921:
920:
918:
915:
853:
850:
843:pseudopregnant
819:
816:
792:
789:
749:
748:
663:
661:
654:
648:
645:
626:
623:
610:
607:
547:, no previous
517:
514:
468:
465:
462:
461:
458:
456:
452:
451:
448:
444:
443:
439:
438:
435:
432:
428:
427:
424:
420:
419:
416:
412:
411:
408:
405:
401:
400:
397:
394:
375:
372:
348:
345:
310:Embryo quality
305:
302:
231:cleavage stage
223:embryo culture
218:
215:
211:cervical mucus
178:
175:
116:
113:
74:
73:
66:
63:
62:
55:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3664:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3595:Sex selection
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3498:Sex selection
3496:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3432:Other methods
3430:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3330:Gonadotropins
3328:
3326:
3325:GnRH agonists
3323:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3233:
3228:
3226:
3221:
3219:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3177:
3173:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3144:cryopreserved
3139:
3136:
3132:
3131:Biotechnology
3128:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2985:
2979:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2929:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2868:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2826:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2774:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2613:(3): 946–51.
2612:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2594:
2587:
2584:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2529:(2): 275–84.
2528:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2285:(1): 107–20.
2284:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2243:(3): 936–45.
2242:
2238:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2204:(3): 927–35.
2203:
2199:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2019:
2013:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1819:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1735:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1521:(7): 1691–8.
1520:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1445:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1327:(3): 439–48.
1326:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1285:(3): 785–90.
1284:
1280:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1241:(5): 458–70.
1240:
1236:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1056:(6): 808–21.
1055:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
996:
993:
980:
976:
970:
967:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
939:(8429): 647.
938:
934:
926:
923:
916:
914:
912:
907:
903:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
877:
874:
870:
863:
858:
851:
849:
846:
844:
840:
835:
833:
829:
825:
817:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
798:
791:Effectiveness
790:
788:
786:
782:
777:
775:
770:
766:
764:
759:
757:
745:
742:
734:
731:February 2018
723:
720:
716:
713:
709:
706:
702:
699:
695:
692: –
691:
687:
686:Find sources:
680:
676:
670:
669:
664:This section
662:
658:
653:
652:
646:
644:
642:
637:
633:
624:
622:
619:
617:
608:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
583:Seminal fluid
580:
578:
574:
570:
567:(GnRHa). For
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
541:
538:
534:
529:
524:
521:
515:
513:
510:
505:
504:that of DET.
502:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
474:
466:
459:
457:
454:
453:
449:
446:
445:
441:
440:
436:
434:1st & 2nd
429:
425:
422:
421:
417:
414:
413:
409:
406:
402:
398:
395:
392:
391:
388:
386:
380:
374:Embryo number
373:
371:
369:
364:
360:
358:
353:
346:
344:
342:
338:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
311:
303:
301:
300:51.5% male).
298:
294:
290:
286:
285:preterm birth
281:
279:
275:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
252:
251:
246:
244:
243:co-incubation
240:
236:
235:co-incubation
232:
228:
227:embryogenesis
224:
216:
214:
212:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
188:
184:
176:
174:
172:
168:
163:
161:
157:
153:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
114:
112:
109:
107:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
70:
60:
56:
54:
50:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3529:Egg donation
3377:
3175:
3172:IETS Newslet
3171:
3165:
3160:. pp. 91-98.
3138:
3102:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3045:(3): 23–37.
3042:
3038:
3032:
3012:
2992:
2978:cite journal
2945:
2941:
2931:
2919:. Retrieved
2914:
2905:
2886:
2867:
2840:
2836:
2825:
2790:
2786:
2776:
2764:. Retrieved
2760:the original
2755:
2731:. Retrieved
2727:the original
2722:
2697:. Retrieved
2693:the original
2688:
2679:
2667:. Retrieved
2663:
2653:
2610:
2606:
2596:
2586:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2526:
2522:
2512:
2477:
2473:
2463:
2428:
2424:
2414:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2330:
2326:
2282:
2278:
2240:
2236:
2201:
2197:
2160:
2156:
2125:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2062:
2035:
2031:
2021:
1996:(2): 500–3.
1993:
1989:
1979:
1936:
1932:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1835:
1831:
1821:
1809:. Retrieved
1794:
1751:
1747:
1737:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1690:
1653:
1649:
1635:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1518:
1514:
1504:
1459:
1455:
1444:
1420:(2): 592–7.
1417:
1413:
1403:
1368:
1364:
1324:
1320:
1282:
1278:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1184:
1180:
1132:
1094:
1090:
1080:
1053:
1049:
1009:
1005:
995:
985:22 September
983:. Retrieved
979:the original
969:
936:
932:
925:
866:
861:
847:
836:
821:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
794:
778:
771:
767:
760:
752:
737:
728:
718:
711:
704:
697:
685:
673:Please help
668:verification
665:
628:
620:
612:
581:
572:
569:egg donation
561:progesterone
545:egg donation
542:
525:
522:
519:
506:
491:
487:
483:
479:
477:
404:<37 years
381:
377:
365:
361:
356:
354:
350:
313:
282:
272:
253:
247:
220:
208:
196:progesterone
187:luteal phase
180:
164:
145:implantation
118:
110:
103:
78:
77:
29:
3642:Cryobiology
3335:menotropins
3247:Infertility
2921:25 February
1811:17 December
1754:(1): 4394.
1721:(3): e231.
756:John Buster
616:birth rates
533:amoxicillin
455:40–42 years
431:37–39 years
396:Attempt No.
183:endometrium
156:birthweight
152:blastocysts
141:endometrium
3626:Categories
3549:Sperm bank
2699:18 January
1642:Gleicher N
1150:2292/26680
917:References
701:newspapers
297:odds ratio
289:odds ratio
280:transfer.
239:blastocyst
106:blastocyst
3647:Fertility
3503:Surrogacy
3313:clomifene
3120:Crossbred
1953:1355-4786
1656:(1): 49.
1201:1469-493X
889:crossbred
862:in vitro.
824:livestock
774:infertile
636:egg donor
609:Follow-up
347:Procedure
291:1.3) and
237:) or the
149:vitrified
95:pregnancy
85:in which
3554:Ova bank
3512:Donation
3178:: 16–25.
3094:16728153
3059:16727070
2998:freezing
2970:46005842
2894:Archived
2875:Archived
2859:28366416
2817:35588094
2689:humc.edu
2629:19523613
2545:25281684
2504:28675921
2455:35325124
2406:35325124
2357:30117155
2301:20634207
2257:19446809
2218:19446806
2179:19249756
2117:32827168
2054:20116786
2012:16084896
1971:35325124
1911:35325124
1862:35325124
1805:Archived
1786:32157183
1682:27553622
1627:31140578
1578:22975113
1537:20488801
1496:26951653
1436:19243755
1395:30117155
1343:24480786
1299:20409543
1255:23820515
1219:33539543
1159:25532533
1113:20472913
1072:24916455
1028:19458318
961:32746730
911:glycerol
893:tropical
883:such as
557:estrogen
192:estrogen
3604:Related
3454:embryos
3150:embryos
3127:Tropics
3125:in the
3112:Embryos
3021:embryos
2962:4730118
2942:Vet Rec
2808:9119424
2495:6483463
2446:9631462
2397:9631462
2348:6953328
2108:8094586
1962:9631462
1902:9631462
1853:9631462
1777:7064494
1756:Bibcode
1673:4995783
1618:6539473
1487:4812732
1464:Bibcode
1386:6953328
1210:8095009
953:2857991
876:embryos
715:scholar
647:History
559:and/or
87:embryos
59:D004624
3563:Ethics
3534:Embryo
3459:oocyte
3255:Female
3147:cattle
3123:Cattle
3092:
3057:
3018:cattle
3005:embryo
3002:bovine
2968:
2960:
2857:
2815:
2805:
2627:
2543:
2502:
2492:
2453:
2443:
2404:
2394:
2355:
2345:
2299:
2255:
2216:
2177:
2115:
2105:
2052:
2010:
1969:
1959:
1951:
1909:
1899:
1860:
1850:
1784:
1774:
1680:
1670:
1625:
1615:
1576:
1535:
1494:
1484:
1434:
1393:
1383:
1341:
1297:
1253:
1217:
1207:
1199:
1157:
1111:
1070:
1026:
959:
951:
933:Lancet
906:cattle
897:frozen
873:bovine
781:oocyte
717:
710:
703:
696:
688:
591:uterus
587:cervix
526:Using
316:embryo
217:Timing
91:uterus
3539:Sperm
3469:semen
3354:(IVF)
2966:S2CID
2766:1 May
2733:1 May
2669:1 May
957:S2CID
832:foals
722:JSTOR
708:books
573:prior
535:plus
484:e-SET
473:E-set
467:e-SET
67:[
3265:LGBT
3260:Male
3158:AETA
3154:AETA
3090:PMID
3055:PMID
3025:AETA
2984:link
2958:PMID
2923:2020
2855:PMID
2813:PMID
2791:2022
2768:2010
2756:Time
2735:2010
2723:Time
2701:2009
2671:2010
2625:PMID
2541:PMID
2500:PMID
2478:2017
2451:PMID
2402:PMID
2353:PMID
2331:2018
2297:PMID
2253:PMID
2214:PMID
2175:PMID
2113:PMID
2091:2020
2050:PMID
2008:PMID
1967:PMID
1949:ISSN
1907:PMID
1858:PMID
1813:2015
1782:PMID
1678:PMID
1623:PMID
1574:PMID
1533:PMID
1492:PMID
1432:PMID
1391:PMID
1369:2018
1339:PMID
1295:PMID
1251:PMID
1215:PMID
1197:ISSN
1185:2021
1155:PMID
1109:PMID
1068:PMID
1024:PMID
987:2016
949:PMID
783:and
694:news
589:and
202:. A
194:and
53:MeSH
3342:hCG
3320:FSH
3114:in
3110:of
3082:doi
3047:doi
2950:doi
2845:doi
2841:107
2803:PMC
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