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cancer) is discovered in 20–25%. Hematuria alone without accompanying symptoms should be raise suspicion of malignancy of the urinary tract until proven otherwise. The initial evaluation of patients presenting with signs and symptoms that are consistent of hematuria include assessment of hemodynamic status, underlying cause of hematuria, and ensuring urinary drainage. These steps include assessment of the patient's heart rate, blood pressure, a physician exam taken by a healthcare professional, and blood work to ensure the patient's hemodynamic status is adequate. It is important to obtain a detailed history from the patient (i.e. recreational, occupational, and medication exposures) as this information can be helpful in suggesting a cause of hematuria. The physical exam can also be helpful in identifying a cause of the hematuria as certain signs found on the physical exam can suggest specific causes of the hematuria. In the event the initial evaluation of hematuria does not reveal an underlying cause then evaluation by a physician who specializes in
Urology may proceed. This medical evaluation may consist of, but is not limited too, a history and physical exam taken by healthcare personnel, laboratory studies (i.e. blood work), cystoscopy, and specialized imaging procedures (i.e. CT or MRI).
1018:
Signs and symptoms that indicate a urogential tract infection is the source of the sepsis may include, but are not limited to, flank pain, costovertebral angle tenderness, pain with micturition, urinary retention, and scrotal pain. In terms of the visibility, hematuria can be visible to the naked eye (termed "gross hematuria") and may appear red or brown (sometimes referred to as tea-colored), or it can be microscopic (i.e. not visible to the eye but detected of urosepsis. In addition to imaging tests, patients may be treated with antibiotics to relieve the infection and intravenous fluids to maintain cardiovascular and renal perfusion. Acute management of hemodynamic status, in the event intravenous fluids are unsuccessful, may include the use of vasopressor medications and the placement of a central venous line.
200:
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1009:. Clots are evacuated with a Toomey syringe and saline irrigation. If this does not control the bleeding, management should escalate to continuous bladder irrigation (CBI) via a three-port urethral catheter. If both a large urethral Foley catheter and CBI fail, an urgent cystoscopy in the operating room will be necessary. Lastly, a transfusion and/or a correction of a coexisting coagulopathy may be necessary.
954:
51:
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The evaluation of hematuria is dependent upon the visibility of the blood in the urine (i.e. visible/gross vs microscopic hematuria). Visible hematuria must be investigated, as it may be due to a pathological cause. In those with visible hematuria, urological cancer (most frequently bladder or kidney
258:
hematuria can be initial, terminal or total, meaning blood can appear in the urine at the onset, midstream, or later. If it appears soon after the onset of urination, a distal site is suggested. A longer delay suggests a more proximal lesion. Hematuria that occurs throughout urination suggests that
1017:
Urosepsis is defined as sepsis caused by a urogenital tract infection and comprises about 25% of all sepsis cases. Urosepsis is the result of a systemic inflammatory response to infection and can be identified by numerous signs and symptoms (e.g. fever, hypothermia, tachycardia, and leukocytosis).
1026:
In the United States, microscopic hematuria has a prevalence of somewhere between 2% and 31%. Higher rates exist in individuals older than 60 years of age and those with a current or prior history of smoking. Only a fraction of individuals with microhematuria are diagnosed with a urologic cancer.
213:
hematuria can be visible to the naked eye (termed "gross hematuria") and may appear red or brown (sometimes referred to as tea-colored), or it can be microscopic (i.e. not visible but detected with a microscope or laboratory test). Microscopic hematuria is present when there are three or more red
693:
of the urine should be performed, if it has not been done already. If the culture is positive (indicating a bladder infection), urinalysis and urine microscopy should be repeated following treatment to confirm resolution of the hematuria. If the culture is negative or if hematuria persists after
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In pediatric populations, the prevalence is 0.5–2%. Risks factor include older age and female gender. About 5% of individuals with microscopic hematuria receive a cancer diagnosis. 40% of individuals with macroscopic hematuria (blood easily visible in the urine) receive a cancer diagnosis.
248:. Additionally, menstruation in women may cause the appearance of hematuria and may result in a positive urine dipstick test for hematuria. The causes corresponding to these anatomic locations can be divided into glomerular and non-glomerular causes, referring to the involvement of the
888:. If an underlying cause for hematuria is discovered, it should be managed appropriately. However, if no underlying cause is discovered, the hematuria should be re-evaluated with urinalysis and urine microscopy within 12 months. Additionally, for all risk categories, if a
131:. "Gross hematuria" occurs when urine appears red, brown, or tea-colored due to the presence of blood. Hematuria may also be subtle and only detectable with a microscope or laboratory test. Blood that enters and mixes with the urine can come from any location within the
797:
procedure. After benign causes have resolved or been treated, a repeat urinalysis and urine microscopy is warranted to ensure cessation of hematuria. If hematuria persists (even if there is a suspected cause), the next step is to stratify the risk of the person for
555:
may cause the appearance of hematuria and may result in a urine dipstick test positive for hematuria. Menstruation can be ruled out as a cause of hematuria by inquiring about menstruation history and ensuring the urine specimen is collected without menstrual blood.
1031:. Routine screening is not recommended. Individuals with risk factors who undergo repeated testing have higher rates of urologic malignancies. These risks factors include age (> 40 years), male gender, previous or current smoking, chemical exposure (e.g.,
677:. If any of these are present, it is appropriate to repeat a urinalysis with urine microscopy in 1 to 2 weeks or after treatment of the infection. If the results of the urinalysis and urine microscopy reveal a glomerular origin of hematuria (indicated by
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into the renal tubules and eventually into the urinary system. Normally, red blood cells should never pass from the glomerular capillary into the renal tubule, and this is always a pathological process. Glomerular causes include:
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Davis, Rodney; Jones, J. Stephen; Barocas, Daniel A.; Castle, Erik P.; Lang, Erich K.; Leveillee, Raymond J.; Messing, Edward M.; Miller, Scott D.; Peterson, Andrew C.; Turk, Thomas M. T.; Weitzel, William (2012-12-01).
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Barocas, Daniel A.; Boorjian, Stephen A.; Alvarez, Ronald D.; Downs, Tracy M.; Gross, Cary P.; Hamilton, Blake D.; Kobashi, Kathleen C.; Lipman, Robert R.; Lotan, Yair; Ng, Casey K.; Nielsen, Matthew E. (2020-10-01).
1001:
and promote ongoing bleeding from the urinary tract. Removing all blood clots prevents the formation of this natural anticoagulant. This in turns facilitates the cessation of bleeding from the urinary tract.
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669:. Although a urine dipstick test may be used, it can give false positive or false negative results. In gathering information, it is important to inquire about recent trauma, urologic procedures,
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The first step in evaluation of red or brown colored urine is to confirm true hematuria with urinalysis and urine microscopy, where hematuria is defined by three of more red blood cells per
263:
Many causes may present as either visible hematuria or microscopic hematuria, and so the differential diagnosis is frequently organized based on glomerular and non-glomerular causes.
1860:
191:. When hematuria is detected, a thorough history and physical examination with appropriate further evaluation (e.g. laboratory testing) can help determine the underlying cause.
539:(muscle breakdown). Thus, a positive dipstick test does not necessarily indicate hematuria; rather, microscopy of the urine showing three of more red blood cells per
283:(small tubular structures made up of red blood cell components) on urine microscopy. This occurs due to the red blood cells being deformed as they pass through the
1248:
167:. But not all red urine is hematuria. Other substances such as certain medications and foods (e.g. blackberries, beets, food dyes) can cause urine to appear red.
2483:
163:, viral illness, trauma, bladder cancer, and exercise. These causes are grouped into glomerular and non-glomerular causes, depending on the involvement of the
1892:
Wagenlehner, Florian M. E.; Lichtenstern, Christoph; Rolfes, Caroline; Mayer, Konstantin; Uhle, Florian; Weidner, Wolfgang; Weigand, Markus A. (June 2013).
818:; has not had microscopic hematuria before; and has no other risk factors for urothelial cancer. To be in the intermediate risk category, one must satisfy
1595:
Pade, Kathryn H.; Liu, Deborah R. (September 2014). "An evidence-based approach to the management of hematuria in children in the emergency department".
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323:
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When asymptomatic populations are screened with dipstick and/or microscopy medical testing about 2% to 3% of those with hematuria have a urologic
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Not all red or brown urine is caused by hematuria. Other substances such as certain medications and certain foods can cause urine to appear red.
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on any urinalysis. For the low risk category, the next step is to either repeat a urinalysis with urine microscopy in 6 months or perform a
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Blood clots that remain in the bladder are digested by urinary urokinase producing fibrin fragments. These fibrin fragments are natural
1990:
1946:
Coplen, D. E. (January 2013). "Diagnosis, Evaluation and Follow-Up of
Asymptomatic Microhematuria (AMH) in Adults: AUA Guideline".
1215:
Partin, Alan W.; Dmochowski, Roger R.; Kavoussi, Louis R.; Peters, Craig, eds. (2021). "Evaluation and
Management of Hematuria".
333:
2304:
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in red blood cells, it also identifies free hemoglobin and myoglobin. Free hemoglobin may be found in the urine resulting from
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may be falsely positive for hematuria due to other substances in the urine. While the urine dipstick test is able to recognize
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in women may also cause the appearance of hematuria and may result in a positive urine dipstick test for hematuria. A
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Hematuria due to a glomerular source commonly presents as dysmorphic red blood cells (misshapen red blood cells) or
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583:
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test may also give an incorrect positive result for hematuria if there are other substances in the urine such as
199:
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2705:
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into low, intermediate, or high risk to determine next steps. To be in the low risk category, one must satisfy
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After detecting and confirming hematuria with urinalysis and urine microscopy, the first step in evaluation of
587:
421:
252:. Non-glomerular causes can be further subdivided into the upper urinary tract and lower urinary tract causes.
206:
Hematuria can be classified according to visibility, anatomical origin, and timing of blood during urination.
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test should be confirmed with microscopy, where hematuria is defined by three or more red blood cells per
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Postrenal hematuria - the presence of blood in urine (because of damage to the urethra and prostate).
1985:(first ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 175–176.
2802:
2590:
2440:
2130:
1722:"Diagnosis, Evaluation and Follow-Up of Asymptomatic Microhematuria (AMH) in Adults: AUA Guideline"
1346:
McAninch, Jack W.; Lue, Tom (2013). "Chapter 3: Symptoms of
Disorders of the Genitourinary Tract".
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644:
433:
249:
164:
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Acute clot retention is one of three emergencies that can occur with hematuria. The other two are
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Visible blood clots in the urine indicate a non-glomerular cause. Non-glomerular causes include:
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991:. Blood clots can prevent urine outflow through either ureter or the bladder. This is known as
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The acute management of obstructing clots is the placement of a large (22–24 French) urethral
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blood or red blood cells can enter and mix with urine at multiple anatomical sites within the
63:
2014:
Cohen, Robert A.; Brown, Robert S. (2003-06-05). "Clinical practice. Microscopic hematuria".
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834:; or was previously a low-risk patient with persistent microscopic hematuria and has 3–25
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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should be made. If the results of the urinalysis indicate a non-glomerular origin, a
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Papadakis, Maxine A.; McPhee, Stephen J.; Rabow, Michael W. (14 September 2021).
1059:, or greater than 25 red blood cells per high powered field on urine microscopy.
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810:; is a female less than 50 years old or a male less than 40 years old; has 3–10
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Sharp, Victoria; Barnes, Kerri D.; Erickson, Bradley D. (December 1, 2013).
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of the following criteria: Has never smoked tobacco or smoked less than 10
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826:; is a female 50–59 years old or a male aged 40–59 years old; has 11–25
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Increased tendency to bleed due to acquired or genetic conditions (e.g.
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of hematuria can often be explained by damage to the structures of the
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should be performed. Hemodynamic stability should be monitored and a
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1633:
Avellino, Gabriella J.; Bose, Sanchita; Wang, David S. (June 2016).
1150:
Clinical
Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations
869:. For the intermediate risk category, the next step is to perform a
1148:, in Walker, H. Kenneth; Hall, W. Dallas; Hurst, J. Willis (eds.),
2695:
1675:
Yun, Edward J.; Meng, Maxwell V.; Carroll, Peter R. (March 2004).
952:
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and mechanical or chemical erosion of the mucosal surfaces of the
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863:
753:
498:
270:
128:
120:
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1426:. Chapter 21-1: Approach to the Patient with Hematuria – Case 1.
1519:
Izzo, Joseph L.; Sica, Domenic A.; Black, Henry
Richard (2008).
524:
2548:
2235:
717:
2059:"Assessment of Asymptomatic Microscopic Hematuria in Adults"
1894:"Diagnosis and management for urosepsis: Items in urosepsis"
1456:
Ingelfinger, Julie R. (8 July 2021). "Hematuria in Adults".
880:. For the high risk category, the next step is to perform a
1853:"Urologic Emergencies: Gross Hematuria with Clot Retention"
1066:
is very high due to the high prevalence of the blood fluke
932:. Common mechanisms include structural disruption to the
1981:
Shah, Samir; Ronan, Jeanine C.; Alverson, Brian (2014).
461:
Medications that may cause urine to appear red include:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
259:
bleeding is occurring above the level of the bladder.
2089:
1547:"Changes in Urine; Symptoms, Causes & Treatment"
1051:), prolonged foreign body in the bladder (such as a
842:. To be in the high risk category, one must satisfy
781:
is to rule out benign causes. Benign causes include
2892:
Abnormal clinical and laboratory findings for urine
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2171:
2093:
1628:
1626:
1307:, Treasure Island, Florida: StatPearls Publishing,
846:of the following criteria: Has smoked more than 30
426:
Trauma or damage to the lining of the urinary tract
88:
78:
62:
40:
35:
1525:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 382.
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
486:Foods that may cause urine to appear red include:
850:; is older than 60 years of age; or has above 25
1219:(Twelfth ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
1070:, which chronically infects the urinary tract.
1670:
1668:
1110:Current medical diagnosis & treatment 2022
623:Mechanical trauma: masturbation, foreign body.
44:Haematuria, erythrocyturia, blood in the urine
2560:
2247:
1424:Symptom to diagnosis: an evidence-based guide
8:
822:of the following criteria: Has smoked 10–30
564:Common causes of hematuria in children are:
1299:Saleem, Muhammad O.; Hamawy, Karim (2022),
1062:The prevalence of microscopic hematuria in
2718:
2567:
2553:
2545:
2254:
2240:
2232:
2090:
1677:"Evaluation of the patient with hematuria"
1483:Hashmi, Mydah S.; Pandey, Jyotsna (2022),
1247:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
49:
32:
1909:
1796:
535:may be found in the urine resulting from
298:Thin glomerular basement membrane disease
710:should be ordered to assess for anemia.
324:Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
256:In terms of the timing during urination,
198:
1846:
1844:
1635:"Diagnosis and Management of Hematuria"
1083:
949:Medical emergency: acute clot retention
892:origin is suspected, consultation of a
604:Vascular: arteriovenous malformations,
179:, a protein excreted into urine during
1941:
1939:
1937:
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1929:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1240:
1152:(3rd ed.), Boston: Butterworths,
606:hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasias
1773:
1771:
1769:
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1765:
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1759:
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1597:Pediatric Emergency Medicine Practice
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1348:Smith & Tanagho's General Urology
1341:
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1202:
631:Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
155:. Common causes of hematuria include
58:Visible hematuria that is tea-colored
7:
2484:Abderhalden–Kaufmann–Lignac syndrome
1781:"Microhematuria: AUA/SUFU Guideline"
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
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1359:
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2016:The New England Journal of Medicine
976:Repeat until all clots are removed.
964:Connect syringe to a catheter port.
769:, next to benign urothelial cells (
627:Nephritic syndrome: IgA nephropathy
1732:(6S) (published 2012): 2473–2481.
584:ureteropelvic junction obstruction
222:In terms of the anatomical origin,
36:Hematuria (differential diagnosis)
25:
1639:Surgical Clinics of North America
970:Draw back 180cc of bladder urine.
314:Postinfectious glomerulonephritis
2220:
1898:International Journal of Urology
1681:Medical Clinics of North America
722:
1857:American Urological Association
1458:New England Journal of Medicine
440:) or certain medications (e.g.
2786:Urine protein/creatinine ratio
1851:Kaplan, Damara; Kohn, Taylor.
1144:Kirkpatrick, Wanda G. (1990),
119:is defined as the presence of
1:
1693:10.1016/S0025-7125(03)00172-X
600:multicystic dysplastic kidney
515:False positive urine dipstick
438:vitamin K deficiency bleeding
157:urinary tract infection (UTI)
1043:), history of chemotherapy (
1013:Medical emergency: urosepsis
934:glomerular basement membrane
417:Benign prostatic hyperplasia
2281:Template:Glomerular disease
1798:10.1097/JU.0000000000001297
1217:Campbell-Walsh-Wein urology
793:, recent trauma, or recent
789:, recent intense exercise,
405:transitional cell carcinoma
2918:
2575:Components and results of
2370:Balkan endemic nephropathy
1960:10.1016/j.yuro.2013.07.019
1738:10.1016/j.juro.2012.09.078
1575:National Kidney Foundation
957:A 60cc/mL Toomey syringe.
579:Congenital abnormalities:
27:Presence of blood in urine
2405:Renovascular hypertension
2063:American Family Physician
1651:10.1016/j.suc.2016.02.007
1495:: StatPearls Publishing,
1146:"Chapter 184 – Hematuria"
973:Dispose of medical waste.
961:Fill syringe with saline.
731:This section needs to be
673:, and culture-documented
635:Benign familial hematuria
588:posterior urethral valves
349:Polycystic kidney disease
309:Hemolytic uremic syndrome
57:
48:
2781:Albumin/creatinine ratio
2706:Urine electrolyte levels
2506:Renal papillary necrosis
2400:Hypertensive nephropathy
1493:Treasure Island, Florida
1350:. McGraw-Hill Education.
993:acute urinary retention.
967:Instill 180cc of saline.
422:Renal papillary necrosis
413:Urinary tract strictures
370:Urinary tract infections
361:Non-glomerular hematuria
334:Henoch–Schönlein purpura
250:glomerulus of the kidney
165:glomerulus of the kidney
2410:Renal cortical necrosis
1571:"Hematuria in Children"
1068:schistosoma haematobium
783:urinary tract infection
691:microbiological culture
685:), consultation with a
675:urinary tract infection
211:In terms of visibility,
93:Urinary tract infection
2672:Urine specific gravity
2446:Chronic kidney disease
2360:Interstitial nephritis
2317:Acute tubular necrosis
2300:Renal tubular acidosis
980:
774:
620:Coagulation disorders.
449:Mimickers of hematuria
318:streptococcus pyogenes
285:glomerular capillaries
276:
203:
195:Differential diagnosis
2735:Microscopic hematuria
2469:Analgesic nephropathy
2390:Renal artery stenosis
2229:at Wikimedia Commons
1983:Step-up to pediatrics
1470:10.1056/NEJMra1604481
956:
757:
714:Microscopic hematuria
610:renal vein thrombosis
596:urethral diverticulum
316:(group A β-hemolytic
274:
202:
2611:Urine pregnancy test
2474:Renal osteodystrophy
2028:10.1056/NEJMcp012694
1603:(9): 1–13, quiz 14.
1485:"Nephritic Syndrome"
1112:. 23-02: Hematuria.
708:complete blood count
683:red blood cell casts
543:confirms hematuria.
397:renal cell carcinoma
303:Hereditary nephritis
267:Glomerular hematuria
2902:Glomerular diseases
2803:Bence Jones protein
2660:Chemical properties
2441:Acute renal failure
1948:Yearbook of Urology
1522:Hypertension Primer
1422:Stern, Scott D. C.
938:genitourinary tract
434:sickle cell disease
2606:Leukocyte esterase
2532:Reflux nephropathy
2489:Diabetes insipidus
2271:Glomerular disease
2172:External resources
1785:Journal of Urology
1726:Journal of Urology
981:
928:, and in men, the
775:
571:Strenuous exercise
344:Nephrotic syndrome
339:Nephritic syndrome
305:(Alport's disease)
277:
244:, and in men, the
204:
151:, and in men, the
84:Blood in the urine
2879:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2746:White blood cells
2715:Abnormal findings
2542:
2541:
2419:General syndromes
2340:Liddle's syndrome
2335:Gitelman syndrome
2225:Media related to
2217:
2216:
2022:(23): 2330–2338.
1911:10.1111/iju.12200
1532:978-0-7817-8205-0
1226:978-0-323-54642-3
1159:978-0-409-90077-4
1119:978-1-264-26938-9
1057:radiation therapy
1045:alkylating agents
800:urothelial cancer
785:, viral illness,
752:
751:
661:Visible hematuria
647:trait or disease.
592:urethral prolapse
395:Cancers, such as
110:
109:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2909:
2776:Microalbuminuria
2719:
2684:Urine osmolality
2569:
2562:
2555:
2546:
2330:Bartter syndrome
2325:Fanconi syndrome
2256:
2249:
2242:
2233:
2224:
2091:
2079:
2078:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1943:
1924:
1923:
1913:
1889:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1859:. Archived from
1848:
1819:
1818:
1800:
1775:
1750:
1749:
1716:
1705:
1704:
1672:
1663:
1662:
1630:
1621:
1620:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1551:Cleveland Clinic
1543:
1537:
1536:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1453:
1436:
1435:
1419:
1352:
1351:
1343:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1296:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1238:
1212:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1141:
1132:
1131:
1105:
1055:), prior pelvic
1053:bladder catheter
912:, including the
896:should be made.
856:high power field
840:high power field
832:high power field
816:high power field
767:urinary cytology
763:light microscopy
747:
744:
738:
726:
725:
718:
700:renal ultrasound
667:high power field
541:high power field
429:Intense exercise
228:, including the
216:high power field
214:blood cells per
189:high power field
135:, including the
53:
33:
21:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2871:
2845:
2836:Hyperuricosuria
2813:Small molecules
2807:
2758:
2740:
2723:Red blood cells
2710:
2701:Urine anion gap
2655:
2579:
2573:
2543:
2538:
2457:
2414:
2376:
2346:
2286:
2265:
2260:
2218:
2213:
2212:
2167:
2166:
2102:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2069:(11): 747–754.
2056:
2055:
2051:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1993:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1945:
1944:
1927:
1904:(10): 963–970.
1891:
1890:
1875:
1866:
1864:
1850:
1849:
1822:
1777:
1776:
1753:
1718:
1717:
1708:
1674:
1673:
1666:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1580:
1578:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1555:
1553:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1503:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1455:
1454:
1439:
1421:
1420:
1355:
1345:
1344:
1325:
1317:
1315:
1298:
1297:
1256:
1239:
1227:
1214:
1213:
1180:
1172:
1170:
1160:
1143:
1142:
1135:
1120:
1107:
1106:
1085:
1080:
1041:aromatic amines
1024:
1015:
979:
951:
946:
922:urinary bladder
906:pathophysiology
902:
900:Pathophysiology
852:red blood cells
836:red blood cells
828:red blood cells
812:red blood cells
759:Red blood cells
748:
742:
739:
736:
727:
723:
716:
663:
654:
639:Alport syndrome
617:Urinary stones.
575:Acute nephritis
562:
549:
517:
466:Phenazopyridine
456:
451:
409:prostate cancer
407:), and in men,
363:
329:Lupus nephritis
293:IgA nephropathy
269:
238:urinary bladder
197:
145:urinary bladder
125:red blood cells
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2915:
2913:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2884:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2798:Hemoglobinuria
2795:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2768:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2754:Eosinophiluria
2750:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2727:
2725:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2689:Hypersthenuria
2681:
2680:
2679:
2669:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2549:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2522:Hydronephrosis
2510:
2509:
2508:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2433:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2395:Renal ischemia
2392:
2386:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2365:Pyelonephritis
2356:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2296:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2275:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2263:Kidney disease
2261:
2259:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2236:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2199:
2188:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2153:
2142:
2123:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:Classification
2087:
2086:External links
2084:
2081:
2080:
2049:
2006:
1992:978-1451145809
1991:
1973:
1925:
1873:
1820:
1791:(4): 778–786.
1751:
1706:
1687:(2): 329–343.
1664:
1645:(3): 503–515.
1622:
1587:
1562:
1538:
1531:
1511:
1475:
1464:(2): 153–163.
1437:
1353:
1323:
1254:
1225:
1178:
1158:
1133:
1118:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1011:
1007:Foley catheter
999:anticoagulants
978:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
958:
950:
947:
945:
942:
910:urinary system
901:
898:
779:microhematuria
750:
749:
730:
728:
721:
715:
712:
662:
659:
653:
650:
649:
648:
642:
624:
621:
618:
615:
614:
613:
602:
582:Non-vascular:
577:
572:
569:
561:
558:
548:
545:
537:rhabdomyolysis
521:urine dipstick
516:
513:
512:
511:
506:
501:
496:
493:
484:
483:
478:
473:
471:Nitrofurantoin
468:
455:
452:
450:
447:
446:
445:
442:blood thinners
430:
427:
424:
419:
414:
411:
403:(particularly
401:bladder cancer
393:
388:
374:pyelonephritis
362:
359:
358:
357:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
311:
306:
300:
295:
281:red cell casts
268:
265:
261:
260:
253:
226:urinary system
219:
196:
193:
185:urine dipstick
181:rhabdomyolysis
173:urine dipstick
133:urinary system
108:
107:
101:bladder cancer
90:
86:
85:
82:
76:
75:
66:
60:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2914:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2841:Aminoaciduria
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2831:Bilirubinuria
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2793:Myoglobinuria
2791:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2651:Urinary casts
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2616:Ketone bodies
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2570:
2565:
2563:
2558:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2501:Renal papilla
2499:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2436:Renal failure
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2252:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2228:
2223:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1863:on 2019-11-28
1862:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1588:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1534:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1515:
1512:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1021:
1019:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1003:
1000:
995:
994:
990:
986:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
959:
955:
948:
943:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
899:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
876:
872:
868:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
746:
734:
729:
720:
719:
713:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
660:
658:
651:
646:
643:
640:
636:
632:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
611:
607:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
580:
578:
576:
573:
570:
567:
566:
565:
559:
557:
554:
546:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
514:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
494:
492:
489:
488:
487:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
463:
462:
459:
453:
448:
443:
439:
435:
431:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
392:
391:Kidney stones
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
368:
367:
366:
360:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
319:
315:
312:
310:
307:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
290:
289:
286:
282:
273:
266:
264:
257:
254:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
220:
217:
212:
209:
208:
207:
201:
194:
192:
190:
186:
183:. A positive
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
161:kidney stones
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
106:
105:kidney cancer
102:
98:
94:
91:
87:
83:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
65:
61:
56:
52:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
2867:Crystalluria
2730:
2677:Isosthenuria
2626:Urobilinogen
2527:Pyonephrosis
2479:Nephroptosis
2352:Interstitium
2278:
2219:
2201:
2190:
2179:
2155:
2144:
2125:
2106:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2019:
2015:
2009:
1982:
1976:
1951:
1947:
1901:
1897:
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1861:the original
1856:
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1579:. Retrieved
1577:. 2015-12-24
1574:
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1149:
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1064:North Africa
1061:
1037:hydrocarbons
1025:
1022:Epidemiology
1016:
1004:
996:
982:
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894:nephrologist
843:
819:
803:
787:kidney stone
776:
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687:nephrologist
664:
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612:in newborns.
563:
553:menstruation
550:
547:Menstruation
518:
491:Blackberries
485:
460:
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364:
317:
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262:
255:
221:
210:
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169:Menstruation
116:
112:
111:
97:kidney stone
18:Bloody urine
2857:Bacteriuria
2772:Albuminuria
2764:Proteinuria
2577:urine tests
2513:Major calyx
2494:Nephrogenic
2181:MedlinePlus
1301:"Hematuria"
890:nephrologic
694:treatment,
679:proteinuria
645:Sickle cell
560:In children
476:Doxorubicin
454:Pigmenturia
382:prostatitis
41:Other names
2886:Categories
2821:Glycosuria
2667:Urinalysis
2636:Creatinine
2584:Components
2203:Patient UK
2157:DiseasesDB
1867:2019-12-11
1581:2023-03-11
1556:2022-09-12
1506:2022-01-19
1489:StatPearls
1432:1121597721
1318:2022-01-17
1305:StatPearls
1235:1130700336
1173:2022-01-17
1128:1268130534
1078:References
1049:ifosfamide
1029:malignancy
944:Management
886:CT urogram
882:cystoscopy
878:ultrasound
871:cystoscopy
867:ultrasound
860:cystoscopy
848:pack-years
824:pack-years
808:pack-years
795:urological
743:March 2023
704:cystoscopy
696:CT urogram
652:Evaluation
551:In women,
509:Fava beans
495:Food dyes.
481:Rifampicin
386:urethritis
372:, such as
354:Idiopathic
117:haematuria
69:Nephrology
2826:Ketonuria
2731:Hematuria
2631:Bilirubin
2596:Myoglobin
2431:Nephrosis
2426:Nephritis
2227:Hematuria
2208:Hematuria
2192:eMedicine
2036:1533-4406
2001:855779297
1968:0084-4071
1815:220717643
1609:1549-9650
1243:cite book
771:pap stain
533:myoglobin
529:hemolysis
356:hematuria
177:myoglobin
113:Hematuria
64:Specialty
2897:Bleeding
2862:Chyluria
2696:Urine pH
2382:Vascular
2321:Genetic
2305:proximal
2075:24364522
2044:12788998
1920:23714209
1807:32698717
1746:23098784
1701:15049581
1659:27261791
1617:25296518
1501:32965911
1313:30480952
1168:21250137
1033:benzenes
930:prostate
761:seen on
378:cystitis
246:prostate
153:prostate
80:Symptoms
2621:Glucose
2591:Albumin
2292:Tubules
2197:ped/951
2151:D006417
1954:: 1–2.
926:urethra
733:updated
504:Rhubarb
242:urethra
149:urethra
127:in the
73:Urology
2517:pelvis
2451:Uremia
2310:distal
2186:003138
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918:ureter
914:kidney
791:menses
671:menses
531:, and
384:, and
240:, and
234:ureter
230:kidney
141:ureter
137:kidney
89:Causes
2850:Other
2462:Other
2162:19635
2140:791.2
2136:599.7
1811:S2CID
989:shock
875:renal
864:renal
568:Fever
499:Beets
129:urine
121:blood
2279:See
2146:MeSH
2131:9-CM
2071:PMID
2040:PMID
2032:ISSN
1997:OCLC
1987:ISBN
1964:ISSN
1952:2013
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2121:R31
2117:N02
2108:ICD
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