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270:. The project had two main goals: to advance understanding of the mechanisms behind protein folding via large-scale simulation, and to explore novel ideas in massively parallel machine architecture and software. Major areas of investigation included: how to use this novel platform to effectively meet its scientific goals, how to make such massively parallel machines more usable, and how to achieve performance targets at a reasonable cost, through novel machine architectures.
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324:, which had held the title of the fastest computer in the world since 2002. From 2004 through 2007 the Blue Gene/L installation at LLNL gradually expanded to 104 racks, achieving 478 TFLOPS Linpack and 596 TFLOPS peak. The LLNL BlueGene/L installation held the first position in the TOP500 list for 3.5 years, until in June 2008 it was overtaken by IBM's Cell-based
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1138:(LLNL) is a 24-rack, 5 PFLOPS (peak), Blue Gene/Q system that was commissioned in 2012 and decommissioned in 2019. Vulcan served Lab-industry projects through Livermore's High Performance Computing (HPC) Innovation Center as well as academic collaborations in support of DOE/National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) missions.
500:, FLOPS per m of floorspace and FLOPS per unit cost, allowed scaling up to very high performance. With so many nodes, component failures were inevitable. The system was able to electrically isolate faulty components, down to a granularity of half a rack (512 compute nodes), to allow the machine to continue to run.
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Compute nodes were packaged two per compute card, with 16 compute cards (thus 32 nodes) plus up to 2 I/O nodes per node board. A cabinet/rack contained 32 node boards. By the integration of all essential sub-systems on a single chip, and the use of low-power logic, each
Compute or I/O node dissipated
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memory controllers. The chip also integrates the logic for node-to-node communication, using the same network topologies as Blue Gene/L, but at more than twice the bandwidth. A compute card contains a Blue Gene/P chip with 2 or 4 GB DRAM, comprising a "compute node". A single compute node has a
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power of 2, with at least 2 = 32 nodes. To run a program on Blue Gene/L, a partition of the computer was first to be reserved. The program was then loaded and run on all the nodes within the partition, and no other program could access nodes within the partition while it was in use. Upon completion,
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In 2013, a 1-rack Blue Gene/P was donated to the
Department of Science and Technology for weather forecasts, disaster management, precision agriculture, and health it is housed in the National Computer Center, Diliman, Quezon City, under the auspices of Philippine Genome Center (PGC) Core Facility
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Trading the speed of processors for lower power consumption. Blue Gene/L used low frequency and low power embedded PowerPC cores with floating-point accelerators. While the performance of each chip was relatively low, the system could achieve better power efficiency for applications that could use
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The following is an incomplete list of Blue Gene/Q installations. Per June 2012, the TOP500 list contained 20 Blue Gene/Q installations of 1/2-rack (512 nodes, 8192 processor cores, 86.35 TFLOPS Linpack) and larger. At a (size-independent) power efficiency of about 2.1 GFLOPS/W, all these
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A Q32 "compute drawer" contains 32 compute nodes, each water cooled. A "midplane" (crate) contains 16 Q32 compute drawers for a total of 512 compute nodes, electrically interconnected in a 5D torus configuration (4x4x4x4x2). Beyond the midplane level, all connections are optical. Racks have two
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in June, 2012. This system is part of a collaboration between IBM and VLSCI, with the aims of improving diagnostics, finding new drug targets, refining treatments and furthering our understanding of diseases. The system consists of 4 racks, with 350 TB of storage, 65,536 cores, 64 TB
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with a performance of 167 TFLOPS. When inaugurated it was the fastest supercomputer in Europe and the sixth fastest in the world. In 2009, JUGENE was upgraded to 72 racks (73,728 nodes, 294,912 processor cores) with 144 terabytes of memory and 6 petabytes of storage, and achieved a peak
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of sustained performance. The cosmology simulation framework HACC achieved almost 14 petaflops with a 3.6 trillion particle benchmark run, while the
Cardioid code, which models the electrophysiology of the human heart, achieved nearly 12 petaflops with a near real-time simulation, both on
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Dual processors per node with two working modes: co-processor mode where one processor handles computation and the other handles communication; and virtual-node mode, where both processors are available to run user code, but the processors share both the computation and the communication
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project team has ported Linux to the compute nodes and demonstrated generic Web 2.0 workloads running at scale on a Blue Gene/P. Their paper, published in the ACM Operating
Systems Review, describes a kernel driver that tunnels Ethernet over the tree network, which results in all-to-all
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configuration, with 2 GB/s chip-to-chip links. The Blue Gene/Q chip is manufactured on IBM's copper SOI process at 45 nm. It delivers a peak performance of 204.8 GFLOPS while drawing approximately 55 watts. The chip measures 19×19 mm (359.5 mm²) and comprises
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IBM published BlueMatter, the application developed to exercise Blue Gene/L, as open source. This serves to document how the torus and collective interfaces were used by applications, and may serve as a base for others to exercise the current generation of supercomputers.
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sustained on a real-world application, namely a three-dimensional molecular dynamics code (ddcMD), simulating solidification (nucleation and growth processes) of molten metal under high pressure and temperature conditions. This achievement won the 2005
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unit (IBM QPX). Each Blue Gene/Q compute chip contains 18 such A2 processor cores, running at 1.6 GHz. 16 Cores are used for application computing and a 17th core is used for handling operating system assist functions such as
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was ranked #3 on the June 2008 Top 500 list. The
Intrepid system is one of the major resources of the INCITE program, in which processor hours are awarded to "grand challenge" science and engineering projects in a peer-reviewed
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performance of 1 PetaFLOPS. This configuration incorporated new air-to-water heat exchangers between the racks, reducing the cooling cost substantially. JUGENE was shut down in July 2012 and replaced by the Blue Gene/Q system
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was installed at
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 2013. The system was rated at 1048.6 teraflops, the most powerful supercomputer at any private university, and third most powerful supercomputer among all universities in
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started funding the development of this system and it became known as Blue Gene/L (L for Light). Development of the original Blue Gene architecture continued under the name Blue Gene/C (C for
Cyclops) and, later, Cyclops64.
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Rossinelli, Diego; Hejazialhosseini, Babak; Hadjidoukas, Panagiotis; Bekas, Costas; Curioni, Alessandro; Bertsch, Adam; Futral, Scott; Schmidt, Steffen J.; Adams, Nikolaus A.; Koumoutsakos, Petros (17 November 2013).
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measures performance on a single benchmark application, Linpack, Blue Gene/L also set records for performance on a wider set of applications. Blue Gene/L was the first supercomputer ever to run over 100
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To allow multiple programs to run concurrently, a Blue Gene/L system could be partitioned into electronically isolated sets of nodes. The number of nodes in a partition had to be a positive
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sub-system with built-in DRAM controller and the logic to support multiple communication sub-systems. The dual FPUs gave each Blue Gene/L node a theoretical peak performance of 5.6
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in March 2013. This system belongs to the Center for
Advanced Modeling Science CADMOS () which is a collaboration between the three main research institutions on the shore of the
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manufacturing spare, used to increase yield. The spared-out core is disabled prior to system operation. The chip's processor cores are linked by a crossbar switch to a 32 MB
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for peer-to-peer communication between compute nodes, a collective network for collective communication (broadcasts and reduce operations), and a global interrupt network for
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list with 677.1 TeraFLOPS Linpack, outperforming the original 2007 104-rack BlueGene/L installation described above. The same 4-rack system achieved the top position in the
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2906:; K. Kumaran; T. Peterka; J. Insley; D. Daniel; P. Fasel; N. Frontiere & Z. Lukic (2012). "The Universe at Extreme Scale: Multi-Petaflop Sky Simulation on the BG/Q".
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At the time of the Blue Gene/Q system announcement in
November 2011, an initial 4-rack Blue Gene/Q system (4096 nodes, 65536 user processor cores) achieved #17 in the
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running nuclear simulations and advanced scientific research. It consists of 96 racks (comprising 98,304 compute nodes with 1.6 million processor cores and 1.6
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calls was supported, and only one process could run at a time on a node in co-processor mode—or one process per CPU in virtual mode. Programmers needed to implement
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1268:. A fully compressible flow solver has also achieved 14.4 PFLOP/s (originally 11 PFLOP/s) on Sequoia, 72% of the machine's nominal peak performance.
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of memory) covering an area of about 3,000 square feet (280 m). In June 2012, the system was ranked as the world's fastest supercomputer. at 20.1
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about 17 watts (including DRAMs). The low power per node allowed aggressive packaging of up to 1024 compute nodes, plus additional I/O nodes, in a standard
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rankings of the most powerful and most power-efficient supercomputers, respectively. Blue Gene systems have also consistently scored top positions in the
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Separate I/O drawers, placed at the top of a rack or in a separate rack, are air cooled and contain 8 compute cards and 8 PCIe expansion slots for
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contains 32 node boards (thus 1024 nodes, 4096 processor cores). By using many small, low-power, densely packaged chips, Blue Gene/P exceeded the
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2564:"Lawrence Livermore's Vulcan brings 5 petaflops computing power to collaborations with industry and academia to advance science and technology"
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814:. The installation has prompted research collaboration between the university and IBM research on climate modeling that will investigate the
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2004:"IBM Press room - 2010-02-11 IBM to Collaborate with Leading Australian Institutions to Push the Boundaries of Medical Research - Australia"
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almost half as complex as the brain of a mouse for the equivalent of a second (the network was run at 1/10 of normal speed for 10 seconds).
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into a "federated high performance computing cloud", winning the IEEE SCALE 2011 challenge with an oil reservoir optimization application.
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748:) project in the Netherlands and surrounding European countries. This application uses the streaming data capabilities of the machine.
374:). At Supercomputing 2006, Blue Gene/L was awarded the winning prize in all HPC Challenge Classes of awards. In 2007, a team from the
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System-on-a-chip design. Components were embedded on a single chip for each node, with the exception of 512 MB external DRAM.
410:. The "L" in Blue Gene/L comes from "Light" as that design's original name was "Blue Light". The "P" version was designed to be a
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The Blue Gene/P computer has been used to simulate approximately one percent of a human cerebral cortex, containing 1.6 billion
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2718:"Melbourne Bioinformatics - For all researchers and students based in Melbourne's biomedical and bioscience research precinct"
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1901:"IBM Press room - 2009-02-10 New IBM Petaflop Supercomputer at German Forschungszentrum Juelich to Be Europe's Most Powerful"
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While the LLNL installation was the largest Blue Gene/L installation, many smaller installations followed. The
November 2006
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A video presentation of the history and technology of the Blue Gene project was given at the Supercomputing 2020 conference.
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is a 28-rack Blue Gene/Q system, and was from June 2013 to November 2015 the highest ranked machine in Europe in the Top500.
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title in 2010, confirmed in an interview that he had used a Blue Gene/P supercomputer during his preparation for the match.
640:(SMP). The memory subsystem on the chip consists of small private L2 caches, a central shared 8 MB L3 cache, and dual
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1.47 billion transistors. Completing the compute node, the chip is mounted on a compute card along with 16 GB
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Supercomputing: 28th International Supercomputing Conference, ISC 2013, Leipzig, Germany, June 16-20, 2013. Proceedings
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memory controllers running at 1.33 GHz. The chip also integrates logic for chip-to-chip communications in a 5D
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The design of Blue Gene/P is a technology evolution from Blue Gene/L. Each Blue Gene/P Compute chip contains four
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In December 1999, IBM announced a US$ 100 million research initiative for a five-year effort to build a massively
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The name Blue Gene comes from what it was originally designed to do, help biologists understand the processes of
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on flood forecasting, crop yields, renewable energy and the health of rainforests in the region among others.
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in Piscataway, New Jersey. It was dubbed "Excalibur" as an homage to the Rutgers mascot, the Scarlet Knight.
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network. The I/O nodes handled filesystem operations on behalf of the compute nodes. A separate and private
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Proceedings of the International Conference on High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis
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midplanes, thus 32 compute drawers, for a total of 1024 compute nodes, 16,384 user cores, and 16 TB RAM.
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2311:"IBM Blue Gene/Q supercomputer delivers petascale computing for high-performance computing applications"
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A 2.5 rack Blue Gene/P system is the central processor for the Low Frequency Array for Radio astronomy (
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list contained 15 Blue Gene/P installations of 2-racks (2048 nodes, 8192 processor cores, 23.86
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peak performance of 13.6 GFLOPS. 32 Compute cards are plugged into an air-cooled node board. A
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with auxiliary networks for global communications (broadcast and reductions), I/O, and management.
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2198:. Yorktown Heights, NY: IBM T.J. Watson Research Center. Archived from the original on 2008-10-31
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and IBM announced that Blue Gene/L achieved 207.3 TFLOPS on a quantum chemical application (
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Supercomputing facility, Bologna, Italy, is a 10-rack, 2 PFLOPS (peak), Blue Gene/Q system.
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2637:"Rensselaer at Petascale: AMOS Among the World's Fastest and Most Powerful Supercomputers"
2054:"University of Rochester and IBM Expand Partnership in Pursuit of New Frontiers in Health"
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The following is an incomplete list of Blue Gene/P installations. Per November 2009, the
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in order to simulate local concurrency. Application development was usually performed in
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In 2008, a 1-rack (1024 nodes) Blue Gene/P with 180 TB of storage was installed at the
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IBM has announced the Blue Gene/Q supercomputer, with peak performance of 20 petaflops
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Record-breaking science applications have been run on the BG/Q, the first to cross 10
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In June 2012, Blue Gene/Q installations took the top positions in all three lists:
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L2 cache, operating at half core speed. The L2 cache is multi-versioned—supporting
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2072:"IBM and Universiti Brunei Darussalam to Collaborate on Climate Modeling Research"
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1835:"IBM Triples Performance of World's Fastest, Most Energy-Efficient Supercomputer"
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project aimed at designing supercomputers that can reach operating speeds in the
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was installed at A*STAR Computational Resource Centre, Singapore, at early 2011.
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1073:(LLNL) beginning in 2011 and was fully deployed in June 2012. It is part of the
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Each Blue Gene/L node was attached to three parallel communications networks: a
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system, with each rack holding 1,024 compute nodes, achieved first place in the
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1926:"Argonne's Supercomputer Named World's Fastest for Open Science, Third Overall"
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A large number of nodes (scalable in increments of 1024 up to at least 65,536).
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1956:"Rice University, IBM partner to bring first Blue Gene supercomputer to Texas"
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2464:"MIRA: World's fastest supercomputer - Argonne Leadership Computing Facility"
402:. "Blue" is a traditional moniker that IBM uses for many of its products and
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Architecture and chip logic design for the Blue Gene systems was done at the
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2688:"World's greenest supercomputer comes to Melbourne - The Melbourne Engineer"
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1239:. The system consists of a single rack (1,024 compute nodes) with 2.1
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A half-rack Blue Gene/Q system, with about 100 TFLOPS (peak), called
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In 2011, a Rutgers University / IBM / University of Texas team linked the
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architecture. For example, three racks of Blue Gene/L were housed at the
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1508:"Blue Gene: A Vision for Protein Science using a Petaflop Supercomputer"
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862:, their performance results on SpecJBB rank among the highest on record.
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A five rack Blue Gene/Q system with additional compute hardware called
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The first Blue Gene/P in the ASEAN region was installed in 2010 at the
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The 40-rack (40960 nodes, 163840 processor cores) "Intrepid" system at
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2663:"AMOS Ranks 1st Among Supercomputers at Private American Universities"
2056:. University of Rochester Medical Center. May 11, 2012. Archived from
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A 209 TFLOPS peak (172 TFLOPS LINPACK) Blue Gene/Q system called
1208:. The system consists of a single rack (1,024 compute nodes) with 400
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The initial design for Blue Gene was based on an early version of the
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2768:"University of Rochester Inaugurates New Era of Health Care Research"
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Supercomputing 2020 conference, Test of Time award video presentation
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in 2012. It consist of 48 racks (49,152 compute nodes), with 70
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2958:"Venturing into the Heart of High-Performance Computing Simulations"
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Lightweight OS per node for minimum system overhead (system noise).
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The Blue Gene/L supercomputer was unique in the following aspects:
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management network provided access to any node for configuration,
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embedded processors, each with a double-pipeline-double-precision
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2231:"Rutgers-led Experts Assemble Globe-Spanning Supercomputer Cloud"
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of power. In June 2013, its performance is listed at 17.17
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list of most energy efficient supercomputers with up to 2.1
688:, with 16 racks (16,384 nodes, 65,536 processors) was running at
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architectures. Each Blue Gene/L Compute or I/O node was a single
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2029:"Rutgers Gets Big Data Weapon in IBM Supercomputer - Hardware -"
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After Blue Gene/Q, IBM focused its supercomputer efforts on the
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Kunkel, Julian M.; Ludwig, Thomas; Meuer, Hans (12 June 2013).
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In 2010, a 2-rack (8192-core) Blue Gene/P was installed at the
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The Blue Gene/L architecture was an evolution of the QCDSP and
258:, to be applied to the study of biomolecular phenomena such as
30:
This article is about the supercomputer. For the musician, see
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installed a 36-rack Blue Gene/P installation, "Dawn", in 2009.
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the partition nodes were released for future programs to use.
521:, provided communication to storage and external hosts via an
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332:, which was the first system to surpass the 1 PetaFLOPS mark.
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1463:"IBM to Build DoE's Next-Gen Coral Supercomputers - EE Times"
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installation together with a Blue Gene/P installation at the
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for communication. However, some scripting languages such as
1437:"Supercomputing Strategy Shifts in a World Without BlueGene"
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A 209 TFLOPS (peak) Blue Gene/Q system was installed at the
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performance of 70.72 TFLOPS. It thereby overtook NEC's
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architecture into a more general-purpose supercomputer. The
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Next generation supercomputers - Blue Gene/P overview (pdf)
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Blue Gene/P installations ranked at or near the top of the
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of other supercomputers of its generation, and at 371
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297:, chip design was completed and chips were manufactured by
208:. During their deployment, Blue Gene systems often led the
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On November 12, 2007, the first Blue Gene/P installation,
2395:"Lawrence Livermore Prepares for 20 Petaflop Blue Gene/Q"
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The project created three generations of supercomputers,
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2421:"NNSA's Sequoia supercomputer ranked as world's fastest"
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A 2-rack Blue Gene/P was installed in September 2008 in
632:
processor cores, running at 850 MHz. The cores are
2743:"Access to High-end Systems - Melbourne Bioinformatics"
3451:
2793:"Resources - Center for Integrated Research Computing"
2990:"11 PFLOP/S simulations of cloud cavitation collapse"
2193:"Project Kittyhawk: Building a Global-Scale Computer"
2099:"DOST's supercomputer for scientists now operational"
1159:
hosts a 6 rack (6144-node) Blue Gene/Q system at the
3200:
National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center
2260:"Memory Speculation of the Blue Gene/Q Compute Chip"
2191:
Appavoo, Jonathan; Uhlig, Volkmar; Waterland, Amos.
1887:"Supercomputing: Jülich Amongst World Leaders Again"
1823:
Blue Matter source code, retrieved February 28, 2020
822:
for Bioinformatics (CFB) at UP Diliman, Quezon City.
4402:
4344:
4271:
4230:
4159:
4093:
3989:
3892:
3827:
3818:
3670:
3620:
3535:
3528:
3519:
3489:
3408:
3387:
3307:
3261:
3254:
3213:
3175:
1191:
Health Sciences Center for Computational Innovation
858:connectivity. Running standard Linux software like
604:
A schematic overview of a Blue Gene/P supercomputer
548:supporting a single user program. Only a subset of
468:memory chips. The ASIC integrated two 700 MHz
158:
143:
120:
105:
86:
75:
65:
2124:"Topalov training with super computer Blue Gene P"
1227:in the French speaking part of Switzerland :
720:King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
726:) installed a 16-rack Blue Gene/P installation, "
3705:Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History
2215:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1057:systems also populated the top of the June 2012
990:(i.e., 1 GB for each user processor core).
1173:An 838 TFLOPS (peak) Blue Gene/Q system called
922:processor core. The A2 processor core is 4-way
915:The Blue Gene/Q "compute chip" is based on the
788:In 2012, a 2-rack Blue Gene/P was installed at
781:In 2011, a 2-rack Blue Gene/P was installed at
733:In 2012, a 6-rack Blue Gene/P was installed at
2489:"Mira - Argonne Leadership Computing Facility"
1179:Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative
1118:of disk storage (470 GB/s I/O bandwidth).
974:. L2 cache misses are handled by two built-in
776:Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative
3467:
3153:
2338:
2336:
2334:
1100:A 10 PFLOPS (peak) Blue Gene/Q system called
8:
3195:National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center
2344:"IBM uncloaks 20 petaflops BlueGene/Q super"
2167:"Project Kittyhawk: A Global-Scale Computer"
1325:"November 2004 - TOP500 Supercomputer Sites"
45:
2074:. IBM News Room. 2010-10-13. Archived from
1859:"Overview of the IBM Blue Gene/P project".
1200:, which is dedicated to the application of
222:National Medal of Technology and Innovation
3824:
3532:
3525:
3474:
3460:
3452:
3258:
3160:
3146:
3138:
3046:
2902:S. Habib; V. Morozov; H. Finkel; A. Pope;
2369:"IBM announces 20-petaflops supercomputer"
1652:. BBC News. April 27, 2007. Archived from
1388:
1386:
1384:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1189:in July, 2012. This system is part of the
903:The third design in the Blue Gene series,
846:with approximately 9 trillion connections.
737:and will be jointly administered with the
414:design. "Q" is just the letter after "P".
44:
2911:
1075:Advanced Simulation and Computing Program
544:Blue Gene/L compute nodes used a minimal
2692:Themelbourneengineer.eng.unimelb.edu.au/
2006:. 03.ibm.com. 2010-02-11. Archived from
1903:. 03.ibm.com. 2009-02-10. Archived from
1533:"A Talk with the Brain behind Blue Gene"
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1861:IBM Journal of Research and Development
1736:IBM Journal of Research and Development
1359:"Green500 - TOP500 Supercomputer Sites"
1299:
1089:sustained (Linpack), drawing up to 7.9
1025:). Blue Gene/Q systems also topped the
580:have been ported to the compute nodes.
220:list. The project was awarded the 2009
178:Hierarchy of Blue Gene processing units
4641:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
3436:Sustained Spheromak Physics Experiment
3169:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
2874:"A*STAR Computational Resource Centre"
2208:
1136:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
1071:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
713:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
239:to address the diminishing returns of
3840:Center for The Business of Government
1809:Python for High Performance Computing
1112:Argonne Leadership Computing Facility
231:platform, using accelerators such as
7:
4528:
636:and the chip can operate as a 4-way
3081:November 2004 – November 2007
3069:World's most powerful supercomputer
2928:"Cardioid Cardiac Modeling Project"
1650:"Mouse brain simulated on computer"
1411:Harris, Mark (September 18, 2009).
193:range, with low power consumption.
2694:. 16 February 2012. Archived from
1806:William Scullin (March 12, 2011).
1785:"Compute Node Ruby for Bluegene/L"
1541:, November 6, 2001, archived from
339:list showed 27 computers with the
25:
3509:PC business acquisition by Lenovo
2419:B Johnston, Donald (2012-06-18).
1625:"HPC Challenge Award Competition"
1413:"Obama honours IBM supercomputer"
889:The IBM Blue Gene/Q installation
4538:
4537:
4527:
4518:
4517:
4207:Sabre airline reservation system
4053:Thomas J. Watson Research Center
2156:(New York: Doubleday, 2011), 91.
301:, and the systems were built at
295:IBM T. J. Watson Research Center
264:IBM T. J. Watson Research Center
51:
3720:Information Management Software
3120:June 2012 – November 2012
2393:Feldman, Michael (2009-02-03).
1889:. IDG News Service. 2007-11-12.
1021:list with over 250 GTEPS (giga
808:Universiti of Brunei Darussalam
514:. The I/O nodes, which run the
57:A Blue Gene/P supercomputer at
27:Series of supercomputers by IBM
4473:International chess tournament
4253:Globally integrated enterprise
4243:Commercial Processing Workload
2934:. 25 July 2016. Archived from
2570:. 11 June 2013. Archived from
2280:"The Blue Gene/Q Compute chip"
1674:. 7 March 2012. Archived from
970:—and has hardware support for
345:San Diego Supercomputer Center
330:Los Alamos National Laboratory
1:
4212:Scanning tunneling microscope
1984:Вече си имаме и суперкомпютър
785:in Christchurch, New Zealand.
761:Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
618:Leadership Computing Facility
40:Blue Gene (Gene Pitney album)
36:Blue Gene (Gene Ammons album)
3426:Laser Inertial Fusion Energy
3335:Reliable Replacement Warhead
2543:hpcinnovationcenter.llnl.gov
2371:. Kurzweil. 18 November 2011
2237:. 2011-07-06. Archived from
1837:. 2007-06-27. Archived from
1212:of high-performance storage.
1204:to research programs in the
1065:A Blue Gene/Q system called
924:simultaneously multithreaded
4606:IBM supercomputer platforms
4080:Canada Head Office Building
4070:Cambridge Scientific Center
3962:Science Research Associates
3730:Mainframe operating systems
3421:Inertial confinement fusion
3183:Mirror Fusion Test Facility
1108:Argonne National Laboratory
897:Argonne National Laboratory
706:Argonne National Laboratory
614:Argonne National Laboratory
608:In June 2007, IBM unveiled
376:IBM Almaden Research Center
59:Argonne National Laboratory
4657:
4141:Virtual Universe Community
3862:International subsidiaries
3782:Service Automation Manager
3205:National Ignition Facility
3037:IBM history: IBM Blue Gene
2818:"EPFL BlueGene/L Homepage"
1993:, Dir.bg, 9 September 2008
1755:"BlueGene/L Configuration"
1288:Deep Blue (chess computer)
1202:high-performance computing
1023:traversed edges per second
874:IBM Watson Research Center
341:eServer Blue Gene Solution
277:architecture, designed by
29:
4513:
3122:
3109:
3097:
3083:
3066:
3054:
3049:
2996:. SC '13. pp. 1–13.
2932:Researcher.watson.ibm.com
2397:. HPCwire. Archived from
1720:– via Google Books.
926:and was augmented with a
759:, and is operated by the
384:artificial neural network
50:
4167:Automated teller machine
4121:The Great Mind Challenge
3504:Mergers and acquisitions
3330:Micropower impulse radar
3188:Tandem Mirror Experiment
3077:70.72 - 478.20 teraflops
2722:Melbourne Bioinformatics
1243:of IBM GPFS-GSS storage.
899:, near Chicago, Illinois
835:, the challenger to the
816:impact of climate change
810:’s research centre, the
783:University of Canterbury
690:Forschungszentrum Jülich
638:symmetric multiprocessor
484:. The two CPUs were not
4126:Linux Technology Center
3002:10.1145/2503210.2504565
2594:"Ibm-Fermi | Scai"
2539:"HPC Innovation Center"
2514:"Vulcan—decommissioned"
1604:sc06.supercomputing.org
1187:University of Rochester
1161:University of Edinburgh
1126:Forschungzentrum Jülich
797:University of Rochester
772:University of Melbourne
739:University of São Paulo
596:A Blue Gene/P node card
427:large numbers of nodes.
287:US Department of Energy
4451:Dynamic infrastructure
4416:Big Blue sports teams
4222:Universal Product Code
2446:"TOP500 Press Release"
2097:Ronda, Rainier Allan.
1588:on September 28, 2007.
1229:University of Lausanne
900:
605:
597:
308:In November 2004 a 16-
268:William R. Pulleyblank
179:
34:. For the albums, see
4616:Power microprocessors
4583:Vacuum tube computers
4467:IBM and the Holocaust
4432:Common Public License
4317:Louis V. Gerstner Jr.
4100:Academy of Technology
3555:Power microprocessors
3431:Stockpile stewardship
2661:Michael Mullaneyvar.
2154:Physics of the Future
1867:: 199–220. Jan 2008.
1795:on February 11, 2009.
1219:was installed at the
1177:was installed at the
1069:was delivered to the
968:speculative execution
954:. The 18th core is a
888:
603:
595:
177:
4626:Transactional memory
4197:Magnetic stripe card
4146:World Community Grid
4022:Toronto Software Lab
3678:Carbon Design System
3633:Cell microprocessors
2842:Utilisateur, Super.
2078:on December 12, 2010
1907:on February 12, 2009
1668:"IBM100 - Blue Gene"
1545:on December 11, 2014
1283:INK operating system
1278:CNK operating system
1233:University of Geneva
1097:sustained (Linpack).
964:transactional memory
837:World Chess Champion
661:lists in 2007–2008.
380:University of Nevada
299:IBM Microelectronics
4611:Petascale computers
4461:GUIDE International
4323:Samuel J. Palmisano
4182:Electronic keypunch
4006:One Atlantic Center
3976:Weather Underground
3972:The Weather Company
3058:NEC Earth Simulator
2968:on 14 February 2013
2128:Players.chessdo.com
1873:10.1147/rd.521.0199
1789:www.ece.iastate.edu
1765:on 17 February 2013
1515:IBM Systems Journal
1394:"The Graph500 List"
1003:10 Gigabit Ethernet
801:Rochester, New York
474:Floating-Point Unit
266:, initially led by
47:
32:'Blue' Gene Tyranny
4621:Parallel computing
4563:Personal computers
4553:Midrange computers
4543:Navigational boxes
4436:IBM Public License
4411:A Boy and His Atom
4369:Michelle J. Howard
4311:John Fellows Akers
4293:T. Vincent Learson
4000:1250 René-Lévesque
3740:Planning Analytics
3101:Fujitsu K computer
2878:Acrc.a-star.edu.sg
2854:on 10 January 2016
2797:Circ.rochester.edu
2619:"DiRAC BlueGene/Q"
2574:on 9 December 2013
1989:2009-12-23 at the
1936:on 8 February 2009
1196:2012-10-19 at the
901:
790:Rutgers University
606:
598:
488:with one another.
482:GFLOPS (gigaFLOPS)
442:torus interconnect
440:Three-dimensional
404:the company itself
318:LINPACK benchmarks
191:petaFLOPS (PFLOPS)
180:
4593:
4592:
4558:Operating systems
4420:American football
4389:Joseph R. Swedish
4384:Martha E. Pollack
4287:Thomas Watson Jr.
4248:Customer engineer
4172:Cynefin framework
4058:Hakozaki Facility
4017:Rome Software Lab
3985:
3984:
3814:
3813:
3767:Rational Software
3666:
3665:
3648:Personal Computer
3643:Midrange computer
3449:
3448:
3383:
3382:
3355:Slapper detonator
3320:LLNL RISE process
3226:ASCI Blue Pacific
3136:
3135:
3131:
3123:Succeeded by
3117:
3113:
3106:
3092:
3084:Succeeded by
3078:
3074:
3063:
2698:on 2 October 2017
2452:on June 24, 2012.
1369:on 26 August 2016
1106:was installed at
1085:peak, 16.32
972:atomic operations
533:and diagnostics.
361:Gordon Bell Prize
303:IBM Rochester, MN
256:parallel computer
172:
171:
16:(Redirected from
4648:
4636:64-bit computers
4631:32-bit computers
4541:
4540:
4531:
4530:
4521:
4520:
4281:Thomas J. Watson
4202:Relational model
4151:Think conference
4032:330 North Wabash
3952:Microelectronics
3825:
3750:Quantum Platform
3695:Cognos Analytics
3533:
3526:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3453:
3259:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3139:
3129:
3115:
3111:
3104:
3098:Preceded by
3090:
3076:
3072:
3061:
3055:Preceded by
3047:
3024:
3023:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2964:. Archived from
2954:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2880:. Archived from
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2850:. Archived from
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2820:. Archived from
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2764:
2758:
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2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2596:. Archived from
2590:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2535:
2529:
2528:
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2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2448:. Archived from
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2423:. Archived from
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2378:
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2315:
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2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2291:
2285:. Archived from
2284:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2235:News.rutgers.edu
2227:
2221:
2220:
2214:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2197:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2171:Research.ibm.com
2163:
2157:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2130:. Archived from
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2031:. Archived from
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2010:on July 16, 2012
2000:
1994:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1962:. Archived from
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1932:. Archived from
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1883:
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1856:
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1831:
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1814:
1813:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1791:. Archived from
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1761:. Archived from
1750:
1744:
1743:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1678:on April 3, 2012
1664:
1658:
1657:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1627:. Archived from
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1584:. Archived from
1578:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1559:. Archived from
1553:
1547:
1546:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1521:(2). 2017-10-23.
1512:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1473:on 30 April 2017
1469:. Archived from
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1441:Nextplatform.com
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1396:. Archived from
1390:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1365:. Archived from
1355:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1321:
944:asynchronous I/O
932:double-precision
765:Sofia University
651:power efficiency
546:operating system
519:operating system
508:toroidal network
464:with associated
400:gene development
116:
114:
97:
95:
55:
48:
21:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4509:
4495:SHARE computing
4456:GlobalFoundries
4398:
4346:
4340:
4267:
4226:
4217:Financial swaps
4192:Hard disk drive
4155:
4089:
4063:Yamato Facility
3981:
3888:
3820:
3810:
3777:Tivoli Software
3662:
3616:
3515:
3485:
3480:
3450:
3445:
3404:
3395:Ernest Lawrence
3379:
3303:
3250:
3209:
3171:
3166:
3132:
3130:17.59 petaflops
3128:
3119:
3116:16.32 petaflops
3114:
3107:
3105:10.51 petaflops
3103:
3093:
3091:1.026 petaflops
3089:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3062:35.86 teraflops
3060:
3033:
3028:
3027:
3012:
2986:
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2027:
2026:
2022:
2013:
2011:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1991:Wayback Machine
1982:
1978:
1969:
1967:
1954:
1953:
1949:
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1937:
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1908:
1899:
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1841:on July 8, 2007
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1443:. 14 April 2015
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1410:
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1405:
1392:
1391:
1382:
1372:
1370:
1357:
1356:
1343:
1333:
1331:
1323:
1322:
1301:
1296:
1274:
1257:
1206:health sciences
1198:Wayback Machine
1054:
1011:
913:
883:
833:Veselin Topalov
829:
735:Rice University
667:
626:
590:
454:
420:
396:protein folding
392:
322:Earth Simulator
260:protein folding
249:
151:
135:
130:
112:
110:
101:BG/Q: Nov 2011
100:
99:BG/P: June 2007
98:
93:
91:
61:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4654:
4652:
4644:
4643:
4638:
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4628:
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4613:
4608:
4598:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4535:
4525:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4480:
4478:Lucifer cipher
4475:
4470:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4422:
4414:
4406:
4404:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4394:Peter R. Voser
4391:
4386:
4381:
4379:Andrew Liveris
4376:
4374:Arvind Krishna
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4350:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4335:Arvind Krishna
4332:
4326:
4320:
4314:
4308:
4302:
4296:
4290:
4284:
4277:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4225:
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4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
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4189:
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4179:
4174:
4169:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4136:Smarter Planet
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4101:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4028:IBM Buildings
4026:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4013:Software Labs
4011:
4010:
4009:
4003:
4002:, Montreal, QC
3993:
3991:
3987:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3969:
3967:Service Bureau
3964:
3959:
3957:Product Center
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3922:Ambra Computer
3919:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3902:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
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3869:
3859:
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3831:
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3822:
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3815:
3812:
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3809:
3808:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3791:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3725:Lotus Software
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3680:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3624:
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3618:
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3615:
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3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
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3578:
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3562:
3557:
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3551:
3550:
3539:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3501:
3495:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3456:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3214:Supercomputers
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3142:
3134:
3133:
3124:
3121:
3108:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3087:IBM Roadrunner
3085:
3082:
3065:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3032:
3031:External links
3029:
3026:
3025:
3010:
2979:
2949:
2938:on 21 May 2013
2919:
2894:
2865:
2834:
2809:
2784:
2759:
2734:
2709:
2679:
2653:
2628:
2610:
2585:
2555:
2530:
2505:
2480:
2455:
2437:
2411:
2385:
2360:
2330:
2302:
2271:
2251:
2222:
2183:
2158:
2152:Kaku, Michio.
2145:
2134:on 19 May 2013
2115:
2089:
2063:
2060:on 2012-05-11.
2045:
2020:
1995:
1976:
1947:
1917:
1892:
1878:
1851:
1826:
1815:
1812:. Atlanta, GA.
1798:
1776:
1753:Kissel, Lynn.
1745:
1723:
1709:
1689:
1659:
1656:on 2007-05-25.
1641:
1616:
1591:
1573:
1548:
1524:
1499:
1484:
1454:
1428:
1403:
1400:on 2011-12-27.
1380:
1341:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1273:
1270:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1213:
1183:
1171:
1163:
1149:
1139:
1129:
1119:
1098:
1053:
1050:
1010:
1007:
935:floating-point
912:
909:
882:
879:
878:
877:
863:
847:
840:
828:
825:
824:
823:
819:
812:UBD-IBM Centre
804:
793:
786:
779:
768:
749:
742:
731:
716:
710:
702:
680:) and larger.
666:
663:
634:cache coherent
625:
622:
589:
586:
498:FLOPS per watt
486:cache coherent
453:
450:
449:
448:
445:
438:
435:
432:
428:
419:
418:Major features
416:
391:
388:
366:In June 2006,
248:
245:
170:
169:
160:
156:
155:
148:IBM RS/6000 SP
145:
141:
140:
124:
118:
117:
107:
103:
102:
90:BG/L: Feb 1999
88:
84:
83:
77:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
56:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4653:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4536:
4534:
4526:
4524:
4516:
4515:
4512:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4479:
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4474:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4462:
4459:
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4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4430:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4401:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4354:Thomas Buberl
4352:
4351:
4349:
4343:
4336:
4333:
4330:
4329:Ginni Rometty
4327:
4324:
4321:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4299:Frank T. Cary
4297:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4285:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
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4239:
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4233:
4229:
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4220:
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4215:
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4208:
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4158:
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4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4086:
4085:IBM Rochester
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:, Chicago, IL
4033:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4008:, Atlanta, GA
4007:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
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3960:
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3950:
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3913:
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3898:
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3807:
3804:
3800:
3797:
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3795:
3792:
3790:
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3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3735:Mashup Center
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
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3689:
3686:
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3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3560:Power Systems
3558:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3522:
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3510:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3477:
3472:
3470:
3465:
3463:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3416:IBM Blue Gene
3414:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3400:Edward Teller
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
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3333:
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3328:
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3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
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3310:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3295:
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3290:
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3264:
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3253:
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3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
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3218:
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3212:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3158:
3156:
3151:
3149:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3127:
3118:
3102:
3096:
3088:
3079:
3070:
3059:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3011:9781450323789
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2983:
2980:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2895:
2884:on 2016-12-20
2883:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2835:
2824:on 2007-12-10
2823:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2773:
2772:Rochester.edu
2769:
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2710:
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2657:
2654:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2624:
2623:epcc.ed.ac.uk
2620:
2614:
2611:
2600:on 2013-10-30
2599:
2595:
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2494:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2427:on 2014-09-02
2426:
2422:
2415:
2412:
2401:on 2009-02-12
2400:
2396:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2319:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2292:on 2015-04-29
2288:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2241:on 2011-11-10
2240:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2212:
2194:
2187:
2184:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2090:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2035:on 2013-03-06
2034:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1966:on 2012-04-05
1965:
1961:
1960:news.rice.edu
1957:
1951:
1948:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1906:
1902:
1896:
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1811:
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1802:
1799:
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1786:
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1777:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1712:
1710:9783642387500
1706:
1702:
1701:
1693:
1690:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1631:on 2006-12-11
1630:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1582:"hpcwire.com"
1577:
1574:
1563:on 2011-07-18
1562:
1558:
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1417:Techradar.com
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4337:(since 2020)
4305:John R. Opel
4263:Think slogan
4104:Deep Thunder
3910:Kaleida Labs
3905:AIM alliance
3627:
3590:Q System Two
3585:Q System One
3415:
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2962:Str.llnl.gov
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2747:Vlsci.org.au
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2667:News.rpi.edi
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2641:News.rpi.edu
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2518:hpc.llnl.gov
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2493:Alcf.anl.gov
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2468:Alcf.anl.gov
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2350:. 2010-11-22
2348:The Register
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2103:Philstar.com
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1759:asc.llnl.gov
1758:
1748:
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1703:. Springer.
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1561:the original
1557:"BlueGene/L"
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1543:the original
1538:BusinessWeek
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1371:. Retrieved
1367:the original
1363:Green500.org
1362:
1332:. Retrieved
1328:
1258:
1255:Applications
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1005:networking.
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950:pacing, and
930:quad-vector
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827:Applications
709:competition.
668:
627:
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494:19-inch rack
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181:
106:Discontinued
87:Release date
4578:Typewriters
4484:Mathematica
4425:Rugby union
4364:Alex Gorsky
4331:(2012–2020)
4325:(2002–2011)
4319:(1993–2002)
4313:(1985–1993)
4307:(1981–1985)
4301:(1973–1981)
4295:(1971–1973)
4289:(1956–1971)
4283:(1914–1956)
4231:Terminology
4187:Floppy disk
4131:SkillsBuild
4094:Initiatives
4075:IBM Hursley
4049:Facilities
3700:Connections
3570:FlashSystem
3112:Blue Gene/Q
3073:Blue Gene/L
2904:K. Heitmann
2375:13 November
1930:Mcs.anl.gov
1732:"Blue Gene"
1334:13 December
1225:Lake Geneva
1151:As part of
1009:Performance
905:Blue Gene/Q
881:Blue Gene/Q
730:", in 2009.
630:PowerPC 450
610:Blue Gene/P
588:Blue Gene/P
470:PowerPC 440
241:Moore's law
206:Blue Gene/Q
202:Blue Gene/P
198:Blue Gene/L
144:Predecessor
133:PowerPC 450
128:PowerPC 440
18:Blue Gene/L
4600:Categories
4573:System/370
4568:System/360
4359:David Farr
4258:e-business
4160:Inventions
4109:Develothon
3990:Facilities
3850:Promontory
3845:Consulting
3441:Z-Division
3231:ASCI White
3221:ASC Purple
3176:Facilities
3126:Cray Titan
2972:13 October
2942:13 October
2888:2016-08-24
2858:13 October
2848:Cadmos.org
2844:"À propos"
2828:2021-03-10
2802:13 October
2777:13 October
2752:13 October
2727:13 October
2702:13 October
2672:13 October
2646:13 October
2604:2013-05-13
2578:13 October
2548:13 October
2498:13 October
2473:13 October
2431:2012-06-23
2405:2011-03-11
2354:2010-11-25
2323:13 October
2318:01.ibm.com
2296:2011-12-23
2265:2011-12-23
2245:2011-12-24
2202:2018-03-13
2176:13 October
2138:13 October
2108:13 October
2082:18 October
2039:2013-09-07
2014:2011-03-11
1970:2012-04-01
1940:13 October
1911:2011-03-11
1845:2011-12-24
1769:13 October
1716:13 October
1682:13 October
1672:03.ibm.com
1635:2006-12-03
1609:13 October
1567:2007-10-05
1477:13 October
1447:13 October
1422:2009-09-18
1373:13 October
1329:Top500.org
1294:References
999:InfiniBand
940:interrupts
350:While the
328:system at
326:Roadrunner
138:PowerPC A2
4441:Deep Blue
4347:directors
3806:WebSphere
3745:PureQuery
3653:Selectric
3628:Blue Gene
3543:Mainframe
3284:Long path
2913:1211.4864
1261:petaflops
1217:Lemanicus
1091:megawatts
1059:Green 500
956:redundant
476:(FPU), a
412:petascale
408:Cyclops64
275:Cyclops64
229:OpenPower
183:Blue Gene
159:Successor
66:Developer
4523:Category
4490:IBM Plex
4345:Board of
4238:Big Blue
4038:Honolulu
3947:Merative
3932:EduQuest
3915:Taligent
3884:Research
3821:entities
3819:Business
3760:OpenQASM
3688:Cloudant
3658:ThinkPad
3581:Quantum
3529:Hardware
3521:Products
3255:Products
3050:Records
3020:12651650
2568:Llnl.gov
2523:10 April
2211:cite web
1987:Archived
1272:See also
1194:Archived
1046:Green500
1042:Graph500
1031:GFLOPS/W
1027:Green500
1019:Graph500
774:for the
757:Bulgaria
659:Green500
655:MFLOPS/W
527:Ethernet
523:Ethernet
390:The name
378:and the
218:Graph500
214:Green500
94:Feb 1999
82:platform
4533:Commons
4500:ScicomP
4043:Seattle
3996:Towers
3942:Lexmark
3937:Kyndryl
3879:Red Hat
3828:Current
3799:Granite
3794:Watsonx
3710:Fortran
3638:PowerPC
3565:Storage
3536:Current
3499:History
3491:History
3409:Related
3294:Novette
3274:Cyclops
3241:Sequoia
3236:Peloton
1467:EETimes
1266:Sequoia
1248:Cumulus
1144:at the
1124:at the
1122:JUQUEEN
1110:in the
1067:Sequoia
895:at the
870:Shaheen
844:neurons
728:Shaheen
699:JUQUEEN
694:Germany
678:Linpack
566:Fortran
538:integer
531:booting
382:ran an
247:History
185:was an
111: (
92: (
4505:Unions
4116:Fellow
3927:Cognos
3900:AdStar
3893:Former
3857:Kenexa
3835:Apptio
3789:Watson
3755:Qiskit
3621:Former
3610:Condor
3600:Osprey
3575:DS8000
3388:People
3375:Yorick
3308:Others
3262:Lasers
3246:Sierra
3018:
3008:
1707:
1600:"SC06"
1155:, the
1146:CINECA
1132:Vulcan
1095:PFLOPS
1087:PFLOPS
1083:PFLOPS
1061:list.
1038:TOP500
1015:TOP500
920:IBM A2
917:64-bit
911:Design
856:TCP/IP
686:JUGENE
675:TFLOPS
671:TOP500
624:Design
578:Python
568:using
356:TFLOPS
352:TOP500
337:TOP500
314:TOP500
210:TOP500
204:, and
167:Sierra
163:Summit
136:BG/Q:
131:BG/P:
126:BG/L:
4403:Other
3874:Press
3867:India
3683:Cloud
3671:Other
3605:Heron
3595:Eagle
3548:IBM Z
3345:SCALD
3325:LX-14
3299:Shiva
3279:Janus
3269:Argus
3016:S2CID
2908:arXiv
2314:(PDF)
2290:(PDF)
2283:(PDF)
2196:(PDF)
1511:(PDF)
1175:Avoca
1170:2014.
1153:DiRAC
1142:Fermi
980:torus
960:eDRAM
867:KAUST
860:MySQL
753:Sofia
746:LOFAR
724:KAUST
564:, or
550:POSIX
516:Linux
478:cache
458:QCDOC
431:load.
283:QCDOC
233:FPGAs
153:QCDOC
4548:FOSS
4273:CEOs
4177:DRAM
3772:SPSS
3715:ILOG
3350:Silo
3340:ROSE
3315:Gist
3289:Nova
3006:ISBN
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2860:2017
2804:2017
2779:2017
2754:2017
2729:2017
2704:2017
2674:2017
2648:2017
2580:2017
2550:2017
2525:2019
2500:2017
2475:2017
2377:2012
2325:2017
2217:link
2178:2017
2140:2017
2110:2017
2084:2012
1942:2017
1771:2017
1718:2017
1705:ISBN
1684:2017
1611:2017
1479:2017
1449:2017
1375:2017
1336:2019
1237:EPFL
1235:and
1221:EPFL
1182:RAM.
1167:AMOS
1157:EPCC
1134:at
1103:Mira
1044:and
988:DRAM
985:DDR3
976:DDR3
966:and
928:SIMD
892:Mira
849:The
763:and
718:The
647:rack
642:DDR2
576:and
574:Ruby
466:DRAM
462:ASIC
398:and
372:Qbox
368:NNSA
310:rack
237:GPUs
235:and
212:and
113:2015
109:2015
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2998:doi
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