881:
34:
894:
759:), and in citing books and journals. Michigan uses a separate official citation system issued as an administrative order of the Michigan Supreme Court. The primary difference is that the Michigan system "omits all periods in citations, uses italics somewhat differently, and does not use 'small caps.'" As noted, Texas merely supplements
1416:(1921), as well as many of the sample citations, all of the proofreading signs, and virtually all of the items in the long list of abbreviations. They both begin with the same sentence: “This pamphlet does not pretend to include a complete list of abbreviations or all the necessary data as to form.” The subtitle of the
630:
was green. The color was "brown from the second (1928) edition through the fifth (1936) edition. It was only with the sixth (1939) edition that it became blue." In 1939, the cover of the book was changed from brown to a "more patriotic blue", allegedly to avoid comparison with a color associated with
1038:
apparently discovered this, due to an indiscretion. They complained that
Harvard was illegally keeping all profits from the first eleven editions, estimated to total $ 20,000 per year. After they threatened to sue, and considerable wrangling, Harvard agreed with them to split the revenue: 40 percent
990:
The intellectual property claims that the HLR Association made may or may not be spurious. But independent of that, the tactics employed by the HLR Association's counsel in dealing with Mr. Malamud and Prof. Sprigman are deplorable. The
Harvard Law Review claims to be an organization that promotes
606:
appeared, Yale, Columbia, and several other law journals "worked out a tentative citation plan", but
Harvard initially opposed it "because of skepticism as to the results to be attained and in part because of a desire not to deviate from our forms especially at the solicitation of other Reviews".
663:
was "the main guide and source of authority" on legal references for the past 90 years. It is recognized as the "gold standard" for legal references in the United States, even though it was originally designed only to help teach law students how to cite cases and other legal material. Although
1882:
David Post called it "the most boring piece of intellectual property imaginable." Adam Liptak described it as "a comically elaborate thicket of random and counterintuitive rules about how to cite judicial decisions, law review articles and the like is both grotesque and indispensable."
914:
is not protected under copyright because it is a critical piece of legal infrastructure. Lawyers who represent the
Bluebook publishing consortium claim that the "carefully curated examples, explanations and other textual materials" are protected by copyright.
411:
has promulgated rules of citation for unreported cases markedly different from its standards, and custom in that state as to the citation format of the
Delaware Uniform Citation code also differs from it. In other states, the local rules differ from
1478:
53, 58–60 (1996). According to
Shapiro and Krishnaswami, however, "The abandonment of brown is often attributed to the association of that color with Nazi Germany in the 1930s, but that idea appears to trace to a joke by Alan Strasser," in
1480:
829:
exemplifies hypertrophy in the anthropological sense. It is a monstrous growth, remote from the functional need for legal citation forms, that serves obscure needs of the legal culture and its student subculture.
998:
David Post commented: "It's copyright nonsense, and
Harvard should be ashamed of itself for loosing its legal hounds to dispense it in order to protect its (apparently fairly lucrative) publication monopoly."
416:
in that they use their own style guides. Attorneys in those states must be able to switch seamlessly between citation styles depending upon whether their work product is intended for a federal or state court.
262:
1761:
Checklists for
Drafting, Formatting, and Submitting Litigation and Other Documents: Instructive Material for Law Students Practicing in Law School Clinics, and Reminders for the Practicing Attorney and Her
965:
Marks as to be likely, to cause confusion, mistake, and/or deception…Accordingly, and to avoid any risk of consumer confusion, my client respectfully demands that you agree (i) not to use the title or name
1906:
In addition, according to NYU Professor
Christopher Sprigman, "the copyright for the 10th edition of the tome, published in 1958, was never renewed, and ... that means it is in the public domain." See
1319:
991:
knowledge and access to legal scholarship. It is a venerated part of the traditions of
Harvard Law School. But these actions by the Harvard Law Review speak of competition and not of justice.
434:
was launched in 2008. A mobile version was launched in 2012 within the Rulebook app, which enables access for legal professionals to federal or state court rules, codes, and style manuals on
709:. This guide focuses on citation for practitioners, so as an example, only two typefaces are used for law reviews, normal and italics. Other changes are also minor, such as moving
2001:
1884:
1424:
Connecticut citation that is the basic case citation example used by the Yale precursors back to Llewellyn-Field is the basic case example used in Bluebook 1. The Haines
1127:
252:
644:
uses two different styles. Practitioners use the first in preparing court documents and memoranda, while the second is used primarily in academic settings, such as
791:
is significantly more complicated than the citation systems used by most other fields. Legal scholars have called for its replacement with a simpler system. The
1489:
507, 508 (1977). Strasser states, referring to the eleventh edition's change of cover color to white with a blue border promising a "new life," that "the 1939
399:
have their own citation rules that take precedence over the guide for documents filed with those courts. Some of the local rules are simple modifications to
242:
1328:
1927:
1506:
943:
that constitute original works of authorship protected by copyright, and which are covered by various United States copyright registrations. ...
1174:
1120:
1428:
citation that is the basic periodical citation example used by the Yale precursors back to Llewellyn-Field is the basic periodical example used in
1065:
totaled $ 16 million between 2011 and 2020. Excluding the University of Pennsylvania Law Review, the law review's endowments total $ 59.4 million.
635:. The eleventh edition, published in 1967, was actually white with a blue border. The cover color returned to blue in the twelfth edition of 1976.
1393:(1920). This booklet had a blue cover, which Shapiro and Krishnaswami point out is "appropriate for its University," whose official color is blue.
668:
is followed in the legal citation as the most widely accepted citation style, called the "Bible", the "final arbiter", even the legal citation "
536:), there were very few examples prior to the 20th century; law professor Byron D. Cooper mentions only few short articles "Rules for Citation" (
1039:
for Harvard, 20 percent each for Columbia, Pennsylvania, and Yale; Harvard would continue to provide the production and distribution services.
1028:
974:
In response to the HLRA letter to Sprigman, over 150 students, faculty, staff, and alumni of Harvard Law School signed a petition supporting
368:
78:
1983:
1520:
Strasser, at 508. Strasser states that the first printing was a "timid" blue-gray but later printings were a "more self-assured" navy blue.
388:
207:
182:
946:
y client has been and remains concerned that the publication and promotion of such a work may infringe the Reviews' copyright rights in
1061:
taking an 8.5% cut of profits for administrative services and the remainder split equally among the four law reviews. Profits from the
995:
The posting also suggested that HLRA should "redirect the money it spends on legal fees ($ 185,664 in 2013)" to a more worthy purpose.
421:
has allowed citations in Bluebook as well as the state's own style manual, but many practitioners and courts continue recommending the
1493:
had electrified the nation by parading patriotic blue covers instead of the Germanic brown ones that had disgraced the 1936 edition."
1113:
380:
162:
1236:
1534:
763:
with items that are unique to Texas courts, such as citing cases when Texas was an independent republic, petition and writ history,
273:
202:
1865:
1374:
812:
299:
212:
961:, or any title consisting of or comprising the word "Blue", when used on or in connection with your work, would so resemble the
702:
334:
2292:
2282:
859:
long, or about two printed pages—far shorter than the 511 pages of the Nineteenth Edition, the 640 pages of the then-current
1952:
713:
from before the page referenced to after the page number. The guide does state that unless explicitly specified otherwise,
954:
Online, and may cause substantial, irreparable harm to the Reviews and their rights and interests in those works. ...
929:. However, a law firm (Ropes & Gray) representing the Harvard Law Review Association (HLRA) sent him a letter stating:
344:
While opinions have differed regarding its origins at Yale and Harvard Law Schools, with the latter long claiming credit;
1907:
1559:
1263:
1191:
880:
652:
for books, newspapers, and law reviews. A rule of thumb used by many is to see if the formatting can be reproduced on a
338:
2125:
865:
396:
187:
172:
2025:
1293:
918:
A group led by Professor Christopher J. Sprigman at NYU Law School prepared a "public-domain implementation of the
257:
20:
851:. This system, which he includes in a manual he provides for his law clerks, was reprinted in the aforementioned
835:
408:
232:
1931:
730:
638:
The full text of the first (1926) through the fifteenth (1991) editions is available on the official website.
537:
423:
177:
1107:
764:
2287:
1221:
792:
197:
648:
and journals. The latter uses specific formatting to identify types of references, such as the use of
450:
governs the style and formatting of various references and elements of a legal publication, including:
292:
611:, "Attorney General Brownell, whom I had known ever since law school—he was Editor-in-Chief of the
591:) duplicate material in the 1920 Llewellen booklet and its 1921 successor, a blue pamphlet that the
2078:
2032:
1022:
541:
356:
142:
72:
1020:'s history, the Harvard Law Review kept 100 percent of the revenues. In 1974, the editors of the
557:
350:
66:
2097:
at Yale Law School, who taught copyright, and he said, "sue them!" See Shapiro and Krishnaswami.
1742:
847:
Posner personally uses a far simpler citation system based largely on the First Edition of the
383:
uses its own unique citation style in its opinions, even though most of the justices and their
2058:
840:
608:
574:
92:
1444:
2249:
2172:
2150:
2126:"Harvard-led Citation Cartel Rakes in Millions from Bluebook Manual Monopoly, Masks Profits"
1078:
1034:
818:
656:—if so, practitioners use it, if it requires typesetting, it is used for academic articles.
579:
362:
227:
84:
33:
1963:
Harvard Law Review Freaks Out, Sends Christmas Eve Threat Over Public Domain Citation Guide
607:
Eventually, Harvard "reversed course" and joined the coalition by 1926. According to Judge
1831:
1240:
1233:
1082:
285:
192:
1543:
247:
2187:
2094:
1086:
803:
562:
330:
47:
2250:
The Indigo Book: An Open and Compatible Implementation of a Uniform System of Citation
2219:
1354:
The Bluebook at Eighteen: Reflecting and Ratifying Current Trends in Legal Scholarship
939:
may include content identical or substantially similar to content or other aspects of
893:
2276:
2086:
1264:"Shedding the Uniform: Beyond 'A Uniform System of Citation' to a More Efficient Fit"
1192:"Shedding the Uniform: Beyond 'A Uniform System of Citation' to a More Efficient Fit"
1102:
1093:
format. LawStar.io offers a similar product with the addition of 1-click citations.
810:
abolitionism, having advocated it for almost twenty-five years, ever since his 1986
632:
237:
147:
1002:
On March 31, 2016, it was announced that the project had changed its name to the
2220:"Anglo-American Legal Citation: Historical Development and Library Implications"
2074:
1850:
1053:
A 2022 review of the Harvard Law Review's non-profit disclosures found that the
1004:
898:
645:
326:
122:
2266:
1928:"Legal minds differ on whether The Bluebook is subject to copyright protection"
583:. The authors point out that some of the material in the 1926 first edition of
796:
669:
653:
649:
418:
217:
1985:
Harvard Law Review Should Welcome Free Citation Manual, Not Threaten Lawsuits
1854:
1 (Bradley G. Hubbard, Taylor A.R. Meehan, & Kenneth A. Young eds. 2013).
834:
He wrote that a cursory look at the Nineteenth Edition "put in mind of Mr.
664:
other citation systems exist, they have limited acceptance, and in general,
384:
341:. Legal publishers also use several "house" citation styles in their works.
157:
152:
137:
132:
684:, that merely address citation issues unique to Texas and otherwise follow
2003:
The new (and much improved) 'Bluebook' caught in the copyright cross-hairs
1886:
The new (and much improved) 'Bluebook' caught in the copyright cross-hairs
619:
and he and I and two others were the authors of the first edition of the
99:
19:
This article is about the legal citation style guide. For other uses, see
935:
886:
741:. The two styles are significantly different in citing cases, in use of
404:
2260:
1302:
1432:
1. Most of the section on treatises is identical between 1921 and 1926.
1077:
has also been affected by the disruptions to the legal industry due to
222:
970:, or any other title or name including the word "blue", for your work.
333:
system in the United States. It is taught and used at a majority of
569:
librarians, Harvard's claim is incorrect. They trace the origin of
978:. Yale and NYU students added their separate petitions supporting
892:
879:
1472:
An Un-Uniform System of Citation: Surviving with the New Bluebook
855:
article. At the time of the article, his citation system was 885
525:
While the legal citation manuals go as far back as 15th century (
1175:"Yale Finds Error in Legal Stylebook: Harvard Did Not Create It"
753:
587:(as well as that in a 1922 Harvard precursor to it published as
566:
435:
555:
was a pamphlet for proper citation forms for articles in the
93:
1089:
generator that enables its users to create citations in the
110:
2151:"Four Areas of Legal Ripe for Disruption by Smart Startups"
2089:
where they were all summer associates "hat a cash cow" the
2056:
Fred R. Shapiro & Julie Graves Krishnaswami,
376:
2020). Its name was first used for the 6th edition (1939).
799:", and even simpler systems are in use by other parties.
540:, 1896) and "Methods of Citing Statute Law" (Ruppenthal,
1561:
Cite-Checker: A Hands-on Guide to Learning Citation Form
1408:
1 (1926) has approximately 30 sentences in common with
1042:
The law reviews have not disclosed the revenues of the
1294:
The Bluebook Legal Citation Guide Now Available Online
1243:, Rules of the Supreme Court of the State of Delaware.
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
577:
at Yale on how to write law journal materials for the
372:. Currently, it is in its 21st edition (published July
2201:
1320:
There's An App For That: Top 10 Apps for Law Students
1317:
142 (Ellyssa Kroski ed. 2013); Gabriella Khorasanee,
2064:, Yale Law School, Public Law Research Paper No. 560
705:
issues a style guide that is designed to supplement
925:Uniform System of Citation," which his group calls
733:issued a rule giving an option of using either the
473:
Italicization for style and in unique circumstances
105:
91:
61:
53:
43:
1851:The University of Chicago Manual of Legal Citation
1050:have been estimated "in the millions of dollars".
680:. States such as Texas have supplements, such as
2051:
2049:
1909:Yale Law Students Support The End Of The Bluebook
1369:Fred R. Shapiro & Julie Graves Krishnaswami,
1128:Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities
253:Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities
1180:, December 7, 2015. Retrieved February 21, 2024.
1057:had made $ 1.2 million in profits in 2020, with
906:Another dispute is over the copyright status of
717:rule takes precedence in the event of conflict.
1979:
1977:
1975:
988:
931:
497:Books, reports, and other nonperiodic materials
479:Titles of judges, officials, and terms of court
2093:was for their review. She consulted Professor
1046:themselves, but revenues from the sale of the
602:For several years before the first edition of
1420:is “Abbreviations and Form of Citation.” The
1391:Karl N. Llewellyn, The Writing of a Case Note
676:in full, while others have partially adopted
506:Electronic media and other nonprint resources
293:
8:
565:. However, according to a 2016 study by two
121:
26:
751:
527:Modus Legendi Abbreviaturas in Utroque Iure
1961:(December 28, 2015), and in Mike Masnick,
1732:30 (Mary Miles Prince ed., 19th ed. 2010).
1730:The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation
1654:Brandon D. Quarles & Matthew C. Cordon
957:t is our client's position that the title
827:The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation
314:The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation
300:
286:
248:The Oxford Guide to Style/New Hart's Rules
120:
25:
2188:"Bluebook 101 Online Citation Generators"
2062:, 100 Minnesota Law Review 222 (2016)
1658:Legal Research for the Texas Practitioner
1446:Henry Friendly, Greatest Judge of His Era
2253:, a public-domain implementation of the
2108:Developments in the Law – Legal Citation
1169:
1167:
1121:Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation
787:At over 500 pages for the 19th edition,
2085:disclosed to her at a lunch one day in
1954:Bluebook Critics Incite Copyright Clash
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1457:
1455:
1402:According to Shapiro and Krishnaswami:
1144:
258:Scientific Style and Format (CSE style)
1766:T.M. Cooley J. Prac. & Clinical L.
1340:
1274:. Milwaukee: Marquette University: 791
1202:. Milwaukee: Marquette University: 792
1158:
1029:University of Pennsylvania Law Reviews
725:California used to require use of the
494:Administrative and executive materials
1926:Leslie A. Gordon (February 1, 2015).
1602:Legal Research, Analysis, and Writing
369:University of Pennsylvania Law Review
329:that prescribes the most widely used
79:University of Pennsylvania Law Review
7:
1508:All the Fun Facts about the Bluebook
1315:Law Librarianship in the Digital Age
910:. Open-source advocates claim that
551:According to Harvard, the origin of
470:Abbreviations, numerals, and symbols
183:The Cambridge Guide to English Usage
1674:The Solicitor General's Style Guide
816:article on the subject." In a 2011
806:is "one of the founding fathers of
503:Unpublished and forthcoming sources
2059:The Secret History of the Bluebook
1662:The Greenbook: Texas Rules of Form
1414:Abbreviations and Form of Citation
1371:The Secret History of the Bluebook
1224:2008. Retrieved February 21, 2024.
1114:Australian Guide to Legal Citation
597:Abbreviations and Form of Citation
430:An online-subscription version of
337:and is also used in a majority of
163:Australian Guide to Legal Citation
14:
2267:A Bluebook Guide for Law Students
2149:Goodman, Bob (16 December 2014).
1951:Letter quoted in Jacob Gershman,
1743:Legal Research and Writing Manual
1327:, (Aug. 23, 2013) (archived from
1301:, (Feb. 22, 2008) (archived from
863:, or the over 1,000 pages of the
274:List of style guide abbreviations
203:The Elements of Typographic Style
813:University of Chicago Law Review
548:thus became a "pioneer" manual.
32:
589:Instructions for Editorial Work
2261:Introduction to legal citation
1016:For the first 50 years of the
767:Opinions, and similar issues.
455:Structure and use of citations
263:Turabian: A Manual for Writers
1:
2124:Stone, Daniel (9 June 2022).
2077:, Dean and then President of
1728:2013 Calif. R. of Ct. 1.200;
1542:, (2010), (archived from the
1482:Technical Due Process: ?
844:—'The horror! The horror!' "
530:
213:Garner's Modern English Usage
208:Fowler's Modern English Usage
16:Style guide on legal citation
2173:"LegalEase official website"
1959:Wall Street Journal Law Blog
672:". Some states have adopted
628:A Uniform System of Citation
438:, and other mobile devices.
1222:"Delaware Uniform Citation"
1069:Legal technology and future
546:Uniform System of Citations
188:The Chicago Manual of Style
173:The Business Style Handbook
2309:
2202:"LawStar official website"
1676:1 (Jack Metzler ed. 2007).
21:Blue book (disambiguation)
18:
2269:, by Scott Akehurst-Moore
2218:Cooper, Byron D. (1982).
1461:Shapiro and Krishnaswami.
775:
573:to a 1920 publication by
458:Typefaces for law reviews
243:The New York Times Manual
233:Microsoft Manual of Style
38:Cover of the 18th edition
31:
2130:danielstone.substack.com
2057:
1932:American Bar Association
1252:Cal. Rule of Court 1.200
731:California Supreme Court
391:at law schools that use
1866:Goodbye to the Bluebook
1717:California Style Manual
1632:, at 2; Kroski, at 263.
866:Chicago Manual of Style
735:California Style Manual
727:California Style Manual
561:written by its editor,
538:The American Law Review
515:International materials
424:California Style Manual
317:(commonly known as the
178:California Style Manual
2153:. Law Technology Today
2081:, some members of the
1434:
1262:Salmon, Susie (2016).
1190:Salmon, Susie (2016).
1108:Legal citation signals
1059:The Harvard Law Review
993:
972:
903:
890:
832:
752:
626:The cover of the 1926
615:the year I was at the
2293:Legal citation guides
2283:American law journals
2114:L.J. 197, 202 (1976).
2012:The Volokh Conspiracy
1895:The Volokh Conspiracy
1497:. (footnote omitted).
1403:
1085:LegalEase launched a
1012:Financial controversy
896:
883:
876:copyright controversy
824:
795:uses the simplified "
793:University of Chicago
491:Legislative materials
198:The Elements of Style
2263:, by Peter W. Martin
2024:Zuckerman, Michael.
1992:(February 16, 2016).
1969:(December 28, 2015).
1487:Harv. C.R.-C.L. Rev.
1470:A. Darby Dickerson,
1268:Marquette Law Review
1196:Marquette Law Review
861:ALWD Citation Manual
500:Periodical materials
464:Short citation forms
446:The 21st edition of
395:. Furthermore, many
2224:Law Library Journal
2079:Brooklyn Law School
2033:public.resource.org
2014:(February 9, 2016).
1916:(February 9, 2016).
1863:Richard A. Posner,
1829:Richard A. Posner,
1777:Nichols, at 58 n.3.
1664:iv (12th ed. 2010).
1604:468 (4th ed. 2011).
1556:Deborah E. Bouchoux
982:. A posting in the
822:article, he wrote:
542:Law Library Journal
357:Columbia Law Review
348:is compiled by the
158:The ASA Style Guide
143:AMA Manual of Style
125:
73:Columbia Law Review
28:
2083:Harvard Law Review
1990:Harvard Law Record
1832:The Bluebook Blues
1748:UCLA School of Law
1239:2016-03-03 at the
1220:Rohrbacher, Blake
1178:The New York Times
984:Harvard Law Record
904:
891:
838:'s dying words in
617:Harvard Law Review
558:Harvard Law Review
351:Harvard Law Review
67:Harvard Law Review
2106:W. Duane Benton,
1759:Elan S. Nichols,
1719:1 (4th ed. 2000).
1598:William H. Putman
1443:David M. Dorsen,
1360:49, 51–52 (2007).
1343:, pp. 20–21.
841:Heart of Darkness
703:Solicitor General
609:Henry J. Friendly
575:Karl N. Llewellyn
512:Foreign materials
354:Association, the
310:
309:
119:
118:
2300:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2206:
2205:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2186:Nyberg, Cheryl.
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1713:Edward W. Jessen
1710:
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1435:
1426:Yale Law Journal
1410:Yale Law Journal
1400:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1378:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1352:Christine Hurt,
1350:
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1218:
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1156:
1079:legal technology
1035:Yale Law Journal
924:
853:Yale Law Journal
819:Yale Law Journal
782:
765:Attorney General
757:
613:Yale Law Journal
593:Yale Law Journal
580:Yale Law Journal
535:
532:
375:
363:Yale Law Journal
335:U.S. law schools
302:
295:
288:
228:MHRA Style Guide
126:
115:
112:
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485:Constitutions
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27:The Bluebook
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2288:Bibliography
2254:
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2232:. Retrieved
2227:
2223:
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2181:
2167:
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2144:
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2069:
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2019:
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1947:
1935:. Retrieved
1921:
1908:
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1894:
1885:
1878:
1873:1343 (1986).
1871:Chi. L. Rev.
1864:
1859:
1844:
1830:
1806:
1794:
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1649:
1644:, at 468–69.
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1569:
1551:
1540:Bluebook.com
1535:Introduction
1533:
1529:
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1502:
1494:
1490:
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1370:
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1271:
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1126:
1119:
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761:The Bluebook
760:
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738:
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714:
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706:
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685:
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660:
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641:
640:
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633:Nazi Germany
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603:
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584:
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571:The Bluebook
570:
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552:
550:
545:
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524:
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448:The Bluebook
447:
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432:The Bluebook
431:
429:
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414:The Bluebook
413:
401:The Bluebook
400:
397:state courts
393:The Bluebook
392:
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355:
349:
346:The Bluebook
345:
343:
322:
318:
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312:
311:
238:MLA Handbook
168:The Bluebook
167:
148:AP Stylebook
123:Style guides
83:
77:
71:
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57:1926–present
1813:, at 76–78.
1801:, at 20–26.
1660:16 (2003);
1341:Cooper 1982
1325:Findlaw.com
1159:Cooper 1982
1005:Indigo Book
986:commented:
899:Indigo Book
783:s prolixity
646:law reviews
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2277:Categories
2234:2024-03-19
2230:(3): 1745-
2135:2022-08-04
2026:"Response"
1628:, at 468;
1576:, at 9–10.
1449:71 (2012).
1234:Rule 14(g)
1140:References
797:Maroonbook
692:Variations
670:Kama Sutra
654:typewriter
650:small caps
467:Quotations
419:California
385:law clerks
366:, and the
218:IEEE style
1837:Yale L.J.
1789:, at 101.
1616:, at 1–2.
1564:9 (2001).
1491:Blue Book
1358:Ind. L.J.
884:Cover of
771:Reception
659:By 2011,
319:Blue Book
153:APA Style
138:AIP style
133:ACS style
100:910917659
62:Publisher
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2091:Bluebook
2038:21 April
1967:Techdirt
1937:July 30,
1630:Bouchoux
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1574:Bouchoux
1544:original
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1418:Bluebook
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1278:28 April
1237:Archived
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980:BabyBlue
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959:BabyBlue
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1381:(2016).
697:Federal
521:History
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