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The Elements of Style

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1741: 542:(1979) features 54 points: a list of common word-usage errors; 11 rules of punctuation and grammar; 11 principles of writing; 11 matters of form; and, in Chapter V, 21 reminders for better style. The final reminder, the 21st, "Prefer the standard to the offbeat," is thematically integral to the subject of 463:. White had studied writing under Strunk in 1919 but had since forgotten "the little book" that he described as a "forty-three-page summation of the case for cleanliness, accuracy, and brevity in the use of English." Weeks later, White wrote about Strunk's devotion to lucid English prose in his column. 554:
Vigorous writing is concise. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts. This requires not that the writer make all his sentences short, or that he avoid
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The 1959 edition features White's expansions of preliminary sections, the "Introduction" essay (derived from his magazine story about Strunk), and the concluding chapter, "An Approach to Style," a broader, prescriptive guide to writing in English. He also produced the second (1972) and third (1979)
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for a 1959 edition. White's expansion and modernization of Strunk and Tenney's 1935 revised edition yielded the writing style manual informally known as "Strunk & White', the first edition of which sold about two million copies in 1959. More than ten million copies of three editions were later
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is not underpinned by a proper grounding in English grammar. It is often so misguided that the authors appear not to notice their own egregious flouting of its own rules ... It's sad. Several generations of college students learned their grammar from the uninformed bossiness of
1744: 27: 575:(2000), published 54 years after Strunk's death, omits his stylistic advice about masculine pronouns: "unless the antecedent is or must be feminine". In its place, the following sentence has been added: "many writers find the use of the generic 400:
in 1920, comprising eight "elementary rules of usage," ten "elementary principles of composition," "a few matters of form," a list of 49 "words and expressions commonly misused," and a list of 57 "words often misspelled." Writer and editor
546:, yet it does stand as a discrete essay about writing lucid prose. To write well, White advises writers to have the proper mindset, that they write to please themselves, and that they aim for "one moment of felicity," a phrase by 583:
to rename indefinite antecedents limiting or offensive." Further, the re-titled entry "They. He or She", in Chapter IV: Misused Words and Expressions, advises the writer to avoid an "unintentional emphasis on the masculine".
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in 1918 and privately published it in 1919, for use at the university. Harcourt republished it in 52-page format in 1920. Strunk and editor Edward A. Tenney later revised it for publication as
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Gender issues, such as the exclusive use of "he", which was the standard in Strunk's day, have been changed to the modern usage of "his" or "her", "you", "they", or "the writer".
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in that book. (Of course, it's short; at eighty-five pages it's much shorter than this one.) I'll tell you right now that every aspiring writer should read
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Strunk Jr. no longer has a comma in his name in the 1979 and later editions, due to the modernized style recommendation about punctuating such names.
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Strunk concentrated on the cultivation of good writing and composition; the original 1918 edition exhorted writers to "omit needless words," use the
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If you have any young friends who aspire to become writers, the second-greatest favor you can do them is to present them with copies of
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recognized in 2011 as one of the 100 best and most influential non-fiction books written in English since 1923.
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was listed as one of the 100 best and most influential non-fiction books written in English since 1923 by
547: 1793: 1783: 779: 689: 524: 467: 1288: 1512: 406: 397: 352: 1209: 782:, and he criticized their proscription of established and unproblematic English usages, such as the 603:. This edition excludes the afterword by Osgood and restores the first edition chapter on spelling. 1819: 1121: 675: 202: 1517: 1180: 622: 439: 393: 43: 1779: 1629: 1307: 651: 1732: 1471: 1461: 1424: 1382: 1267: 1231: 1035: 1021: 1013: 1005: 997: 975: 967: 953: 945: 931: 917: 897: 859: 855: 742: 140: 1418: 1687: 825: 783: 681: 389: 287: 166: 101: 1714: 1802: 1773: 1611: 813: 720: 595:, a glossary, and an index. Five years later, the fourth edition text was re-published as 442: 411: 345: 252: 307: 1457: 1451: 1350:
The Elements of Style: 60 Minutes to Better Writing & Grammar (Unabridged Audiobook)
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and freely available on the Internet, publishers can and do reprint it in book form.)
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all detail and treat his subjects only in outline, but that he make every word tell.
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Stylized: A Slightly Obsessive History of Strunk & White's The Elements of Style
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Pullum has argued, for example, that the authors misunderstood what constitutes the
626:, called it "a splendid trophy for all who are interested in reading and writing." 477:
Stylized: A Slightly Obsessive History of Strunk & White's The Elements of Style
993: 983: 796: 636: 600: 588: 520: 482: 297: 207: 64: 1225: 872:. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Howe, 1920. 52-page publication of the original. 817: 724: 712: 700:, based on an analysis of 933,635 texts appearing in over 1 million syllabuses. 402: 385: 182: 76: 50: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1664: 1154: 490: 454: 277: 1475: 834: 801: 591:, stepson of E. B. White, an afterword by the American cultural commentator 504: 217: 212: 197: 192: 124: 1590: 430:. The first-greatest, of course, is to shoot them now, while they're happy. 921: 901: 892:. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1935. Despite the new title, an expansion of 1750: 697: 640: 227: 147: 863: 746: 511:
now feature changed wording, citing "gender issues" with the original.
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Components new to the fourth edition include a foreword by essayist
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Several books were titled paying homage to Strunk's, for example:
1034:. Fiftieth Anniversary Edition. New York: Pearson Longman, 2009. 837:
jostling for space with 1970s taboos and 1990s computer advice".
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wrote that his inclusion of the book was a "curious addition".
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in its 2011 list. Upon its release, Charles Poor, writing for
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Skern, Tim (2011). . (UTB 3112) Vienna (facultas.wuv). p. 35.
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The Fighting Style: Reading the Unabomber's Strunk and White
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Manly Writing: Gender, Rhetoric, and the Rise of Composition
535:, by which time the book's length had extended to 85 pages. 662:"remains the best book available on writing good English". 453:(1935). In 1957, the style guide reached the attention of 167: 405:
greatly enlarged and revised the book for publication by
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In 2011, University of Vienna professor in biochemistry
1230:(5th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. p. xiii. 409:
in 1959. That was the first edition of the book, which
876:(Because the text of Strunk's original is now in the 820:, and called it "the book that ate America's brain". 715:
in the face of modern English usage. In criticizing
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sold. Mark Garvey relates the history of the book in
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as the most frequently assigned text in US academic
1456:(4th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. p.  1423:(2nd ed.). Plain Label Books. pp. 55–56. 165: 153: 139: 131: 119: 111: 82: 71: 60: 36: 1606: 1604: 313:Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities 1667:(tag): other postings on the subject by Pullum, 1042:. Contains the 4th ed. text; with a foreword by 1720:(Strunk & White 1979), via Internet Archive 1219: 1217: 739: 552: 424: 734:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 392:writing. The first publishing was written by 353: 8: 1498:in Chapter IV of the 1918 edition. See also 707:has largely focused on claims that it has a 181: 19: 599:(2005), with illustrations by the designer 497:based on the book. It was performed at the 135:43 (1918), 52 (1920), 71 (1959), 105 (1999) 1224:Strunk, William Jr.; White, E. B. (2009). 639:writes: "There is little or no detectable 470:subsequently commissioned White to revise 360: 346: 308:The Oxford Guide to Style/New Hart's Rules 180: 25: 18: 1113: 1111: 1109: 1107: 966:. 4th ed. S.l.: Longman, 1999. Hardback. 890:The Elements and Practice of Composition 829:in 2005 described the latest edition of 711:nature, or that it has become a general 560:"Elementary Principles of Composition", 451:The Elements and Practice of Composition 1308:"'Elements of Style' Goes Beyond Words" 1103: 318:Scientific Style and Format (CSE style) 1806:, Volume 72, Number 1, September 2009. 1450:Strunk, William; E. B. White (1999) . 1417:Strunk, William; E. B. White (1972) . 1136: 1134: 896:; 60 pages plus 47 "practice leaves". 656:Writing Scientific English: A Workbook 1200:E. B. White, "Letter from the East", 944:. 3rd ed. New York: Macmillan, 1979. 550:. Thus Strunk's 1918 recommendation: 485:, who provided the illustrations for 7: 1661:" (April 25). Retrieved 2009-06-13. 1065:A Dictionary of Modern English Usage 243:The Cambridge Guide to English Usage 16:American English writing style guide 1776: (archived September 10, 2007). 1659:Room for debate on Strunk and White 1616:"50 Years of Stupid Grammar Advice" 1287:Eicher, Jeremy (October 21, 2005). 1072:Style: Lessons in Clarity and Grace 800:, a blog about language written by 445:professor William Strunk Jr. wrote 1176:"'The Elements of Style' Turns 50" 223:Australian Guide to Legal Citation 14: 1825:Style guides for American English 1681:Freeman, Jan (October 23, 2005). 1621:The Chronicle of Higher Education 1566:"FAQ – the Open Syllabus Project" 1549:"Why we love the language police" 1547:Britt Peterson (31 August 2014). 1091:The Elements of Typographic Style 1084:The Elements of Programming Style 990:The Elements of Style Illustrated 974:(hardback). S.l.: Longman, 2000. 831:The Elements of Style Illustrated 597:The Elements of Style Illustrated 487:The Elements of Style Illustrated 334:List of style guide abbreviations 263:The Elements of Typographic Style 175:PE1408 .S772 (Strunk & White) 1739: 1651:Sotomayor loves Strunk and White 1595:explorer.opensyllabusproject.org 1306:Neary, Lynn (November 2, 2005). 1141:Skarda, Erin (August 16, 2011). 982:(paperback). With a foreword by 1655:Drinking the Strunkian Kool-Aid 1365:Strunk and White (2009), p. 23. 1250:Strunk and White (2009), p. x. 1174:Roberts, Sam (21 April 2009). 323:Turabian: A Manual for Writers 1: 1759:of Strunk's original text by 1331:Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra 1151:All-Time 100 Nonfiction Books 1020:(paperback). Penguin, 2008. 916:. New York: Macmillan, 1959. 884:Strunk & Edward A. Tenney 273:Garner's Modern English Usage 268:Fowler's Modern English Usage 31:First expanded edition (1959) 1790:book and musical adaptation. 1749:public domain audiobook at 1591:"The Open Syllabus Project" 1555:. Retrieved 9 January 2015. 1289:"'Style' Gets New Elements" 1004:(hardback). Penguin, 2005. 823:Jan Freeman, reviewing for 388:for formal grammar used in 248:The Chicago Manual of Style 233:The Business Style Handbook 1856: 1665:"prescriptivist poppycock" 1649:Pullum, Geoffrey (2009). " 1381:. SIU Press. p. 179. 396:in 1918, and published by 90:Harcourt, Brace & Howe 1628:(32): B15. Archived from 810:linguistic prescriptivism 774:, but can't tell you why. 489:(2005, see below), asked 422:said, regarding the book: 303:The New York Times Manual 293:Microsoft Manual of Style 24: 1500:gender-specific pronouns 1266:. Simon & Schuster. 1128:). Retrieved 2014-05-14. 1058:The Complete Plain Words 992:. With illustrations by 804:, he further criticized 741:The book's toxic mix of 1786:discussing illustrated 1700:(subscription required) 1402:William Strunk (1918). 1118:"The elements of style" 894:(The) Elements of Style 854:. Composed in 1918 and 729:University of Edinburgh 499:New York Public Library 238:California Style Manual 1840:Composition (language) 1375:Brody, Miriam (1993). 1352:. Simply Media. 2008. 776: 571:The fourth edition of 566: 548:Robert Louis Stevenson 466:Strunk died in 1946. 432: 20:The Elements of Style 1794:Catherine Prendergast 1768:The Elements of Style 1746:The Elements of Style 1728:The Elements of Style 1716:The Elements of Style 1453:The Elements of Style 1420:The Elements of Style 1404:The Elements of Style 1260:Garvey, Mark (2009). 1227:The Elements of Style 1032:The Elements of Style 1012:(hardback). Penguin. 964:The Elements of Style 942:The Elements of Style 928:The Elements of Style 914:The Elements of Style 870:The Elements of Style 806:The Elements of Style 717:The Elements of Style 694:The Elements of Style 690:Open Syllabus Project 671:The Elements of Style 660:The Elements of Style 645:The Elements of Style 612:The Elements of Style 573:The Elements of Style 562:The Elements of Style 544:The Elements of Style 540:The Elements of Style 538:The third edition of 533:The Elements of Style 468:Macmillan and Company 447:The Elements of Style 428:The Elements of Style 374:The Elements of Style 258:The Elements of Style 1835:Self-published books 1830:Works by E. B. White 1513:"Books of the Times" 679:. Britt Peterson of 635:(2000, p. 11), 173:PE1421 .S7 (Strunk) 1770:as an operatic play 1612:Pullum, Geoffrey K. 1122:Library of Congress 858:in 1919. 43 pages. 737:(2002), said that: 731:, and co-author of 218:The ASA Style Guide 203:AMA Manual of Style 185: 21: 1788:Strunk & White 1614:(April 17, 2009). 1518:The New York Times 1293:The New York Times 1181:The New York Times 908:Strunk & White 705:Strunk & White 623:The New York Times 440:Cornell University 394:William Strunk Jr. 380:Strunk & White 44:William Strunk Jr. 1733:Project Gutenberg 1467:978-0-205-31342-6 1430:978-1-60303-050-2 1273:978-1-4165-9092-7 1237:978-0-205-31342-6 1204:, July 27, 1957, 1145:Elements of Style 996:. Penguin, 2005. 856:privately printed 852:Elements of Style 790:in a restrictive 501:in October 2005. 370: 369: 179: 178: 112:Publication place 102:Allyn & Bacon 75:American English 1847: 1743: 1742: 1735: 1702: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1695: 1688:The Boston Globe 1678: 1672: 1663:  See also 1647: 1641: 1640: 1638: 1637: 1608: 1599: 1598: 1587: 1581: 1580: 1578: 1577: 1568:. Archived from 1562: 1556: 1553:The Boston Globe 1545: 1539: 1536: 1530: 1529: 1527: 1526: 1509: 1503: 1492: 1486: 1485: 1483: 1482: 1447: 1441: 1440: 1438: 1437: 1414: 1408: 1407: 1399: 1393: 1392: 1372: 1366: 1363: 1357: 1356: 1346: 1340: 1339: 1334:. Archived from 1322: 1316: 1315: 1303: 1297: 1296: 1284: 1278: 1277: 1257: 1251: 1248: 1242: 1241: 1221: 1212: 1198: 1192: 1191: 1189: 1188: 1171: 1165: 1164: 1162: 1161: 1138: 1129: 1124:Catalog Record ( 1115: 826:The Boston Globe 784:split infinitive 756:Strunk and White 682:The Boston Globe 676:Gwynne's Grammar 564: 390:American English 362: 355: 348: 288:MHRA Style Guide 186: 169: 143: 29: 22: 1855: 1854: 1850: 1849: 1848: 1846: 1845: 1844: 1810: 1809: 1803:College English 1774:Wayback Machine 1740: 1725: 1711: 1706: 1705: 1699: 1693: 1691: 1683:"Frankenstrunk" 1680: 1679: 1675: 1662: 1653:" (June 12). 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Cowan 1758: 1755: 1753:(Strunk 1918) 1752: 1748: 1747: 1738: 1736:(Strunk 1918) 1734: 1730: 1729: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1712: 1708: 1690: 1689: 1684: 1677: 1674: 1671:, and others. 1670: 1669:Mark Liberman 1666: 1660: 1657:" (June 6). " 1656: 1652: 1646: 1643: 1632:on 2016-04-13 1631: 1627: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1592: 1586: 1583: 1572:on 2016-02-04 1571: 1567: 1561: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1544: 1541: 1535: 1532: 1520: 1519: 1514: 1508: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1496:entry "They." 1491: 1488: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1454: 1446: 1443: 1432: 1426: 1422: 1421: 1413: 1410: 1405: 1398: 1395: 1390: 1388:9780809316915 1384: 1380: 1379: 1371: 1368: 1362: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1345: 1342: 1337: 1333: 1332: 1327: 1321: 1318: 1313: 1309: 1302: 1299: 1294: 1290: 1283: 1280: 1275: 1269: 1265: 1264: 1256: 1253: 1247: 1244: 1239: 1233: 1229: 1228: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1197: 1194: 1183: 1182: 1177: 1170: 1167: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1146: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1112: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1097: 1093: 1092: 1088: 1086: 1085: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1074: 1073: 1069: 1067: 1066: 1062: 1060: 1059: 1055: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1041: 1040:0-205-63264-5 1037: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1026:9781439562635 1023: 1019: 1018:9780143112723 1015: 1011: 1010:9780910301961 1007: 1003: 1002:1-594-20069-6 999: 995: 991: 988: 985: 981: 980:0-205-30902-X 977: 973: 972:0-205-31342-6 969: 965: 962: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 940: 937: 933: 929: 926: 923: 919: 915: 912: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 888: 887: 883: 881: 879: 878:public domain 871: 868: 865: 861: 857: 853: 850: 849: 845: 840: 838: 836: 832: 828: 827: 821: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 798: 793: 789: 785: 781: 780:passive voice 775: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 752: 748: 744: 738: 736: 735: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 703:Criticism of 701: 699: 695: 691: 688:In 2016, the 686: 684: 683: 678: 677: 672: 668: 667:Nevile Gwynne 663: 661: 657: 653: 648: 646: 642: 638: 634: 633: 627: 625: 624: 619: 618: 613: 606: 604: 602: 598: 594: 590: 585: 582: 578: 574: 569: 563: 556: 551: 549: 545: 541: 536: 534: 528: 526: 523:, and employ 522: 514: 512: 510: 506: 502: 500: 496: 493:to compose a 492: 488: 484: 480: 478: 473: 469: 464: 462: 461: 456: 452: 448: 444: 441: 434: 431: 429: 423: 421: 418:American wit 416: 414: 413: 408: 404: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 381: 377:(also called 376: 375: 363: 358: 356: 351: 349: 344: 343: 341: 340: 335: 332: 329: 328: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 190: 188: 187: 184: 172: 170: 168:LC Class 164: 160: 157: 156:Dewey Decimal 152: 149: 146: 144: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 115:United States 114: 110: 103: 100: 97: 94: 91: 88: 87: 85: 81: 78: 74: 70: 66: 63: 59: 52: 48: 45: 42: 41: 39: 35: 28: 23: 1801: 1787: 1767: 1763:(2006–2008). 1745: 1726: 1715: 1692:. 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White 386:style guide 161:808/.042 21 77:style guide 67:(2005 only) 61:Illustrator 51:E. B. White 46:(1918/1920) 1820:1918 books 1814:Categories 1694:2009-04-12 1636:2017-11-27 1576:2016-02-05 1525:2015-04-10 1481:2009-07-23 1436:2009-07-23 1187:2015-04-10 1160:2014-05-14 1158:Retrieved 1155:Time, Inc. 1098:References 958:0024182001 950:0024181900 936:0024182605 835:pet peeves 698:syllabuses 654:argued in 632:On Writing 491:Nico Muhly 455:E.B. White 278:IEEE style 1718:, 4th ed. 1312:NPR Books 922:878906498 902:781988921 802:linguists 665:In 2013, 652:Tim Skern 607:Reception 505:Audiobook 407:Macmillan 213:APA Style 198:AIP style 193:ACS style 125:Paperback 96:Macmillan 83:Publisher 1757:Revision 1751:LibriVox 1494:Compare 1476:41548201 1051:See also 841:Editions 641:bullshit 558:—  479:(2009). 398:Harcourt 148:27652766 1772:at the 864:6589433 764:than me 760:however 747:atavism 727:at the 515:Content 495:cantata 443:English 435:History 283:ISO 690 123:Print ( 72:Subject 1474:  1464:  1427:  1385:  1270:  1234:  1038:  1024:  1016:  1008:  1000:  978:  970:  956:  948:  934:  920:  900:  862:  846:Strunk 816:among 743:purism 692:lists 104:(1999) 98:(1959) 92:(1920) 53:(1959) 37:Author 1782:from 794:. 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Index


William Strunk Jr.
E. B. White
Maira Kalman
style guide
Harcourt, Brace & Howe
Macmillan
Allyn & Bacon
Paperback
OCLC
27652766
Dewey Decimal
LC Class
Style guides
ACS style
AIP style
AMA Manual of Style
AP Stylebook
APA Style
The ASA Style Guide
Australian Guide to Legal Citation
The Bluebook
The Business Style Handbook
California Style Manual
The Cambridge Guide to English Usage
The Chicago Manual of Style
Citing Medicine
The Elements of Style
The Elements of Typographic Style
Fowler's Modern English Usage

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