65:
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921:
recommendations, the glossary of problematic words and phrases, and the bibliography have all been updated and expanded. In the 17th edition, email lost its hyphen, internet became lowercase, the singular "they" and "their" are now acceptable in certain circumstances, a major new section on syntax has been added, and the long-standing recommendation to use "ibid" has changed due to electronic publishing.
178:
849:
In August 2010, the 16th edition was published simultaneously in the hardcover and online editions for the first time in the manual's history. In a departure from the earlier red-orange cover, the 16th edition features a robin's-egg blue dust jacket (a nod to older editions with blue jackets, such as
704:
note number that corresponds to a full citation either at the bottom of the page (as a footnote) or at the end of a main body of text (as an endnote). In both instances, the citation is also placed in a bibliography entry at the end of the material, listed in alphabetical order of the author's last
444:
is published in hardcover and online. The online edition includes the searchable text the 16th through 18th—its most recent—editions with features such as tools for editors, a citation guide summary, and searchable access to a Q&A, where
University of Chicago Press editors answer readers' style
878:
system of documentation is streamlined to achieve greater consistency between the author-date and notes-bibliography systems of citation, making both systems easier to use. In addition, updated and expanded examples address the many questions that arise when documenting online and digital sources,
924:
The 18th edition was the first to recommend omitting publication locations from citations. It added citation styles for A.I. generated text and images, increased the scope of usage of singular and non-binary "they," and abandoned its efforts (since 1969) of writing "Roman" in "Roman numerals" in
845:
More recently, the publishers have released a new edition about every seven to ten years. The 15th edition (2003) was revised to reflect the emergence of computer technology and the internet in publishing, offering guidance for citing electronic works. Other changes include a chapter on
American
920:
The 17th edition was published in
September 2017. It offers new and expanded style guidelines in response to advancing technology and social change. It also includes new and revised content reflecting the latest publishing practices and electronic workflows and self-publishing. Citation
428:
The guide specifically focuses on
American English and deals with aspects of editorial practice, including grammar and usage, as well as document preparation and formatting. It is available in print as a hardcover book, and by subscription as a searchable website as
625:
Two types of citation styles are provided. In both cases, two parts are needed: first, notation in the text, which indicates that the information immediately preceding was from another source; and second, the full citation, which is placed at another location.
829:
evolved into a comprehensive reference style guide of 1,146 pages in its 17th edition. It was one of the first editorial style guides published in the United States, and it is largely responsible for research methodology standardization, notably
837:
The most significant revision to the manual was made for the 12th edition, published in 1969. Its first printing of 20,000 copies sold out before it was printed. In 1982, with the publication of the 13th edition, it was officially retitled
800:
The page numbers, with notes listing the current reference's specific page number and bibliography entries listing the overall page range (in this case "e62" since the example was published electronically without page numbers);
449:
also discusses the parts of a book and the editing process. An annual subscription is required for access to the online content of the manual (access to the Q&A, however, is free, as are various editing tools).
1074:
484:
330:
478:
includes chapters relevant to publishers of books and journals. It is used widely by academic and some trade publishers, as well as editors and authors who are required by those publishers to follow it.
669:
The full citation for the source is then included in a references section at the end of the material. As publication dates are prominent in this style, the reference entry places the publication date
453:
Many publishers throughout the world adopt "Chicago" as their style. It is used in some social science publications, most North
American historical journals, and remains the basis for the
2122:
887:. Figures and tables are updated throughout the book, including a return to manual's popular hyphenation table and new, selective listings of Unicode numbers for special characters.
925:
lowercase. It removed the chapter on mathematics in type (citing low usage) but increased its coverage of citations of
Indigenous languages (now with capital "I") and of Korean.
494:
style offers writers a choice of several different formats. It allows the mixing of formats, provided that the result is clear and consistent. For instance, the 15th edition of
634:
Using author-date style, the sourced text is indicated parenthetically with the last name(s) of the author(s) and the year of publication with no intervening punctuation.
320:
310:
1918:
Manual of style, being a compilation of the typographical rules in force at the
University of Chicago Press, to which are appended specimens of types in use
823:
Manual of Style: Being a compilation of the typographical rules in force at the
University of Chicago Press, to which are appended specimens of type in use
2156:
2151:
677:
Heilman, James M., and Andrew G. West. 2015. "Knowledge (XXG) and
Medicine: Quantifying Readership, Editors, and the Significance of Natural Language."
711:
1. James M. Heilman and Andrew G. West, "Knowledge (XXG) and
Medicine: Quantifying Readership, Editors, and the Significance of Natural Language,"
729:
Heilman, James M., and Andrew G. West. "Knowledge (XXG) and Medicine: Quantifying Readership, Editors, and the Significance of Natural Language."
514:); it even provides for variations in styles of footnotes and endnotes, depending on whether the paper includes a full bibliography at the end.
1235:
Pollak, Oliver B. (June 11, 2007). "The Decline and Fall of Bottom Notes, op. cit., loc. cit., and a Century of the Chicago Manual of Style".
456:
275:
250:
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If the author's name is used in the text, only the date of publication need be cited parenthetically (with or without the page number).
465:
1980:
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The author(s), with the first author's name inverted in the bibliography entry (in this case "Heilman, James M., and Andrew G. West");
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1421:(17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 25: Text citations in relation to surrounding text and punctuation.
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1502:(17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 14: Placement of dates in reference list entries.
1087:
245:
1628:(17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 167: Basic structure of a periodical citation.
858:)". It also expands recommendations for producing electronic publications, including web-based content and
1461:(17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 6: Basic structure of a reference list entry.
884:
1587:(17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 21: Basic structure of a bibliography entry.
762:"Knowledge (XXG) and Medicine: Quantifying Readership, Editors, and the Significance of Natural Language.
708:
The following is an example of a journal article citation provided as a note and its bibliography entry.
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In-text citations are usually placed just inside a mark of punctuation. An exception to this rule is for
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506:, including use of "content notes"; it gives information about in-text citation by page number (such as
265:
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The online version provides some free resources, primarily aimed at teachers, students, and libraries.
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the 11th and 12th). The 16th edition featured "music, foreign languages, and computer topics (such as
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When page numbers are used, they are placed along with the author's last name and date of publication
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891:
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2011:
1879:(17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 8: Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs).
1756:(17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 171: Journal volume, issue, and date.
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1797:(17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 22: Page numbers and other locators.
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862:. An updated appendix on production and digital technology demystified the process of electronic
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1380:(17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 5: The author-date system—overview.
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1543:(17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 20: Basic structure of a note.
1339:(17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 22: Text citations—basic form.
1838:(17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 174: Journal page references.
1145:
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Research done by Smith found that students do not always cite their work properly (2016).
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Research has found that students do not always cite their work properly (Smith 2016, 24).
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1916:
1669:(17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 169: Journal article—title.
1262:
40:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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markup. It also includes a revised glossary, including a host of terms associated with
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name. The two formats differ: notes use commas where bibliography entries use periods.
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Research has found that students do not always cite their work properly (Smith 2016).
1710:(17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 170: Title of journal.
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The year and, if specified, month, inside parentheses (in this case "(2015)");
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chapter on the topic, and coinciding with the release of the new edition of
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225:
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200:
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235:
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421:. Its 18 editions (the most recent in 2024) have prescribed writing and
1169:"Bryan A. Garner: The Chicago Guide to Grammar, Usage, and Punctuation"
851:
846:
English grammar and use, and a revised treatment of mathematical copy.
770:
700:
Using notes and bibliography style, the sourced text is indicated by a
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2037:"What's New in the Fifteenth Edition of The Chicago Manual of Style"
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A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations
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In order of appearance, the elements of a bibliography entry are:
485:
A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations
176:
543:
2. Manuscript Preparation, Manuscript Editing, and Proofreading
1459:
The Chicago Manual of Style: Chapter 15: Author-Date Reference
867:
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20:
38:. The reason given is: CMOS 18 was released in August 2024.
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7. Spelling, Distinctive Treatment of Words, and Compounds
165:
890:
In 2013, an adapted Spanish version was published by the
842:, adopting the informal name already in widespread use.
666:, where the citation is placed outside the punctuation.
2082:"Announcing The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th Edition"
549:
4. Rights, Permissions, and Copyright Administration
1036:(17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017.
1010:(16th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2010.
903:
The Chicago Guide to Grammar, Usage, and Punctuation
1987:. University of Chicago Press. 2010. Archived from
163:
151:
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77:
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321:Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities
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1946:
1944:
1921:. University of Chicago Press. November 1906.
2043:. University of Chicago Press. Archived from
361:
8:
1981:"The History of The Chicago Manual of Style"
821:was first published in 1906 under the title
468:, and corporate style guides, including the
189:
57:
2012:"The Chicago Manual of Style — And Grammar"
2115:
1138:"Why Are there Different Citation Styles?"
368:
354:
316:The Oxford Guide to Style/New Hart's Rules
188:
63:
56:
1114:As used with periodical/journal articles.
794:preceded by "no." (in this case "no. 3");
16:Academic style guide for American English
2010:Pullum, Geoffrey K. (February 2, 2005).
1578:
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1953:"Chicago Manual of Style, 16th Edition"
1330:
1328:
1126:
1104:
932:
825:. From its first 203-page edition, the
808:(in this case "doi:10.2196/jmir.4069").
326:Scientific Style and Format (CSE style)
181:Title page of the first edition of the
1747:
1745:
1743:
901:In April 2016, the publisher released
595:Part III: Source Citations and Indexes
1110:
1108:
7:
1132:
1130:
775:Journal of Medical Internet Research
731:Journal of Medical Internet Research
713:Journal of Medical Internet Research
679:Journal of Medical Internet Research
574:8. Names, Terms, and Titles of Works
457:American Anthropological Association
251:The Cambridge Guide to English Usage
1951:Spencer, Dave (February 15, 2011).
866:and offered a primer on the use of
466:Organization of American Historians
431:The Chicago Manual of Style Online.
2128:at Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL)
2080:Manual, Chicago (April 16, 2024).
1985:The Chicago Manual of Style Online
1211:The Chicago Manual of Style Online
510:) or by year of publication (like
425:styles widely used in publishing.
231:Australian Guide to Legal Citation
14:
2157:University of Chicago Press books
2152:Style guides for American English
2059:"Manual de estilo Chicago-Deusto"
1093:Knowledge (XXG)'s Manual of Style
342:List of style guide abbreviations
271:The Elements of Typographic Style
1142:Center for Teaching and Learning
959:
947:
935:
583:11. Languages Other than English
498:permits the use of both in-text
25:
1237:Journal of Scholarly Publishing
1875:"14: Notes and Bibliography".
1834:"14: Notes and Bibliography".
1793:"14: Notes and Bibliography".
1752:"14: Notes and Bibliography".
1706:"14: Notes and Bibliography".
1665:"14: Notes and Bibliography".
1624:"14: Notes and Bibliography".
1583:"14: Notes and Bibliography".
1539:"14: Notes and Bibliography".
1498:"15: Author-Date References".
1417:"15: Author-Date References".
1376:"15: Author-Date References".
1335:"15: Author-Date References".
915:Garner's Modern American Usage
536:Part I: The Publishing Process
331:Turabian: A Manual for Writers
1:
1927:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t75t3q405
1207:"The Chicago Manual of Style"
1173:Publishing Research Quarterly
488:also reflects Chicago style.
281:Garner's Modern English Usage
276:Fowler's Modern English Usage
696:Notes and bibliography style
518:Table of contents (17th ed.)
417:published since 1906 by the
58:The Chicago Manual of Style
2041:The Chicago Manual of Style
1877:The Chicago Manual of Style
1836:The Chicago Manual of Style
1795:The Chicago Manual of Style
1754:The Chicago Manual of Style
1708:The Chicago Manual of Style
1667:The Chicago Manual of Style
1626:The Chicago Manual of Style
1585:The Chicago Manual of Style
1541:The Chicago Manual of Style
1500:The Chicago Manual of Style
1419:The Chicago Manual of Style
1378:The Chicago Manual of Style
1337:The Chicago Manual of Style
1293:University of Chicago Press
1289:The Chicago Manual of Style
1215:University of Chicago Press
1034:The Chicago Manual of Style
1008:The Chicago Manual of Style
982:University of Chicago Press
976:The Chicago Manual of Style
840:The Chicago Manual of Style
819:The Chicago Manual of Style
589:13. Quotations and Dialogue
546:3. Illustrations and Tables
496:The Chicago Manual of Style
476:The Chicago Manual of Style
447:The Chicago Manual of Style
442:The Chicago Manual of Style
419:University of Chicago Press
382:The Chicago Manual of Style
256:The Chicago Manual of Style
241:The Business Style Handbook
100:University of Chicago Press
70:The Chicago Manual of Style
2173:
874:and print publishing. The
602:15. Author-Date References
599:14. Notes and Bibliography
1185:10.1007/s12109-017-9531-6
806:digital object identifier
754:The article title inside
311:The New York Times Manual
301:Microsoft Manual of Style
62:
34:This article needs to be
558:Part II: Style and Usage
2124:Chicago Manual of Style
1088:Linguistic prescription
929:Recent printed editions
911:Chicago Manual of Style
885:social networking sites
586:12. Mathematics in Type
246:California Style Manual
183:Chicago Manual of Style
2142:1906 non-fiction books
1167:Claire, T. R. (2017).
693:
660:
652:
646:an interposed comma.
640:
186:
2147:Academic style guides
2047:on February 17, 2009.
1195:– via Springer.
817:What now is known as
769:The journal title in
562:5. Grammar and Usage
504:footnotes or endnotes
437:Availability and uses
266:The Elements of Style
180:
2067:University of Deusto
1991:on February 14, 2012
909:'s expansion of his
892:University of Deusto
787:(in this case "17");
673:the author(s) name.
551:by William S. Strong
540:1. Books and Manuals
1249:10.3138/jsp.38.1.14
744::10.2196/jmir.4069.
726::10.2196/jmir.4069.
691::10.2196/jmir.4069.
455:Style Guide of the
226:The ASA Style Guide
211:AMA Manual of Style
193:
59:
564:by Bryan A. Garner
481:Kate L. Turabian's
403:, or sometimes as
187:
1291:(17th ed.).
1267:Apple Style Guide
1263:"About the guide"
1213:(17th ed.).
1099:Explanatory notes
980:(15th ed.).
630:Author-date style
580:10. Abbreviations
470:Apple Style Guide
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116:Publication place
72:, 17th ed. (2017)
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664:block quotations
532:Acknowledgements
500:citation systems
415:American English
385:(abbreviated as
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296:MHRA Style Guide
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107:Publication date
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