246:. Following multiple cases of civil unrest surrounding the deaths of civilians under police supervision, a growing current of demands for a more thorough investigation process began to swell. Groups like Black Lives Matter were protesting and calling for action from the Obama administration. On December 18, 2014, the Obama administration cited "simmering distrust" between police and minorities as a reason to enact the president's task force on 21st-century policing as an executive order. There are more than 1800 police departments in the United States, and by 2016 more than half of them were using BWC technology in some capacity. Early studies showed positive results, but replications have led to mixed findings. Outcomes have been shown to differ depending on the local context and the guidelines regulating activation of the body cams. The most obvious effect of this technology would be increased transparency between the police force and the public, as the technology makes it much easier to collect evidence of misconduct whether that be on the part of the officer or the civilian. Challenges include training, privacy, storage and the use of recordings further 'downstream' in the judicial system. The presence of body-worn cameras influences both parties present for an arrest, but the exact effects are currently inconclusive. However, the presence of body-worn gives ease to the public which can improve relations between police and the public. Conclusive studies have not yet reached an explanation as to the concrete effects on the individuals, but it can be noted that the presence of body worn cameras has resulted in a decrease in civilian complaints. Challenges include training, privacy, storage and the use of recordings further 'downstream' in the judicial system. A
325:
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60:
190:, while others are based on local storage. Some body-worn cameras offer automatic activation of the cameras with the ability to adhere to that agency's specific body camera recording policies. The National Criminal Justice Technology Research, Test, and Evaluation Center has conducted market surveys on body-worn cameras to assist organizations in purchasing the best camera. The survey discusses device functionality, optics, audio,
68:
473:
concerns continue as new technologies are presented to law enforcement but the government has had ways of masking the technologies from the public and in some cases, even the police. Police will interact with citizens during vulnerable moments, such as in a hospital, or in a domestic violence situation. Concerns have also been raised that this algorithms not only infringe on privacy rights, but could also be ethnically biased. The
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Research suggests no clear effects of body-worn cameras in terms of citizen behavior such as calls to police and resisting arrest. Subsequent analysis of the research affirms these mixed findings and draws attention to how the design of many evaluations fails to account for local context or citizen perspectives.
472:
and other technologies capable of interpreting videos in bulk, means that all cameras, including body-worn cameras, could create a means of tracking people anywhere they go. In policing, critics have warned that each police officer could become a "roving surveillance camera". Issues involving privacy
250:
assessed the available evidence on the effect of body-worn cameras in law enforcement on police and citizen behavior. They found that body-worn cameras may not substantially impact officer or citizen behavior and that effects on use of force and arrest activities are inconsistent and non-significant.
157:
by law enforcement and communities' trust in police. The publicized deaths of black
Americans at the hands of police has been a large factor increasing support for body worn cameras by police personnel. For decades people have protested police by watching them stemming from long term unhappiness with
254:
Body-worn cameras have become one of the biggest costs for townships, cities, and agencies for police, costing millions of dollars. The main reason for the growth of body-worn cameras is a direct result of the publicizing of events over the past decade, where
Caucasian police officers have killed
315:
Body cameras can be used to make an impact in the mental health world. There is currently only minimal evidence on the effects that body cameras have in a mental health setting in reference to violence within patients; the use of the technology points towards lower numbers of complaints from the
311:
was used to assist in surgery by providing a mostly hands-free way to broadcast and receive consultation from another surgeon. Body cameras were provided to hospital staff by the
Cardiff and Vale Health Board in Wales, United Kingdom. The cameras were issued to reduce the likelihood of violent
394:
The utilization of body cameras by militant groups represents a shift in the tactics of modern conflict and asymmetrical warfare, enabling such groups to amplify the impact of their operations. It can serve as a propaganda tool, a means of recruitment, and a method to maintain the narrative
306:
of data. It is speculated that under-reporting is common when conducting dietary and nutrition assessments. Research suggests body worn video reduces under-reporting of intake during such assessments. Cameras can be used as a memory prosthetic for conditions that affect the memory. In 2013,
613:
Ariel, B., Young, J., Henderson, R., Megicks, S., Sykes, J., Drover, P., Henstock, D., & Sutherland, A. (2016). "Contagious
Accountability": A Global Multisite Randomized Controlled Trial on the Effect of Police Body-Worn Cameras on Citizens' Complaints Against the Police.
861:
Doherty, Aiden R.; Hodges, Steve E.; King, Abby C.; Smeaton, Alan F.; Berry, Emma; Moulin, Chris J. A.; Lindley, Siân; Kelly, Paul; Foster, Charlie (1 March 2013). "Wearable
Cameras in Health: The State of the Art and Future Possibilities".
443:
Body cameras have become part of police officers' everyday uniforms, by police in the United States. They have been initiated to help with regulating and enforcing laws in their everyday work, by recording while they are on their shift.
289:
Firefighters use helmet cameras as a tool to assess fires and for communication and training purposes. Cameras in this occupation are often thermal cameras in order to be able to see in darkness and inside smoke-filled buildings.
273:, where they are not a new discovery. The overall outcome and reactions to these cameras have been positive, but there has been little evidence on how BWCs have affected the actions and reactions of the police wearing them.
233:
organizations in countries around the world. The cameras are intended to improve interactions between officers and the public. The first generation of 'modern' police body cameras was introduced around 2005 in the
312:
assaults against staff. According to the manager who provides support to staff who have been attacked, the cameras – and especially the audio recording – have been vital for successful prosecutions.
1078:"What evidence supports the use of Body Worn Cameras in mental health inpatient wards? A systematic review and narrative synthesis of the effects of Body Worn Cameras in public sector services"
255:
unarmed Black civilians. The family of
Michael Brown, a black teenager killed by police, called for the use of BWCs by all police in the United States. The task force assembled by the
262:
The main place where body-worn cameras have become more popular is in low-researched environments, because public protest was the main driving reason for BWC becoming so widespread.
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Retail workers are looking for ways to solve issues when it comes to dealing with criminal behavior, while also making the staff feel safer and more comfortable when working.
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Body worn video has been suggested and explored in the medical field. Data recorded from wearable cameras can assist in medical research and limit error caused by inaccurate
899:"A pilot study to determine whether using a lightweight, wearable micro-camera improves dietary assessment accuracy and offers information on macronutrients and eating rate"
700:
Henne, Kathryn; Shore, Krystle; Harb, Jenna Imad (August 4, 2021). "Body-worn cameras, police violence and the politics of evidence: A case of ontological gerrymandering".
1351:
649:
Lum, Cynthia; Koper, Christopher S.; Wilson, David B.; Stoltz, Megan; Goodier, Michael; Eggins, Elizabeth; Higginson, Angela; Mazerolle, Lorraine (September 2020).
577:
631:
Taylor, E., & Lee, M. (2019). Points of View: Arrestees' Perspectives on Police Body-Worn
Cameras and Their Perceived Impact on Police–Citizen Interactions.
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forces from the bodies of dead or captured militants, depicted severe acts of violence including murder, torture, decapitation, and kidnapping.
340:
are used in the military. Video can either be stored locally, or streamed back to a command center or military outpost. A notable example is
1326:
324:
461:
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Gemming, Luke; Rush, Elaine; Maddison, Ralph; Doherty, Aiden; Gant, Nicholas; Utter, Jennifer; Ni
Mhurchu, Cliona (28 January 2015).
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Pettitt, Claire; Liu, Jindong; Kwasnicki, Richard M.; Yang, Guang-Zhong; Preston, Thomas; Frost, Gary (14 January 2016).
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950:"Wearable cameras can reduce dietary under-reporting: doubly labelled water validation of a camera-assisted 24 h recall"
745:
281:
422:
599:
256:
598:
National
Institute of Justice, "Research on Body-Worn Cameras and Law Enforcement," January 7, 2022, nij.ojp.gov:
1256:"Slain Hamas militants' body camera videos show the preparation and tactics behind their terror attack on Israel"
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365:
191:
383:
341:
153:
Research on the impact of body-worn cameras for law enforcement shows mixed evidence as to their impact on the
1526:
1496:
Tanner, Samuel; Meyer, Michaël (August 2015). "Police work and new 'security devices': A tale from the beat".
1008:
Schreinemacher, Marc H.; Graafland, Maurits; Schijven, Marlies P. (December 2014). "Google Glass in
Surgery".
477:
has suggested policies to balance citizen's rights with the desire for more transparency and accountability.
410:. There have also been various other helmet camera footage that were recovered from Islamic State fighters.
379:
265:
The use of body-worn cameras by police was not only a popular development in the United States, but also in
520:
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Body cameras may be worn by retail workers to deter against abusive or threatening behavior by customers.
259:
recommended the use of BWCs on the local level in 2015; this was backed up by the Department of Justice.
1076:
Wilson, Keiran; Eaton, Jessica; Foye, Una; Ellis, Madeleine; Thomas, Ellen; Simpson, Alan (April 2022).
243:
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344:, where live video footage of the raid is believed to have been streamed to the White House. In 2013,
35:
147:
104:
1513:
1352:"Police body cameras can be a positive accountability tool, but they can also invade our privacy"
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194:, and several more categories. These cameras range in price from 200 dollars to 2,000 dollars.
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651:"Body‐worn cameras' effects on police officers and citizen behavior: A systematic review"
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45:
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771:"Exploring the impact of body-worn video on the everyday behaviours of police officers"
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public in law enforcement, though its efficacy in mental health settings is not clear.
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insurgent; footage from incident, recorded on a helmet camera, was used in Blackman's
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746:"Research on body‐worn cameras: What we know, what we need to know – Library Search"
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with Blackman being released from jail. The helmet camera has been the focus of the
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Body cameras have a range of uses and designs, of which the best-known use is as a
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https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/research-body-worn-cameras-and-law-enforcement
166:
Body-worn cameras are often designed to be worn in one of three locations: on the
875:
456:
have been raised over the use of this technology, most notably in the context of
1469:"A Model Act for Regulating the Use of Wearable Body Cameras by Law Enforcement"
1377:"Artificial Intelligence Is Coming To Police Bodycams, Raising Privacy Concerns"
374:
329:
17:
1525:
Williams, Timothy; Thomas, James; Jacoby, Samuel; Cave, Damien (1 April 2016).
1254:
Tolan, Casey; Ash, Audrey; Chapman, Isabelle; Merrill, Curt (26 October 2023).
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the system, and social media has only bolstered this behavior from the public.
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Manes, Jonathan. "Secrecy and evasion in police surveillance technology".
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1303:"Retail staff wear body cameras to counter abuse, threats from customers"
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552:. Laurel, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
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818:"New augmented reality technology could help firefighters save lives"
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406:, offering a contrasting picture of chaos and panic in a battle with
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1053:"Body cameras for hospital security staff to clamp down on violence"
521:"Do Police Body-Worn Cameras Reduce the Use of Force? | Econofact"
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238:, followed from 2014 onwards by large-scale implementation in the
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44:
30:"Body Cam" and "Body worn video" redirect here. For the film, see
1420:"Police Perspective: The Pros & Cons of Police Body Cameras"
1175:"Obama watched live video of bin Laden raid, U.S. official says"
769:
Harrison, Karen; L'Hoiry, Xavier; Santorso, Simone (June 2022).
423:
during an attack on Israeli communities bordering the Gaza Strip
403:
294:(AR) can be added to accentuate outlines of objects and people.
1281:"Israel shows Hamas terror videos to document horrific attack"
1230:"Helmet cam footage shows Islamic State in battlefield chaos"
1327:"How body-worn cameras help deter violence in retail: Axis"
1135:"The Rise and Risks of Police Body-Worn Cameras in Canada"
398:
In 2016, helmet camera footage was recovered from a dead
360:. The conviction was overturned in 2017 and reduced to
425:. The videos released on social media, or captured by
1211:"Marine A: Alexander Blackman released from prison"
775:
The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles
547:"A Market Survey on Body Worn Camera Technologies"
75:camera on helmet to live stream press conferences
107:audio, video, or photographic recording system.
1082:International Journal of Mental Health Nursing
229:Wearable cameras are used by police and other
49:Biker wearing one of the first 'helmet cams'
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421:militants used bodycams and helmet cameras
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206:A close up of a body camera not on a body
386:documenting their personal war footage.
1527:"Police Body Cameras: What Do You See?"
864:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
588:(6) – via Gale Academics OneFile.
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118:for social and recreational (including
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342:the raid on Osama Bin Laden's compound
242:, mainly to increase transparency and
186:GPS positioning, automatic offload to
609:
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578:"Body cameras and criminal discovery"
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7:
545:Hung, Vivian; Babin, Steven (2016).
332:with a personal helmet camera, 2010
1301:O'Flaherty, Antonia (2022-05-04).
633:The British Journal of Criminology
25:
1051:Seal, Chris (17 February 2015).
1402:Berkeley Technology Law Journal
1193:"Royal Marine guilty of murder"
468:, possibly in combination with
285:Firefighter with a GoPro camera
1473:American Civil Liberties Union
1444:"How Police Body Cameras Work"
998:Visual Memory Prosthetic, 1996
816:News, CBS (31 December 2018).
475:American Civil Liberties Union
1:
1279:Hofmann, Frank (2023-11-04).
1133:Bud, Thomas K. (2016-05-09).
616:Criminal Justice and Behavior
497:Shooting of Jamarion Robinson
336:Body-worn cameras as well as
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27:Video camera worn on the body
1408:: 503–566 – via EBSCO.
954:British Journal of Nutrition
903:British Journal of Nutrition
876:10.1016/j.amepre.2012.11.008
576:Gimbel, Noah (August 2016).
655:Campbell Systematic Reviews
466:large-scale data collection
395:surrounding their actions.
63:Skydiver with helmet camera
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1139:Surveillance & Society
225:Police body camera example
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34:. For the video game, see
29:
967:10.1017/S0007114514003602
916:10.1017/S0007114515004262
787:10.1177/0032258X211000834
714:10.1177/02610183211033923
366:diminished responsibility
1510:10.1177/0967010615584256
1022:10.1177/1553350614546006
750:librarysearch.temple.edu
122:), within the world of
1057:Barry And District News
348:Alexander Blackman was
174:, and on or built into
1331:Retail Insight Network
1152:10.24908/ss.v14i1.6280
702:Critical Social Policy
582:Georgetown Law Journal
352:for killing a captive
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38:. For police use, see
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244:police accountability
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170:, on or built into a
114:. Other uses include
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1548:Portable electronics
413:On October 7, 2023,
257:Obama administration
36:Bodycam (video game)
1209:Press Association:
1199:. November 8, 2013.
1010:Surgical Innovation
350:convicted of murder
148:covert surveillance
1531:The New York Times
846:has generic name (
470:facial recognition
364:on the grounds of
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217:Police body camera
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1424:www.rasmussen.edu
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408:Kurdish Peshmerga
370:Discovery Channel
292:Augmented reality
248:systematic review
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