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718:(OSA; characterized by repetitive collapse of the upper airway during sleep). A mechanistic involvement of the hyoid bone in OSA is supported by numerous studies demonstrating that a more inferiorly positioned hyoid bone is strongly associated with the presence and severity of the disorder. Movement of the hyoid bone is also thought to be important in modifying upper airway properties, which was recently demonstrated in computer model simulations. A
272:
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40:
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553:, and does not allow the production of a wide range of sounds: with a lower larynx, men do not produce a wider range of sounds than women and two-year-old babies. Moreover, the larynx position of Neanderthals was not a handicap to producing speech sounds. The discovery of a modern-looking hyoid bone of a
226:
to other bones by muscles or ligaments. It is the only bone in the human body that is not connected to any other bones. The hyoid is anchored by muscles from the anterior, posterior and inferior directions, and aids in tongue movement and swallowing. The hyoid bone provides attachment to the muscles
573:
capabilities. However, other researchers have claimed that the morphology of the hyoid is not indicative of the larynx's position. Recent research has indicated that the hyoid bone may have significant involvement in the ability to swallow. It has been hypothesized that the mammalian hyoid bone
2222:
460:
The lesser horns are two small, conical eminences, attached by their bases to the angles of junction between the body and greater horns of the hyoid bone. They are connected to the body of the bone by fibrous tissue, and occasionally to the greater horns by distinct diarthrodial
489:, also called the hyoid arch, gives rise to the lesser cornu of the hyoid and the upper part of the body of the hyoid. The cartilage of the third pharyngeal arch forms the greater cornu of the hyoid and the lower portion of the body of the hyoid.
713:
The hyoid bone is important to a number of physiological functions, including breathing, swallowing and speech. It is also thought to play a key role in keeping the upper airway open during sleep, and as such, the development and treatment of
1312:
Amatoury, J; Kairaitis, K; Wheatley, JR; Bilston, LE; Amis, TC (1 April 2014). "Peripharyngeal tissue deformation and stress distributions in response to caudal tracheal displacement: pivotal influence of the hyoid bone?".
428:. The upper surface of the greater horns are rough and close to its lateral border, and facilitates muscular attachment. The largest of muscles that attach to the upper surface of the greater horns are the
1348:
Amatoury, J; Kairaitis, K; Wheatley, JR; Bilston, LE; Amis, TC (1 February 2015). "Peripharyngeal tissue deformation, stress distributions, and hyoid bone movement in response to mandibular advancement".
547:. It allows a wider range of tongue, pharyngeal and laryngeal movements by bracing these structures alongside each other in order to produce variation. Its descent in living creatures is not unique to
863:
1384:
Sforza, E; Bacon, W; Weiss, T; Thibault, A; Petiau, C; Krieger, J (February 2000). "Upper airway collapsibility and cephalometric variables in patients with obstructive sleep apnea".
500:, in the hyoid body shortly afterward, and in the lesser cornua during the first or second year after birth. Until middle age, the connection between the body and greater cornu is
804:, the hyoid bone is elongated, with the horns wrapping around the back of the skull. This is part of the system that keeps the brain cushioned and undamaged by the pecking action.
1643:
1182:
Arsenburg, B. et al., A reappraisal of the anatomical basis for speech in middle
Paleolithic hominids, in: American Journal of Physiological Anthropology 83 (1990), pp. 137–146.
321:
It is crossed in its upper half by a well-marked transverse ridge with a slight downward convexity, and in many cases a vertical median ridge divides it into two lateral halves.
578:, thus allowing babies to suckle milk. It is necessary to take into consideration the skull base, the mandible and the cervical vertebrae and a cranial reference plane.
523:
to the greater horns of the bone. The suprahyoid branch of the lingual artery runs along the upper border of the hyoid bone and supplies blood to the attached muscles.
469:. The lesser horns are situated in the line of the transverse ridge on the body and appear to be continuations of it. The apex of each horn gives attachment to the
1470:"Development and validation of a computational finite element model of the rabbit upper airway: simulations of mandibular advancement and tracheal displacement"
130:
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The portion of the vertical ridge above the transverse line is present in a majority of specimens, but the lower portion is evident only in rare cases.
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The greater horns project backward from the outer borders of the body; they are flattened from above downward and taper to their end, which is a bony
106:
507:
In early life, the outer borders of the body are connected to the greater horns by synchondroses; after middle life, usually by bony union.
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593:
729:
Due to its position, the hyoid bone is not easily susceptible to fracture. In a suspected case of murder or physical abuse of an adult, a
2227:
1545:
Shoshani J., Marchant G.H. (2001.) Hyoid apparatus: a little-known complex of bones and its "contribution" to proboscidean evolution,
1593:
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only one. In birds, and some reptiles, the body of the hyoid is greatly extended forward, creating a solid bony support for the
1191:
Fitch, Tecumseh W., The evolution of speech: a comparative review, in: Trends in
Cognitive Sciences, Vol. 4, No. 7, July 2000 (
767:. In many vertebrates, it also incorporates elements of other gill arches, and has a correspondingly greater number of cornua.
608:
383:
Below, the body affords insertion medially to the sternohyoid and laterally to the omohyoid and occasionally a portion of the
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from six centers: two for the body, and one for each cornu. Ossification commences in the greater cornua toward the end of
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Genta, PR; Schorr, F; Eckert, DJ; Gebrim, E; Kayamori, F; Moriya, HT; Malhotra, A; Lorenzi-Filho, G (1 October 2014).
425:
1258:
Boë, L.J.; et al. (2006). "Variation and prediction of the hyoid bone position for modern Man and
Neanderthal".
1564:
1113:
Nishimura, T.; et al. (2006). "Descent of the hyoid in chimpanzees: evolution of face flattening and speech".
989:
1156:
Boë, L.J.; et al. (2002). "The potential of
Neandertal vowel space was as large as that of modern humans".
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have small insertions in front of these near the junction of the body with the horns. To the medial border, the
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in the greater part of its extent both above and below the transverse ridge; a portion of the origin of the
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827:), it does not allow the animal to roar, but instead will allow the animal to purr and meow, as seen in
306:
and consists of a central part called the body, and two pairs of horns, the greater and lesser horns.
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823:), it allows the animal to roar, but not purr. If the hyoid is completely ossified (for example:
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343:
216:
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Shaw, S. M.; Martino, R. (2013). "The normal swallow: muscular and neurophysiological control".
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Granat; et al. (2006). "Hyoid bone and larynx in Homo. Estimated position by biometrics".
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connective tissues. In humans, the single hyoid bone is an equivalent of the hyoid apparatus.
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387:. It also gives attachment to the Levator glandulae thyreoideae, when this muscle is present.
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Knowledge (XXG) articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's
Anatomy (1918)
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At the back, the smooth, concave, directed backward and downward, and separated from the
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Above, the body is rounded, and gives attachment to the hyothyroid membrane and some
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is attached, while the anterior half of the lateral border gives insertion to the
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Amatoury, J; Cheng, S; Kairaitis, K; Wheatley, JR; Amis, TC; Bilston, LE (2016).
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hyoid bone, one of the few cases of postcranial pneumatization of bones outside
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1421:"Upper airway collapsibility is associated with obesity and hyoid position"
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may have many cornua, while mammals (including humans) have two pairs, and
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is yet to be completed) fracture may not occur even after serious trauma.
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412:) are two sections of bone that project from each side of the hyoid.
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48:, present at the front of the neck, has a body and two sets of horns
27:
Bone situated in the neck between the chin and the thyroid cartilage
722:
that aims to potentially increase and improve the airway is called
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led its discoverers to argue that the
Neanderthals had a descended
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The body of the hyoid bone is the central part of the hyoid bone.
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465:, which usually persist throughout life, but occasionally become
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At the front, the body is convex and directed forward and upward.
2101:
1961:
1946:
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at The
Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (
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1513:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 214.
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181:
1535:
https://seaworld.org/animals/all-about/cheetah/communication/
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The hyoid bone is derived from the lower half of the second
178:
1386:
American
Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
831:(lions, cheetahs and house cats all belong to the family
436:, which extend along the whole length of the horns; the
335:
notches the lateral margin of the geniohyoid attachment.
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1547:
The World of
Elephants - International Congress, Rome
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1509:Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977).
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369:intervenes between it and the hyothyroid membrane.
1561:"Hyoid Apparatus - Definition of Hyoid Apparatus"
1043:American heritage dictionary for English language
222:Unlike other bones, the hyoid is only distantly
1059:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
757:, which separates the first gill slit from the
586:A large number of muscles attach to the hyoid:
574:evolved in conjunction with the development of
1637:
1055:"Descent of the larynx in chimpanzee infants"
811:, the hyoid often determines whether one can
8:
884:is the collective term used to refer to the
515:Blood is supplied to the hyoid bone via the
327:The anterior surface gives insertion to the
211:. At rest, it lies between the base of the
1103:Descent of the larynx in chimpanzee infants
1906:
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1644:
1630:
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38:
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400:The lesser and greater horns of the hyoid
292:: Position of hyoid bone (shown in red).
477:rises from the medial side of the base.
199:situated in the anterior midline of the
2197:
964:
840:
667:
1223:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1216:
1034:Dorland illustrated medical dictionary
946:This article incorporates text in the
141:
29:
7:
869:Hyoid bones of various birds in the
594:Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle
543:The hyoid bone is present in many
25:
1015:Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
733:strongly indicates throttling or
2200:
1596:from the original on 2011-11-08.
940:
880:In veterinary anatomy, the term
862:
843:
692:
670:
302:The hyoid bone is classed as an
279:
270:
168:
1487:10.1152/japplphysiol.00820.2015
1363:10.1152/japplphysiol.00668.2014
1327:10.1152/japplphysiol.01245.2013
815:. If the hyoid is incompletely
609:Intrinsic muscles of the tongue
338:Below the transverse ridge the
1590:"hyoid apparatus - Definition"
871:Natural History Museum, Vienna
535:The hyoid bone sits above the
404:The greater and lesser horns (
254: 'shaped like the letter
1:
1351:Journal of Applied Physiology
1315:Journal of Applied Physiology
434:middle pharyngeal constrictor
246:Its name is derived from
1398:10.1164/ajrccm.161.2.9810091
1135:10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.03.005
978:University of North Carolina
954:of the 20th edition of
519:, which runs down from the
426:lateral thyrohyoid ligament
2259:
2228:Bones of the head and neck
1565:The New York Times Company
1115:Journal of Human Evolution
915:
761:, and is often called the
231:and the tongue above, the
1291:10.1016/j.otc.2013.09.006
1260:Biom. Hum. Et Anthropolol
1241:Biom. Hum. Et Anthropolol
990:Oxford English Dictionary
136:
37:
138:Anatomical terms of bone
1080:10.1073/pnas.1231107100
904:—and associated, upper-
716:obstructive sleep apnea
1759:inferior nasal conchae
1170:10.1006/jpho.2002.0170
1053:Nishimura, T. (2003).
918:anatomical terminology
569:, and thus human-like
540:
409:
401:
296:: Shape of hyoid bone.
18:Body of the hyoid bone
1279:Otolaryngol Clin N Am
783:. The howler monkey
709:Clinical significance
534:
399:
1559:Klappenbach, Laura.
1158:Journal of Phonetics
850:The hyoid bone of a
661:Sternothyroid muscle
363:loose areolar tissue
2243:Human head and neck
2238:Otorhinolaryngology
2174:accessory navicular
1511:The Vertebrate Body
1127:2006JHumE..51..244N
1071:2003PNAS..100.6930N
925:Hyoid bone fracture
471:stylohyoid ligament
446:thyrohyoid membrane
359:hyothyroid membrane
1592:. mondofacto.com.
1437:10.5665/sleep.4078
1392:(2 Pt 1): 347–52.
1020:2017-09-22 at the
1008:2011-12-29 at the
993:2nd edition, 1989.
976:—Embryo Images at
916:This article uses
720:surgical procedure
656:Sternohyoid muscle
614:Suprahyoid muscles
582:Muscle attachments
541:
424:connecting to the
402:
361:and a quantity of
229:floor of the mouth
2188:
2187:
2184:
2183:
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1816:
1065:(12): 6930–6933.
646:Thyrohyoid muscle
629:Geniohyoid muscle
624:Stylohyoid muscle
599:Hyoglossus muscle
537:thyroid cartilage
498:fetal development
450:thyrohyoid muscle
442:stylohyoid muscle
329:geniohyoid muscle
217:cervical vertebra
209:thyroid cartilage
152:
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64:Second and third
16:(Redirected from
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1567:. Archived from
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703:. Lateral view.
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634:Mylohyoid muscle
619:Digastric muscle
438:digastric muscle
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194:horseshoe-shaped
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1549:, pp. 668–675.
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1474:J Appl Physiol
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854:with attached
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819:(for example:
771:and non-avian
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1571:on 2012-01-20
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1520:0-03-910284-X
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1003:Entry "hyoid"
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948:public domain
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745:Other animals
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735:strangulation
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492:The hyoid is
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416:Greater horns
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2157:intermediate
1902:Appendicular
1773:
1683:Neurocranium
1613:
1584:
1573:. Retrieved
1569:the original
1554:
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1208:. Retrieved
1201:the original
1187:
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1058:
1048:
1039:
1030:
1013:
998:
988:
984:
971:
967:
959:
945:
939:
930:Adam's apple
902:basihyoideum
898:thyrohyoidea
896:, a pair of
894:stylohyoidea
879:
806:
799:
784:
762:
748:
739:ossification
728:
712:
604:Genioglossus
585:
550:Homo sapiens
548:
542:
514:
511:Blood supply
506:
491:
484:
459:
456:Lesser horns
419:
403:
378:genioglossus
313:
301:
293:
289:
251:
245:
221:
203:between the
163:
160:lingual bone
159:
155:
153:
107:A02.1.16.001
82:
45:
2142:metatarsals
2008:metacarpals
1978:lunate bone
1615:larynxskel1
892:—a pair of
802:woodpeckers
791:pneumatized
559:Kebara Cave
557:man in the
555:Neanderthal
485:The second
481:Development
374:aponeurotic
344:sternohyoid
224:articulated
164:tongue-bone
83:os hyoideum
72:Identifiers
2217:Categories
1982:triquetral
1575:2017-03-20
1210:2007-09-09
936:References
829:house cats
795:Saurischia
769:Amphibians
764:hyoid arch
430:hyoglossus
385:thyrohyoid
355:epiglottis
333:hyoglossus
237:epiglottis
156:hyoid bone
46:hyoid bone
2169:accessory
2147:phalanges
2130:cuneiform
2125:navicular
2120:anklebone
2013:phalanges
1994:trapezoid
1990:trapezium
1861:vertebrae
1749:zygomatic
1691:occipital
1533:SeaWorld
973:hednk-023
751:gill arch
642:Inferior
590:Superior
576:lactation
467:ankylosed
340:mylohyoid
262:Structure
60:Precursor
2152:proximal
2115:heelbone
1998:capitate
1986:pisiform
1974:scaphoid
1919:clavicle
1911:Shoulder
1871:thoracic
1866:cervical
1836:rib cage
1792:ossicles
1769:mandible
1754:palatine
1744:lacrimal
1711:sphenoid
1706:temporal
1696:parietal
1610:Lesson11
1594:Archived
1496:26769952
1455:25197805
1406:10673170
1371:25505028
1335:24557799
1299:24262952
1219:cite web
1143:16730049
1099:12775758
1018:Archived
1006:Archived
952:page 177
912:See also
825:cheetahs
817:ossified
786:Alouatta
773:reptiles
759:spiracle
527:Function
494:ossified
432:and the
422:tubercle
348:omohyoid
252:hyoeides
243:behind.
213:mandible
207:and the
2207:Anatomy
2110:tarsals
2077:patella
2049:ischium
1970:carpals
1942:humerus
1924:scapula
1831:sternum
1797:malleus
1739:maxilla
1716:ethmoid
1701:frontal
1655:in the
1446:4173923
1123:Bibcode
1067:Bibcode
888:of the
833:Felidae
809:mammals
682:pharynx
680:of the
678:Muscles
545:mammals
502:fibrous
357:by the
256:upsilon
241:pharynx
227:of the
192:) is a
95:D006928
54:Details
2193:Portal
2162:distal
2135:cuboid
2082:fibula
2036:Pelvis
2002:hamate
1952:radius
1888:coccyx
1883:sacrum
1876:lumbar
1823:Thorax
1807:stapes
1517:
1494:
1453:
1443:
1404:
1369:
1333:
1297:
1141:
1097:
1090:165807
1087:
960:(1918)
890:tongue
789:has a
781:tongue
571:speech
567:larynx
563:Israel
521:tongue
473:; the
463:joints
410:cornua
346:, and
258:(υ)'.
233:larynx
2087:tibia
2072:femur
2054:pubis
2044:ilium
1802:incus
1774:hyoid
1764:vomer
1734:nasal
1674:Skull
1653:Bones
1425:Sleep
1204:(PDF)
1197:(PDF)
950:from
906:gular
886:bones
852:gecko
821:lions
777:birds
686:cheek
406:Latin
392:Horns
367:bursa
294:Right
250:
248:Greek
142:[
131:52749
78:Latin
33:Hyoid
2102:Foot
2025:dist
2017:prox
1962:Hand
1947:ulna
1726:Face
1515:ISBN
1492:PMID
1451:PMID
1402:PMID
1367:PMID
1331:PMID
1295:PMID
1225:link
1139:PMID
1095:PMID
813:roar
755:fish
701:neck
684:and
440:and
365:; a
310:Body
290:Left
239:and
205:chin
201:neck
197:bone
154:The
102:TA98
90:MeSH
44:The
2064:Leg
2021:int
1934:Arm
1841:rib
1784:Ear
1482:doi
1478:120
1441:PMC
1433:doi
1394:doi
1390:161
1359:doi
1355:118
1323:doi
1319:116
1287:doi
1166:doi
1131:doi
1085:PMC
1075:doi
1063:100
1012:in
835:).
807:In
800:In
753:in
561:in
166:) (
162:or
126:FMA
119:876
114:TA2
2219::
2023:,
2019:,
2000:,
1996:,
1992:,
1988:,
1984:,
1980:,
1976:,
1563:.
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1449:.
1439:.
1429:37
1427:.
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1400:.
1388:.
1365:.
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1293:.
1283:46
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1264:24
1262:.
1245:24
1243:.
1221:}}
1217:{{
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1137:.
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504:.
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408::
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182:ɔɪ
179:aɪ
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1077::
1069::
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188:/
185:d
176:h
173:ˈ
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158:(
146:]
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
