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the 28 of May, 1644", which seems to imply that the list is comprehensive. Perhaps more significantly, all three individuals mentioned as murdered in the anonymous parliamentarian eyewitness account published three months later were also named in the register. However, the parish register may exclude defending troops not from the town, who are known to have been present, and those buried elsewhere. The parliamentary account mentions the number of 1,200 or 1,500 murdered. Such a figure is given credence by the fact royalist accounts speak of 1,600 or even two thousand killed. But these versions my have taken their lead from parliamentary propaganda. It is only the seventy-eight named individuates including two women, but at least some soldiers, that can be said with any certainty, to have been killed.
1158:, where it was reinforced. He then advanced on Liverpool and opened a siege and bombardment on 6 June. At midday on 10 June, having made breaches in the earth walls with cannon fire, the Royalists launched an assault which was beaten back. During the following night, the Parliamentarians abandoned the town and left aboard ships in the harbour, leaving their colours on the remains of the walls as a ruse. When Colonel Henry Tillier's regiment (another unit recently returned from Ireland) advanced into the town the next morning, they found 400 remaining defenders "of the meaner sorte", many of whom were killed, only some being given quarter.
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surrender or flee immediately. As fighting took place in the streets of the town, the citizens were caught up in the fighting and because the battle took place at night and in heavy rain, it was difficult to distinguish between citizens and armed combatants. The
Royalist soldiers were allowed to plunder the town after the fighting as a reward, and citizens may have died during the ensuing rapine.
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1259:
Estimates for the dead at Bolton have ranged from two hundred up to two thousand. Even the lower figure would have made this the worst massacre in the war for loss of life. However the parish register of the town gives the names of only seventy-eight individuals, noting "All those of Botonn slayne on
1101:
Prince Rupert then ordered the regiment of
Colonel Broughton to renew the attack. Led by the Earl of Derby, they were successful, and fighting continued in the streets until the Parliamentarian forces were overcome or had fled. The Royalists claimed that there were 1,000 Parliamentarian casualties
1126:
and often ended at some point by a negotiated surrender, Rupert attacked suddenly to catch the
Parliamentarians in temporary disarray. Without any possibility of negotiation, there was little protection from the "laws" or contemporary conventions of warfare for any of the garrison who did not
1089:
Late on 28 May, as Prince Rupert approached Bolton, he sent
Colonel Henry Tillier, his quartermaster-general, with a regiment of cavalry and another of infantry to secure the town. They found the Parliamentarians retiring from Lathom House arriving in confusion. On hearing this, Prince Rupert
972:. He was slow to take measures to secure the county at the start of the civil war in 1642, and after setbacks the following year, including two failed attempts to capture Bolton, he temporarily abandoned the contest in Lancashire to secure the other area in which he held major interests, the
1105:
The
Parliamentarian commander, Colonel Alexander Rigby, escaped in the confusion, having learned the Royalist password. He made his way to the Parliamentarian and Covenanter "Army of Both Kingdoms" besieging York, where he claimed that 1,500 of his total force had been poorly armed
1146:. The Royalists claimed that at some point during the fighting, the Parliamentarians hanged a captured Irishman as a "Papist", enraging the attackers. Tyldesley's regiment had been raised in Lancashire and included many Roman Catholics.
1061:
Rupert, accompanied by the Earl of Derby, marched north from
Shrewsbury on 16 May. He added Byron's army from Cheshire and North Wales to his own small force, giving him a total of 2,000 cavalry and 6,000 infantry. To cross the
1090:
hastened his march and attacked immediately, in pouring rain. Nevertheless, the
Parliamentarians manned a defensive line around the town with 4,000 men. Rupert's first assault, by the regiments of foot commanded by colonels
248:
1110:. He also claimed that he lost only 200 men, the rest of his forces having fled, but the commanders of the armies around York noted that "vulgar reports" were that they had been slaughtered.
1180:, and the Royalists abandoned Lancashire. Bolton was recaptured, without any noteworthy fighting, in September. On 18 September, Byron's army was destroyed while attempting to prevent a
1027:
The
Royalists had intended to send the king's nephew and foremost field commander, Prince Rupert, to the northwest to retrieve the situation early in 1644. Rupert set up headquarters in
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1098:, Warren and Tillier, and his own regiment of foot commanded by Lieutenant Colonel John Russell, was repulsed with 300 casualties. Russell was wounded and his major was taken prisoner.
1224:). His appeal for pardon was rejected and he escaped, but was recaptured by Captain Hector Schofield and on 15 October 1651, taken to Bolton where he reputedly spent his last hours at
1054:, the king's wartime capital, that he would first move into Lancashire to restore Royalist fortunes, use the Earl of Derby's influence to gather fresh recruits, and secure the port of
1081:
On hearing of the loss of
Stockport, Colonel Rigby's forces abandoned the siege of Lathom House and retired to Bolton, where the garrison was commanded by Colonel Shuttleworth.
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1074:. He chose the latter, and stormed it on 25 May. The town was not fortified, and after a brief contest outside the town in the late evening the defenders fled to
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to hasten to the relief of York which he relieved on 1 July. The next day, he offered battle to the besieging armies and was decisively defeated at the
1118:
The storming was a particularly brutal episode in the Civil War and several factors may have contributed to the nature of the action. Unlike a formal
1188:
recaptured
Liverpool on 1 November. Meldrum spared the garrison, including soldiers returned from or recruited in Ireland, despite a Parliamentarian
913:'s defenders and inhabitants were slaughtered during and after the fighting. The "massacre at Bolton" became a staple of Parliamentarian propaganda.
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and that in addition to 50 officers and 600 other prisoners, the Royalists captured 20 standards, 20 barrels of powder and many weapons.
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on 29 September 1651. His quarter was disallowed and he was condemned to death for treason (i.e., for communicating with
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Coster, Will (1999), "Massacre and codes of conduct in the English Civil War", in Levene, Mark; Roberts, Penny (eds.),
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public house, but more likely in a house on Churchgate before being beheaded near the Market Cross on Churchgate.
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1165:, which was heavily defended and could not have been captured without a prolonged siege. Rupert was instructed by
1138:. They returned to serve in the Royalist armies in England in 1644 after King Charles negotiated a ceasefire with
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on 22 April. As Rupert lacked the strength to proceed immediately to relieve York, it was agreed at a
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Lord Byron was left to hold the north-west. On 19 August, his cavalry was defeated at the
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1192:. Lathom House was besieged again from July 1644, but held out until 2 December 1645.
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1173:. He withdrew to Lancashire, and subsequently went south to rejoin the King.
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of the north", a reference to the city in Switzerland which was a centre of
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1142:. The Parliamentarians nevertheless believed that they consisted of Irish
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984:, was formed in late 1643. On 26 January 1644, Byron was defeated at the
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976:. The only threat to Parliamentarian control of Lancashire came from
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941:. There was a religious divide with some towns supporting dissenting
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The only remaining major Parliamentarian foothold in Lancashire was
1731:– A fictional story written about the events of the Bolton massacre
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Fairfax's army and some Lancashire Parliamentarians under Colonel
1007:, seat of the Earl of Derby, which was defended by his wife, the
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James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby, was executed in Bolton in 1651.
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who controlled the rural areas and mostly supported the king as
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and given quarter. However, he was tried by court-martial at
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to allow communications with Royalist forces in Ireland.
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John o'God's Sending or The Lass at "The Man and Scythe"
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the Earl of Derby travelled north and was captured near
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Memoirs of Prince Rupert and the Cavaliers 2nd Volume
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Civil War: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1638–1660
996:, leaving Parliamentarians in control of the area.
1688:
1256:Will Coster has looked at the figures and states:
1590:(illustrated ed.), Berghahn Books, pp.
1833:Massacres during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
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1154:After storming Bolton, Rupert's army rested at
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1664:Marston Moor 1644: The Campaign and the Battle
1614:A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 5
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1608:Farrer, William; Brownbill, J, eds. (1911),
897:which happened on 28 May 1644. The strongly
1643:Marston Moor 1644: The Beginning Of The End
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1779:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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27:1644 event in the First English Civil War
1636:, British History Online, pp. 30–33
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1238:List of massacres in the United Kingdom
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1066:he had to secure a crossing at either
1634:A Topographical Dictionary of England
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1318:from the original on 25 December 2022
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909:. It was alleged that up to 1,600 of
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1190:ordinance of no quarter to the Irish
1184:. Parliamentarians commanded by Sir
1015:in late March to rejoin his father,
945:movements. Bolton was known as the "
1134:but were sent to Ireland after the
1031:, from where he led a force to the
25:
1813:Battles of the English Civil Wars
901:town was stormed and captured by
1560:Massacre, The Storming of Bolton
970:James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby
889:, sometimes referred to as the "
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1011:. However, Fairfax crossed the
1576:Clews, Nic (25 January 2011),
988:by Parliamentarians under Sir
980:, where a Royalist army under
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1:
1695:, Ware: Wordsworth Editions,
1150:Effects and subsequent events
964:The major Royalist figure in
1808:Battles involving Lancashire
1182:relief of Montgomery Castle
982:John Byron, 1st Baron Byron
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1803:17th century in Lancashire
1196:Death of the Earl of Derby
1312:"British Civil Wars site"
268:
179:
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147:
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1720:, Bolton Print Co. Ltd,
1616:, British History Online
1558:Casserly, David (2010),
1226:Ye Olde Man & Scythe
1716:Clarke, Allen (1988) ,
1588:The Massacre in History
1579:Bolton's Social history
1562:, Amberley Publishing,
1495:Young & Holmes 2000
1483:Young & Holmes 2000
1400:Young & Holmes 2000
1385:Young & Holmes 2000
1349:Young & Holmes 2000
1337:Young & Holmes 2000
1210:Third English Civil War
1136:Irish Rebellion of 1641
895:First English Civil War
893:", was an event in the
260:First English Civil War
42:First English Civil War
1735:Royle, Trevor (2004),
1666:, Kineton: Roundwood,
1645:, Osprey, p. 33,
1628:Lewis, Samuel (1848),
1543:Farrer & Brownbill
1262:
1205:
1204:Ye Olde Man and Scythe
1171:Battle of Marston Moor
1122:, usually preceded by
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148:Commanders and leaders
1691:The English Civil War
1641:Tincey, John (2003),
1203:
1005:Siege of Lathom House
959:
929:, and the landowning
651:Gunnislake New Bridge
222:Lancashire and Bolton
180:Casualties and losses
1838:Massacres in England
219:class=notpageimage|
91:53.57833°N 2.43000°W
1545:, pp. 243–251.
1140:Confederate Ireland
87: /
1739:, London: Abacus,
1387:, p. 182–183.
1351:, p. 174–176.
1208:At the end of the
1206:
1178:Battle of Ormskirk
986:Battle of Nantwich
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887:Storming of Bolton
725:Scarborough Castle
527:2nd Wardour Castle
427:1st Wardour Castle
96:53.57833; -2.43000
35:Storming of Bolton
1828:History of Bolton
1823:English Civil War
1818:Conflicts in 1644
1767:978-1-4212-4940-7
1601:978-1-57181-935-2
1569:978-1-84868-976-3
1363:, pp. 30–33.
1284:, pp. 96–97.
1009:Countess of Derby
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676:Montgomery Castle
586:Stourbridge Heath
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1132:Bishops' Wars
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1044:Siege of York
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943:nonconformist
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907:Prince Rupert
905:forces under
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874:2nd Worcester
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472:Roundway Down
470:
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462:Burton Bridge
460:
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452:Adwalton Moor
450:
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442:1st Worcester
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397:Seacroft Moor
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377:Braddock Down
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303:Powick Bridge
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170:2,000 cavalry
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154:Prince Rupert
152:
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1681:Young, Peter
1663:
1660:Young, Peter
1642:
1633:
1618:, retrieved
1613:
1587:
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1380:
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1356:
1344:
1332:
1320:. Retrieved
1289:
1277:
1258:
1252:
1207:
1186:John Meldrum
1175:
1167:King Charles
1160:
1153:
1129:
1117:
1104:
1100:
1088:
1080:
1060:
1026:
1017:Lord Fairfax
998:
963:
920:
890:
886:
884:
864:2nd Aberdeen
836:
834:
800:Rowton Heath
702:
700:
671:1st Aberdeen
646:Marston Moor
631:Tipton Green
553:
551:
512:Olney Bridge
482:Gainsborough
457:2nd Bradford
422:Sourton Down
412:Ripple Field
392:Hopton Heath
369:
367:
358:1st Bradford
353:Muster Green
338:Piercebridge
308:Kings Norton
298:Babylon Hill
271:
119:Belligerents
29:
1294:Tincey 2003
1282:Coster 1999
974:Isle of Man
935:aristocracy
844:Bovey Heath
795:2nd Chester
790:Philiphaugh
785:2nd Bristol
740:3rd Taunton
730:2nd Taunton
696:2nd Newbury
686:1st Taunton
681:1st Chester
661:Lostwithiel
581:Boldon Hill
522:Heptonstall
502:1st Newbury
477:1st Bristol
94: /
55:28 May 1644
1792:Categories
1760:, London,
1531:Clews 2011
1507:Young 1970
1471:Young 1970
1456:Young 1970
1444:Young 1970
1432:Young 1970
1417:Young 1970
1373:Young 1970
1361:Lewis 1848
1270:References
1163:Manchester
1076:Manchester
1068:Warrington
1040:Covenanter
1029:Shrewsbury
1003:began the
966:Lancashire
927:Parliament
923:Lancashire
917:Background
869:Lagganmore
859:3rd Oxford
849:Torrington
815:Annan Moor
745:2nd Oxford
710:Inverlochy
666:Tippermuir
616:1st Oxford
601:Lyme Regis
487:Gloucester
363:Chichester
348:1st Exeter
288:Portsmouth
188:78 – 2,000
79:53°34′42″N
69:Lancashire
1144:Catholics
1096:Tyldesley
1072:Stockport
1056:Liverpool
951:Calvinism
939:Royalists
750:Leicester
566:Newcastle
467:Lansdowne
437:Wakefield
407:Lichfield
402:Camp Hill
343:Tadcaster
323:Brentford
318:Aylesbury
132:Royalists
82:2°25′48″W
71:, England
1775:citation
1756:(2003),
1687:(2000),
1662:(1970),
1630:"Lathom"
1316:Archived
1232:See also
1214:Nantwich
1085:Storming
1037:Scottish
1023:Campaign
1013:Pennines
992:and Sir
978:Cheshire
903:Royalist
775:Hereford
770:Langport
735:Auldearn
720:Weymouth
691:Carlisle
656:Ormskirk
636:Oswestry
591:Cheriton
561:Nantwich
492:2nd Hull
432:Stratton
313:Edgehill
293:Plymouth
278:1st Hull
175:c. 4,000
165:Strength
60:Location
40:Part of
1552:Sources
1218:Chester
1124:parleys
1108:clubmen
780:Kilsyth
611:Lincoln
542:Arundel
507:Winceby
417:Reading
185:Unknown
1764:
1743:
1724:
1699:
1670:
1649:
1620:26 May
1598:
1566:
1322:28 May
1114:Causes
1092:Ellice
1064:Mersey
1052:Oxford
947:Geneva
931:gentry
911:Bolton
830:Newark
760:Alford
755:Naseby
621:Bolton
576:Newark
211:Bolton
107:Result
65:Bolton
1594:–97,
1244:Notes
1120:siege
596:Selby
532:Alton
382:Leeds
1781:link
1762:ISBN
1741:ISBN
1722:ISBN
1697:ISBN
1668:ISBN
1647:ISBN
1622:2017
1596:ISBN
1564:ISBN
1324:2021
1156:Bury
968:was
933:and
885:The
837:1646
703:1645
606:York
554:1644
370:1643
272:1642
52:Date
1070:or
1050:in
921:In
1794::
1777:}}
1773:{{
1683:;
1632:,
1612:,
1592:96
1463:^
1424:^
1407:^
1392:^
1301:^
1094:,
1078:.
953:.
67:,
1783:)
1533:.
1326:.
250:e
243:t
236:v
20:)
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