386:
and for spontaneous breathing, and the essentially unchanged 1976 tests held to establish that state, have been adopted as a basis of death certification for organ transplant purposes in subsequent Codes of
Practice. The Australia and New Zealand Intensive Care Society (ANZICS) states that the "determination of brain death requires that there is unresponsive coma, the absence of brain-stem reflexes and the absence of respiratory centre function, in the clinical setting in which these findings are irreversible. In particular, there must be definite clinical or neuro-imaging evidence of acute brain pathology (e.g. traumatic brain injury, intracranial haemorrhage, hypoxic encephalopathy) consistent with the irreversible loss of neurological function." In Brazil, the Federal Council of Medicine revised its regulations in 2017, including "a requirement for the patient to meet specific physiological prerequisites and for the physician to provide optimized care to the patient before starting the procedures for diagnosing brain death and to perform complementary tests, as well as the need for specific training for physicians who make this diagnosis."
508:
614:(OPO) of the details, and maintain the patient while the patient is being evaluated for suitability as a donor. The OPO searches to see if the deceased is registered as a donor, which serves as legal consent; if the deceased has not registered or otherwise noted consent (e.g., on a driver's license), the OPO will ask the next of kin for authorization. The patient is kept on ventilator support until the organs have been surgically removed. If the patient has indicated in an
504:(brain stem function in UK), and may include two isoelectric (flat-line) EEGs 24 hours apart (less in other countries where it is accepted that if the cause of the dysfunction is a clear physical trauma there is no need to wait that long to establish irreversibility). The patient should have a normal temperature and be free of drugs that can suppress brain activity if the diagnosis is to be made on EEG criteria.
3403:
67:
3413:
71:
70:
69:
72:
655:
500:. Although in the United States a flat EEG test is not required to certify death, it is considered to have confirmatory value. In the UK it is not considered to be of value because any continuing activity it might reveal in parts of the brain above the brain stem is held to be irrelevant to the diagnosis of death on the Code of Practice criteria.
534:
with severe sleep apnea and/or pulmonary disease. Confirmatory tests include: cerebral angiography, electroencephalography, transcranial
Doppler ultrasonography, and cerebral scintigraphy (technetium Tc 99m exametazime). Cerebral angiography is considered the most sensitive confirmatory test in the determination of brain death.
481:. Some comatose patients can recover to pre-coma or near pre-coma level of functioning, and some patients with severe irreversible neurological dysfunction will nonetheless retain some lower brain functions, such as spontaneous respiration, despite the losses of both cortex and brain stem functionality. Such is the case with
503:
The diagnosis of brain death is often required to be highly rigorous, in order to be certain that the condition is irreversible. Legal criteria vary, but in general require neurological examinations by two independent physicians. The exams must show complete and irreversible absence of brain function
411:
or
Lazarus reflex can occur on a brain-dead person whose organs have been kept functioning by life support. The living cells that can cause these movements are not living cells from the brain or brain stem; these cells come from the spinal cord. Sometimes these body movements can cause false hope for
533:
Confirmatory testing is only needed under the age of 1. For children and adults, testing is optional. Other situations possibly requiring confirmatory testing include severe facial trauma where determination of brainstem reflexes will be difficult, pre-existing pupillary abnormalities, and patients
385:
reported in 1995, abandoning the 1979 claim that the tests published in 1976 sufficed for the diagnosis of brain death, and suggesting a new definition of death based on the irreversible loss of brain-stem function alone. This new definition, the irreversible loss of the capacity for consciousness
397:
provides recommendations for the minimum clinical standards for determination of brain death/death by neurologic criteria (BD/DNC) in adults and children with clear guidance for various clinical circumstances. The recommendations have widespread international society endorsement and can serve to
240:
inconsistently and often confused by the public. Various parts of the brain may keep functioning when others do not anymore, and the term "brain death" has been used to refer to various combinations. For example, although one major medical dictionary considers "brain death" to be synonymous with
552:– the state universally recognized and understood as death. The continuing function of vital organs in the bodies of those diagnosed brain-dead, if mechanical ventilation and other life-support measures are continued, provides optimal opportunities for their transplantation.
523:
cerebral blood flow scan that shows complete absence of intracranial blood flow must be considered with other exams – temporary swelling of the brain, particularly within the first 72 hours, can lead to a false positive test on a patient that may recover with more time.
643:(PICU) in the United States in 2019; there were more than 3,000 pediatric brain deaths out of a total of more than 15,344 children who died in PICUs. According to a national study, "brain death evaluations are performed infrequently, even in large PICUs."
324:
Since the 1960s, laws governing the determination of death have been implemented in all countries that have active organ transplantation programs. The first
European country to adopt brain death as a legal definition (or indicator) of death was
1854:
1839:
68:
398:
guide professional societies and countries in the revision or development of protocols and procedures for determination of brain death/death by neurologic criteria, leading to greater consistency within and between countries.
1656:
Unless the individual expressed contrary intent, a hospital must take measures to ensure the medical suitability of an individual at or near death while a procurement organization examines the patient for suitability as a
1197:"Criteria for the diagnosis of brain stem death. Review by a working group convened by the Royal College of Physicians and endorsed by the Conference of Medical Royal Colleges and their Faculties in the United Kingdom"
1563:
What is the legal time of death for a brain dead patient? The legal time of death is the date and time that doctors determine that all brain activity has ceased. This is the time that is noted on the patient's death
309:. With the increasing ability of the medical community to resuscitate people with no respiration, heartbeat, or other external signs of life, the need for another definition of death occurred, raising questions of
253:. The distinctions are medically significant because, for example, in someone with a dead cerebrum but a living brainstem, spontaneous breathing may continue unaided, whereas in whole-brain death (which includes
1754:
Kirschen, Matthew P.; Francoeur, Conall; Murphy, Marie; Traynor, Danielle; Zhang, Bingqing; Mensinger, Janell L.; Ichord, Rebecca; Topjian, Alexis; Berg, Robert A.; Nishisaki, Akira; Morrison, Wynne (May 2019).
555:
When mechanical ventilation is used to support the body of a brain-dead organ donor pending a transplant into an organ recipient, the donor's date of death is listed as the date that brain death was diagnosed.
1339:
Greer, DM; Shemie, SD; Lewis, A; Torrance, S; Varelas, P; Goldenberg, FD; et al. (15 September 2020). "Determination of Brain Death/Death by
Neurologic Criteria: The World Brain Death Project".
1254:
1919:
370:, since enacted in 39 states. Today, both the legal and medical communities in the US use "brain death" as a legal definition of death, allowing a person to be declared
1164:
626:(DNR) order and the patient has also indicated that they wish to donate their organs, some vital organs such as the heart and lungs may not be able to be recovered.
919:
1620:
548:
While the diagnosis of brain death has become accepted as a basis for the certification of death for legal purposes, it is a very different state from
1273:
1912:
2392:
359:
699:
2453:
2417:
1267:
1102:
1057:"A definition of irreversible coma: report of the Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School to Examine the Definition of Brain Death".
2387:
595:
and
Portugal) allow opting out of the system. Elsewhere, consent from family members or next-of-kin may be required for organ donation. In
2689:
1905:
583:), everyone is automatically an organ donor after diagnosis of death on legally accepted criteria, although some jurisdictions (such as
118:
2422:
1576:
639:
Brain death is responsible for 2% of all adult and 5% of pediatric in-hospital deaths in the United States. In a nationwide survey of
367:
3437:
2397:
366:, which rejected the "higher-brain" approach to death in favor of a "whole-brain" definition. This report formed the basis for the
2925:
2377:
2067:
2024:
611:
3442:
2473:
2151:
1647:
1171:
1142:
1121:. President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research. July 1981.
640:
615:
488:
Brain electrical activity can stop completely, or drop to such a low level as to be undetectable with most equipment. An
2951:
2495:
2402:
2369:
358:, state legislatures in the United States moved to accept brain death as an acceptable indication of death. In 1981, a
2407:
1949:
694:
689:
382:
237:
214:
38:
1244:
American
Academy of Neurology. (2000, January 13).Spontaneous Movements Often Occur After Brain Death. Science Daily.
1928:
354:. The Harvard criteria gradually gained consensus toward what is now known as brain death. In the wake of the 1976
2774:
2644:
1944:
1235:"A Code of Practice for the Diagnosis and Confirmation of Death." Academy of Medical Royal Colleges, London, 2008
679:
1627:
1869:
302:
265:. In certain countries, patients classified as brain-dead may legally have their organs surgically removed for
262:
246:
1606:
1541:
Truog RD, Miller FG. The meaning of brain death. JAMA Internal
Medicine 2014, Publ online June 9, 2014 :
3252:
3247:
3175:
3097:
2382:
1382:
Karasawa, H; et al. (January 2001). "Intracranial electroencephalographic changes in deep anesthesia".
221:
as long as some brain and bodily activity and function remain, and it is also not the same as the condition
113:
106:
507:
3287:
3180:
2920:
2826:
2791:
2412:
2223:
2139:
619:
355:
347:
278:
226:
210:
156:
3170:
3092:
2905:
2801:
2737:
2702:
2146:
2114:
318:
282:
132:
3282:
3135:
3024:
2986:
2976:
2742:
2109:
489:
454:
435:
416:
1290:
Westphal, Glauco
Adrieno; Veiga, Viviane Cordeiro; Franke, Cristiano Augusto (July–September 2019).
3342:
3207:
2507:
2248:
2228:
2208:
2171:
2060:
1858:
443:
1669:
986:
3388:
3292:
3232:
3192:
3140:
3072:
3044:
2956:
2910:
2502:
2134:
2104:
2034:
2001:
1736:
1407:
1364:
1039:
623:
447:
431:
222:
213:, which may include cessation of involuntary activity necessary to sustain life. It differs from
160:
3060:
1558:
1495:"Computed tomography (CT) angiography for confirmation of the clinical diagnosis of brain death"
1424:"A Code of Practice for the Diagnosis of Death". Academy of Medical Royal Colleges, London, 2008
1262:(3.2 ed.). Melbourne: Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society. 2013. p. 17.
610:
In the United States, if the patient is at or near death, the hospital must notify a designated
1119:
Defining death: a report on the medical, legal and ethical issues in the determination of death
3376:
3160:
3155:
2999:
2981:
2614:
2602:
2014:
1880:
1802:
1784:
1776:
1728:
1524:
1457:
1399:
1356:
1321:
1263:
1218:
1098:
1074:
1031:
964:
901:
860:
811:
478:
458:
390:
375:
147:
89:
1092:
217:, in which the person is alive and some autonomic functions remain. It is also distinct from
3416:
3369:
3267:
3082:
3077:
3034:
2811:
2806:
2592:
2458:
2448:
2350:
2335:
2320:
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2124:
1792:
1768:
1720:
1542:
1514:
1506:
1447:
1391:
1348:
1311:
1303:
1208:
1122:
1066:
1023:
954:
946:
891:
850:
842:
801:
791:
753:
549:
31:
1584:
1475:
3357:
3322:
3272:
3227:
3202:
2841:
2712:
2571:
2443:
2438:
2355:
2305:
2298:
2286:
2196:
1964:
1936:
1848:
669:
660:
453:
Brain death can sometimes be difficult to differentiate from other medical states such as
254:
102:
2863:
3447:
3406:
3130:
2961:
2722:
2657:
2490:
2468:
2345:
2293:
2053:
1863:
1797:
1756:
1519:
1494:
1316:
1291:
1213:
1196:
959:
934:
855:
830:
806:
779:
720:
674:
588:
568:
543:
527:
497:
439:
389:
In 2020, an international panel of experts, the World Brain Death
Project, published a
298:
266:
128:
1493:
Taylor, T; Dineen, RA; Gardiner, DC; Buss, CH; Howatson, A; Pace, NL (31 March 2014).
1395:
607:, drivers are asked upon application if they wish to be registered as an organ donor.
3431:
3165:
3150:
3107:
3019:
2853:
2831:
2707:
2674:
2566:
2541:
1974:
1772:
1740:
1368:
1070:
1027:
604:
512:
424:
330:
306:
1757:"Epidemiology of Brain Death in Pediatric Intensive Care Units in the United States"
1546:
1411:
1043:
3262:
3145:
3029:
2946:
2870:
2858:
2717:
2624:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2479:
2330:
2310:
2253:
2238:
2129:
2009:
1510:
520:
470:
408:
314:
258:
172:
98:
81:
1436:"Difficulty in brainstem death testing in the presence of high spinal cord injury"
1874:
1694:
3337:
3332:
3302:
3257:
3237:
3222:
3217:
3197:
3114:
3039:
3009:
2966:
2796:
2679:
2340:
2315:
2213:
2191:
2186:
2176:
1954:
950:
896:
879:
596:
580:
482:
466:
371:
364:
Defining Death: Medical, Legal, and Ethical Issues in the Determination of Death
310:
286:
233:
152:
1651:
1307:
3307:
3277:
3242:
3212:
3185:
3087:
2915:
2875:
2727:
2684:
2662:
2629:
2325:
2243:
2201:
2181:
2091:
1984:
1885:
1788:
650:
493:
294:
3065:
1897:
1780:
3352:
3347:
3312:
3102:
2994:
2779:
2732:
2669:
2634:
2609:
2485:
2166:
2161:
1991:
1843:
1352:
1170:. National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws. Archived from
796:
600:
584:
250:
179:
94:
3381:
2930:
1806:
1732:
1528:
1461:
1403:
1360:
1325:
1035:
968:
864:
815:
492:
will therefore be flat, though this is sometimes also observed during deep
17:
1724:
1222:
1078:
905:
3327:
3297:
2848:
2836:
2769:
2597:
2266:
2233:
2119:
2099:
1452:
1435:
982:
572:
462:
242:
140:
415:
A brain-dead individual has no clinical evidence of brain function upon
3364:
3004:
2971:
2816:
2764:
2525:
2463:
2276:
2156:
1621:"National Donate Life America Donor Designation State Report Card 2013"
1014:(Randell T. (2004). "Medical and legal considerations of brain death".
846:
564:
326:
1831:
935:"Investigation of Public Perception of Brain Death Using the Internet"
80:
A brain-dead patient. The patient can also be seen here executing the
3317:
3014:
2784:
2652:
2576:
2218:
1969:
592:
576:
427:
342:
334:
136:
1711:
Greer, David M. (30 December 2021). "Determination of Brain Death".
1127:
289:). Traditionally, both the legal and medical communities determined
2900:
2880:
2821:
2619:
2076:
1979:
684:
560:
506:
290:
1959:
474:
420:
351:
218:
2049:
1901:
530:
is neither required nor sufficient test to make the diagnosis.
313:. This gained greater urgency with the widespread use of
2045:
880:"Medical aspects of the persistent vegetative state (1)"
992:
350:
published a pivotal 1968 report to define irreversible
229:
can medically distinguish these differing conditions.
1699:
DNR will be honored. You can still be a tissue donor.
1143:"Legislative Fact Sheet – Determination of Death Act"
317:
equipment and the rising capabilities and demand for
209:
is the permanent, irreversible, and complete loss of
1821:
374:
even if life support equipment maintains the body's
3123:
3053:
2939:
2893:
2755:
2643:
2585:
2534:
2523:
2516:
2431:
2368:
2090:
2083:
2023:
2000:
1935:
1825:
511:Radionuclide scan: No intracranial blood flow. The
281:of death have obvious medicolegal implications (in
249:(MeSH) system defines brain death as including the
196:
188:
178:
167:
146:
124:
112:
88:
56:
51:
37:"Brain-dead" redirects here. For other uses, see
1256:The ANZICS Statement on Death and Organ Donation
933:Jones AH, Dizon ZB, October TW (August 2018).
2061:
1913:
8:
1648:"State and Federal Law on Organ Procurement"
1434:Waters, C. E.; French, G.; Burt, M. (2004).
1094:Life-sustaining technologies and the elderly
878:Multi-Society Task Force on PVS (May 1994).
1695:"Frequently Asked Questions About Donation"
1499:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2531:
2520:
2087:
2068:
2054:
2046:
1920:
1906:
1898:
1822:
65:
48:
1796:
1518:
1451:
1315:
1212:
1126:
958:
895:
854:
805:
795:
988:Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary
784:Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine
1296:Revista Brasileira de terapia intensiva
712:
245:), the US National Library of Medicine
232:Brain death is used as an indicator of
2418:List of ways people dishonor the dead
587:, Spain, the United Kingdom, France,
293:through the permanent end of certain
7:
1626:. pp. 6 & 7. Archived from
1581:Organización Nacional de Trasplantes
1292:"Diagnosis of brain death in Brazil"
1165:"Uniform Determination of Death Act"
747:
745:
743:
741:
407:Natural movements also known as the
1016:Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica
337:had enacted a similar law earlier.
30:For the EP by Nuclear Assault, see
2423:List of ways people honor the dead
368:Uniform Determination of Death Act
362:issued a landmark report entitled
25:
2454:Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality
618:that they do not wish to receive
559:In some countries (for instance,
236:in many jurisdictions, but it is
184:None; brain death is irreversible
3411:
3402:
3401:
1773:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.0249
1071:10.1001/jama.1968.03140320031009
1028:10.1111/j.0001-5172.2004.00304.x
653:
27:Permanent loss of brain function
3412:
1713:New England Journal of Medicine
1670:"The Deceased Donation Process"
1547:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.2272
1476:"Brain Dead – NeuroLogica Blog"
725:Encyclopedia of Death and Dying
419:. This includes no response to
241:"cerebral death" (death of the
1511:10.1002/14651858.CD009694.pub2
1440:British Journal of Anaesthesia
780:"The diagnosis of brain death"
641:pediatric intensive care units
612:Organ Procurement Organization
1:
2474:Maternal mortality in fiction
1396:10.1016/s1388-2457(00)00510-1
778:Goila, A.; Pawar, M. (2009).
616:advance health care directive
2388:Expressions related to death
2341:Medical declaration of death
1583:(in Spanish). Archived from
2408:Preventable causes of death
1950:Persistent vegetative state
1559:"Understanding Brain Death"
951:10.1016/j.chest.2018.01.021
897:10.1056/NEJM199405263302107
695:Information-theoretic death
690:Persistent vegetative state
383:Royal College of Physicians
215:persistent vegetative state
3464:
1929:Disorders of consciousness
1308:10.5935/0103-507X.20190050
1097:. Diane Publishing. 1987.
991:, Elsevier, archived from
831:"Diagnosis of brain death"
754:"Diagnosis of brain death"
541:
36:
29:
3397:
2775:Consciousness after death
2698:
2262:
1945:Minimally conscious state
1107:– via Google Books.
680:Consciousness after death
261:equipment would maintain
79:
64:
3438:Medical aspects of death
3176:Personification of death
2398:People by cause of death
1201:J R Coll Physicians Lond
1145:. Uniform Law Commission
247:Medical Subject Headings
3253:Death-positive movement
3098:Post-mortem photography
2378:Causes of death by rate
2306:Death by natural causes
1353:10.1001/jama.2020.11586
835:Neurology International
797:10.4103/0972-5229.53108
603:and most states in the
360:presidential commission
279:operational definitions
3288:Fascination with death
2926:Reincarnation research
2921:Out-of-body experience
2383:Notable deaths by year
2224:Immunogenic cell death
2140:Temporal lobe necrosis
1635:2012 State Comparisons
620:mechanical ventilation
516:
400:
356:Karen Ann Quinlan case
348:Harvard Medical School
329:in 1971, while in the
227:differential diagnosis
107:critical care medicine
3093:Post-mortem chemistry
2906:Near-death experience
2802:Desecration of graves
2738:Postmortem caloricity
2703:Beating heart cadaver
2147:Programmed cell death
2115:Liquefactive necrosis
1725:10.1056/NEJMcp2025326
1561:. 29 September 2011.
510:
446:, and no spontaneous
442:, no response to the
395:
319:organ transplantation
283:medical jurisprudence
133:myocardial infarction
3443:Anatomical pathology
3283:Festival of the Dead
3181:Dying-and-rising god
3136:Chinese burial money
3025:Prohibition of dying
2977:Death-qualified jury
2743:Post-mortem interval
2403:Premature obituaries
2110:Coagulative necrosis
829:Machado, C. (2010).
455:barbiturate overdose
436:oculocephalic reflex
417:physical examination
3343:Philosophy of death
3208:Death from laughter
2508:Perinatal mortality
2249:Mitotic catastrophe
2229:Ischemic cell death
2172:Intrinsic apoptosis
2120:Gangrenous necrosis
1207:(5): 381–82. 1995.
1065:(6): 337–40. 1968.
622:or has specified a
444:caloric reflex test
430:. Reflexes include
376:metabolic processes
273:Medicolegal history
119:Total organ failure
3389:Thanatosensitivity
3293:Hierarchy of death
3233:Death notification
3141:Coins for the dead
3073:Forensic pathology
2957:Capital punishment
2911:Near-death studies
2503:Mortality salience
2135:Fibrinoid necrosis
2105:Avascular necrosis
2035:Locked-in syndrome
1633:on 22 March 2014.
1453:10.1093/bja/aeh117
995:on 11 January 2014
922:. 20 October 2017.
847:10.4081/ni.2010.e2
624:do-not-resuscitate
517:
432:pupillary response
223:locked-in syndrome
3425:
3424:
3161:Death anniversary
3156:Death and culture
3000:Dying declaration
2982:Death certificate
2889:
2888:
2751:
2750:
2603:Neuropreservation
2393:Natural disasters
2364:
2363:
2043:
2042:
2015:Vasovagal episode
1895:
1894:
1719:(27): 2554–2561.
1654:on 6 March 2014.
1384:Clin Neurophysiol
1279:on 19 March 2018.
1269:978-1-876980-21-4
1104:978-1-4289-2281-5
479:vegetative states
459:alcohol poisoning
204:
203:
148:Diagnostic method
73:
46:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3455:
3415:
3414:
3405:
3404:
3385:
3370:Assisted suicide
3268:Death trajectory
3083:Mortuary science
3078:Funeral director
3069:
3035:Suspicious death
2807:Eternal oblivion
2593:Cryopreservation
2532:
2521:
2459:Infant mortality
2449:Excess mortality
2351:Terminal illness
2336:Lazarus syndrome
2321:End-of-life care
2272:Accidental death
2125:Caseous necrosis
2088:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2047:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1899:
1823:
1811:
1810:
1800:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1650:. Archived from
1644:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1625:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1555:
1549:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1522:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1455:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1319:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1272:. Archived from
1261:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1216:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1176:
1169:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1000:
979:
973:
972:
962:
930:
924:
923:
916:
910:
909:
899:
890:(21): 1499–508.
875:
869:
868:
858:
826:
820:
819:
809:
799:
775:
769:
768:
766:
764:
752:Young, G Bryan.
749:
736:
735:
733:
731:
717:
663:
658:
657:
656:
550:biological death
434:(fixed pupils),
412:family members.
403:Medical criteria
200:15,000 to 20,000
161:pupil reactivity
75:
74:
60:Brain stem death
49:
32:Brain Death (EP)
21:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3393:
3379:
3323:Museum of Death
3273:Dignified death
3228:Death messenger
3203:Death education
3119:
3063:
3049:
2987:Declared death
2935:
2885:
2842:Online mourning
2747:
2713:Cadaveric spasm
2694:
2639:
2581:
2572:Skeletonization
2512:
2444:Child mortality
2439:Birthday effect
2427:
2360:
2356:Unnatural death
2287:Brainstem death
2258:
2197:Pseudoapoptosis
2079:
2074:
2044:
2039:
2026:
2019:
1996:
1965:Brainstem death
1937:Unconsciousness
1931:
1926:
1896:
1891:
1890:
1834:
1820:
1815:
1814:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1678:
1676:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1630:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1588:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1540:
1536:
1505:(3): CD009694.
1492:
1491:
1487:
1482:. 8 April 2008.
1474:
1473:
1469:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1347:(11): 1078–97.
1338:
1337:
1333:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1276:
1270:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1180:
1178:
1177:on 4 March 2016
1174:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1013:
1012:
1008:
998:
996:
981:
980:
976:
932:
931:
927:
918:
917:
913:
884:N. Engl. J. Med
877:
876:
872:
828:
827:
823:
777:
776:
772:
762:
760:
751:
750:
739:
729:
727:
719:
718:
714:
709:
704:
670:Brainstem death
661:Medicine portal
659:
654:
652:
649:
637:
632:
546:
540:
513:"hot-nose" sign
405:
381:In the UK, the
333:, the state of
277:Differences in
275:
255:brainstem death
103:palliative care
66:
47:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3461:
3459:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3430:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3409:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3131:Apparent death
3127:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2962:Cause of death
2959:
2954:
2952:Administration
2949:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2851:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2772:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2723:Death erection
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2658:Natural burial
2649:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2529:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2491:Mortality rate
2488:
2483:
2476:
2471:
2469:Maternal death
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2413:Unusual deaths
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2374:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2346:Organ donation
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2294:Clinical death
2291:
2290:
2289:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2096:
2094:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2050:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2031:
2029:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1902:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1877:
1866:
1851:
1835:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:Classification
1819:
1818:External links
1816:
1813:
1812:
1767:(5): 469–476.
1746:
1703:
1686:
1674:Organdonor.gov
1661:
1639:
1612:
1598:
1587:on 4 July 2017
1568:
1550:
1534:
1485:
1467:
1426:
1417:
1374:
1331:
1282:
1268:
1246:
1237:
1228:
1188:
1156:
1134:
1110:
1103:
1084:
1049:
1006:
974:
945:(2): 286–292.
925:
911:
870:
821:
770:
737:
711:
710:
708:
705:
703:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
675:Clinical death
672:
666:
665:
664:
648:
645:
636:
633:
631:
628:
589:Czech Republic
579:, and by 2026
569:United Kingdom
544:Organ donation
542:Main article:
539:
538:Organ donation
536:
528:CT angiography
498:cardiac arrest
477:, and chronic
440:corneal reflex
404:
401:
299:clinical death
274:
271:
267:organ donation
211:brain function
202:
201:
198:
194:
193:
190:
186:
185:
182:
176:
175:
169:
165:
164:
150:
144:
143:
129:Cardiac arrest
126:
122:
121:
116:
110:
109:
92:
86:
85:
77:
76:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3460:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3418:
3410:
3408:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3166:Death anxiety
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3151:Darwin Awards
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3108:Biostratinomy
3106:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3020:Necropolitics
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2854:Reincarnation
2852:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2757:Other aspects
2754:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2708:Body donation
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2675:Dismemberment
2673:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2620:Mummification
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2577:Fossilization
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2567:Decomposition
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2542:Pallor mortis
2540:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2027:consciousness
2025:Alteration of
2022:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1918:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1750:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1446:(5): 760–64.
1445:
1441:
1437:
1430:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1302:(3): 403–09.
1301:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1173:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1144:
1138:
1135:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
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1053:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1022:(2): 139–44.
1021:
1017:
1010:
1007:
994:
990:
989:
984:
978:
975:
970:
966:
961:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
929:
926:
921:
920:"Brain death"
915:
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848:
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748:
746:
744:
742:
738:
726:
722:
721:"Brain death"
716:
713:
706:
701:
700:Klaus Schäfer
698:
696:
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691:
688:
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683:
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635:United States
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425:cranial nerve
422:
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331:United States
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301:, especially
300:
297:functions in
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114:Complications
111:
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91:
87:
83:
78:
63:
59:
55:
50:
44:
40:
33:
19:
3263:Death threat
3146:Dark tourism
3088:Necrobiology
3030:Right to die
2988:
2947:Abortion law
2871:Resurrection
2859:Palingenesis
2756:
2718:Coffin birth
2625:Plastination
2586:Preservation
2562:Putrefaction
2557:Rigor mortis
2552:Algor mortis
2547:Livor mortis
2524:
2480:Memento mori
2478:
2331:Lazarus sign
2311:Death rattle
2281:
2254:Suicide gene
2239:Karyorrhexis
2130:Fat necrosis
2010:Heat syncope
1879:
1868:
1853:
1838:
1764:
1761:JAMA Pediatr
1760:
1749:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1698:
1689:
1677:. Retrieved
1673:
1664:
1655:
1652:the original
1642:
1634:
1628:the original
1615:
1601:
1589:. Retrieved
1585:the original
1580:
1571:
1564:certificate.
1562:
1553:
1537:
1502:
1498:
1488:
1479:
1470:
1443:
1439:
1429:
1420:
1390:(1): 25–30.
1387:
1383:
1377:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1299:
1295:
1285:
1274:the original
1255:
1249:
1240:
1231:
1204:
1200:
1191:
1179:. Retrieved
1172:the original
1159:
1147:. Retrieved
1137:
1118:
1113:
1093:
1087:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1019:
1015:
1009:
997:, retrieved
993:the original
987:
977:
942:
938:
928:
914:
887:
883:
873:
838:
834:
824:
787:
783:
773:
761:. Retrieved
757:
728:. Retrieved
724:
715:
638:
630:Demographics
609:
558:
554:
547:
532:
526:
521:radionuclide
518:
502:
487:
471:hypoglycemia
452:
448:respirations
414:
409:Lazarus sign
406:
396:
388:
380:
372:legally dead
363:
341:
339:
323:
315:life support
276:
259:life support
231:
206:
205:
173:life support
99:neurosurgery
82:Lazarus sign
43:
3380: [
3338:Necrophobia
3333:Necrophilia
3303:Immortality
3258:Death squad
3238:Death panel
3223:Death march
3218:Death knell
3198:Death drive
3171:Death deity
3115:Thanatology
3064: [
3010:Legal death
2989:in absentia
2967:Civil death
2812:Examination
2797:Crematorium
2680:Excarnation
2517:After death
2316:Dysthanasia
2282:Brain death
2214:Autoschizis
2192:Phenoptosis
2187:Parthanatos
2177:Necroptosis
2084:In medicine
1955:Obtundation
1480:theness.com
790:(1): 7–11.
597:New Zealand
581:Switzerland
483:anencephaly
467:hypothermia
311:legal death
303:respiration
287:medical law
263:ventilation
234:legal death
207:Brain death
171:Artificial
153:Stimulation
57:Other names
52:Brain death
18:Brain-death
3432:Categories
3308:Last rites
3278:Extinction
3248:Death pose
3243:Death poem
3213:Death hoax
3193:Death camp
3186:Psychopomp
3061:Death tech
2916:Necromancy
2894:Paranormal
2876:Underworld
2728:Dissection
2690:Resomation
2685:Promession
2663:Sky burial
2630:Prosection
2615:Maceration
2326:Euthanasia
2244:Karyolysis
2202:Pyroptosis
2182:Paraptosis
2092:Cell death
1985:Somnolence
1881:DiseasesDB
1789:8553840562
1577:"Donación"
707:References
494:anesthesia
465:overdose,
141:blood clot
39:Brain Dead
3353:Sacrifice
3348:Predation
3313:Longevity
3103:Taphonomy
3040:Trust law
2995:Death row
2780:Afterlife
2733:Gibbeting
2670:Cremation
2635:Taxidermy
2610:Embalming
2486:Micromort
2432:Mortality
2209:Autolysis
2167:Autophagy
2162:Apoptosis
1992:Cataplexy
1781:2168-6203
1741:245566906
1607:"UK laws"
1369:221038198
601:Australia
585:Singapore
515:is shown.
391:guideline
307:heartbeat
251:brainstem
189:Frequency
180:Prognosis
168:Treatment
155:testing,
95:Neurology
90:Specialty
3407:Category
3377:Thanabot
3328:Necronym
3298:Homicide
2849:Obituary
2837:Mourning
2827:Internet
2770:Cemetery
2645:Disposal
2598:Cryonics
2267:Abortion
2234:Pyknosis
2100:Necrosis
1807:30882855
1733:34965339
1529:24683063
1462:15113764
1412:30912230
1404:11137657
1361:32761206
1326:31618361
1181:26 March
1128:1805/707
1044:38019096
1036:14995934
983:Elsevier
969:29382473
865:21577338
841:(1): 2.
816:19881172
763:25 March
758:UpToDate
730:25 March
647:See also
573:Portugal
519:Also, a
463:sedative
457:, acute
428:reflexes
257:), only
243:cerebrum
3417:Outline
3365:Suicide
3005:Inquest
2972:Coroner
2864:Saṃsāra
2832:Midwife
2817:Funeral
2792:Customs
2765:Carrion
2464:Karoshi
2277:Autopsy
2157:Anoikis
2002:Syncope
1875:D001926
1798:6503509
1679:1 April
1591:1 April
1520:6517290
1317:7005965
1223:8847677
1214:5401215
1079:5694976
999:20 July
960:7339235
906:7818633
856:3093212
807:2772257
565:Finland
423:and no
327:Finland
238:defined
3318:Martyr
3054:Fields
3015:Murder
2931:Séance
2901:Ghosts
2785:Tukdam
2653:Burial
2535:Stages
2219:Eschar
1970:Stupor
1864:348.82
1849:G93.82
1805:
1795:
1787:
1779:
1739:
1731:
1657:donor.
1527:
1517:
1460:
1410:
1402:
1367:
1359:
1324:
1314:
1266:
1221:
1211:
1101:
1077:
1042:
1034:
967:
957:
904:
863:
853:
814:
804:
593:Poland
577:France
567:, the
343:ad hoc
335:Kansas
295:bodily
197:Deaths
137:stroke
125:Causes
3448:Brain
3384:]
3358:human
3124:Other
3068:]
2940:Legal
2881:Vigil
2822:Grief
2370:Lists
2077:Death
1980:Sleep
1975:Sopor
1844:10-CM
1737:S2CID
1631:(PDF)
1624:(PDF)
1408:S2CID
1365:S2CID
1277:(PDF)
1260:(PDF)
1175:(PDF)
1168:(PDF)
1149:8 May
1040:S2CID
939:Chest
685:Death
561:Spain
393:that:
291:death
219:comas
3045:Will
2526:Body
2496:RAMR
2152:AICD
1960:Coma
1886:1572
1870:MeSH
1859:9-CM
1803:PMID
1785:OCLC
1777:ISSN
1729:PMID
1681:2021
1593:2021
1525:PMID
1458:PMID
1400:PMID
1357:PMID
1341:JAMA
1322:PMID
1264:ISBN
1219:PMID
1183:2014
1151:2012
1099:ISBN
1075:PMID
1059:JAMA
1032:PMID
1001:2015
965:PMID
902:PMID
861:PMID
812:PMID
765:2014
732:2014
475:coma
421:pain
352:coma
305:and
285:and
225:. A
192:Rare
163:test
2299:DOA
1855:ICD
1840:ICD
1793:PMC
1769:doi
1765:173
1721:doi
1717:385
1543:doi
1515:PMC
1507:doi
1448:doi
1392:doi
1388:112
1349:doi
1345:324
1312:PMC
1304:doi
1209:PMC
1123:hdl
1067:doi
1063:205
1024:doi
955:PMC
947:doi
943:154
892:doi
888:330
851:PMC
843:doi
802:PMC
792:doi
496:or
490:EEG
340:An
157:EEG
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3382:ca
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