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115:(British English from the early 1990s) and the Freiburg-Brown Corpus of American English (FROWN) (American English from the early 1990s). Tagging the corpus enabled far more sophisticated statistical analysis, such as the work programmed by Andrew Mackie, and documented in books on English grammar.
77:
The Brown Corpus was a carefully compiled selection of current
American English, totalling about a million words drawn from a wide variety of sources. Kučera and Francis subjected it to a variety of computational analyses, from which they compiled a rich and variegated opus, combining elements of
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The tagged Brown Corpus used a selection of about 80 parts of speech, as well as special indicators for compound forms, contractions, foreign words and a few other phenomena, and formed the model for many later corpora such as the
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Each sample began at a random sentence-boundary in the article or other unit chosen, and continued up to the first sentence boundary after 2,000 words. In a very few cases miscounts led to samples being just under 2,000 words.
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The Corpus consists of 500 samples, distributed across 15 genres in rough proportion to the amount published in 1961 in each of those genres. All works sampled were published in 1961; as far as could be determined they were
102:
The initial Brown Corpus had only the words themselves, plus a location identifier for each. Over the following several years part-of-speech tags were applied. The Greene and Rubin tagging program (see under
797:
Francis, W. Nelson & Henry Kucera. 1979. BROWN CORPUS MANUAL: Manual of
Information to Accompany a Standard Corpus of Present-Day Edited American English for Use with Digital Computers.
99:. This ground-breaking new dictionary, which first appeared in 1969, was the first dictionary to be compiled using corpus linguistics for word frequency and other information.
58:, it is a general language corpus containing 500 samples of English, totaling roughly one million words, compiled from works published in the United States in 1961.
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of varied genres. This corpus first set the bar for the scientific study of the frequency and distribution of word categories in everyday language use. Compiled by
829:
Leech, Geoffrey & Nicholas Smith. 2005. Extending the possibilities of corpus-based research on
English in the twentieth century: A prequel to LOB and FLOB.
130:. Thus "the" constitutes nearly 7% of the Brown Corpus, "to" and "of" more than another 3% each; while about half the total vocabulary of about 50,000 words are
930:
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810:
Hundt, Marianne, Andrea Sand & Rainer
Siemund. 1998. Manual of Information to Accompany the Freiburg-Brown Corpus of American English (FROWN).
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136:: words that occur only once in the corpus. This simple rank-vs.-frequency relationship was noted for an extraordinary variety of phenomena by
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Francis, W. Nelson & Henry Kucera. 1967. Computational
Analysis of Present-Day American English. Providence, RI: Brown University Press.
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One interesting result is that even for quite large samples, graphing words in order of decreasing frequency of occurrence shows a
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machines; capitals were indicated by a preceding asterisk, and various special items such as formulae also had special codes.
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Winthrop Nelson
Francis and Henry Kučera. 1983. Frequency Analysis of English Usage: Lexicon and Grammar, Houghton Mifflin.
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publisher
Houghton-Mifflin approached Kučera to supply a million word, three-line citation base for its new
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Although the Brown Corpus pioneered the field of corpus linguistics, by now typical corpora (such as the
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The corpus originally (1961) contained 1,014,312 words sampled from 15 text categories:
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linguistics, psychology, statistics, and sociology. It has been very widely used in
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766:, a corpus of British English based on the same parameters as the Brown Corpus
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Search, via Sketch Engine, in the Brown Corpus
Annotated by the TreeTagger v2
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published then, and were written by native speakers of
American English.
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The
Department of Cognitive Linguistic & Psychological Sciences at
82:, and was for many years among the most-cited resources in the field.
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In 1967, Kučera and Francis published their classic work, entitled
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Brown University Standard Corpus of Present-Day American English
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163:) tend to be much larger, on the order of 100 million words.
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Python software for convenient access to the Brown Corpus
68:"Computational Analysis of Present-Day American English"
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http://khnt.hit.uib.no/icame/manuals/frown/INDEX.HTM
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H. MISCELLANEOUS: US Government & House Organs (
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The original data entry was done on upper-case only
126:-th most frequent word is roughly proportional to 1/
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567:semantically superlative adjective (chief, top)
1046:Wellington Corpus of Spoken New Zealand English
1074:CorCenCC National Corpus of Contemporary Welsh
316:G. BELLES-LETTRES - Biography, Memoirs, etc. (
924:
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400:L. FICTION: Mystery and Detective Fiction (
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909:
511:subordinating conjunction (if, although)
966:Bergen Corpus of London Teenage Language
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991:Corpus of Contemporary American English
894:More details on the Brown Corpus tagset
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153:Corpus of Contemporary American English
85:Shortly after publication of the first
503:cardinal numeral (one, two, 2, etc.)
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695:verb + Auxiliary, singular, present
445:P. FICTION: Romance and Love Story (
27:Data set of American English in 1961
1134:Scottish Corpus of Texts and Speech
1031:Switchboard Telephone Speech Corpus
623:proper noun or part of name phrase
495:coordinating conjunction (and, or)
430:N. FICTION: Adventure and Western (
799:http://icame.uib.no/brown/bcm.html
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374:Political Science, Law, Education
1114:Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project
711:verb, present participle/gerund
1006:International Corpus of English
161:International Corpus of English
371:Social and Behavioral Sciences
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142:The Psychobiology of Language
34:, better known as simply the
1011:Lancaster-Oslo-Bergen Corpus
904:PHP (Part Of Speech Tagging)
854:The Linguistics Encyclopedia
727:verb, 3rd. singular present
113:Lancaster-Oslo-Bergen Corpus
96:American Heritage Dictionary
857:, 2nd ed, Routledge, 2002,
639:personal pronoun, singular
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631:proper noun + Conjunction
380:Technology and Engineering
1169:Thesaurus Linguae Graecae
1154:Tehran Monolingual Corpus
1139:Slovenian National Corpus
1109:National Corpus of Polish
884:Download the Brown Corpus
647:personal pronoun, plural
527:preposition (in, at, on)
80:computational linguistics
1084:Croatian National Corpus
1079:Croatian Language Corpus
986:Cambridge English Corpus
956:American National Corpus
559:Adjective + Conjunction
477:Part-of-speech tags used
1129:Russian National Corpus
1099:German Reference Corpus
971:British National Corpus
770:British National Corpus
551:adjective, Comparative
157:British National Corpus
122:: the frequency of the
719:verb, past participle
591:singular or mass noun
543:adjective + Auxiliary
286:E. SKILL AND HOBBIES (
140:(for example, see his
105:part of speech tagging
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1124:Quranic Arabic Corpus
1119:Persian Speech Corpus
1089:Czech National Corpus
1026:Spoken English Corpus
1016:Oxford English Corpus
415:M. FICTION: Science (
385:K. FICTION: General (
234:Letters to the Editor
221:B. PRESS: Editorial (
194:A. PRESS: Reportage (
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1164:TenTen Corpus Family
350:Industry House organ
338:Government Documents
138:George Kingsley Zipf
1231:Linguistic research
1226:Applied linguistics
879:Brown Corpus Manual
679:superlative adverb
671:comparative adverb
655:Possessive pronoun
607:Noun + Conjunction
575:Adjective + Female
239:C. PRESS: Reviews (
228:Institutional Daily
167:Sample distribution
144:), and is known as
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851:Kirsten Malmkjær,
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519:existential there
341:Foundation Reports
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751:All Punctuations
703:verb, past tense
599:Noun + Auxiliary
583:Adjective + Male
301:F. POPULAR LORE (
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48:W. Nelson Francis
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368:Mathematics
326:Periodicals
311:Periodicals
296:Periodicals
278:Periodicals
1236:1961 works
1210:Categories
833:29. 83–98.
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764:LOB Corpus
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460:R. HUMOR (
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210:Spot News
201:Political
120:hyperbola
1144:TalkBank
1021:PropBank
1001:EnTenTen
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365:Medicine
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204:Sports
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