31:
339:" ("The Union and Mutual Protection of Women") that addressed the workers of Paris: "Workers, let's come together. No more complaints that only rarely find a sympathetic echo. Let us unite our forces and our capabilities. Beyond castes and distinctions between manual and intellectual work " The Catholic journal
354:
Hardouin then participated in the workers' congress of Lyon in
January–February 1878. She was the only woman there among the eight members of the executive committee. For the election to the chair of the board of one of the meetings, her name was acclaimed, but after discussion she was excluded
268:
During the preparation for the workers' congress of 1876, she took part in the initiative committee of the congress. She was known for being one of the more audacious of the feminist teachers who wanted to rethink education. During a preparatory meeting on 12 August, she notably intervened to
355:
from the position, because the law did not allow women as chairmen. On 2 February, she gave a long speech on instruction, professional training, and apprenticeship, which was interspersed with and followed by copious applause. She then took part in the workers' congress at
716:
387:, but Michel disavowed it, because she did not want to be freed when other communards remained imprisoned. Hardouin went to the station to meet Michel in November 1880 after she was released, but according to police reports she argued with her the following month.
204:
that began on 18 March 1871 and ended on 28 May. Hardouin approved of the commune, but appears to have been more of a spectator of events than an active contributor. However, she shared some demands and assisted at two meetings of the
130:
Denounced for having participated in the Paris
Commune in 1871, she was arrested and imprisoned. She wrote an account about her captivity. After her release, she resumed teaching, founded a school and campaigned for
696:
Ouvrières, groupons-nous. Plus de plaintes qui ne trouvent que rarement un écho sympathique. Unissons nos forces et nos moyens. Plus de castes et de distinctions entre le travail manuel et intellectuel
573:
234:, then in the Chantiers prison for women and children. She took the initiative to teach children there, until they were separated. She was then transferred to the prison on the
766:
142:
She was the founder of the French League for the
Improvement of Women's Work, and took part in several workers' congresses, where she affirmed in particular the need for
308:" ("Society for the improvement of the lot of women") that he had created and which had to be dissolved. Hardouin at first retained this name, then changed it to "
741:
918:
260:
was harshly critical. The fourth court martial heard her case on 8 October 1871 and acquitted her on 17 October. She then went back to school teaching.
712:
317:
On 6 October she presented to the
Congress a vast project organizing education for girls, with the objective of gender equality. The principles of
565:
395:
Hardouin was also renowned for her teaching. Described as "active and hard-working", she founded and directed the Villa
Poissonnière school in
247:
She recounted her captivity and judicial investigation in an uncompromising autobiographical account, which she first published in the daily
302:, who was more moderate than her and whom she had broken off with, objected to this name, which he considered to be too close to the "
657:
436:
759:
923:
893:
888:
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described her as a "socialist missionary" but echoed the speech she had given at Lyon and the objectives that she had fixed in
783:
185:
805:
432:
412:
218:
and was arrested in her classroom on 7 July. She was falsely accused of having run two political clubs and a barricade.
174:
730:
486:
30:
903:
542:
273:
could solve the problem of women's work. On the subject of instruction, she also demanded the creation of lay
201:
913:
898:
784:"Séances du Congrès Ouvrier de France. Deuxième session tenue à Lyon du 28 janvier au 8 février 1878"
274:
270:
231:
227:
143:
136:
36:
908:
286:
181:
163:
146:
to solve the question of women's work. She also proposed a plan for women's education to promote
132:
801:
653:
428:
328:
41:
760:"Les amants de la liberté ? Stratégies de femme, luttes républicaines, luttes ouvrières"
314:" ("Union and mutual protection of women, for the improvement of the lot of women workers").
537:
400:
147:
292:
At the congress that took place in Paris from 2–10 October, she was the delegate for the
159:
61:
396:
299:
298:("French league for the improvement of women's work"), of which she was the founder.
882:
384:
257:
241:
197:
311:
Union et protection mutuelle des femmes, pour l'amélioration du sort des ouvrières
282:
482:
376:
318:
215:
253:
from 14 to 30 August 1876; she then published it at her own expense in 1879.
127:(1832–1904) was a school teacher who advocated for lay education for women.
112:
474:
864:(in French). Ivry-sur-Seine: Les Éditions de l'Atelier. pp. 637–639.
860:
Cordillot, Michel, ed. (2021). "Hardouin, Céleste (née Céleste Toulmé)".
566:"Émilie Noro dans les prisons versaillaises - 5. La prison des Chantiers"
356:
322:
116:
532:
650:
Les bourgeoises au pensionnat: L'éducation féminine au XIXe siècle
359:
in 1880, where she represented "free and secular women teachers".
170:
162:. On 4 February 1850 she married Pierre Hardouin, who worked as a
652:(in French). Presses universitaires de Rennes. pp. 277–278.
692:
Le Petit
Parisien; Instrument de propagande au service du régime
35:
Céleste
Hardouin at the workers' congress in Paris, portrait by
871:
The
Feminist Movement in France: The Formative Years, 1858-1889
380:, she believed that a woman's place was above all in the home.
374:
that she had created was not fully feminist, and according to
593:
591:
278:
862:
La
Commune de Paris 1871. L'événement, les acteurs, les lieux
694:(in French). Presses universitaires de France. p. 760.
821:
819:
817:
626:
624:
622:
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618:
616:
614:
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514:
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427:, Paris, 1879. – Several editions, recently Len Pod, 2017
673:
671:
669:
371:
Ligue française pour l'amélioration du travail des femmes
295:
Ligue française pour l'amélioration du travail des femmes
362:
Her feminism, however, remained moderate. According to
713:"Le Mouvement social: Revue catholique internationale"
256:
To obtain her release, she wrote a petition, of which
731:"Mouvement social - France - Congrès de Lyon de 1877"
715:(in French). 1877. p. vol. 3, p. 909.
873:. Michigan State University. pp. 170, 251, 252.
158:
Hardouin was born Céleste Toulmé on 12 July 1832 in
800:(in French). Centre fédéral FEN. 1988. p. 53.
108:
96:
88:
80:
68:
50:
21:
840:Work and Madness: The Rise of Community Psychiatry
305:Société pour l'amélioration du sort des Femmes
383:She circulated a petition for the release of
8:
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705:
369:
363:
346:
340:
334:
326:
309:
303:
293:
248:
235:
206:
786:(in French). Lyon. 1878. pp. 220–231.
740:(in French). 25 November 1877. p. 5.
188:in 1870–1871, she volunteered as a nurse.
29:
18:
842:. Black Rose Books Ltd. pp. 163–164.
825:
630:
597:
518:
469:
467:
465:
463:
461:
459:
457:
455:
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348:l'Union et protection mutuelle des femmes
336:l'Union et protection mutuelle des femmes
838:Ralph, Diana S.; Maclellan, Nic (1983).
677:
643:
641:
639:
449:
16:French teacher and activist (1832–1904)
576:from the original on 20 September 2020
7:
489:from the original on 13 October 2020
214:She was nevertheless denounced as a
173:, where she became a teacher in the
919:Imprisonment and detention of women
747:from the original on 3 April 2022.
545:from the original on 17 March 2021
14:
772:from the original on 2022-03-19.
719:from the original on 2022-06-29.
531:Ravant, Claude (19 March 2005).
425:La Détenue de Versailles en 1871
103:La Détenue de Versailles en 1871
758:Dufrancatel, Christine (1977).
869:Bidelman, Patrick Kay (1975).
1:
765:(in French). pp. 75–76.
226:Hardouin was incarcerated at
208:Club de la Révolution sociale
413:18th arrondissement of Paris
200:was a rebellion against the
325:animated her propositions.
940:
798:Le Féminisme et ses enjeux
533:"Les femmes et la Commune"
365:Le Féminisme et ses enjeux
277:. She also demanded that
690:Amaury, Francine (1972).
333:published the manifesto "
28:
648:Rogers, Rebecca (2015).
564:Audin, Michèle (2019).
924:19th-century feminists
894:French autobiographers
889:French women activists
370:
364:
347:
341:
335:
327:
310:
304:
294:
249:
236:
207:
202:French Third Republic
275:vocational education
271:compulsory education
166:and then a saddler.
144:compulsory education
570:La Commune de Paris
475:"Hardouin, Céleste"
415:on 9 January 1904.
399:, which was also a
342:Le Mouvement social
281:not be paid by the
182:Franco-Prussian War
175:18th arrondissement
600:, p. 637-638.
180:At the end of the
329:Le Petit Parisien
269:affirm that only
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904:French feminists
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411:She died in the
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125:Céleste Hardouin
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23:Céleste Hardouin
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828:, p. 639.
826:Cordillot 2021
813:
806:
789:
775:
750:
722:
701:
682:
680:, p. 170.
665:
659:978-2753504646
658:
635:
633:, p. 638.
631:Cordillot 2021
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598:Cordillot 2021
587:
556:
523:
521:, p. 637.
519:Cordillot 2021
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437:978-2338780656
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72:9 January 1904
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55:Céleste Toulmé
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42:L'Illustration
37:Auguste Lançon
34:
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13:
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678:Bidelman 1975
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854:Bibliography
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580:25 September
578:. Retrieved
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491:. Retrieved
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222:Imprisonment
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98:Notable work
58:12 July 1832
40:
914:1832 births
899:1904 deaths
397:Goutte d'Or
300:Léon Richer
283:proletariat
81:Citizenship
909:Communards
883:Categories
807:2856011934
538:L'Humanité
483:Le Maitron
479:maitron.fr
444:References
433:2338780655
377:Le Maitron
319:secularism
228:Versailles
137:secularism
89:Occupation
738:L'Égalité
285:, but by
250:Le Rappel
232:Orangerie
216:communard
160:Bréhémont
154:Biography
113:Socialism
62:Bréhémont
767:Archived
742:Archived
717:Archived
574:Archived
549:28 March
543:Archived
493:25 March
487:Archived
391:Teaching
357:Le Havre
323:feminism
264:Activism
133:feminism
117:Feminism
109:Movement
287:capital
92:Teacher
45:, 1876.
804:
656:
431:
368:, the
164:cooper
84:French
770:(PDF)
763:(PDF)
745:(PDF)
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697:(...)
419:Works
407:Death
279:taxes
171:Paris
75:Paris
802:ISBN
654:ISBN
582:2020
551:2021
495:2021
429:ISBN
321:and
196:The
135:and
69:Died
51:Born
885::
816:^
736:.
704:^
668:^
638:^
605:^
590:^
572:.
568:.
535:.
503:^
485:.
477:.
452:^
435:,
403:.
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139:.
115:,
39:,
875:.
810:.
662:.
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439:.
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