579:) is fed into a cold crucible. Metallic chips of either zirconium or the stabilizer are introduced into the powder mix in a compact pile manner. The RF generator is switched on and the metallic chips quickly start heating up and readily oxidize into more zirconia. Consequently, the surrounding powder heats up by thermal conduction, begins melting and, in turn, becomes electroconductive, and thus it begins to heat up via the RF generator as well. This continues until the entire product is molten. Due to the cooling system surrounding the crucible, a thin shell of sintered solid material is formed. This causes the molten zirconia to remain contained within its own powder which prevents it from being contaminated from the crucible and reduces heat loss. The melt is left at high temperatures for some hours to ensure homogeneity and ensure that all impurities have evaporated. Finally, the entire crucible is slowly removed from the RF coils to reduce the heating and let it slowly cool down (from bottom to top). The rate at which the crucible is removed from the RF coils is chosen as a function of the stability of crystallization dictated by the phase transition diagram. This provokes the crystallization process to begin and useful crystals begin to form. Once the crucible has been completely cooled to room temperature, the resulting crystals are multiple elongated-crystalline blocks.
1379:
1599:
1403:
1391:
533:(Physical Institute of the Academy of Science), but the name was not used outside of the USSR. This was known at the time as the Institute of Physics at the Russian Academy of Science. Their breakthrough was published in 1973, and commercial production began in 1976. In 1977, cubic zirconia began to be mass-produced in the jewelry marketplace by the Ceres Corporation, with crystals stabilized with 94% yttria. Other major producers as of 1993 include
1415:
1629:: cubic zirconia has a refractive index of 2.15–2.18, compared to a diamond's 2.42. This has led to the development of other immersion techniques for identification. In these methods, stones with refractive indices higher than that of the liquid used will have dark borders around the girdle and light facet edges whereas those with indices lower than the liquid will have light borders around the girdle and dark facet junctions.
53:
561:
1700:
have reaped between US$ 3 million and US$ 6 million annually from conflict diamonds. UN reports show that more than US$ 24 million in conflict diamonds have been smuggled since the establishment of the KP. Diamond simulants have become an alternative to boycott the funding of unethical
1534:
Due to its optical properties yttrium cubic zirconia (YCZ) has been used for windows, lenses, prisms, filters and laser elements. Particularly in the chemical industry it is used as window material for the monitoring of corrosive liquids due to its chemical stability and mechanical toughness. YCZ has
631:
is between 2.5-5% the resulting product will be PSZ (partially stabilized zirconia) while monophasic cubic crystals will form from around 8-40%. Below 14% at low growth rates tend to be opaque indicating partial phase separation in the solid solution (likely due to diffusion in the crystals remaining
1705:
are that a boycott in purchases of diamonds would only worsen their economy. According to the
Ministry of Mines in Congo, 10% of its population relies on the income from diamonds. Therefore, cubic zirconia are a short term alternative to reduce conflict but a long term solution would be to establish
1622:
or density of cubic zirconia is approximately 1.7 times that of diamond. This allows gemologists to differentiate the two substances by weight alone. This property can also be exploited, for example, by dropping the stones in a heavy liquid and comparing their relative rates of descent: diamond will
1538:
Mechanical properties of partially stabilized zirconia (high hardness and shock resistance, low friction coefficient, high chemical and thermal resistance as well as high wear and tear resistance) allow it to be used as a very particular building material, especially in the bio-engineering industry:
499:
Some of the earliest research into controlled single-crystal growth of cubic zirconia occurred in 1960s France, much work being done by Y. Roulin and R. Collongues. This technique involved molten zirconia being contained within a thin shell of still-solid zirconia, with crystal growth from the melt.
1676:
which held a monopoly on the market from the 1870s to early 2000s. The company pleaded guilty to these charges in an Ohio court in 13 July 2004. However, while De Beers has less market power, the price of diamonds continues to increase due to the demand in emerging markets such as India and China.
582:
This shape is dictated by a concept known as crystal degeneration according to Tiller. The size and diameter of the obtained crystals is a function of the cross-sectional area of the crucible, volume of the melt and composition of the melt. The diameter of the crystals is heavily influenced by the
1614:
vs. a rating of 10 for diamond. This may cause dull and rounded edges in CZ facets; the edges of diamond facets are much sharper by comparison. Furthermore, diamond rarely shows polish marks, and those which are apparent are oriented in different directions on adjoining facets, whereas CZ shows
568:
The skull-melting method refined by Josep F. Wenckus and coworkers in 1997 remains the industry standard. This is largely due to the process allowing for temperatures of over 3000 °C to be achieved, lack of contact between crucible and material as well as the freedom to choose any gas
1470:
Growth striations: These are located perpendicular to the growth direction of the crystal and are caused mainly by either fluctuations in the crystal growth rate or the non-congruent nature of liquid-solid transition, thus leading to non-uniform distribution of
1559:
of cubic zirconia, while improving its refractive index, thus making it appear more like diamond. Additionally, because of the high percentage of diamond bonds in the amorphous diamond coating, the finished simulant will show a positive diamond signature in
159:
1692:. However, the KP is not as effective in decreasing the number of conflict diamonds reaching the European and American markets. Its definition does not include forced labor conditions or human right violations. A 2015 study from the
1485:
Mechanical stresses: Typically caused by the high temperature gradients of the growth and cooling processes, causing the crystal to form with internal mechanical stresses acting on it. This causes refractive index values of up to
417:
The high melting point of zirconia (2750 °C or 4976 °F) hinders controlled growth of single crystals. However, stabilization of cubic zirconium oxide had been realized early on, with the synthetic product
640:
Because of cubic zirconia's isomorphic capacity, it can be doped with several elements to change the color of the crystal. A list of specific dopants and colors produced by their addition can be seen below.
444:
zircon. This was thought to be a byproduct of the metamictization process, but the two scientists did not think the mineral important enough to give it a formal name. The discovery was confirmed through
569:
atmosphere. Primary downsides to this method include the inability to predict the size of the crystals produced and it is impossible to control the crystallization process through temperature changes.
1677:
The emergence of artificial stones such as cubic zirconia with optic properties similar to diamonds, could be an alternative for jewelry buyers given their lower price and noncontroversial history.
1053:
1583:), or certain metal oxides, metal nitrides, or other coatings. This material is marketed as "mystic" by many dealers. Unlike diamond-like carbon and other hard synthetic ceramic coatings, the
341:
oxide, the amount of stabilizer used depending on the many recipes of individual manufacturers. Therefore, the physical and optical properties of synthesized CZ vary, all values being ranges.
1587:
effect made with precious metal coatings is not durable, due to their extremely low hardness and poor abrasion wear properties, compared to the remarkably durable cubic zirconia substrate.
1641:
Color: only the rarest of diamonds are truly colorless, most having a tinge of yellow or brown to some extent. A cubic zirconia is often entirely colorless: equivalent to a perfect "D" on
1163:
1368:
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1758:
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Regarding value, the paradigm that diamonds are costly due to their rarity and visual beauty has been replaced by an artificial rarity attributed to price-fixing practices of
1464:
395:
a yellow, greenish yellow or "beige". Under longwave UV the effect is greatly diminished, with a whitish glow sometimes being seen. Colored stones may show a strong, complex
944:
1520:
1482:
Light-scattering phase inclusions: Caused by contaminants in the crystal (primarily precipitates of silicates or aluminates of yttrium), typically of magnitude 0.03-10 μm.
899:
1539:
It has been used to make reliable super-sharp medical scalpels for doctors that are compatible with bio-tissues and contain an edge much smoother than one made of steel.
632:
in the high temperature region for a longer time). Above this threshold crystals tend to remain clear at reasonable growth rates and maintains good annealing conditions.
1701:
practices. Terms such as “Eco-friendly
Jewelry” define them as conflict free origin and environmentally sustainable. However, concerns from mining countries such as the
1547:
In recent years manufacturers have sought ways of distinguishing their product by supposedly "improving" cubic zirconia. Coating finished cubic zirconia with a film of
623:
is not high enough the cubic structure will start to break down into the tetragonal state which will then break down into a monoclinic phase. If the concentration of Y
572:
The apparatus used in this process consists of a cup-shaped crucible surrounded by radio frequency-activated (RF-activated) copper coils and a water-cooling system.
1378:
1430:
The vast majority of YCZ (yttrium bearing cubic zirconia) crystals are clear with high optical perfection and with gradients of the refractive index lower than
1645:
grading scale. That said, desirable colors of cubic zirconia can be produced including near colorless, yellow, pink, purple, green, and even multicolored.
2214:
1905:
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Thermal conductivity: Cubic zirconia is a thermal insulator whereas diamond is the most powerful thermal conductor. This provides the basis for
1681:
2180:
2094:
2000:
1968:
1851:
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268:). The synthesized material is hard and usually colorless, but may be made in a variety of different colors. It should not be confused with
2300:
1555:. The resulting material is purportedly harder, more lustrous and more like diamond overall. The coating is thought to quench the excess
2418:
548:
Because the natural form of cubic zirconia is so rare, all cubic zirconia used in jewelry has been synthesized, one method of which was
459:, the idea of producing single-crystal cubic zirconia arose in the minds of scientists seeking a new and versatile material for use in
2369:
1834:
Osiko, Vyacheslav V.; Borik, Mikhail A.; Lomonova, Elena E. (2010). "Synthesis of
Refractory Materials by Skull Melting Technique".
136:
1402:
1702:
525:(an allusion either to the shape of the water-cooled container or to the form of crystals sometimes grown). They named the jewel
295:
and economically important competitor for diamonds since commercial production began in 1976. Its main competitor as a synthetic
70:
1390:
1611:
440:
M. V. Stackelberg and K. Chudoba discovered naturally occurring cubic zirconia in the form of microscopic grains included in
349:
219:
117:
74:
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Worker monitoring melting zirconium oxide and yttrium oxide in an induction-heated "cold crucible" to create cubic zirconia
89:
2403:
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956:
2408:
96:
2015:
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1522:, although the effect of this can be reduced by annealing at 2100 °C followed by a slow enough cooling process.
1414:
2413:
2393:
1735:
530:
516:
329:, which are stable under normal atmospheric conditions. A stabilizer is required for cubic crystals (taking on the
63:
1552:
504:, an allusion to the system of water cooling used. Though promising, these attempts yielded only small crystals.
486:
463:
and other optical applications. Its production eventually exceeded that of earlier synthetics, such as synthetic
1579:
effect created by vacuum-sputtering onto finished stones an extremely thin layer of a precious metal (typically
1065:
534:
348:
between 5.6 and 6.0 g/cm—about 1.65 times that of diamond. Cubic zirconia is relatively hard, 8–8.5 on the
103:
1697:
1638:
Cut: Cubic zirconia gemstones can be cut differently than diamonds: The facet edges can be rounded or "smooth".
1283:
1174:
472:
1602:
One face of an uncut octahedral diamond, showing trigons (of positive and negative relief) formed by natural
164:
85:
39:
1909:
1793:
1433:
315:
199:
545:(12 tonnes) and continued to increase, with production reaching around 400 tonnes per year in 1998.
1784:
Bayanova, T.B. (2006). "Baddeleyite: A promising geochronometer for alkaline and basic magmatism".
1632:
1556:
1548:
399:
377:
369:
365:
361:
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1466:. However some samples contain defects with the most characteristic and common ones listed below.
904:
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1884:
1809:
1725:
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872:
576:
464:
396:
373:
330:
273:
32:
2077:
Lomonova, E. E.; Osiko, V. V. (2003). "Growth of
Zirconia Crystals by Skull-Melting Technique".
1535:
also been used as a substrate for semiconductor and superconductor films in similar industries.
433:
material, highly resistant to chemical and thermal attack (up to 2540 °C or 4604 °F).
1525:
Dislocations: Similar to mechanical stresses, dislocations can be greatly reduced by annealing.
2388:
2365:
2090:
1996:
1964:
1847:
1730:
1666:
446:
261:
2338:
2028:
1988:
1958:
1649:
2132:
2082:
1876:
1839:
1801:
1720:
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1626:
1619:
1603:
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456:
357:
319:
242:
232:
110:
441:
423:
312:
1797:
1693:
521:
453:
194:
184:
603:, the cubic phase will crystallize first as the solution is cooled down no matter the
372:
is very high at 0.058–0.066, exceeding that of diamond (0.044). Cubic zirconia has no
2382:
1888:
1813:
1642:
604:
600:
1684:(KP) was established to deter the illicit trade of diamonds that fund civil wars in
1689:
801:
542:
508:
392:
2016:
https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/ec/83/fa/99b2e5aab72f38/US4488821.pdf
1843:
1867:
Stackelberg, M. von; Chudoba, K. (1937). "Dichte und
Struktur des Zirkons; II".
1680:
An issue closely related to monopoly is the emergence of conflict diamonds. The
1584:
1576:
411:
381:
333:) to form, and remain stable at ordinary temperatures; typically this is either
52:
1880:
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1805:
490:
437:
430:
323:
300:
2086:
775:
762:
538:
479:
28:
1669:, and impact the controversy surrounding the rarity and value of diamonds.
449:, proving the existence of a natural counterpart to the synthetic product.
2320:"Gold, diamonds fuelling conflict in Central African Republic: U.N. panel"
158:
2236:
1935:
1673:
840:
827:
723:
671:
353:
296:
292:
24:
2136:
2301:"Why the illicit diamond trade is (almost) gone, but not yet forgotten"
2042:
1715:
814:
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345:
338:
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288:
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and ICT inc. By 1980, annual global production had reached 60 million
1685:
1568:
788:
710:
697:
684:
658:
549:
482:
468:
460:
269:
20:
575:
Zirconium dioxide thoroughly mixed with a stabilizer (normally 10%
2260:
1706:
a more rigorous system of identifying the origin of these stones.
1597:
1572:
559:
512:
287:
Because of its low cost, durability, and close visual likeness to
1753:
1751:
1580:
736:
46:
360:
is high at 2.15–2.18 (compared to 2.42 for diamonds) and its
2150:
1610:
Hardness: cubic zirconia has a rating of approximately 8 on
1595:
Key features of cubic zirconia distinguish it from diamond:
422:
introduced in 1929. Although cubic, it was in the form of a
380:. Because of its high hardness, it is generally considered
2339:"15 Moissanite Engagement Rings for the Eco-Friendly Bride"
388:
2123:
Nassau, Kurt (Spring 1981). "Cubic
Zirconia: An Update".
1652:’ canonical identification method, the industry standard.
1635:
is very high at 0.058–0.066, exceeding a diamond's 0.044.
1356:
1343:
1327:
1311:
1298:
1260:
1247:
1231:
1218:
1202:
1189:
1151:
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1080:
1041:
1025:
1012:
990:
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932:
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and jewel competitor, can potentially reduce demand for
519:
in Moscow perfected the technique, which was then named
2215:"Why Smart People Buy Cubic Zirconia Engagement Rings"
2029:"Cubic Zirconia VS Zircon - 6 Ways To Tell Them Apart"
1492:
1615:
marks in the same direction of the polish throughout.
1436:
1286:
1177:
1068:
959:
907:
875:
410:
Discovered in 1892, the yellowish monoclinic mineral
1048:{\displaystyle {\ce {CuO, Fe2O3, NiO, Pr2O3, TiO2}}}
643:
322:. During synthesis zirconium oxide naturally forms
241:
231:
218:
210:
205:
193:
177:
172:
151:
77:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1514:
1458:
1362:
1266:
1157:
1047:
938:
893:
299:is a more recently cultivated material, synthetic
352:—slightly harder than most semi-precious natural
291:, synthetic cubic zirconia has remained the most
16:The cubic crystalline form of zirconium dioxide
1960:Jewelrymaking Through History: An Encyclopedia
1551:(DLC) is one such innovation, a process using
8:
1575:has also been adapted to cubic zirconia: An
595:Phase relations in zirconia solids solutions
1384:Purple cubic zirconia with checkerboard cut
1158:{\displaystyle {\ce {Er2O3, Eu2O3, Ho2O3}}}
1963:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 72.
1363:{\displaystyle {\ce {Co2O3, MnO2, Nd2O3}}}
1267:{\displaystyle {\ce {Cr2O3, Tm2O3, V2O3}}}
1906:"Understanding more about Cubic Zirconia"
1503:
1491:
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1116:
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1092:
1087:
1079:
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1040:
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1024:
1019:
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989:
984:
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971:
960:
958:
931:
926:
918:
913:
908:
906:
886:
881:
876:
874:
137:Learn how and when to remove this message
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
853:
2235:Johannesburg; Windhoek (15 July 2004).
2043:"zirconi Archives | gioiellis.com"
1747:
1374:
552:by Josep F. Wenckus & Co. in 1997.
318:, an important attribute of a would-be
2153:. Azotic Coating Technology, Inc. 2010
1900:
1898:
414:is a natural form of zirconium oxide.
280:). It is sometimes erroneously called
148:
2295:
2293:
2280:"A Simple Way To Stop Blood Diamonds"
2254:
2252:
2250:
2230:
2228:
2208:
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7:
1982:
1980:
1908:. Chic Jewelry. 2013. Archived from
511:scientists under V. V. Osiko in the
75:adding citations to reliable sources
2337:Hoffower, Hillary (21 April 2018).
1836:Springer Handbook of Crystal Growth
1567:Another technique first applied to
260:) is the cubic crystalline form of
2027:Ciuraru, Ioana (2 February 2022).
14:
2318:Flynn, Daniel (5 November 2014).
1869:Zeitschrift für Kristallographie
1591:Cubic zirconia vis-à-vis diamond
1413:
1401:
1389:
1377:
344:It is a dense substance, with a
157:
51:
2213:Muller, Richard (3 July 2017).
1459:{\displaystyle 5\times 10^{-5}}
62:needs additional citations for
1408:Three-tone cubic zirconia gems
38:For the electronic group, see
1:
2179:Dhar, Robin (19 March 2013).
2151:"Designer enhanced gemstones"
1759:"Mohs' Hardness of Abrasives"
1657:Effects on the diamond market
939:{\displaystyle {\ce {Ce2O3}}}
2278:K., Greg (2 December 2014).
1995:. Elsevier. pp. 91–93.
1844:10.1007/978-3-540-74761-1_14
1703:Democratic Republic of Congo
1696:, showed that groups in the
1515:{\textstyle 8\times 10^{-4}}
894:{\displaystyle {\ce {CeO2}}}
515:Equipment Laboratory at the
615:. If the concentration of Y
529:after the institute's name
2437:
2419:Fluorite crystal structure
1881:10.1524/zkri.1937.97.1.252
1736:Yttria-stabilized zirconia
1396:Multi-color cubic zirconia
535:Taiwan Crystal Company Ltd
517:Lebedev Physical Institute
37:
18:
2079:Crystal Growth Technology
1957:Hesse, Rayner W. (2007).
1934:. RusGems. Archived from
1806:10.1134/S0869591106020032
1623:sink more slowly than CZ.
1553:chemical vapor deposition
391:cubic zirconia typically
156:
2364:. Chilton Book Company.
1698:Central African Republic
452:As with the majority of
19:Not to be confused with
2181:"Diamonds Are Bullshit"
2087:10.1002/0470871687.ch21
1606:
1516:
1460:
1426:Primary growth defects
1364:
1268:
1159:
1049:
940:
895:
565:
500:The process was named
2360:Nassau, Kurt (1980).
1989:"Glass and Gemstones"
1661:Cubic zirconia, as a
1601:
1517:
1461:
1420:Yellow cubic zirconia
1365:
1269:
1160:
1050:
941:
896:
563:
40:Cubic Zirconia (band)
2404:Refractory materials
2237:"The Diamond Cartel"
2081:. pp. 461–485.
1987:Stuart, Sam (2013).
1838:. pp. 433–477.
1530:Uses outside jewelry
1490:
1434:
1284:
1175:
1066:
957:
905:
873:
313:crystallographically
71:improve this article
2307:. 21 February 2017.
2137:10.5741/GEMS.17.1.9
2125:Gems & Gemology
1912:on 14 December 2013
1798:2006Petro..14..187B
1612:Mohs hardness scale
1549:diamond-like carbon
1358:
1345:
1329:
1313:
1300:
1262:
1249:
1233:
1220:
1204:
1191:
1153:
1140:
1124:
1111:
1095:
1082:
1043:
1027:
1014:
992:
979:
950:yellow-amber-brown
934:
921:
889:
855:
457:diamond substitutes
429:: it was used as a
420:stabilized zirconia
400:absorption spectrum
378:conchoidal fracture
2409:Synthetic minerals
1765:on 17 October 2009
1726:Shelby Gem Factory
1607:
1512:
1456:
1360:
1346:
1333:
1317:
1301:
1288:
1264:
1250:
1237:
1221:
1208:
1192:
1179:
1155:
1141:
1128:
1112:
1099:
1083:
1070:
1045:
1031:
1015:
1002:
980:
967:
936:
922:
909:
891:
877:
867:yellow-orange-red
854:
692:lilac-violet-blue
666:yellow-orange-red
583:concentration of Y
566:
465:strontium titanate
331:fluorite structure
311:Cubic zirconia is
274:zirconium silicate
33:synthetic diamonds
2414:Zirconium dioxide
2394:Diamond simulants
2096:978-0-471-49059-3
2002:978-1-4831-9400-4
1970:978-0-313-33507-5
1853:978-3-540-74182-4
1731:Synthetic diamond
1682:Kimberley Process
1667:conflict diamonds
1373:
1372:
1349:
1336:
1320:
1304:
1291:
1253:
1240:
1224:
1211:
1195:
1182:
1144:
1131:
1115:
1102:
1086:
1073:
1034:
1018:
1005:
998:
983:
970:
963:
925:
912:
880:
852:
851:
447:X-ray diffraction
366:Adamantine lustre
307:Technical aspects
262:zirconium dioxide
251:
250:
147:
146:
139:
121:
2426:
2375:
2362:Gems Made by Man
2347:
2346:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2297:
2288:
2287:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2261:"Blood Diamonds"
2256:
2245:
2244:
2232:
2223:
2222:
2210:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2191:on 11 April 2018
2187:. Archived from
2176:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2120:
2101:
2100:
2074:
2051:
2050:
2049:. 25 April 2024.
2039:
2033:
2032:
2024:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1984:
1975:
1974:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1938:on 28 April 2021
1932:"Cubic Zirconia"
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1902:
1893:
1892:
1875:(1–6): 252–262.
1864:
1858:
1857:
1831:
1818:
1817:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1761:. Archived from
1755:
1721:Diamond simulant
1674:De Beers Company
1663:diamond simulant
1627:Refractive index
1620:Specific gravity
1604:chemical etching
1521:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1417:
1405:
1393:
1381:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1289:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1180:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1071:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1003:
996:
991:
988:
981:
978:
975:
968:
961:
945:
943:
942:
937:
935:
933:
930:
923:
920:
917:
910:
900:
898:
897:
892:
890:
888:
885:
878:
856:
644:
436:In 1937, German
387:Under shortwave
358:refractive index
320:diamond simulant
243:Refractive index
233:Specific gravity
224:
161:
149:
142:
135:
131:
128:
122:
120:
86:"Cubic zirconia"
79:
55:
47:
2436:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2379:
2378:
2372:
2359:
2356:
2354:Further reading
2351:
2350:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2299:
2298:
2291:
2284:Brilliant Earth
2277:
2276:
2272:
2258:
2257:
2248:
2234:
2233:
2226:
2212:
2211:
2204:
2194:
2192:
2178:
2177:
2166:
2156:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2122:
2121:
2104:
2097:
2076:
2075:
2054:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2010:
2003:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1915:
1913:
1904:
1903:
1896:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1833:
1832:
1821:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1768:
1766:
1757:
1756:
1749:
1744:
1712:
1659:
1643:diamond's color
1593:
1545:
1532:
1499:
1488:
1487:
1478:
1474:
1443:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1421:
1418:
1409:
1406:
1397:
1394:
1385:
1382:
1282:
1281:
1173:
1172:
1064:
1063:
955:
954:
903:
902:
871:
870:
638:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
599:As seen on the
597:
590:
586:
558:
424:polycrystalline
408:
376:and exhibits a
309:
282:cubic zirconium
279:
267:
222:
189:
168:
143:
132:
126:
123:
80:
78:
68:
56:
43:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2370:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2329:
2310:
2289:
2270:
2246:
2224:
2202:
2164:
2142:
2102:
2095:
2052:
2034:
2019:
2008:
2001:
1976:
1969:
1949:
1923:
1894:
1859:
1852:
1819:
1792:(2): 187–200.
1776:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1711:
1708:
1694:Enough Project
1658:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1616:
1592:
1589:
1544:
1541:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1353:
1340:
1332:
1324:
1316:
1308:
1295:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1257:
1244:
1236:
1228:
1215:
1207:
1199:
1186:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1148:
1135:
1127:
1119:
1106:
1098:
1090:
1077:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1038:
1030:
1022:
1009:
1001:
995:
987:
974:
966:
951:
947:
946:
929:
916:
884:
868:
864:
863:
860:
850:
849:
846:
843:
837:
836:
833:
830:
824:
823:
820:
817:
811:
810:
807:
804:
798:
797:
794:
791:
785:
784:
781:
778:
772:
771:
768:
765:
759:
758:
755:
752:
746:
745:
742:
739:
733:
732:
729:
726:
720:
719:
716:
713:
707:
706:
703:
700:
694:
693:
690:
687:
681:
680:
677:
674:
668:
667:
664:
661:
655:
654:
651:
648:
637:
634:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
596:
593:
588:
584:
557:
554:
522:skull crucible
407:
404:
308:
305:
277:
265:
254:Cubic zirconia
249:
248:
245:
239:
238:
235:
229:
228:
225:
216:
215:
212:
208:
207:
206:Identification
203:
202:
197:
195:Crystal system
191:
190:
188:
187:
185:Oxide minerals
181:
179:
175:
174:
170:
169:
167:cubic zirconia
162:
154:
153:
152:Cubic zirconia
145:
144:
59:
57:
50:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2432:
2431:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2373:
2371:0-8019-6773-2
2367:
2363:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2259:Baker, Aryn.
2255:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2241:The Economist
2238:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2047:gioiellis.com
2044:
2038:
2035:
2030:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1953:
1950:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1777:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1562:Raman spectra
1558:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1524:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1484:
1481:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1425:
1416:
1411:
1404:
1399:
1392:
1387:
1380:
1375:
1351:
1338:
1330:
1322:
1314:
1306:
1293:
1280:
1278:lilac-violet
1277:
1276:
1255:
1242:
1234:
1226:
1213:
1205:
1197:
1184:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1146:
1133:
1125:
1117:
1104:
1096:
1088:
1075:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1036:
1028:
1020:
1007:
999:
993:
985:
972:
964:
952:
949:
948:
927:
914:
882:
869:
866:
865:
861:
858:
857:
847:
844:
842:
839:
838:
835:golden brown
834:
831:
829:
826:
825:
822:yellow-brown
821:
818:
816:
813:
812:
808:
805:
803:
800:
799:
796:yellow-brown
795:
792:
790:
787:
786:
782:
779:
777:
774:
773:
770:brown-violet
769:
766:
764:
761:
760:
756:
753:
751:
748:
747:
743:
740:
738:
735:
734:
730:
727:
725:
722:
721:
717:
714:
712:
709:
708:
704:
701:
699:
696:
695:
691:
688:
686:
683:
682:
678:
675:
673:
670:
669:
665:
662:
660:
657:
656:
652:
649:
646:
645:
642:
635:
633:
606:
605:concentration
602:
601:phase diagram
594:
592:
580:
578:
577:yttrium oxide
573:
570:
562:
555:
553:
551:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
523:
518:
514:
510:
505:
503:
502:cold crucible
497:
495:
492:
488:
484:
481:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
455:
450:
448:
443:
439:
438:mineralogists
434:
432:
428:
425:
421:
415:
413:
405:
403:
401:
398:
394:
390:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
325:
321:
317:
314:
306:
304:
302:
298:
294:
293:gemologically
290:
285:
283:
275:
272:, which is a
271:
263:
259:
256:(abbreviated
255:
246:
244:
240:
237:5.6–6.0 g/cm3
236:
234:
230:
226:
221:
217:
213:
209:
204:
201:
198:
196:
192:
186:
183:
182:
180:
176:
171:
166:
165:brilliant-cut
160:
155:
150:
141:
138:
130:
119:
116:
112:
109:
105:
102:
98:
95:
91:
88: –
87:
83:
82:Find sources:
76:
72:
66:
65:
60:This article
58:
54:
49:
48:
45:
41:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2361:
2342:
2332:
2323:
2313:
2304:
2283:
2273:
2264:
2240:
2218:
2193:. Retrieved
2189:the original
2185:Priceonomics
2184:
2155:. Retrieved
2145:
2128:
2124:
2078:
2046:
2037:
2022:
2011:
1992:
1959:
1952:
1940:. Retrieved
1936:the original
1926:
1914:. Retrieved
1910:the original
1872:
1868:
1862:
1835:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1767:. Retrieved
1763:the original
1690:Sierra Leone
1679:
1671:
1660:
1594:
1566:
1546:
1537:
1533:
1429:
1169:green-olive
953:
862:Dopant Used
859:Color Range
802:Praseodymium
705:yellow-aqua
639:
598:
591:stabilizer.
581:
574:
571:
567:
547:
526:
520:
506:
501:
498:
467:, synthetic
451:
435:
419:
416:
409:
386:
343:
310:
286:
281:
257:
253:
252:
133:
127:January 2008
124:
114:
107:
100:
93:
81:
69:Please help
64:verification
61:
44:
2131:(1): 9–19.
1543:Innovations
412:baddeleyite
2383:Categories
2157:3 November
1916:6 December
1742:References
1633:Dispersion
1585:iridescent
1577:iridescent
757:Champagne
491:gadolinium
431:refractory
397:rare earth
393:fluoresces
370:dispersion
350:Mohs scale
324:monoclinic
301:moissanite
220:Mohs scale
97:newspapers
2399:Gemstones
1889:202046689
1814:129079168
1786:Petrology
1505:−
1497:×
1449:−
1441:×
776:Neodymium
763:Manganese
653:Color(s)
556:Synthesis
539:Swarovski
496:garnet).
480:aluminium
316:isometric
247:2.15–2.18
29:zirconium
2389:Crystals
1993:Zirconia
1710:See also
841:Vanadium
828:Titanium
724:Europium
672:Chromium
550:patented
442:metamict
374:cleavage
327:crystals
297:gemstone
223:hardness
178:Category
163:A round
25:zirconia
2324:Reuters
1942:3 April
1794:Bibcode
1716:Diamond
1650:Wenckus
815:Thulium
783:purple
750:Holmium
744:yellow
650:Symbol
647:Dopant
507:Later,
494:gallium
477:yttrium
427:ceramic
406:History
382:brittle
346:density
339:calcium
335:yttrium
289:diamond
227:8.0–8.5
214:Various
173:General
111:scholar
2368:
2343:Brides
2219:Forbes
2195:10 May
2093:
1999:
1967:
1887:
1850:
1812:
1769:6 June
1686:Angola
1569:quartz
848:green
809:amber
789:Nickel
711:Erbium
698:Copper
685:Cobalt
679:green
659:Cerium
636:Doping
543:carats
527:Fianit
509:Soviet
485:) and
483:garnet
469:rutile
461:lasers
368:. Its
362:luster
356:. Its
276:(ZrSiO
270:zircon
113:
106:
99:
92:
84:
21:Zircon
1885:S2CID
1810:S2CID
1573:topaz
1060:pink
731:pink
718:pink
513:Laser
454:grown
211:Color
200:Cubic
118:JSTOR
104:books
31:, or
2366:ISBN
2305:SCMP
2265:Time
2197:2018
2159:2010
2091:ISBN
1997:ISBN
1965:ISBN
1944:2021
1918:2013
1848:ISBN
1771:2009
1688:and
1618:The
1581:gold
1571:and
1557:fire
737:Iron
607:of Y
531:FIAN
354:gems
264:(ZrO
90:news
2133:doi
2083:doi
1877:doi
1840:doi
1802:doi
1319:MnO
1033:TiO
997:NiO
962:CuO
879:CeO
832:Ti
819:Tm
806:Pr
793:Ni
780:Nd
767:Mn
754:Ho
741:Fe
728:Eu
715:Er
702:Cu
689:Co
676:Cr
663:Ce
487:GGG
473:YAG
384:.
364:is
337:or
73:by
2385::
2341:.
2322:.
2303:.
2292:^
2282:.
2263:.
2249:^
2239:.
2227:^
2217:.
2205:^
2183:.
2167:^
2129:17
2127:.
2105:^
2089:.
2055:^
2045:.
1991:.
1979:^
1897:^
1883:.
1873:97
1871:.
1846:.
1822:^
1808:.
1800:.
1790:14
1788:.
1750:^
1564:.
1501:10
1445:10
1335:Nd
1290:Co
1210:Tm
1181:Cr
1130:Ho
1101:Eu
1072:Er
1004:Pr
969:Fe
911:Ce
901:,
845:V
537:,
471:,
402:.
389:UV
303:.
284:.
258:CZ
27:,
23:,
2374:.
2345:.
2326:.
2286:.
2267:.
2243:.
2221:.
2199:.
2161:.
2139:.
2135::
2099:.
2085::
2031:.
2005:.
1973:.
1946:.
1920:.
1891:.
1879::
1856:.
1842::
1816:.
1804::
1796::
1773:.
1508:4
1494:8
1479:.
1477:3
1475:O
1473:2
1471:Y
1452:5
1438:5
1352:3
1348:O
1339:2
1331:,
1323:2
1315:,
1307:3
1303:O
1294:2
1256:3
1252:O
1243:2
1239:V
1235:,
1227:3
1223:O
1214:2
1206:,
1198:3
1194:O
1185:2
1147:3
1143:O
1134:2
1126:,
1118:3
1114:O
1105:2
1097:,
1089:3
1085:O
1076:2
1037:2
1029:,
1021:3
1017:O
1008:2
1000:,
994:,
986:3
982:O
973:2
965:,
928:3
924:O
915:2
883:2
629:3
627:O
625:2
621:3
619:O
617:2
613:3
611:O
609:2
589:3
587:O
585:2
489:(
475:(
278:4
266:2
140:)
134:(
129:)
125:(
115:·
108:·
101:·
94:·
67:.
42:.
35:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
