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cephalic head shape of an infant did induce a positive response from adults, and these children were considered to be more "cute". In his study, Alley had 25 undergraduate students rate line drawings of an infant's face. The same drawing was used each time, however the cephalic head shape was changed using a cardioidal transformation (a transformation that models cephalic growth in relation to ageing process) to adjust the perceived age; other features of the face were not changed. The study concluded that a large head shape increased perceived cuteness, which then elicited a positive response in adult caretaking. The study also noted that perceived cuteness was also dependent on other physical and behavioural characteristics of the child, including age.
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421:, a less sloping and more rounded forehead, shorter, thicker and "pudgier" legs, thicker arms and a thicker snout which gave the appearance of being less protrusive. Gould suggested that this change in Mickey's image was intended to increase his popularity by making him appear cuter and "inoffensive". Gould said that the neotenous changes to Mickey's form were similar to the
150:, said that the proportions of facial features change with age due to changes in hard tissue and soft tissue, and Jones said that these "age-related changes" cause juvenile animals to have the "characteristic 'cute' appearance" of proportionately smaller snouts, higher foreheads and larger eyes than their adult counterparts. In terms of hard tissue, Jones said that the
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Sprengelmeyer gathered 24 young women, 24 young men, and 24 older women to participate in his study. He ran three studies in which images of white
European babies were shown, and the participants were asked to rate them on a cuteness scale of one to seven. The study found differences among the groups
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This finding has also been demonstrated in a study conducted by T. R. Alley in which he had 25 undergraduate students (consisting of 7 men and 18 women) rate the cuteness of infants depending on different characteristics such as age, behavioral traits, and physical characteristics such as head shape,
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said that the pattern of children's growth may intentionally increase the duration of their cuteness. Bogin said that the human brain reaches adult size when the body is only 40 percent complete, when "dental maturation is only 58 percent complete" and when "reproductive maturation is only 10 percent
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game, a task that requires extreme carefulness. The study said that the shift in behavior toward greater carefulness is consistent with the viewpoint that cuteness is something that releases the human caregiving system. The study said that the shift in behavior toward greater carefulness also makes
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and expected behavior of an infant can influence the adult's interaction with the infant", and gave evidence that in this way "basic cuteness effects may occasionally be obscured in particular infants". Koyama (2006) said that an adult caregiver's perception of an infant's cuteness can motivate the
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A study by Konrad Lorenz in the early 1940s found that the shape of an infant's head positively correlated with adult caregiving and an increased perception of "cute". However a study by Thomas Alley found no such correlation and pointed out faulty procedures in that study. Alley's study found that
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Borgi et al. stated that young children demonstrate a preference for faces with a more "infantile facial" arrangement i.e. a rounder face, a higher forehead, bigger eyes, a smaller nose and a smaller mouth. In a study that used three- to six-year-old children, Borgi et al. (2014) asserted that the
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as examples of this trend. She said Mickey Mouse's bodily proportions "aged in reverse" since his inception, because "is eyes and head kept getting bigger while his limbs kept getting shorter and thicker", culminating in him resembling a "human infant". She further mentioned the "exaggerated high
341:
Melanie
Glocker (2009) provided experimental evidence that infants' cuteness motivates caretaking in adults, even if they are not related to the infant. Glocker asked individuals to rate the level of cuteness of pictured infants and noted the motivation that these participants had to care for the
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Konrad Lorenz argued in 1949 that infantile features triggered nurturing responses in adults and that this was an evolutionary adaptation which helped ensure that adults cared for their children, ultimately securing the survival of the species. Some later scientific studies have provided further
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There are suggestions that hormone levels can affect a person's perception of cuteness. Konrad Lorenz suggests that "caretaking behaviour and affective orientation" towards infants as an innate mechanism, and this is triggered by cute characteristics such as "chubby cheeks" and large eyes. The
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and behavior of the infant. In the Koyama et al. (2006) research, female infants are seen as cute for the physical attraction that female infants display more than male infants, whereas research by
Karraker (1990) demonstrates that a caregiver's attention and involvement in the male infant's
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and social influences on perceived cuteness. In the second study it was found that premenopausal women discriminated cuteness at a higher level than their postmenopausal female peers. This finding suggested a biological factor, which was then investigated further in the third study. Here,
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and rated as more "likeable, friendly, healthy and competent" than infants who were less cute. There is an implication that baby schema response is crucial to human development because it lays the foundation for caregiving and the relationship between child and caretaker.
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In a study by McCabe (1984) of children whose ages ranged from toddlers to teenagers, the children with more "adult-like" facial proportions were more likely to have experienced physical abuse than children of the same age who had less "adult-like" facial proportions.
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Sprengelmeyer, R; Perrett, D.; Fagan, E.; Cornwell, R.; Lobmaier, J.; Sprengelmeyer, A.; Aasheim, H.; Black, I.; Cameron, L.; Crow, S.; Milne, N.; Rhodes, E.; Young, A. (2009). "The Cutest Little Baby Face: A Hormonal Link to
Sensitivity to Cuteness in Infant Faces".
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The gender of an observer can determine their perception of the difference in cuteness. In a study by
Sprengelmeyer et al. (2009), it was suggested that women were more sensitive to small differences in cuteness than the same aged men. This suggests that reproductive
407:. Jones said that negative cardioidal strain results in faces appearing less mature and cuter by causing facial features at the top of the face to expand outward and upward while causing features at the bottom of the face to contract inward and upward.
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amount of care and protection the caregiver provides, and the admiration demonstrated toward the infant, and concluded that "the adults' protective feeling for children appeared to be a more important criterion for the judgment of a boy's cuteness."
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162:" from a position above the supraorbital rim to a position below it, the "lateral aspect of the eyebrows" sags with age, making the eyes appear smaller, and the red part of the lips gets thinner with age due to loss of connective tissue.
77:), a set of facial and body features that make a creature appear "cute" and activate ("release") in others the motivation to care for it. Cuteness may be ascribed to people as well as things that are regarded as attractive or charming.
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infants. The research suggested that individuals' rating of the perceived cuteness of an infant corresponded to the level of motivation an individual had to care for this infant. Glocker and colleagues then used
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Sprengelmeyer compared cuteness sensitivity between premenopausal women who were, and were not taking oral contraceptives. The study concluded that post-perceptual processes were impacted by hormone levels (
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cute. Studies have also shown that responses to cuteness—and to facial attractiveness in general—seem to be similar across and within cultures. In a study conducted by
Stephan Hamann of
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grows a lot in juveniles while the bones for the nose and the parts of the skull involved in chewing food only reach maximum growth later. In terms of soft tissue, Jones said that the
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Miller, W.R. (2011). Tardigrades: These ambling, eight-legged microscopic "bears of the moss" are cute, ubiquitous, all but indestructible and a model organism for education.
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Sprengelmeyer et al. (2009) study expands on this claim by manipulating baby pictures to test groups on their ability to detect differences in cuteness. The studies show that
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children showed a viewing time preference toward the eyes of "high infantile" faces of dogs, cats and humans as opposed to "low infantile" faces of those three species.
452:. Estren said that humans should be mindful of their bias for cute animals, so animals that would not be considered cute are also valued in addition to cute animals.
448:, said cute animals get more public attention and scientific study due to having physical characteristics that would be considered neotenous from the perspective of
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Borgi, M. et al. (2014). Baby schema in human and animal faces induces cuteness perception and gaze allocation in children. In
Frontiers in Psychology. 5(411).
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Estren, M.J. & Potter, B.A. (2013). Healing
Hormones: How to Turn on Natural Chemicals to Reduce Stress. Oakland, CA: Ronin Publishing, Inc.
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573:. In order to obtain pets with particularly cute faces, some breeds of dogs have been bred with increasingly severe cranial deformities called
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Evolutionary biologists suspect that "puppy dog eyes", a trait absent from wild wolves, were unintentionally selected for by humans during the
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Caucasian children have "characteristics of babyness" such as a "larger forehead", a smaller jaw, "a proportionately larger and more prominent
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687:"Sexual Selection, Physical Attractiveness, and Facial Neoteny: Cross-cultural Evidence and Implications [and Comments and Reply]"
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Koyama, Reiko; Takahashi, Yuwen; Mori, Kazuo (2006). "Assessing the cuteness of children: Significant factors and gender differences".
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tissues of the ears and nose continue to grow throughout a person's lifetime, starting at age twenty-five the eyebrows descend on the "
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Kleck, Robert E.; Stephen A. Richardson; Ronald, Linda (1974). "Physical appearance cues and interpersonal attraction in children".
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The perception of cuteness is culturally diverse. The differences across cultures can be significantly associated to the need to be
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Preedy, V.R. (2012). Handbook of anthropometry: Physical measures of human form in health and disease. New York: Springer
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Karraker, Katherine; Stern, Marilyn (1990). "Infant physical attractiveness and facial expression: Effects on adult perceptions".
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395:, said that the faces of monkeys, dogs, birds and even the fronts of cars can be made to appear cuter by morphing them with a "
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Collins, D. et al. (1973). Background to archaeology: Britain in its
European setting. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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350:, a small brain area central to motivation and reward. This work elucidated the neural mechanism through which baby schema (
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species". Bogin said that this cute appearance causes a "nurturing" and "care-giving" response in "older individuals".
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346:(fMRI), to demonstrate that baby faces with higher content of baby schema features, generated more activation in the
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women detected cuteness better than same aged postmenopausal women. Furthermore, to support this claim, women taking
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Bogin, B. (1997). Evolutionary Hypotheses for Human Childhood. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, vol. 40, pp. 63–89
432:, said "cartoonists capitalize on our innate preferences for juvenile features", and she mentioned Mickey Mouse and
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789:(1970). Special Issue: Early Man. World Archaeology Volume 2, Issue 1, DOI: 10.1080/00438243.1970.9979467 page 112
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evidence for Lorenz's theory. For example, it has been shown that human adults react positively to infants who are
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had been drawn to resemble a juvenile more with a relatively larger head, larger eyes, a larger and more bulging
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Glocker, Melanie; Daniel D. Langleben; Kosha Ruparel; James W. Loughead; Ruben C. Gur; Norbert Sachser (2008).
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that raise levels of reproductive hormones detect cuteness better than same aged women not taking the pill.
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Sherman, G. D., Haidt, J., & Coan, J.A. (2009). Viewing Cute Images Increases Behavioral Carefulness.
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354:) may motivate ("release") caretaking behavior. Furthermore, cute infants were more likely to be
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protection could be solely based on the perception of happiness and attractiveness of the child.
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Takada, K. (2016). Gummi Candy as a Realistic Representation of a Rhinoceros Beetle Larva.
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of human growth allows children to have a "superficially infantile" appearance (large
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Estren, M.J. (2012). "The Neoteny Barrier: Seeking Respect for the Non-Cute".
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A study by Karraker (1990) suggested that "an adult's beliefs about the
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Suffocate me…WITH LOVE – The History & Realities of French Bulldogs
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specifically) in females, and thus impacted sensitivity to cuteness.
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Alley, Thomas (1981). "Head shape and the perception of cuteness".
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Change of head proportions (especially the relative size of the
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218:, said that the lengthened youth period of humans is part of
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The perceived cuteness of an infant is influenced by the
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Van Duuren, Mike; Kendell-Scott, Linda; Stark, Natalie.
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences – U.S.A
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The Panda's Thumb: More Reflections in Natural History
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32:"Cute" and "Cutie" redirect here. For other uses, see
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The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
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566:is a design that is both cute and disgusting.
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444:Mark J. Estren, Ph.D. in psychology from the
441:" of Bambi as another example of this trend.
165:A study found that the faces of "attractive"
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2052:The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons
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750:(PDF), King Alfred's College. Archived from
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641:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ Press; 1971
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766:"Agreed, Baby Pandas Are Cute. But Why?"
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428:Nancy Etcoff, Ph.D. in psychology from
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544:, said that most people, upon seeing
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639:Studies in Animal and Human Behavior
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287:Hormones and cuteness variation
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660:2009 June 2;106(22):9115–9119.
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1977:
1953:Magnificence
1935:
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1751:Schopenhauer
1586:Coomaraswamy
1504:Philosophers
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1423:Aestheticism
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714:. Retrieved
694:
690:
670:"cute, adj."
665:
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638:
633:
568:
554:
531:
512:
502:October 2022
499:
495:adding to it
490:
463:Cute animals
454:
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427:
415:Mickey Mouse
409:
401:heart-shaped
386:
375:sense as an
361:
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332:
328:
324:
311:progesterone
302:
290:
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264:
256:
224:
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188:
164:
152:neurocranium
141:
74:
70:
43:
42:
29:
2046:(c. 335 BC)
2036:(c. 390 BC)
2015:Work of art
1968:Picturesque
1824:Avant-garde
1781:Winckelmann
1656:Kierkegaard
1581:Collingwood
1551:Baudrillard
1478:Romanticism
1448:Historicism
1382:Mathematics
1138:(1): 6–11.
546:tardigrades
527:experiments
364:experiments
335:personality
227:Barry Bogin
71:baby schema
2292:Categories
1985:Recreation
1963:Perception
1856:Creativity
1556:Baumgarten
1546:Baudelaire
1428:Classicism
1343:Aesthetics
1065:Emotion, 9
809:hard cover
775:13 January
716:22 January
626:References
557:chocolates
397:cardioidal
377:adaptation
64:ethologist
56:appearance
1990:Reverence
1896:Eroticism
1866:Depiction
1839:Masculine
1741:Santayana
1701:Nietzsche
1646:Hutcheson
1636:Heidegger
1621:Greenberg
1576:Coleridge
1541:Balthasar
1526:Aristotle
1488:Theosophy
1483:Symbolism
1458:Modernism
1443:Formalism
908:CiteSeerX
372:Operation
240:mammalian
232:allometry
179:reference
2298:Ethology
2265:Category
2197:Axiology
2066:(c. 500)
2056:(c. 100)
1931:Judgment
1886:Emotions
1881:Elegance
1861:Cuteness
1834:Feminine
1797:Concepts
1766:Tanizaki
1746:Schiller
1731:Richards
1721:Rancière
1691:Maritain
1626:Hanslick
1566:Benjamin
1438:Feminism
1407:Theology
1387:Medieval
1377:Japanese
1372:Internet
1306:Cuteness
1293:cuteness
1048:22267884
1018:Ethology
930:19175530
711:52840802
589:See also
439:doe eyes
315:estrogen
268:hormones
95:mandible
60:ethology
44:Cuteness
2260:Outline
2175:Related
2042:Poetics
2010:Tragedy
2000:Sublime
1973:Quality
1958:Mimesis
1916:Harmony
1901:Fashion
1876:Ecstasy
1871:Disgust
1787:more...
1756:Scruton
1681:Lyotard
1616:Goodman
1596:Deleuze
1531:Aquinas
1521:Alberti
1494:more...
1473:Realism
1453:Marxism
1433:Fascism
1416:Schools
1402:Science
1357:Ancient
1179:1127949
1039:3260535
938:1040565
620:Neoteny
534:biology
525:in two
523:stimuli
519:kittens
515:puppies
419:cranium
368:stimuli
356:adopted
220:neoteny
171:maxilla
130:Germany
126:Baroque
91:maxilla
2166:(2009)
2156:(1977)
2146:(1946)
2136:(1939)
2126:(1935)
2116:(1934)
2106:(1933)
2096:(1891)
2086:(1835)
2076:(1757)
1943:Kitsch
1921:Humour
1851:Comedy
1829:Beauty
1771:Vasari
1761:Tagore
1736:Ruskin
1676:Lukács
1666:Langer
1611:Goethe
1536:Balázs
1516:Adorno
1397:Nature
1362:Africa
1177:
1117:
1101:
1046:
1036:
993:
936:
928:
910:
805:
734:
709:
607:Kawaii
595:Beauty
564:larvae
542:Kansas
306:cohort
259:gender
2255:Index
2024:Works
2005:Taste
1995:Style
1776:Wilde
1716:Plato
1711:Pater
1671:Lipps
1631:Hegel
1601:Dewey
1591:Danto
1571:Burke
1392:Music
1367:India
1350:Areas
1175:JSTOR
1084:, in
997:(hbk)
934:S2CID
707:S2CID
474:puppy
434:Bambi
236:skull
52:youth
1979:Rasa
1937:Kama
1911:Gaze
1846:Camp
1726:Rand
1661:Klee
1651:Kant
1641:Hume
1561:Bell
1214:Link
1197:Link
1115:ISBN
1099:ISBN
1069:Link
1044:PMID
991:ISBN
926:PMID
803:ISBN
791:link
777:2013
732:ISBN
718:2017
517:and
313:and
200:fMRI
93:and
54:and
36:and
18:Cute
1906:Fun
1686:Man
1606:Fry
1167:doi
1140:doi
1034:PMC
1026:doi
1022:115
964:doi
918:doi
875:doi
843:doi
699:doi
540:in
536:at
497:.
399:" (
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1002:^
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677:^
646:^
585:.
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222:.
206:.
181:.
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1146:.
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1028::
970:.
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877::
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701::
504:)
500:(
73:(
40:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
